METHODOLOGY

For the purpose of analysis we have chosen space that is class inside Adama science and
technology university, Adama, Ethiopia. Having size 20.5 x 7.66 x 3m. it is required to cool
the specified space for 6 hours. The heat load calculation has been done on the basis of
building structure, outside and inside temperature and relative humidity. The design
maximum temperature is take 44 C. during summer and the comfort temperature inside the
room is taken as 25 C. with relative humidity of 60%. The detail heat load calculation is
given in table. The selected specification of air conditioning unit are as following
specifications.

HEAT LOAD CALCULATION

COMPONENTS

1.Solar Equipments
 Solar panel
 Battery
 Inverter
 Charge Controller
2.Compressor
3.Condensor
 4.Expansion Valve
5.Evaporator

1. SOLAR EQUPMENTS
SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel refers to a photovoltaic module.A solar thermal energy panel or a

set of solar photo voltaic modules are electrically connected and mounted on a
supporting structure.
BATTERY

Battery store the electric power in the form of chemical reaction.

Without storage we would only have power when the sun is shining or the
generator is running.We need battery of 48V.
INVERTER

The power inverter is the heart of the system.It makes 220 volts AC from the 12
volts DC stored in the batteries.It can also charge the batteries if connected t a
generator or the AC line.

CHARGE CONTROLLER

The purpose of charge controller is to regulate the current from the PV module
to prevent the batteries from overcharging.A charge controller is used to sense
when the batteries are fully charged and to stop, or decrease, the amount of
current flowing to the battery.Charge controller is rated by the amount of
current they can receive from the solar panels.

COMPRESSOR

Compressor is electrically operated can be described as the heart

of air conditioning system as it pump refrigerant throughout the system.
The main function of a compressor is to compress refrigerant vapour to a high
pressure, making it hot for the circulation process of the refrigerant. Or air
compressor is the component in the system that raise the temperature and
pressure of the vapor refrigerant that leaves the evaporator coil.
CONDENSER

A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to

its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the
substance and transferred to the surrounding environment.
EXPANSION VALVE

A thermal expansion valve (TXV) is a precision device designed to actively

separate the air conditioning system into high pressure and low pressure sides.
The most important function of the TXV is to regulate the flow of the high
pressure liquid refrigerant into the evaporator coil.
EVAPORATOR

An air conditioner's evaporator coil, also called the evaporator core, is the part
of the system where the refrigerant absorbs heat. That is, it's where the cold air
comes from.
The evaporator coil is located inside or near the air handler where the blower
fan is.

LAYOUT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AC SYSTEM

The solar energy is received by the PV module and transform into electrical
energy. The electrical energy is then being regulated by charge controller either
by supplies it directly into the load or charges the batteries. As the electrical
energy coming from the PV module is in DC, inverter will convert it into AC as
the compressor needs AC to operate. The most common type of air conditioning
is technically referred to as direct expansion, mechanical, vapour - compression
refrigeration system. The goal with air conditioning is to capture heat in the
cooling space and throw it outside. The operation of the system starts when the
cold, low pressure liquid (refrigerant) flows across the evaporator coil inside the
cooling space to absorb heat. The cold liquid that went into the evaporator coil
comes out as a low pressure gas. Then, the cool, low pressure gas is taken
outside and compressed by the compressor to become a hot, high pressure gas.
Next, the hot gas is passed through the condenser coil and gives off some of its
heat as outdoor air is blown across the coil. This cause the hot gas to condense
back to into a warm liquid. The warm liquid is carried back to the evaporator by
passing through the expansion device which decreases the temperature and
pressure of the liquid.
PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING

The main components of the PV-SAC forming a reference system are

photovoltaic modules combined with a DC/AC inverter, an electric-driven
chiller, indoor cold distribution elements (cold ceilings), and an outdoor heat
rejection unit.

It also contains also a hot storage, a cold storage, and a heat rejection tower
(outdoor unit) for preheating the domestic hot water (DHW). The PV array
produces direct current (DC), while most of PV-SAC components, a heat pump,
a heat rejection tower, and pumps are designed to use alternating current (AC).
DC/AC inverter Heat pump – Cooling machine. Qualitative and quantitative
room air heat rejection (also called room cooling) is the purpose of a SAC
system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat cannot
spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter area. The heat pump uses
AC electricity to transfer the heat energy from the lowtemperature loop (cold
side) to the hot energy loop (hot side). The vapour-compression cycle is mostly
used in heat pump machines, and in our case, PV-SAC system. The vapour-
compression cycle is based on the principle of reversed Carnot cycle Cold
distribution: cooling ceilings. The room heat rejection is done by radiant ceiling
panels – a cooling ceiling. A radiant cooling system refers to a temperature-
controlled surface that cools the indoor temperatures by removing sensible heat
and where more than half of heat transfer occurs through thermal radiation. The
biggest part of hot side heat is rejected to outdoor air. For this purpose a heat
rejection tower (also called Outdoor Unit (OU)) is used.
Hot storage.
A portion of heat is rejected to hot storage (HS), which presents a water tank
with insulation. Into the tank, a heat exchanger of the internal coil type is
integrated, which separates brine and water.

Domestic hot water Cold storage.

The preheating of domestic hot water (DHW) is done via heat rejection through
the hot storage tank. Cold storage (CS) is integrated as a cold brine buffer. On
the one hand, it allows preparation of the necessary cold in advance.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF AC DC HYBRID SAC

Like all DC-Inverter air conditioners, the ACDC compressor runs on DC power
converted from AC power. But this special solar air conditioner can also accept
DC power directly from solar panels, without needing an inverter, controller, or
batteries.The solar DC power directly replaces an equivalent amount of AC
power from the power company and can cut daytime energy costs for air
conditioning or heating by 80-90%. During the day, the ACDC can get most of
it’s power from solar resulting in an efficiency above SEER 35 when using two
230W solar panels. Max is 20amps at 39vdc solar. The unit can be connected
with up to three 250W panels up to 750 total Watts. The system is designed for
hybrid operation with solar providing most of the energy needed during daylight
hours.
This air conditioner must be connected to a 220V AC power source and is not
designed for off-grid operation. The unit uses as much solar energy as is
available and any shortfall is obtained from utility power with no need for
batteries.
Even when the sun is not shining at all, this ultra high-efficiency SEER 20 heat
pump will keep you comfortable and save you money using far less electricity
than a normal AC or heat pump unit of the same capacity.
POWER AC 208/220V, Solar power 780W
50/60Hz input(max)
Power DC 30-39 VDC Solar power 20a DC
input(max)

Cooling capacity 11000 Btu/h Operating range 20F-122F/5F-

(cooling/heating) 90F

Power input@full cooling 920W Outdoor noise 55 db

operation level

Average power consumption, 705W Outdoor fan motor Panasonic DC

cooling.

Cooling COP 3.5 Outdoor fan input 35W DC

SEER >19/35 Outdoor air flow 1295 CFM

Heating capacity 12000 Btu/H Outdoor unit 30’’ x 11.2’ x

dimension(W’D’H 23.2’’
)
Power input @full heating 1025W Compressor BLDC Dc
operation inverter(rotary)

Avg. power consumption, 836 Refrigerant R410A/46oZ

heating

Heating COP 3.5 Max. lineset 65ft/26ft

length/elevation

HSPF 10.1 Moisture removal 0.25G/h

Indoor fan motor Panasonic DC Rated 5.3A

current(RLA)

Indoor fan input 20W DC Locked rotor Amp 10A

(LAR)

Indoor fan RPM(Hi/Med/Lo.) 1250/900/700 Refrigerant oil Vg 74/17oz

Indoor noise level(Hi/Med/Lo.) 39/29/26 dB Liquid side/gas ¼’’/ ½’’

side

Indoor unit dimensions (W’D’H) 35.5’’ x DC connection MC4/awg10

6.5’’x 11.2’’ wire

Indoor air flow 412/295/235 Design pressure 550/340psg

(Hi/Med/Lo.) CFM
INCLINATION OF SOLAR PANEL
The angle and direction of installation will effect the efficiency of solar collector. As a
general rule if we are in the northern hemisphere then the collector should face
south. The angle at which we mount the collector should roughly correspond to the latitude of
our location. For Example, London, UK, has a latitude of 51 degrees North. The collector
should therefore face south at 51 degree angle.

ADVANTEGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR AIR

CONDITIONER
ADVANTEGES:

 Solar air conditioning provides a great package involving benefits. Installation

expenses can be reduced through tax credits, deduction and also refunds.
 Solar may be the best way to obtain replenish able power.
 It proves economical on long run.
 Solar energy causes very less pollution.
  Sun light is totally free. There is of course the initial investment for the
equipment. After the initial capital outlay you won’t be receiving a bill every
month for the rest of your life from the electricity utility.
 Solar power can generate electricity no matter how remote the area as long as
the sun shines there. Even in areas that are inaccessible to power cables solar
power can produce electricity.
 Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be
used at night.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime.

 In cloudy conditions solar connector cannot work properly as sun rays are not
uniform.
 Solar connectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture.
 The batteries are large and heavy and needs storage space. They also need
replacing from time to time.