Extensive Events Database Development using

ATP and Matlab to Fault Location in Power

Distribution Systems
J. J. Mora, J. C. Bedoya, and J. Melendez

which are based on the model of the power distribution system

Abstract- Opportune fault location in power distribution (MBM), and these which are based on the knowledge
systems is an important aspect related to power quality, and extracted form fault data bases (KBM) [1] [5].
especially to maintain good continuity indexes. Fault location MBM use the fundamental of voltage and current to
methods which use more information than RMS values of voltage calculate the impedance as seen from the distribution system
and current, are the commonly known as Knowledge Based substation to the faulted node. This impedance is turned into
Methods - KBM. Those require of a complete fault database
to adequately perform the training and validation stages, and an equivalent distance by using network parameters.
as a consequence successfully perform the fault location task. In Nevertheless, due to the high ramification of the system, one
this paper, the modeling of a power distribution system and its disadvantage on these methods is the multiple estimation of
protective relaying to obtain an extensive fault database using the faulted section because several locations match with the
the capabilities of ATP and Matlab is described. The obtained estimated distance. Other disadvantage is related to the high
database can be used to perform different types of system analysis dependency of the power system model, which is not always
and in this specific case to solve the problem of fault location in
power distribution systems. As a result a methodology to perform
well known [6].
automatic simulations and a data base with 930 fault situations Methods which based on other type of information, known
in a 25 kV test system was obtained. as knowledge based methods (KBM), use characteristics
obtained from the time domain signal of voltage and current
Index terms- Automatic fault simulation, distribution and information as: the type of load, location and settings of
systems, fault location, power quality. the protective devices and information of the faults previously
registered. These methods are an excellent complement of the
I. INTRODUCTION MBM and allow reducing the multiple estimation and the
model dependency problems [1] [7].
POWER quality has become an issue to facilities and
customers. Wave shape and power continuity are the main
To have a successful implementation of the fault location
aspects related to power quality, and the current importance of
approach by using KBM, a considerable amount of
these aspects is related to the deregulated market nowadays
information of faults in several nodes of the power
applied in several countries. [1][2]
distribution system is required. Normally, power distribution
facilities do not have this information and therefore it is
Opportune fault location in power distribution systems is necessary to use simulation techniques that allow obtain a data
considered as an important factor to maintain the service base with fault registries. ATP is a simulation tool, widely
continuity. Fast location of permanent faults helps to reduce used by electrical engineering researchers, especially to
the outage duration (SAIDI index), while monitoring and perform fault analysis and studies of the power system
locate permanent and transient faults helps to locate weak transient behavior [8].
regions of the power distribution system, avoiding future
faults (SAIFI index) [3][4]. However, fault location in power
This paper presents the modeling of the power distribution
distribution systems is not a straightforward problem mainly system relaying settled in the specific "fuse saving scheme"
because the complexity of its topology and the few
and the extensive fault data base development, by means of
automatic event generation by using ATP and Matlab. The
measurements available.
obtained data base could be used to perform different types of
There are two main groups of fault location methods, these analysis and in this specific case, to solve the problem of fault
location in distribution systems using KBM.
J. J. Mora is professor of Electrical Engineering at the Technological
University of Pereira, Colombia (Tel/fax: +57 6 3137329, e-mail:
As contents, on section 2 general aspects to be considered
jjmoragutp.edu.co). to develop a fault location KBM are presented. On section 3,
J. C. Bedoya. is research assistant of the Electrical Engineering School at the modeling of both, the distribution system and the
the Technological University of Pereira, Colombia (Tel/fax: +57 6 3137329, protective relaying is described. The automatic fault
e-mail: jbedoya(ohm.utp.edu.co).
J. Melendez is professor of Control, Electronics and Computer Science
generation using a collaborative strategy between ATP and
Engineering School at the University of Girona, Spain (Tel/fax+34 972 Matlab is given in section 4, while the simulation results are
418391, e-mail: quimmelgeia.udg.es). presented in 5. On final section some conclusions are drawn.
1-4244-0288-3/06/$20.00 (©2006 IEEE

II. DEVELOPMENT OF A FAULT LOCATION KNOWLEDGE BASED
METHOD -KBM.
The implementation of a KBM for fault location requires of Telephone calls from affected customers; classification of the
methodological planning, analysis of techniques to be used, as load in each node as commercial, residential, industrial; and
well as the availability of well conditioned information to train weather conditions, among others.
and validate the method.
A. Methodological stages
Figure 1 shows the required stages to develop a KBM to
solve the problem of fault location.
Conditiom
LHISYSTEMhiru;
Infornia nt
n
Fig. 1. Methodological scheme to develop a KBM.
The simulation stage allows acquire the measurements
from the system under fault. Information from the measured
system variables is obtained from waveforms of voltage and
current, among other type of information described in literal
C. After that, a data base is developed to save this information
as ordered input-output pairs. Inputs are characteristics known
in this paper as "descriptors", while the outputs correspond to
the current fault location of the registered faults.
There are several algorithms which are capable to infer
knowledge rules from examples. To do that, normally it is
necessary of learning or training stage. In case of supervised
learning, training is performed by presenting the ordered pairs
of input-output data set to the learning algorithm.
Finally there is a validation stage where the effectiveness is
checked. Error is considered by comparison between the
KBM output and the real value of the fault location.
B. Commonly used techniques in the KBM implementation.
Normally KBM formulates the solution of a problem by
means of a classification algorithm that uses the data set
ordered in pairs (input-output). The KBM is trained to learn
from these examples, by means of an appropriate modification
of its parameters. Some of the commonly used KBM are: The
LAMDA method (Learning for Algorithm Multivariate Data
Analysis) [9]; Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) [ 10];
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) [11] and
Support Vector Machines (SVMs) [12].
C. Required information
Although most of the information which describes the
fault, belongs to the waveforms of voltage and current
measured at the power distribution substation, there are
2
additional information which helps to solve the problem of
fault location. Examples of additional information are:
Information which allows characterizing the faulted system
is known as descriptors [14]. Some of them are:
- Characterization of voltage sags: The fundamental of
voltage registered at the substation has a variable magnitude
during the pre-fault, fault and post-fault intervals. The
characterization of sags allows extracting descriptors which
can be associated with faults.
- Transient signal analysis: Frequency and duration of the
transient caused by fault are used as descriptors. These
values are related to the location of fault because these direct
relation to the electrical parameters of the faulted system.
- a and P coefficients analysis: These coefficients are obtained
by transformation of the time samples of the three phase
fault currents, using Clark-Concordia transform.
- Load current pattern analysis: Characterization of the
currents registered during faults helps to fault location. It
contains the performance of the protective devices which
operates to fault clearing.
III. MODELING THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND PROTECTIVE
RELAYING
Alternative Transient Program-ATP was selected for
simulation purpose, because of it is widely accepted by
researchers in electrical engineering and its tested
performance on this type of studies.
Figure 2 shows a 25 kV system from SaskPower and Light,
in Saskatoon, Canada used in this paper as a test system [15].
In this system, five protective elements have been added as it
is shown: A main breaker (ANSI 52) with a inverse
overcurrent relay (ANSI 51), placed at the distribution
substation; a recloser (R) located at the beginning of the line
between nodes 3 and 4; a fuse in the line between nodes 5 and
10 (Fl); another fuse in the line between nodes 6 and 9 (F2),
and the last fuse in the line between nodes 11 and 13 (F3). In
this application case, the protective system was configured in
the "fuse saving" scheme, as it is shown in Fig. 3 [16].
2 3 4 5 8 9 1o 11 12
/a a
/a
1 13
~~~~~~F
Fig. 2. Power distribution system used to tests.
 3

A. Distribution system modeling Figure 6 shows the operation and the logic of the MODEL
The power system implementation by using ATP is simple; used to simulate the recloser operation.
thanks to the graphical user interface ATPDraw [8]. Several Variables
Counters
power elements could be selected from a complete list, which Timers
includes generators, transmission lines, passive elements as
resistances inductances and capacitances, switches, among
others. However, there are not available protective devices,
and that is the reason of develop a code by using ATP-
MODELS. This allows creating new elements by a general
programming structure, supported by a set of simulation tools
used to help in representation and study of the variables [8].
SD
,% N

,
>, Delay Curves (Rec) Fig. 4. Working scheme of the fuse model.
-- _- Total clearing (fuse) MODEL: FUSE
'Z. Minimun melt (fuse) INPUT (MODEL 's Signals Input data)
Fast Curves (Rec) DATA (Inverse time curve. Modified by the end user)
Current VAR (Variables used to measure the RMS value of line currents)
Fig. 3. Typical time coordination curves for the distribution system feeder. (Time, timer and zero cross detection variables)
(Output variables)
B. Fuse modeling OUTPUT (Output variables)

Fuses are protective elements, which work as an inverse EXEC (Start)

time characteristic delayed overcurrent protection. In case of a IF T=0 THEN

ENDIF
(Variables are initialized at T=0)
fault in the system these elements operates by expulsion
or/and melting of its active part. To remove the faulted system IF (T>0) THEN (Reading the RMS current value)

zone, these elements do not need additional devices, as current IF IRMS>=IPK THEN (Over current detection)
(Calculation of the fuse operation times according to DIAL
transformers (CT's), or additional breakers. Fuse contains andA,B andp inverse time curve parameters)
(Timers starting)
itself both the relay and breaker functions [16]. Fig. 4 ENDIF
presents the operation scheme and the programming logic IF TEMP> Top THEN (Timer ending)
used to simulate fuse behavior. In Fig. 5 the programming ENDIF
(Fuse operation in next current zero crossing)
code using fuse MODELS is shown.
ENDIF
C. Recloser modeling ENDEXEC (End)
Recloser device contains itself the integration of two ANSI Fig. 5. Example of the fuse model code.
protective functions (50/51), a breaker function (52), and the Variables
Counters (C)
START
logic control. Reclosers are provided with two or more inverse Timers (T)
time operating curves, but in this case and to simulation
purpose, the protective module is settled with two inverse time
curves as shown in Fig. 3. In case of fault, recloser detects it
and operates in a determined number of times with the fast
curve and a predefined reclosing time tRl. If fault persist, Calculates Top
Timer start
-
-
recloser operates in a number of times with the slow curve and
reclosing time tR2. These elements are normally used in
distribution systems to reduce the influence of the transient
faults on continuity indexes.
The code implemented by using MODELS to simulate the
recloser operation, is similar to the fuse code presented in
Fig. 5. Recloser measures the RMS current and when an
overcurrent is detected, it starts its operation process. In the
presented application, recloser was settled with two fast and
one slow operation curves. Recloser has the possibility to have
single or thee phase trips. In case of single phase faults
reclosers trips the faulted phase. For two-phase or three-phase Fig. 6. Working Scheme of the Recloser model.
faults, recloser gives a three phase trip. In case of auto
extinguished faults when the system returns to normality state, D. Simulatingfaults at the distribution system
the recloser comes back to is normal state avoiding false trips. ATP executes all MODEL's code existing in the circuit in
 4

each simulation step. Time variable cannot be modified by a character format. The name of each ATP file contained in
user.An example of current signal during a single phase fault the text file is "FallaXXBusYYRFZZ.atp", where XX
in node 21 is presented in Fig. 7, where the protective corresponds to the type of fault (from the 01 to the 11), YY is
devices actuations are highlighted. the node where the fault is simulated (from 01 to 25 nodes of
[A]-- the test system), and ZZ is the fault resistance value (from 01
375- to 06 for the six fault resistance values presented above).
250- First
reclosure
.... ---- Second
reclosure
Fu se

blow
2

out
B. Faulted circuit generation
(Rec) (R ec)
1 25-
This process is made from the ATP code of the power
system drawn in the ATPDraw. This file contains the
-125--Faault
First fast Second fast
protective devices developed by the using MODELS.
-250
operation
(Rec)
operation
(Rec)
To obtain a new ATP file with a new fault, it is enough to
-375-
modify the fault resistance value and the fault node location
from the original ATP file. Each copy of the original file is
VS10 0.11i 0.22 0.33 0.44 [seci associated to a different fault situation.
Fig. 7. Line current measured at the distribution substation during a fault in
As example, a 10X phase B to ground fault in node 5 is
node 21.
presented. The base file code at lines 1225, 1226 and lines
from 1291 to 1297 contains the information shown in Fig. 9.
IV. AUTOMATIC FAULT GENERATION BY USING A
COLLABORATIVE STRATEGY BETWEEN ATP & MATLAB®. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
To develop a data base which contains voltage and current C < n 1>< n 2><refl><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
waveforms registers, different types of faults were simulated C < n 1>< n 2><refl><ref2>< R >< A
RA STNC 40.
>< B ><Leng><><>0
0
in the test system shown in Fig. 2. This is necessary since RB STNC 10. 0
RC STNC 40. 0
the KBM needs of a considerable amount of examples to
learning and validation stages. Fig. 9: ATP code details.
Automatic fault generation consists of make a predefined The first four lines in Fig. 9 help to identify each column
number of copies of the ATP file which contains the of the text and it serves as template guide to maintain the
distribution system, each one with the all 11 possible fault position of text in ATP. Next two lines are commentaries and
types, fault resistance and faulted node. To have a complete
help the user to identify the initial and final nodes where each
data base, faults were simulated in each system node. In
device is connected, in addition its resistance, inductive or
addition, faults were simulated using six different fault capacitance values.
resistances: 0.5Q, 5Q, 10Q, 20Q, 30Q, 40Q [17][18]. Next lines contain information about position and fault
resistance values. In this case, information presented can be
Automatic fault simulation by means of the interaction interpreted as: Exist an element connected between nodes RA
between ATP and Matlab is shown in Fig. 7, and it is and STNC; the element is a resistance of 10 X. The final zero
following described: number placed at the 80 column indicates that the user does
not want read any electric variable from this element, if a
variable as current or voltage wants to be registered, number
1 or 2 respectively should be placed. For the fault type control
we use a set of switches as shown in Fig. 9, by closing or
opening switches it is possible to obtain any of the 11 fault
types described before.
Lines from 1306 to 1311 contain the information of fault
switches control type, as shown in Fig. 10.
/swuErCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde >< Ie ><Vf/CLOP >< type >
STNC -1. 2. 0
N5A RA 2. 2. 0
N5C RC 2. 2. 0
N5B RB .04 2. 0
Fig. 10. ATP code details of the switch to performs faults.
Figure 10 presents the code of switches used to generate
the fault. Switches configuration is presented in Fig. 11. The
information contained in Fig. 10 is next described:
Fig. 8. Interaction scheme between ATP and MATLAB for automatic fault - A switch between STNC and ground (when there is a blank
generation.
space is interpreted as ground); the closing time is -1 sec, it
A. Fault list generation indicates that this switch is closed since simulation starts.
Matlab was used to generate the fault list. The fault list is The opening time is 2 sec.
obtained by means of the concatenation of text and numbers in - A switch connected between node 5 phase A and node RA;
 5

the closing time is 2 sec., however the simulation time is
only 1.i s. This means that the switch remains opened during
all simulation time. Same situation is for phase C.
The last switch connected between node 5 phase B and node
RB. The closing time is 40ms, and the opening time is 2 sec.
After that, the switch closes itself and remains closed during
the remaining simulation time. This switch generates the
phase B to ground fault.
Fig. 11. Switch used to generate a fault at node 5.
C. Generating the automatic execution file.
To automatic execution of the circuits previously
generated, an instruction file batch processing with .bat
extension is used. The file to execute all the simulations is
presented in Fig. 12.
atpwnt filename.atp *-R
del for *.tmp *.dbg *.lis
move filename.pI4 new-directory
Fig. 12. File used to execute all simulations.
The first instruction executes the .atp archives generated in
the previous stage. During the .atp file simulation some files
as .is, .dbg, .tmp and pl4 are generated. In this case, the
voltage and its RMS values, measured at the distribution
substation were obtained. The size of the data base for this
system is 1.04GB, having saved only the mat files. A
sampling frequency of 40 kHz and a simulation time of 1,1
sec were used.
930 faults cases were automatically simulated, and the
simulation time was almost 36 hours, using a Pentium IV 280
GHz. It is because the number of faults performed, the high
sampling frequency and the long simulation time required to
register the operations of all protective devices. In addition, it
was observed that the models used as protective devices
reduce the speed of the simulation. According to, it shows that
it is not logical to make these simulations manually, because
the long time required by a qualified operator.
As example, from a three-phase of 40 X fault resistance in
node six. Transient frequencies are 3790 Hz, 3780 Hz and
3784 Hz, respectively for phases A, B and C. Transient
duration are 5.05 ms, 5.35 ms and 5.48 ms in each phase.
Phase C transient signal is depicted in figure 13
20.
[k\~
101
0-
10 \X
-20_

interest is centered on pl4 file, so that is the reason of the

second instruction to delete the remaining files. Finally, the -30.
35 39 43 47 51 55
[ms]
third instruction moves the p14 archives to a new directory. (file RD1_mayO9_HF.pl4; x-var t) vOC
These files correspond to the simulation results. Figure 13. Phase C transient, during a three phase fault at node 3
D. Converting P14 into .MATfiles. Only one protective device (Main breaker at the
substation), is up stream node six. The load current pattern
The mat file extensions are data files in ASCII code, analysis descriptor detects the breaker switching times as [ 40
which can be handled by Matlab. In this file the voltage and - 510 - 610 -1080 ] ms. It indicates that after 40 ms there is a
current waveforms and its RMS values are saved. Matlab has fault; 470 ms later the main breaker clears the fault, 100 ms
a powerful data handled tool, and because of that mat files are later the breaker recloses. Because of permanent fault, 470 ms
wanted. Finally having obtained the mat files, signal later the main switch opens again, until the end of the
waveform analysis could be performed. simulation (1100 ms). It is shown in Fig. 14.
E. Obtaining signals descriptors 380
[A]
285-
By processing the voltage and current signals registered, all
the descriptors defined in section II C are obtained. A set of 190-

descriptors are obtained for each specified fault file. These 95-
sets are used to train and validate the fault location KBM.

V. RESULTS -95-

The test system presented in Fig. 2 has 25 nodes, 13 of -190-

them are three-phase nodes and because of that it is possible -285-

to simulate all the 11 fault types, using six different fault
resistance values, having a total of 858 simulations. The 12 0.00 0.22 0.44 0.66 0.88 [s] 1.10
RD1_may09_LF.pl4 x-var t) cMC O
(file
remaining are single-phase nodes and there were suitable to Fig. 14. Phase C current during a three phase fault at node 3.
simulate one type of fault, but using six different fault At the moment, the obtained results of this work are being
resistance values, having a total of 72 simulations. From each used to solve the fault location problem by means of SVMs
one of the simulations, time domain registers of current and
and LAMDA knowledge based methods.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
Power quality is a fundamental aspect to distribution
utilities. The supply continuity indexes are very important
because these reflect the economical and social impact of
interruptions at the end users. It also influences facilities due
to the economic implications of poor service quality.
The simulation of protective devices and schemes widely
used in power distribution systems reflects a real circuit
behavior. It allows extracting useful information as
descriptors, required by the knowledge based methodologies
to solve the fault location problem. To perform simulations
tools well recognized as ATP and Matlab were used. The
protective device MODELS here described, can be useful for
different applications of real power distribution systems.
The automatic simulation of faults has allowed creating a
data base that satisfactory describes the distribution system
behavior under several fault conditions.
The methodology here proposed and the fault data base
developed help to solve the fault location problem. This
information is used mainly by the knowledge based methods
(KBM), but it also serves to test model based methods (MBM)
oriented to fault location.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Mora, J. "Voltage Sag Characterization and Classification for
Diagnosis in Electric Power Quality Domain", Master Thesis. University
of Girona, Spain - 2003.
[2] Bollen, M. "Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and
Interruptions". IEEE Press. 2000.
[3] IEEE Std C37. 114 "IEEE Guidefor Determining Fault Location on AC
Transmission and Distribution Lines" Power System Relaying
Committee 2004.
[4] IEEE Std C62.48. "IEEE Guide on Interactions between Power System
Disturbances and Surge-Protective Devices" Surge-Protective Devices
Committee. 1995
[5] Mora J., Perez S., Rodriguez J. "Hybrid model based on agents structire
to locate faults in power distribution systems". Scientia et Technical
Journal. Vol 30, May 2006, Pags 55-61 (In Spanish).
[6] Mora J., Mufnoz S., Carrillo G. "Tecnicas algoritmicas de localizaci6n
de fallas como alternativa para reducir el efecto de las salidas en
sistemas de potencia - Una revisi6n" III Simposio Internacional sobre
Calidad de la Energia Electrica SICEL 2005 Bogota D.C., Colombia.
Noviembre de 2005. (In Spanish).
[7] Thukaram D., Khincha H. and Vijaynarasimha H. "Artificial Neural
Network and Support Vector Machine Approach for Locating Faults in
Radial".Distribution Systems". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 20, No. 2, April 2005. Pp 710 721
[8] ATP Rulebook. Comite Argentino de Usuarios del EMTP/ATP,
Argentina (CAUE). Marzo de 2002.
[9] Waissman, J. Aguilar, M. Dahhou, B. "Construction d'un Modele
Comportemental pour la Supervision de Procedes: Application a une
Station de Traitement des Eaux", Doctoral These, Institut National
Polytechnique de Toulouse. France, 2000.
6
[10] Z. Gaing. "Wavelet-Based Neural Network for Power Disturbance
Recognition and Classification" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 19. 2004. pp 1560-1568.
[11] Li-Xing W. "A Course in Fuzzy Systems and Control". Prentice Hall.
1997
[12] J. Weston, C. Watkins. "Multi-Class Support Vector Machines".
Proceedings on VII European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks,
1999. Pags: 219-224.
[13] Cormane, A. Vargas, H. Ord6foez, G. "Modelo Estadistico para la
Localizaci6n de Fallas en Sistemas de Distribuci6n" III Simposio
Internacional sobre Calidad de la Energia Eletrica SICEL 2005
Bogota D.C., Colombia. Noviembre 16-18 de 2005. (In Spanish).
[14] Mora J. Serrano H., Ord6foez G. "Mejoramiento de los Indices de
Calidad del Servicio mediante la Caracterizaci6n de Sefnales para
Localizaci6n de Fallas en Distribuci6n". III International Symposium of
Power Quality 2005. IEEE Branch - Colombia, Bogota, Noviembre
2005. (In Spanish).
[15] Das R. "Determining the locations of faults in distribution systems".
Canada, 1998, 206 p. Doctoral thesis. University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon.
[16] Lewis J. "Protective relaying-Principles and applications", Ed Marcel
Dekker, Inc. New York 1987, pp 390-409
[17] Lee S., Choi M., Kang S., Jin B., Lee D., Ahn B. "An intelligent and
Efficient Fault Location and Diagnosis Scheme for Radial Distribution
Systems" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 2, April
2004. Pages 524-531.
[18] Dagenhart J. "The 40- Ground-Fault Phenomenon" IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, vol. 36, no. 1, pages 30-32, 2000.
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
J. J. Mora Received his BSc in Electrical
Engineering from Industrial University of Santander
(UIS), Colombia in 1996, MSc in Electrical Power
from UIS in 2001, MSc in Information Technologies
from University of Girona, Spain in 2003. He is
currently professor of the Electrical Engineering
School at the Technological University of Pereira,
Colombia. He is also working towards his PhD at
University of Girona. Member of GPE (Col) research
group on Energy Systems and eXit (Sp) group of
Control and Artificial Intelligence. Interest Areas: Power Quality, Transient
Analysis, Protective Relaying and Artificial Intelligence.
J. Melendez. Obtained his BSC in
Telecommunication Engineering at the Universitat
Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain) in 1991 and
the Ph.D. degree in Engineering by the Universitat de
Girona (UdG) in 1998. Titular professor UdG. Interest
Areas: Power Quality, Knowledge-based techniques
Areas......
for fault detection, diagnosis and supervision of
i......_..... industrial processes and its application to real process.
J. C. Bedoya. Received his BSc in Electrical
Engineering from Technological University of Pereira
(UTP), Colombia in 2005. MSc student of Electrical
Engineering. He is assistant researcher at the
Electrical Engineering School at UTP. Member of
GPE (Col) research group on Energy Systems. Interest
Areas: Power Quality, Transient Analysis, and
Artificial Intelligence.