In book 4, Aristotle tends to look out for a science that deals being as being.

Since, there are already

sciences that deals with numbers such as mathematics and sciences that deals being as plants which is
botany, but he wanted to have a science that deals with all of these sciences, the can only be derived
that deals with being as existence or as foundation or in which he considers as the first principle. In
which he also describes two classifications of being, the primary being which is virtue by itself and
secondary being which is virtue of relationship of another, that in addition, he wanted to study and
remove all distinctions in which he will try on this latter part of the book.

Since Aristotle is a realist, he believes that nothing can come into being without passing the senses. In
which here he discuss also our perception of things that despite of our different perceptions about a
thing, there is only one idea that is imprinted in our mind. A concrete example that we have given here
is about the ballpen, If I ask somebody and tell him to describe me about a ballpen, maybe he and I will
have different answer, he could say a red ballpen while mine is a black one but that the essence of the
idea of the ballpen is only one.

On the further chapters of the book 4, Aristotle discusses the notion of truth more deeply as he goes to
differentiate the difference between falsity and truth. According to him, when one believes that he is
saying is true and the other one is also saying the same thing, but it can also be at the same time be
both false, which can never happen because it will fall into the law of contradiction saying that things
cannot be true nor false at the same time that one has to be true and one has to false. Furthermore, he
goes deeper into this discussion saying that human beings do not look for the same degrees when
looking for truth, As an example, When one is walking on a straight path or road and when he
encounters a deep well on his way, surely he would not go to that well and fell on it but instead he will
have the curiosity to look on it, maybe to check how deep it is. Realizing that the well is a blockade to his
path, suddenly he will choose another path that will lead him straight to wherever he will go. This
applies also to his notion that beings do not look for the same things but look for the best things that
will be suitable to their situation. In addition to this, there is also another distinction among the levels of
falsity and trueness of each things, that according to Aristotle, there is no such thing as pure false or
pure true, but there is only less false or less true of a thing.

Questions:

Mary Justine Camachol: “How can we be surely if a thing is true or false?”

Answer: by the process of deduction: