Draft Report On Soil Investigation For The Construction of Check Post

[COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM] December 2, 2019
DRAFT REPORT ON SOIL INVESTIGATION FOR THE

CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK POST
Client: Department of Transportation Engineering & Management

Consultant: UET LAHORE
Contractor: Dr. Zia-ur-Rahman
Date: 02-12-2019
Prepared By: Hania Butt
Regd. No. 2017-TE-03
DTEM UET LAHORE 1

Contents
Contents .............................................................................................................................................. 2
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Project Description ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Site Location .................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Layout and Topography ................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Structure ........................................................................................................................... 5
3. Purpose of Investigation .............................................................................................................................. 5
4. Scope of Investigation ................................................................................................................................. 5
5. Field Investigation (Annexure 01) ............................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Boring .............................................................................................................................. 6
5.2 Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 6
6. Laboratory Investigation .............................................................................................................................. 6
6.1 Natural moisture content (Annexure-02) ........................................................................ 6
6.2 Sieve analysis (Annexure-02) ........................................................................................ 7
6.3 Atterberg’s limit (Annexure-02) ...................................................................................... 7
6.4 Soil classification ............................................................................................................ 7
6.5 Unconfined compression Test (Annexure-03)............................................................... 7
6.6 Direct shear Test (Annexure-04) .................................................................................... 7
6.7 Triax Compression Test (Annexure-05) ......................................................................... 7
6.8 Consolidation Test (Annexure-06) .................................................................................. 7
Soil Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 8
7. Bearing Capacity Analysis ( Annexure 07) ............................................................................................. 8
Terzaghi’s Method ................................................................................................................. 8
Bowle’s Method..................................................................................................................... 8
8. Settlement Analysis (Annexure-08) ......................................................................................................... 8
i. Immediate settlement ..................................................................................................... 8
ii. Consolidation settlement ................................................................................................ 9
9. Recommendation ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Annexure 01................................................................................................................................................... 10
Standard Separation Test ..................................................................................................... 10
DTEM UET LAHORE 2

Annexure 02................................................................................................................................................... 11
Sieve Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 11
Atterberg’s Limit ................................................................................................................. 12
Annexure 03................................................................................................................................................... 13
Unconfined Compression Test ............................................................................................ 13
Annexure 04................................................................................................................................................... 14
Direct Shear Test ................................................................................................................. 14
Annexure 05................................................................................................................................................... 18
Triaxial Compression Test ................................................................................................... 18
Annexure 06................................................................................................................................................... 20
Consolidation ....................................................................................................................... 20
Annexure 07................................................................................................................................................... 23
Bearing Capacity by Terzaghi’s Method ............................................................................. 23
Bearing Capacity by Bowle’s Method ................................................................................. 25
Annexure 08................................................................................................................................................... 27
Settlement Analysis ............................................................................................................. 27
DTEM UET LAHORE 3

1. Introduction
This report depicts the preliminary geotechnical investigation undertaken and summarize the
subsurface conditions encountered. It includes the Preliminary recommendations relating to
potential construction issues. The report is prepared for construction of a check post in ground of
Civil Engineering Department in University of Engineering And Technology, Lahore. It is a single
story building. It have two rooms,one toilets, one office, one small kitchen and a courtyard. It has
an area of about 70.6m2.
And a comprehensive soil investigation program has been conducted by a special firm of
Department of Transportation Engineering & Management, Lahore.
2. Project Description
The project consists of construction of a single story building.
2.1 Site Location

The site for the proposed project is situated inside the premises of University of Engineering and
Technology which is located on northern side of Grand Trunk Road, Lahore. A complete map of
site is given below.
 Latitude 31.58 Longitude 74.36
Fig 1.1 (Site Location)
DTEM UET LAHORE 4

2.2 Layout and Topography

The site is in between of civil engineering department.The site is about 1.5m below the existing
road level and is fairly level. Vegetation in the form of grass were observed at the site during the
period of field investigations. The colour of the exposed soil surface was brown.
2.3 Structure
As per client’s information, the proposed structure is a proposed building comprising of a ground
floor only.
3. Purpose of Investigation
Investigation of the underground conditions at a site is prerequisite to the economical design of the
substructure elements. It is also necessary to obtain sufficient information for feasibility and
economic studies for any project. In general, the purpose of this site investigation was to provide
the following:
 Information to determine the type of foundation required (shallow or deep).
 Information to allow the geotechnical consultant to make a recommendation on the
allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
 Sufficient data/ laboratory tests to make settlement and swelling predictions.
 Location of the groundwater level if met.
 Information so that the identification and solution of excavation problems can be made.
 Information regarding permeability and compaction properties of the encountered
materials.
 Information regarding cavitation’s and other kinds of geological weaknesses within the
construction site.
4. Scope of Investigation
Scope of investigations as given in the work order:
 Sinking 1 boreholes down to 2.5 ft. depth of refusal strata.
 Conducting standard penetration tests at 2.5 ft. intervals.
 Recovering undisturbed soil samples from various levels of the sub soil strata.
 Recording ground water table levels, if met with.
 Conducting relevant laboratory tests on soil samples recovered.
 Preparation and submission of a technical report containing the details of the tests carried out,
their analysis and recommendations regarding the foundation system to be adopted.
DTEM UET LAHORE 5

5. Field Investigation (Annexure 01)

5.1 Boring
The boreholes were progressed manually by hand augers. The borehole was terminated after
drilling 2.5 ft. below existing ground level. One by one five Standard penetration tests were
conducted in accordance with ASTM D 1586 at 2.5 ft. interval in the same borehole. Disturbed soil
samples recovered from split spoon samples.
Ground water table was not been encountered in boreholes during drilling or immediate after
drilling.
5.2 Sampling
Two type of sample were collected
a) Disturbed Samples: For identification purposes.
b) Undisturbed Samples: For strength tests.
Representative samples were placed in sealed plastic bags and labelled
6. Laboratory Investigation
The disturbed and undisturbed soil samples brought to the laboratory and were used for further
evaluation of engineering properties of soils.
Following Tests are carried out
1. Natural moisture contents were determined in accordance with ASTM D- 2216.
2. Sieve analysis on soil sample in accordance with ASTM D-6913-04
3. Atterberg limits (Liquid and Plastic) in accordance with ASTM D-4318.
4. Direct shear test was performed to determine strength parameter of soil in accordance with
ASTM D-3080.
5. Unconfined compression test was performed to determine unconfined shear strength of soil in
accordance with ASTM D-2166.
6. Consolidation test was performed in accordance with ASTM D-2435.
6.1 Natural moisture content (Annexure-02)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D 2216-98).It is performed to calculate the natural
moisture content in order to use for further testing with in-situ conditions.
DTEM UET LAHORE 6

6.2 Sieve analysis (Annexure-02)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D-6913). The main focus of doing this analysis is to
check the %age of gravels, sands, silt and clays. In short it is for gradation purpose only, in order
to classify the soil.
6.3 Atterberg’s limit (Annexure-02)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D 4318). It is used for soil classification in accordance
with ASTM and AASTHO as well.
6.4 Soil classification

It is done in accordance using USCS (ASTM D 3282-15) and AASHTO (ASTM D 2487-11) using
results of sieve analysis and Atterberg’s limit test.
6.5 Unconfined compression Test (Annexure-03)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D 2166-13). It is used to calculate the unconfined
compressive strength of the collected soil sample only on cohesive soil layer.
6.6 Direct shear Test (Annexure-04)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D 3080-11), where three identical specimens were
sheared under three vertical load conditions and the maximum shear stress in each case was
measured. The strength parameters, namely cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (Ø) were
determined from the maximum shear-vs- normal stress plot.
6.7 Triax Compression Test (Annexure-05)

It done accordance with the (ASTM D 4767-11), where sample is place in confined chamber
where pressure on the walls of sample is applied with help of water. The strength parameters,
namely cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (Ø) were determined from the maximum shear-
vs- normal stress plot
6.8 Consolidation Test (Annexure-06)

It is done in accordance with the (ASTM D 20435). In clayey layer, the settlement can be
calculated using the consolidation test and other parameters like void ratio and stress etc. can be
calculated.
The results of the mentioned above tests are summarized in table below
DTEM UET LAHORE 7

Soil Summary
7. Bearing Capacity Analysis ( Annexure 07)

Bearing capacity analysis can be done using following method
1. Terzaghi’s Method
2. Bowle’s Method
Terzaghi’s Method
qult = c Sc Nc + γ Df Nq + B γ Nγ Sγ
Bowle’s Method
qa = 20NKd (kPa) for B ≤ 1.25m

qa = 12.5N( )2 Kd (kPa) for B > 1.25m
8. Settlement Analysis (Annexure-08)

Settlement could be of following types:
i. Immediate settlement
ii. Consolidation settlement
i. Immediate settlement
Si = µ o - µ 1 ( )
DTEM UET LAHORE 8

Where,
µo and µ1= dimensionless factors
q= net contact pressure causing settlement
B=width of the footing
E=untrained modulus of soil
µ = poison’s ratio
ii. Consolidation settlement
Where;
Cr=compression index of recompression branch of curve
H=thickness of layer
eo = void ratio
Cc=coefficient of consolidation.
9. Recommendation
After performing all the field and laboratory test the results shows that depth of footing should
2.28m because below 2.28m soil is sandy lean clay which is good to provide maximum bearing
capacity. Footing type should be square because it gives maximum bearing capacity with
minimum settlement.
Footing type = Square
Size = 1.5 x1.5 meter
Depth of footing = 2.28 meter
Allowable Bearing Capacity = 311.22 kPa
DTEM UET LAHORE 9

Annexure 01
Standard Separation Test
DTEM UET LAHORE 10

Annexure 02
Sieve Analysis
Table 2.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve
Fig 2.1 Particle Size Distribution
Table 2.2 Percentage of Particle
DTEM UET LAHORE 11

Atterberg’s Limit
Table 2.3 Liquid Limit
Fig 2.2 Flow Curve
DTEM UET LAHORE 12

Annexure 03
Unconfined Compression Test
Table 3.1 Unconfined Compression Test
Fig 3.1 Stress – Strain Curve
DTEM UET LAHORE 13

Annexure 04
Direct Shear Test
Table 4.1 Direct Shear Test
DTEM UET LAHORE 14

Table 4.2(a): Sample 1
Table 4.2(b): Sample 1
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Table 4.3(a) Sample 2
Table 4.3(b) Sample 2
Table 4.4(a) Sample 3
DTEM UET LAHORE 16

Table 4.4(b) Sample 3
Fig 4.1 Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress
Fig 4.2 shear stress Vs deflection
DTEM UET LAHORE 17

Annexure 05
Triaxial Compression Test
Table 5.1 Sample 1
Table 5.2 Sample 2
DTEM UET LAHORE 18

Table 5.2 Sample 3
Fig 5.1 Shear Stress - % Strain
DTEM UET LAHORE 19

Fig 5.2 Mohr’s Circle
Annexure 06
Consolidation
Table 6.1(a) Description
Table 6.1(b) Observations
DTEM UET LAHORE 20

Table: 6.2 Observations & Calculations
Fig.6.1 Coefficient of Compressibility
Fig.6.2 Compression Index
DTEM UET LAHORE 21

Fig.6.3 Preconsolidation Stress
Fig 6.4 Taylor Square Root Time Method
DTEM UET LAHORE 22

Annexure 07
Bearing Capacity by Terzaghi’s Method
Table 7.1(a) Observation
Table 7.1(b) Observation
Table 7.2 Bearing Capacity for Square Footing
DTEM UET LAHORE 23

Table 7.3(a) Observation
Table 7.3(b) Bearing Capacity For Strip Footing
DTEM UET LAHORE 24

Allowable Bearing Capacity - Width of Footing Using

Terzaghi's Equation
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa) 60
58
56
54
52
50
Square Footing
48
Strip Footing
46
44
42
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Width of Foting, B (m)
Fig: 7.1 Graphical Representation of Allowable bearing Capacity w.r.t width of footing
Bearing Capacity by Bowle’s Method
Table 7.3 Bearing Capacity By Bowle’s Method
DTEM UET LAHORE 25

Allowable Bearing Capacity - Width of Footing

Using Bowle's Equation
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Width of Footing, B (m)
Fig: 7.2 Graphical Representation Of Allowable Bearing Capacity w.r.t Width Of Footing
DTEM UET LAHORE 26

Annexure 08
Settlement Analysis
N
Fig: 8.1 Plan Of Check Post
DTEM UET LAHORE 27

Table 8.1 Structural Load Calculations
Table 8.2 Consolidation Settlement for Strip Footing
DTEM UET LAHORE 28

Table 8.3 Consolidation Settlement for Square Footing
Table 8.4 Immediate Settlement for Square Footing
Table 8.5 Total Settlement
DTEM UET LAHORE 29

DTEM UET LAHORE 30

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[COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM] December 2, 2019

DRAFT REPORT ON SOIL INVESTIGATION FOR THE

Client: Department of Transportation Engineering & Management

DTEM UET LAHORE 1

DTEM UET LAHORE 2

DTEM UET LAHORE 3

2.1 Site Location

Fig 1.1 (Site Location)

DTEM UET LAHORE 4

2.2 Layout and Topography

DTEM UET LAHORE 5

5. Field Investigation (Annexure 01)

6.1 Natural moisture content (Annexure-02)

DTEM UET LAHORE 6

6.2 Sieve analysis (Annexure-02)

6.3 Atterberg’s limit (Annexure-02)

6.4 Soil classification

6.5 Unconfined compression Test (Annexure-03)

6.6 Direct shear Test (Annexure-04)

6.7 Triax Compression Test (Annexure-05)

6.8 Consolidation Test (Annexure-06)

DTEM UET LAHORE 7

7. Bearing Capacity Analysis ( Annexure 07)

qa = 20NKd (kPa) for B ≤ 1.25m

8. Settlement Analysis (Annexure-08)

DTEM UET LAHORE 8

ii. Consolidation settlement

DTEM UET LAHORE 9

Standard Separation Test

DTEM UET LAHORE 10

Table 2.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve

Fig 2.1 Particle Size Distribution

Table 2.2 Percentage of Particle

DTEM UET LAHORE 11

Fig 2.2 Flow Curve

DTEM UET LAHORE 12

Table 3.1 Unconfined Compression Test

Fig 3.1 Stress – Strain Curve

DTEM UET LAHORE 13

DTEM UET LAHORE 14

Table 4.2(a): Sample 1

Table 4.2(b): Sample 1

DTEM UET LAHORE 15

Table 4.3(a) Sample 2

Table 4.3(b) Sample 2

Table 4.4(a) Sample 3

DTEM UET LAHORE 16

Table 4.4(b) Sample 3

Fig 4.1 Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress

Fig 4.2 shear stress Vs deflection

DTEM UET LAHORE 17

Table 5.2 Sample 2

DTEM UET LAHORE 18

Table 5.2 Sample 3

Fig 5.1 Shear Stress - % Strain

DTEM UET LAHORE 19

Fig 5.2 Mohr’s Circle