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Review of Maths For Calculus 2
Review of Maths For Calculus 2
Review of Maths For Calculus 2
o basic arithmetic
o powers and roots
o algebra
o trigonometry
o simple limits
o simple derivatives
o simple integrals
Often, the hard part is setting up the integral for a physical situation, rather than
evaluating it
Review of mathematics
Arithmetic
You must be familiar with the basic arithmetic operations:
, , , /, y x , x y ,
You should know how to use your calculator to perform all these operations.
Example: simplify e2ln x
Solution:
e2ln x eln x x 2
2
Algebra
You must be able to simplify, gather terms
x( x 3) 2 x 6
Solution:
We equate y and solve the equation 6 x 2 x .
After some arrangements, it becomes x 2 x 6 0
which gives x 2 or x 3 .
How are they calculated? What is the largest (or smallest) value of each function? At
which angle does it occur?
When given a formula like sin 2 , you must know where to find the formula for
simplifying the expression, even if you do not memorize the formulae.
You should be able to express an angle in either degree or radian.
x
Example: Given is an acute angle such that sin , find tan in terms of x .
4
Solution
Opposite
We draw a right triangle with an acute angle . Since sin , it implies
Hypotenuse
Opposite=x, Hypotenuse=4. So, Adjacent= 16 x 2 .
Opposite x
tan can be calculated as tan .
Adjacent 16 x 2
Example: Point A has Cartesian coordinates (1,1) . Find the polar angle of point A (the
angle that ray OA forms with the positive x-axis).
Solution
y 1
We have tan 1 45o or 135o
x 1
Since point A lies in the 2nd quadrant, it implies that
135o
Geometry
You must know how to compute the
circumference, area, volume
of basic figures such as square, rectangle, circle, trapezoid, cylinder, cube.
Calculus
You should be able to sketch the graphs of simple functions
linear functions, quadratic functions, etc.
Be able to use graphing tools (online, app, computer).
You must know how to find simple limits
1
lim
x x
and more complicated ones
x2 2 x
lim
x 2 x 2 x 3
(x 3 x)dx
2
e
2x
dx
1
8 sin(4 x)dx
For integrals that cannot be calculated exactly, numerical approximation should be used.
(rectangle, trapezoid, Simpson method). In reality, numerical approximation is often used
because information is collected as discrete data, not continuous functions.
2
Example: evaluate
0
1 cos 2 x dx
Solution
We use rectangular approximation with right end-points with n=4. Then
2
2 0 3
1 cos 2 x dx f f f f 2
0
4 2 2
2 0
1 1.4142 1 1.4142 7.5844
4
Example: The speed of a vehicle is recorded every second in the following table.
Estimate the total distance traveled by the vehicle in the first 10 seconds.
t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v (m/s) 0 14 28 42 55 67 30 30 45 57 70
Solution
10
We know that the total distance traveled is computed by the integral v(t ) dt
0
1
0 70 2* 14 28 42 55 67 30 30 45 57
2
403
So the total distance traveled is 403 m.