UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

Department of Irrigation & Drainage
Final Exam (6th Semester) Course No. ID-502 Irrigation Engineering
I&D
Credit hours: 3(2-1) Theory Marks: 24 Dated: 07-07-2020

Teacher’s Name: Engr. Sikandar Ali

Q. No.1. Runoff from a watershed with 25449.6521 km2 area is diverted to a concrete gravity dam which is shown
in the figure. The watershed with a runoff coefficient (C) of 0.35 experienced a peak rainfall intensity of 0.43
in/hr, which caused a peak flood after compensation of 8% losses like infiltration, retention, etc, to the reservoir
which is already filled up to its capacity. The concrete gravity dam has one spillway, 4 penstocks for power
production and 1 sluiceway outlet and all these 5 outlets are of the same capacity. The surplus water from the dam
is transferred to the downstream by allowing all the possible diversions like spillway, all the penstocks and
sluiceway outlet to avoid any possible damage to the dam body. Ogee type spillway (downstream slope 0.7:1)
diverts water with 14 spans having a clear width of 10m for each span. The spillway crest is kept at RL 267.0m
with 2.5 m thickness of each pier on the crest, spillway coefficient is 2.2, Kp is 0.01 and Ka is 0.1. Each of the 4
penstocks is further divided into 2 equal tunnels and each tunnel is equipped with Francis Turbine (85%
efficiency), with 1.5m and 0.75m outer and inner diameter of the rotor, respectively, for hydropower generation.
A 76 m net head is available excluding all the pipe friction losses at the rotor blades. The water enters the blades
at an angle of 11o20’ and specific speed is 953. The yearly output of the plant is 7040 * 106 kWh and the peak
load taken from the plant is 1200 MW. The water after leaving the dam body makes its way into the river towards
a barrage 100 km downstream side with average slope of 0.0001. The average flowing velocity of water in that
100 km section (side slope 0.5:1) varies from 2.5 to 5 ft/sec. The average particle size of river bed material is
0.10mm, use P = 4.75 (Q)0.5. The Lacey’s looseness coefficient for the barrage is 1.8.
Answer the following questions in the given sequence Marks (6x 4 = 24)
i. Design and sketch Bell’s bunds including launching apron to train the river at the barrage. Check the
stability of barrage by considering surface and sub-surface flow. Draw the location of hydraulic jump and
downstream floor level of the river, where C’/C is 0.84 and 0.76 for main barrage and undersluices portion,
C is 3 ft. Recommend different types of groynes and where we may need them in 100km section.
ii. Check the stability of the dam against any possible damage and suggest any amendment if water overflows
the main concrete embankment.
iii. Design and make sketch on the graph paper for upstream and downstream faces of the spillway. Can you
make sure that there will be no cavitation over the spillway? Also draw the Area-Elevation and Capacity-
Elevation curves for the dam. What will be the reservoir capacity at RL 235.0m if reservoir has area of 6
ha, 18.1 ha and 34.0 ha at RL 210m, RL 220m and RL 230m, respectively?
iv. Design and draw the tailrace mechanism for power generation. Calculate and draw the inlet and outlet
angles at which the rotor blades are designed and manufactured. Is there any relationship between head of
water and inlet/ outlet angles of blades? If we propose any raising project on the dam and net head
increases about 5 m then what may be the rotor blades angles for new Francis Turbines to be manufactured
and installed in extension project in order to maintain 85% efficiency. Also calculate annual load factor,
plant factor, plant use factor and capacity factor for the hydropower plant.
Practical ___________ Marks 20

Q. No.1. An earthen dam is proposed with the following data. Top level of dam 200.0m, river bed 178.0m, HFL of
reservoir 197.5 m, width of top of dam 4.5m, upstream slope 3:1, downstream slope 2:1, Toe filter 25m in inward
direction, cohesion of soil of dam 24 kN/M2, cohesion of foundation 54 kN/m2, angle of internal friction of soil of dam
and foundation is 25o and 12o, respectively, submerged and dry weight of soil in the dam is 12 and 18 kN/m3,
respectively, K 5*10-6 m/sec, thickness of foundation is 8m. In the present conditions the dam is stable but foundation
is unsafe. If we propose any raising project with 5 m increase in head of water then propose a stable design? 20

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