Site Planning

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig
PLANNING 1:
SITE PLANNING AND
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Student Name Ronalyn D. Opeña

Section CEAT 01 603P
Schedule Wednesday & Thursday 07:30PM – 09:00PM
Program
College College of Engineering, Architecture and
Technology
Professor Ar. Efren M. Berme Jr.
Module Duration Module 01 – 18, January 25, 2021 to May 30,
2021
2nd Semester I 2020 - 2021

RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY
RESEARCH NO. 3: MODULE 07 & 08
Week No. 7 & 8 (Module 07 & 08)

Land Planning & Site Development
The Macro and Micro Site Analysis Components
The Site Selection Criteria
The Site Development Plan
Building Laws and Architecture
Social, Professional and Ethical Responsibility in Planning
Land Planning & Site Development
Land
The land is becoming limited in supply, which is why developers and
construction companies must know how to effectively use the land in a
manner that will support the environment and surrounding communities.
Most human activities, such as employment, recreation, or residence, are
linked to land. Different activities may place different requirements on land
and their impacts also vary.
Concepts about land and distinguished land data as:

1. Location: All land is registered to a spatial coordinate system.
Different data about a piece of land can be related to the land
location, through which multiple data can be associated.
2. Activity: This refers to the purpose, or use, of a piece of land.
3. Natural qualities: The surface and subsurface characteristics and
vegetative cover are examples of natural qualities.
4. Improvements: This refers to the human modification of the land,
such as leveling, filling drainage and building structures.
5. Intensity of land use: The amount of activity per unit of area is
measured as intensity.
6. Land tenure: This refers to the ownership of a piece of land.
7. Land price: This reflects the land market activity.
8. Interrelations: This aspect recognizes that no piece of land stands
alone. For example, the access to a piece of land may affect the
activity on it.
9. Interrelations: The activities on land are closely related to other
activities, such as employment, income investment etc.
Land Planning
Land Planning is the first step that a developer takes upon acquiring a
site. Anyone who sets the location of buildings, streets, walks, open
spaces, etc. is a Land Planner. If you are designing a utility to be built
across a vacant undeveloped property, you are a Land Planner. That
utility will restrict where buildings can be placed and likely to also restrict
locations of streets and other improvements.
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PLANNING 1: SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Why do Engineers, Surveyors and Architects offer Land Planning?

Land Planning is the first step in any land development process (often
before the actual land is surveyed properly). The engineer that does not
list Land Planning as part of their services will surely lose work to firms
nearby that do list the services. To make sure the developer is hooked,
the firm is likely to offer these services at no charge as long as the
developer commits to the engineering contract.
How does a Land Planner differ from a City Planner?

City Planners regulate and rarely design. Land Planners design submitting
to the City Planner for their recommendation (hopefully) for approvals.
What is the difference between architectural and engineering Land

Planners?
The Engineering Land Planner will relate to the site as the primary focus
with architecture secondary. The engineering Land Planner will tend to
see the buildings as overall pads or rectangles. More effort is likely to be
made in the positioning of the structures to reduce grading issues or
decrease drainage demands. The Architectural Land Planner will use the
site plan to frame the structures architectural strengths. Site Grading,
drainage, and utilities are likely to be low on the set of priorities. Neither
situation above creates a balanced solution that can be sustainable.
Land Use Planning

Land use planning ensures that resources are used efficiently so that the
needs of the people are met while safeguarding future resources. It is the
systematic approach/process for identifying, classifying and locating urban
land, which is achieved by analyzing the socioeconomic needs of the
population in consideration of the physical and natural attributes of a city
or municipality.
• Land use planning refers to the rational and judicious approach of
allocating available land resources to different land using activities,
(e.g., agricultural, residential, industrial) and for different functions
consistent with the overall development vision/goal of a particular
locality.
• It entails the detailed process of determining the location and area
of land required for the implementation of social and economic
development, policies, plans, programs and projects.
• It is based on consideration of physical planning standards,
development vision, goals and objective, analysis of actual and
potential physical conditions of land and development constraints
and opportunities.
Objectives
• To promote efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land
ensure the highest and best use of land;
• To direct, harmonize and influence discussions and activities of the
private and public sectors relative to the use and management of
lands;
• To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals between and among
individuals, private and government entities relative to the present
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and future need for the land;

• To promote desirable patterns of land uses to prevent wasteful
development and minimize the cost of public infrastructure and
utilities and other social services;
• To preserve areas of ecological, aesthetic, historical and cultural
significance.
National Land Use and Allocation Scheme
• Land Classification which involves the assessment of unclassified
lands under the public domain which include surveying, classifying,
studying and mapping areas into agricultural, forest or timber,
mineral and national parks;
− National government/DENR; congress delineates limits of forest
lands and national parks.
• Land Reclassification is the subsequent classification, allocation
and disposition of lands of the public domain, classified as alienable
and disposable into specific uses;
− National government/DENR in coordination with LGUs.
• Land Subclassification is the act of determining and assigning the
uses of classified public lands;
− National government/DENR
• Zoning is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within
the territorial jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be
put to specific uses and their regulation, subject to the limitations
imposed by law or competent authority;
− LGUs
• Land Use Conversion is the act of putting a piece or parcel of land
into a type of use other than that for which it is currently being
utilized.
− National government/DAR
Concepts Related to Land Use
Reversible Uses
• Cases when the inherent features and characteristics of the land
have not been considerably altered or modified such that the soil
horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can
be reverted to its former use or original condition.
Irreversible Uses
• When land is subject to applications which brought about changes,
alteration or modifications so much so that it preempts the original
use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its previous
state or condition.
Multiple Land Uses
• Combining different land uses, whether reversible or irreversible, in
an orderly and desirable pattern because:
− Land is finite and supply is finite;
− Demand is ever increasing;
− Competition is there;
− Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be
combined in different ways.
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Compatible and Incompatible Land Uses

• A related concept of multiple uses of land is the compatibility of
uses. Some land uses are innately incompatible while others are
completely compatible. Compatible uses can coexist harmoniously
and effectively in an orderly management
Highest and Best Use of the Land
• The use of land which generates the maximum profit without
negative consequences especially on the environment
• Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural
qualities to maximize its productivity and also adhere to the
principles of sustainable development.
• Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both
man and environment.
Figure 1. Land Use Pattern-General (Source: Deniz, 2017)
Figure 2. Land Use Pattern-Specific (Source: Deniz, 2017)
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Site Development Planning

Site development planning entails the drawing to scale of plans to
illustrate proposed development of a subject property. Such plans include
details regarding the total footprint of structures, location of structures,
designs, layouts for particular utilities, public access, and control over
drainage, existing and planned vegetation, lights, landscape features,
street layout and more.
The preliminary stage of site development planning entails plans drafted

according to the standard engineer scale used by the city council or
municipality. The site plan identifies the current uses of adjacent
properties within a specific perimeter. It also indicates any activities that
may affect the site development of the subject property.
The plan provides full details regarding right of way, public roads,
sidewalks and any driveways. The current structures are described and
their status indicated. Such status indications reveal whether the
structures are occupied, vacant, and if occupied – then the main activities
used for in addition to details regarding the architectural style and building
materials used.
The plan also shows floodplains, existing drainage structures and slopes.
The vegetation pattern and required preservation are indicated along with
the current land use zoning.
The site development plan furthermore needs to indicate the proposed

development of the subject property including future placement of
structures, their architectural style and materials used in construction,
driveways, possible noise generation through loading docks or perhaps
generators, the proposed drainage and service layouts. The plans also
indicate the distance from borders and no building lines, in addition to
servitudes. The site development planner indicates the elevation of the
buildings in addition to colors and main uses. The elevation drawings are
done according to the architectural scale of the municipality to indicate the
height of buildings and relationship with surrounding elements.
As part of the site development planning phase, the planner needs to

indicate the total number of structures, dwellings, parking spaces, floor
area and any other elements relevant to the development for the purpose
of compliance with the requirements of the municipality. The plan must
include the plant botanical names and sizes and the relevant utility
connection points. Following the preliminary site development plan a final
plan is drawn up and submitted to indicate all the above.
Site development planning forms an important part of getting the required

zoning and building plans approval for a proposed development whether
such is for recreational, commercial, industrial or residential use. The plan
entails a graphic representation of the elements discussed above. The
town planner works with the relevant professionals such as land
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surveyors, architects, developers, construction project leaders, landscape

architects and engineers to collate data and to ensure that the proposed
development meets the local authority’s requirements.
The Macro and Micro Site Analysis
The macro site includes the surrounding suburbs of the proposed site.
Movement and context are aspects that will be studied within the area.
Macro level zoning includes the representation of all the natural bodies
such as sea, rivers, lakes, mountains, hills, valleys, large open areas and
potential sites for building new towns and cities.
Macro Site Development is similar to a small land development project—

except instead of building a retail space, it is building a cell tower. Based
on the nature of their size, these cell towers provide service for a large
area. The locations and sizes of these towers can vary, but you’re likely to
see them on rooftops, the side of the highway, or on water towers.
Macro Site Development services cover three main categories:

• Zoning: includes drawings, hearings, public notices, and balloon
studies
• Planning and Permitting: includes feasibility studies, site audits,
permit applications, and construction document preparation
• Engineering: includes construction drawings, tower design,
foundation design, surveying, site grading, and more
The micro site will be an in-depth study of the proposed project site and
its immediate context. Micro zoning includes the zoning of individual towns
or cities. It consists of six distinct parts.
Figure 3. Arial photo indicating the micro and macro site (Source: Google earth map)
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1. Town center - This is the place where major commercial activity

takes place. It indicates the central area containing commercial and
administrative blocks, theatres, principal library, museum etc.
2. Residential area - It is evenly distributed across the town depending
upon its suitability. This part is mainly used for providing residential
accommodation to the inhabitants of the town. But it also contains
small shops, primary schools, gardens and small service industries.
3. Commercial area - We have retail and wholesale commercial
spaces across the town. Commercial area is the heart of any town
or city. Without commerce, the town/city would not survive. Hence,
it is very important to have commercial areas spread evenly across
the town.
4. Open space - recreational activities is allotted for the well-being and
happiness of the residents of the town. This part of town is allotted
to design the road network, parks and playgrounds. It also indicates
land which is substantially left in its natural state for the benefit of
people.
5. Industrial area - is generally towards the outer ends of the towns or
cities. In this part, the manufacturing industries of different goods
are located.
6. Town periphery - is defined in order to stop the haphazard growth
of the town. Green belt is one way of defining the town boundaries.
The term town periphery is used to indicate the land which is
located on the boundary of town and which is directly influenced by
the town. It, however, cannot be considered as part of the town.
The town periphery includes market, gardens, nurseries, golf
courses etc.
The Site Selection Criteria
Site selection is the process of examining multiple options and assessing

their relative advantages and disadvantages. Site selection comes after
the need’s assessment is completed. If you select a site before the need’s
assessment, you may compromise on key design aspects due to site
limitations.
The site selection process is most successful when it is a methodical

search for the site that best meets established criteria, including size,
location, proximity to services and price — factors that will help ensure the
project fulfills the needs of future tenants.
Importance of Site Location

Learn about the neighborhoods of your potential sites. Walk through the
area and chat with residents to better understand whether the site is a
viable option.
Avoid developing a site plan too quickly. Professionals recommend

developing one to three alternative site plan concepts for potential sites.
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With multiple site options, you can rank project priorities — e.g., cost,
location, and size. Exploring more than one site option also makes clear to
lenders and other funders that you are committed to building the best
project possible. And, analyzing alternative site plans allows you to
compare costs and design features in a practical rather than abstract way.
The site selection team may find a site that is not ideal, but with a creative
design plan can meet your requirements. By contrast, you may conclude
that no redesign can overcome a site’s inherent deficiencies.
Before purchasing a piece of property or a building, confirm that the

zoning allows your structure to occupy that site. This should be
investigated during the due diligence period prior to closing on the
purchase. Other due diligence items include verifying that adequate public
utilities are available, determining that there are no environmental hazards
on the site, and conducting a geotechnical (soils) investigation if new
construction is planned. When reviewing your site options, use the Site
Selection Criteria provided in this section to assess the fit of the site,
compare and contrast sites, and prioritize needs.
Establishing Site Selection Criteria:

• Scale
• Housing type and construction
• Location
• Acquisition or lease costs
• Zoning considerations
• Community acceptance
Scale
The scale or size of the proposed project should relate to the level of need
for the housing identified, as well as to the capacity of the organization to
develop and/or manage the property. Scale also should be “contextual,”
meaning the project should be consistent with the height and density of
the surrounding buildings. Determining the number of units also could be
based on the degree of community support for the project. The project
architect can help determine the maximum allowable development area
(based on zoning and floor area ratios), as well as the appropriate scale
for the identified neighborhood.
Housing Type and Construction Approach

The type of housing to be built is a key siting criterion, and different
approaches may lend themselves best to different neighborhood locations.
For instance, a development model of scattered-site, one- and two-family
houses may work best in a low-density neighborhood, whereas larger
projects using multi-unit buildings or commercial hotels are generally only
available in urban locations.
The construction approach — new construction versus rehabilitation —

also will help guide the site search. Funding sources sometimes dictate
this choice, which may be restricted to one approach. Construction costs
are another important consideration, with rehabilitation costs generally
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lower than new construction (unless unusual building conditions are

present or historic preservation standards are required). New construction
opportunities will be limited to neighborhoods that have available (and
affordable) vacant land or substandard buildings that can be demolished,
and any demolition costs effectively increase the acquisition costs.
Choosing a rehabilitation development strategy would direct the site
search to locations where there are vacant or partially or fully occupied
buildings. The challenges, costs and inevitable delays of relocating
existing tenants should be factored into the decision.
Location
As with all real estate decisions, location is critical in identifying an
appropriate site for a supportive housing development, and each of the
following factors must be evaluated:
− Public transportation — Sites should have good access to public
transportation options that serve important destinations for the
tenants, such as supportive services providers, employment, health
care, shopping and recreation. Many tenants will not be able to
afford private transportation, so public transit becomes a necessity.
In addition, proximity to good public transportation may be a
requirement or provide a competitive edge for funding applications.
− Employment opportunities — Sites should have reasonable access
to employment opportunities and job training. While these
opportunities may not be available in the immediate neighborhood,
they should be accessible through public transportation, and within
reasonable commuting distance.
− Neighborhood amenities — Projects should be located in
neighborhoods that have key residential amenities, such as
affordable shopping (especially supermarkets), public libraries, post
offices, banks, parks, open space and recreational facilities. This
usually means siting housing in traditional residential
neighborhoods, and not in commercial, manufacturing or
warehousing districts that typically lack such amenities. Proximity to
neighborhood amenities may be a requirement or provide a
competitive edge for funding applications.
− Community-based services — It is critical that supportive housing
tenants have easy access to supportive services available in the
community, especially to service programs with established, formal
linkages. Depending upon the project’s target population, services
related to substance use and recovery, case management, crisis
intervention, parenting programs and health clinics, Tenants may
need health clinics on an ongoing or intermittent basis. If not
located in the immediate neighborhood, such services should be
easily accessible by public transportation.
− Day care — If the planned project will house families with young
children, day care services must be available in the neighborhood
or easily accessible near major employment centers. Lack of
access to quality day care will frustrate parents who are working,
participating in job training or seeking employment.
− Public schools and related programs — For projects serving
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families, the sites should be in close proximity to public education

resources such as public schools, public or private preschools, or
Head start programs, school readiness programs, and after-school
enrichment and recreation programs. For all target populations,
easy access to community colleges, vocational programs and other
higher educational opportunities are important.
− Security — If possible, the site should not be in an area that has a
high crime rate, since supportive housing tenants may be especially
vulnerable to victimization. Sites also should abide by the principles
of “defensible space,” which suggests low-rise buildings and open
site designs avoid hidden spaces that are conducive to crime (e.g.,
playgrounds or courtyards screened from public view).
Acquisition or Lease Costs

The cost of acquiring or leasing a development site may be the overriding
consideration for selecting a property. Many public funding programs have
a maximum acquisition or lease cost (total or per unit caps) that must be
considered during the site search. The allowable costs will often limit the
search to those communities that have lower real estate prices. Most
public funders, and all private lenders, will likely require that the purchase
price not exceed the appraised value of the property.
Before initiating the site search, it is also critical to determine whether the
funding sources’ preferences lean toward purchase or lease. Some public
agencies do not have capital available to acquire sites, but are able to
fund lease payments through annual contracts. It should be noted that
there are some serious drawbacks to leasing, including difficulty in
maintain quality, cost and control over the long term.
Zoning Considerations
Zoning also must be carefully considered in making site selection
decisions, since local zoning regulations can frustrate efforts to gain local
approval. The project architect can analyze local zoning restrictions to
help guide the site search. Using zoning maps, it is possible to identify
areas in which to develop a proposed project “as-of-right” — that is,
without a zoning variance. If possible, it is advisable to limit the site search
to these areas, since the process of seeking and being granted a zoning
variance will add time and uncertainty to the development efforts. It may
give any opponents to the project additional opportunities, and additional
leverage, to block the planned development.
It is often impossible to find suitably priced sites that are politically

acceptable to a community that don’t require zoning approvals or
discretionary action by a local planning board or commission. If this is the
case, a critical aspect of the due diligence will be to work closely with city
planning staff to identify what discretionary actions will be needed and
how long the process will take.
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Community Acceptance
The potential for community opposition to a proposed development should
be considered as the site search is being conducted. Depending upon the
assessment of community and political support in a given neighborhood,
as well as the strength of relationships with local leaders and
organizational capacity, this issue may be addressed once a site that
meets the project’s needs and criteria has been identified. In planning for
the siting of new projects, there are significant issues that can create
community acceptance problems that should be considered when
identifying potential neighborhoods/blocks for development, including:
− Outsider Organization – Non-profit sponsors that select sites in
neighborhoods in which they do not operate housing or programs
may be identified as outsider organizations. Neighborhood
leadership, who would prefer local sponsorship, may not give the
project a fair hearing. This may be a screen for simply opposing the
project, rather than the sponsorship, or it may be a distrust of
outside organizations unknown to the neighborhood. Faced with
such challenges in a specific neighborhood, it may be best to seek
out well-regarded, community-based partners with whom to work.
Such a partnership can take many forms, from using the local
organization as the services provider, property manager or co-
developer, or limiting the role to focus on community outreach and
education.
− Fair Share/Saturation — In some circumstances, community
members may claim that their neighborhood is being asked to
accept more than its “fair share” of supportive housing and/or other
housing programs and services. They may feel “saturated” with
similar projects and are becoming “impacted” communities. Some
cities, like New York, have fair share plans that will divert new
supportive housing and other housing programs and services away
from neighborhoods that are defined as “impacted” by having an
unequal share of the citywide homeless services and housing
programs. If such concerns are raised, it is critical to assess
whether saturation claims are legitimate or overstated and to work
with local officials to evaluate this issue. In areas where such
claims seem legitimate, it may be wise to consider other locations
without concentrations of similar projects. On the other hand, if
research indicates that there is no fair share issue, these results
should be publicized to disarm the issue.
− Scale/Impact — The scale of a supportive housing project can have
an undue impact on a neighborhood, and this impact needs to be
considered in siting new projects. For example, a large project in a
low-density residential area could have an adverse impact and
would likely attract opposition from neighbors.
− Contextual Design — Related to scale/impact, the design of
supportive housing projects should be sensitive to the
neighborhood context. Largely an architectural issue, designs
should respect the scale, historic quality, setback/street line and
architectural styles in the immediate area. Residents can more
easily reject plans that do not fit into the context of the
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neighborhood. The design should communicate the goal of

integrating the project into the neighborhood.
− Available Neighborhood Services — Projects should be sited in
neighborhoods that have access to the required supportive services
for the project’s target population (e.g., mental health services) that
will not be available on-site. Without the availability of these
services, the project could become vulnerable to community claims
that tenants will not be able to access needed support and could
pose a threat to the community.
− Private Open Space — While not a requirement for siting
supportive housing, the ability to provide private open space for the
exclusive use of tenants can help ease the introduction of new
projects, and it is also a nice amenity for tenants. The provision of
these spaces, which can be a landscaped garden or seating or
recreation area, can disarm community concerns that new tenants
will congregate in front of the building.
− Zoning — As noted in earlier in this section, zoning can be a key
factor in successfully siting new projects. Some of the key aspects
of a zoning analysis include evaluating parking requirements, and
height and density restrictions for the proposed site. Local
governments sometimes use zoning requirements to thwart
projects housing the formerly homeless or providing related
services. The project architect and attorney determine whether the
project can comply with zoning requirements. Therefore, it is clearly
preferable to avoid the need for a zoning variance when possible,
and to proceed “as of right.” Moreover, some local zoning laws may
violate federal fair housing laws, and they may be vulnerable to
legal challenges from advocates for the homeless.
The Site Development Plan
A Site Development Plan depicts the general layout and configuration of a site,
including building footprints, parking and street layout, conceptual landscaping
and lighting, site cross section drawings, and building elevations.
The intent of the Site Development Plan is to depict the proposed site layout for
the benefit of the public, Planning Commission and Town Council at public
hearings (for Downtown properties at the Design Review Board public hearing).
The detail of infrastructure, utility, storm drainage engineering, and final
landscape and irrigation design is submitted later with the Construction
Documents, which is an administrative review process.
For properties zoned for commercial, industrial and mixed-use development,

subdivision platting can either occur prior to or after a Site Development Plan
approval for either an individual lot or assemblage of lots. Properties zoned for
residential development must have an approved Site Development Plan prior to
subdivision platting. A Site Development Plan must be approved prior to the
issuance of building permits.
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Building Laws and Architecture
P.D. 1151 Phil. Environmental Policy
GOALS(Sec.2)
1. Recognize the responsibility of each generation as guardian of the
environment
2. Assure the people of a safe, healthful& productive environment
3. Encourage safe and prudent exploitation of the environment
4. Preserve historic and cultural aspects of heritage
5. Attain a rational and orderly balance between population and resource use
6. Improve the utilization of resources
Right to a Healthy Environment (Sec 3)

It is the responsibility of each individual to preserve & enhance the
environment
• The law prescribes the establishment the Environmental Impact Statement

(EIA System) for projects that will significantly affect the quality of the
environment (Sec.4)
• Directing the National Environment Protection Commission (NEPC) + 19
other agencies to prepare their respective guidelines & regulations to carry
out the EIS (Sec5 & 6; refer to LOI No. 44)
P.D. 1152 Phil. Environmental Code
Air Quality Management:

Promote socio-economic development without compromising air quality,
with minimal damage to life and property
Water Quality Management:

prescribe management guidelines aimed to protect /improve water quality,
including classification of waters & establishment of standards
• Classification of water resources based on: (a) existing quality, (b)
characteristics such as depth, surface area covered, etc. and (c)
uses: residential, agricultural, industrial, navigational, recreational
Land Use Management:

provide a rational& orderly land management system and to encourage
the prudent use & conservation of land resources
Natural Resources Management & Conservation:

provide a policy on the management &conservation of the country's natural
resources &the general measures on how this can be carried out; includes
stipulations on:
(a) Fisheries & Aquatic Resources, (b) Wildlife, (c) Forestry & Soil
Conservation, (d) Flood Control & Natural Calamities, (e) Energy
Development, (f) Mineral Resources and (g) Waste Management
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Others:
• The law prescribes standards, enforcement and monitories guidelines for
A. Air Quality Management (Sec. 3-13)
B. Water Quality Management (Sec. 17 –21)
C. Land Use Management
D. Natural Resources Management & Conservation
• It also contains miscellaneous provisions on (1) research, education and
information dissemination and other (2) incentives for compliance (Title VI)
R. A. 7638: Department of Energy Act
State Policy:
• WHAT: ensure continuous, adequate, and economic supply of energy
• HOW: (a) through the integrated exploration, production, management of
resources; (b) judicious utilization; (c) rationalized & integrated programs
• WHY: country’s growth & development; self-sufficiency & enhanced
productivity w/o sacrificing ecological concerns.
R.A. 9367: Biofuel Act of 2006
Biofuel: fuels made from biomass used for motive, thermal and power generation
Biomass: organic matter available on a renewable basis, from plants & wastes
(animal, industrial & biodegradable solid waste)
State Policy:
• Reduce dependence on imported fuels
• Sustainable economic growth with regard for health, environment &
natural resources
• Promote biofuels to: develop indigenous, renewable & sustainable
sources of energy; (b) mitigate emissions, (c) increase rural employment;
(d) ensure availability w/o compromising ecosystems, biodiversity & food
security
R. A. 7942: Mining Act of 1995 (DAO 96-40: Revised IRR)
Pro-People: (a) Local government empowerment; (b) Respect for IPs & ICCs; (c)
Equitable sharing of the benefits of natural wealth
Pro-Evironment: (d) Sustainable Development; (e) Protection, wise management
& intergenerational responsibility over resources & the environment
Principles of Sustainable Mining:

• Temporary land use; mandatory decomissioning plan
• Guided by best practices in environmental management
• Conservation: lengthen lifespan of commodities in use
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P.D 705: Revised Forestry Code
Policies:
• Multiple Uses of forestlands: evalution prior to utilization
• Systematize & hasten Land Classification & Survey
• Rationalization of wood processing
• Emphasize protection & rehabilitation of forestlands (Sec 37)
R.A. 7586: NIPAS of 1992
Protected areas: Identified portions of land and water set aside by reason of their
unique physical and biological significance; managed & protected to enhance
biodiversity
• Category Ia: Strict Nature Reserve –protected area managed mainly for
science
• Category Ib: Wilderness Area –managed mainly for wilderness protection
• Category II: National Park –protected area managed mainly for ecosystem
protection and recreation
• Category III: Natural Monument –mainly for conservation of specific
features
• Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Area –conservation areas
• Category V: Protected Landscape/Seascape –protected area managed
mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation
• Category VI: Managed Resource Protected Area –protected area
managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems
ZONING: After categorization areas are zoned w/ allowable activity (Sec 10)
• Strict Protection Zone: Only scientific studies & religous ceremonies
− Cultural Zones: Areas with significant cultural, religious, spiritual or
anthropological values where traditional rights exist (Sec 13; more
prescriptions contained in IPRA)
• Sustainable Use Zone: Utilization of resources using traditional
sustainable methods
• Restoration Zone: Degraded areas needing intervention
• Habitat Management Zones: Human habitation w/ role in conserving the
habitat of species
• Multiple Use Zone: Settlement, sustainable land use& certain livelihood
activities
• Recreational Zones: Sustainable eco-tourism, recreation, conservation,
educational activities
• Special Use Zones: Existing telecommunication facilities, irrigation canals
or electric power lines
• Buffer zones: For each protected area, there shall be established
peripheral buffer zones
15
RA 9147: Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
Objectives:
a. to conserve and protect wildlife species and their habitats
b. to regulate the collection and trade of wildlife;
c. to pursue commitmenst to international conventions
d. to support scientific studies on biodiversity conservation
R.A. 8550: Revised Fisheries Code
Utilization, management, development, conservation & allocation of aquatic

resources (BFAR, LGU & farmcs).
P.D. 1067: Water Code
Objectives:
A. Establish principles & framework relating to the appropriation, control &
conservation of water resources
B. Define the rights & obligations of water users & come up with mechanisms
to protect & regulate those rights
C. Designate administrative agencies which will enforce this Code
R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999
The State shall:

• Protect & advance the right of the people to a balanced & healthful
ecology in accord with th rhythm & harmony of nature
• Recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and
environment is primarily area-based
• Recognizes the principle that “polluters must pay” (DAO 2000-82:
IAQIF)
• Recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of
all and should,therefore, be the concern of all
• Guarantee the enjoyment of the following rights:
A. The right to breathe clean air
B. The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the
potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to
be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level of
pollution and the accidental or deliberate release into the
atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances;
C. The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to
enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and
regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of
affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions
against violators of environmental law.
16
Social, Professional and Ethical

Responsibility in Planning
Planning is both a profession and a discipline that has at its foundation questions
of how to best develop land, social programs, housing, parks, health services,
and other aspects of human settlements.
Planning ethics is focused on terms such as best as it appears in this

characterization of planning, where ethics, or moral philosophy, provides a
means of analyzing normative ways of responding to planning challenges.
Planning issues later expanded to include environmental conservation and
preservation, energy consumption, empowerment (including public participation),
and heritage conservation.
The planning profession has evolved from an almost exclusive focus on the
technical aspects of developing and conserving land to concern with a more
holistic view of urban areas and regions. It has changed its disciplinary base from
emphasizing engineering and architecture to striving for balance among the
natural, physical, and social sciences.
Ethical aspects of planning, science, and technology may be discussed in terms

of research as well as professional practice. The ethical issues in both activities
are similar, although particulars change. Ethics is used here as a synonym for
moral philosophy; it does not replace other terms such as values, beliefs,
morality, and morals. Instead, it connotes a way of studying and addressing
moral problems utilizing ethical theories and rigorous analysis.
Planning ethics, as part of professional ethics and, more generally, applied

ethics, has been discussed in terms of five separate aspects of the field (Wachs
1985, Hendler 1995): everyday behavior; plans and policies; administrative
discretion; the normative intent of the planning endeavor (planning theory); and
planning techniques. Each category of ideas and action includes reference to
issues of science and technology.
EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR. Everyday behavior refers to the actions of planners in

the day-to-day context of their work. Conflict of interest is a typical ethical issue
here.
PLANS AND POLICIES. Plans and policies are inherently normative in that they
allocate or reallocate resources among groups and individuals in a community or
region. It is this normative content of plans and policies, as well as programs and
projects, that is most strongly linked to ethics.
ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION. Administrative discretion pertains to the fact

that planning roles are diverse and often ambiguous. This means that planners
are often able to choose the role they wish to assume at any given time, where
roles may vary from technician to mediator to advocate. This discretion gives rise
17
to ethical considerations in that the selection of one role over another has
implications for planners in their work.
PLANNING THEORY. Ethical aspects of planning theory pertain to the

fundamental questions of why the planning profession should morally exist and
how it is justified.
PLANNING TECHNIQUES. Planners use many analytic techniques ranging from

statistical methods to economic forecasts to qualitative approaches. These are in
addition to the methods inherent to each natural, physical, or social science that,
together, make up the toolkit for most planning professionals.
All of these themes are manifested in the professional codes of planning

organizations. Such codes are vehicles for ethical analysis and direction in that
they present practical guidance for planners facing ethical problems, while also
providing a vision of what the profession should be trying to accomplish.
18
REFERENCES:
Benzu, J. (2013, October 07). Architecture Student Chronicles. Retrieved from
architecture-student: http://www.architecture-student.com/town-planning/how-is-
land-divided-in-a-towncity/
Harrison, R. (n.d.). Civil Engineering Portal. Retrieved from Engineering Civil:
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/what-is-land-
planning.html?fbclid=IwAR3dl6_UdbDO3ygEeKW2atUXJbIrnRE3QRZvRsOIBhB
IjvT7I-fgLI2On68
Jamal, H. (2017, January 23). About Civil.com. Retrieved from aboutcivil.org:
https://www.aboutcivil.org/land-use-
planning.html?fbclid=IwAR3NhWPaDy3e2nMOucVXxoiysZ8TTh-
ugAJIxSG4CX7cXqINRoHgyHoEBHI
Lagman, T. (2012, December 07). Slide Share. Retrieved from slideshare.net:
https://www.slideshare.net/architecttinlagman/land-use-planning-
15541531?fbclid=IwAR1Yynt_pByrxB4cdBdDo7VAmdMP-OEyn9Ik-fb-
2hRqKqKKmQZH2DPfuCk
Pickett, Ray, & Silver. (n.d.). Retrieved from prs3: https://prs3.com/why-land-use-
planning-is-critical-for-
development/?fbclid=IwAR3luSFSUGWtZdf6K93NayNQ0LRsGaISzwQ1-
tIRkflwMHp0hcuLKn1AAv0
Strange, C., & Martin, M. (2020, June 30). Kimley Horn. Retrieved from kimley-horn:
https://www.kimley-horn.com/thinking-big-macro-site-development/
The Practice Group. (2015, October 06). Retrieved from Practice Group.co.za:
https://practicegroup.co.za/what-does-site-development-planning-
entail/?fbclid=IwAR0OeyvfHokhXj-
XWqxd5E6UslyQARE3pLAspIs5O0ru2GO43D-eDh4LWME
19

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Student Name Ronalyn D. Opeña

2nd Semester I 2020 - 2021

RESEARCH NO. 3: MODULE 07 & 08

Week No. 7 & 8 (Module 07 & 08)

Land Planning & Site Development

Concepts about land and distinguished land data as:

Why do Engineers, Surveyors and Architects offer Land Planning?

How does a Land Planner differ from a City Planner?

What is the difference between architectural and engineering Land

Land Use Planning

and future need for the land;

Compatible and Incompatible Land Uses

Figure 1. Land Use Pattern-General (Source: Deniz, 2017)

Figure 2. Land Use Pattern-Specific (Source: Deniz, 2017)

Site Development Planning

The preliminary stage of site development planning entails plans drafted

The site development plan furthermore needs to indicate the proposed

As part of the site development planning phase, the planner needs to

Site development planning forms an important part of getting the required

surveyors, architects, developers, construction project leaders, landscape

The Macro and Micro Site Analysis

Macro Site Development is similar to a small land development project—

Macro Site Development services cover three main categories:

1. Town center - This is the place where major commercial activity

The Site Selection Criteria

Site selection is the process of examining multiple options and assessing

The site selection process is most successful when it is a methodical

Importance of Site Location

Avoid developing a site plan too quickly. Professionals recommend

Before purchasing a piece of property or a building, confirm that the

Establishing Site Selection Criteria:

Housing Type and Construction Approach

The construction approach — new construction versus rehabilitation —

lower than new construction (unless unusual building conditions are

families, the sites should be in close proximity to public education

Acquisition or Lease Costs

It is often impossible to find suitably priced sites that are politically

neighborhood. The design should communicate the goal of

The Site Development Plan

For properties zoned for commercial, industrial and mixed-use development,

Building Laws and Architecture

P.D. 1151 Phil. Environmental Policy

Right to a Healthy Environment (Sec 3)

• The law prescribes the establishment the Environmental Impact Statement

P.D. 1152 Phil. Environmental Code

Air Quality Management:

Water Quality Management:

Land Use Management:

Natural Resources Management & Conservation:

R. A. 7638: Department of Energy Act

R.A. 9367: Biofuel Act of 2006

R. A. 7942: Mining Act of 1995 (DAO 96-40: Revised IRR)

Principles of Sustainable Mining:

P.D 705: Revised Forestry Code

R.A. 7586: NIPAS of 1992

RA 9147: Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

R.A. 8550: Revised Fisheries Code

Utilization, management, development, conservation & allocation of aquatic

P.D. 1067: Water Code

R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999

The State shall: