Professional Documents
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Aplicações SIG Algumas Áreas de Intervenção Dos SIG Exemplos de Aplicações
Aplicações SIG Algumas Áreas de Intervenção Dos SIG Exemplos de Aplicações
Aplicações SIG Algumas Áreas de Intervenção Dos SIG Exemplos de Aplicações
Exemplos de aplicações
1. Risco de incêndio florestal
2. Índice DRASTIC
3. Contenda
4. ECoal
5. RUSLE
6. HospitalGIS
1
Agriculture
https://gisgeography.com/agriculture-maps-global-farming/
2
Current Food Security – Safeguarding food insecure populations by
establishing underlying causes through satellite, mobile-collected and
GIS data storage.
Soils
Soil Moisture – Estimating soil moisture from space with the SMAP
and SMOS satellites
3
Geology and Mining
Aquifer Recharge – Determining potential aquifer recharge using
steepness of slope and soil permeability.
and gemstones.
4
Mining Operations – Track mining assets in the field with mobile GIS.
Real state
Buffer Zone Search – Buffering a search area for a query when house
hunting.
5
Market Analysis – Expanding businesses through customer profiling,
estimating sales potential and finding available lots.
6
Land Planning
• Land planning could be defined as the activity of designing, organizing or
preparing for the future use of Earth's surface, especially regions valued for
natural resources, utilized as agricultural resources or considered for human
settlement.
• Remote sensing data and GIS analysis are the primary “tools” for Land
Planning.
• The primary role of remote sensing in land management and planning has
been to provide information concerning the physical characteristics of the
land which influence the management of individual land parcels or the
allocation of lands parcels to various uses.
Urban planning
completed without the use of GIS and source data as remote sensing
images.
7
Urban growth and sprawl
• World’s urban population began to boom at unprecedented rate from the 1950s
and has nearly quintupled during the past three decades.
• Over 50% of the total world’s population inhabits in urban areas (and is
expected to reach 70% by 2050).
• Urbanization has been one of the most irreversible anthropic activities driving
global environmental changes over the past few decades.
8
• Urbanization is also associated with a number of adverse environmental
impacts, including air pollution, water pollution, anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions, urban heat island effect, and biodiversity reduction.
• Urban expansion has been a hot topic not only in the management of
sustainable development but also in the fields of remote sensing and GIS.
9
https://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots/Las-Vegas#ad-image-1-4
Natural hazards
• The use of Earth observation products and GIS has become an integrated
approach in disaster-risk management.
• Hazard and risk assessments are carried out at multiple scales, ranging
from global to community levels.
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Landslide
Earthquakes
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Archaeology
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/our_projects/field_projects/Jor
dan/
12
Climate Change
Earth Interactions – Modelling vegetation, atmospheric, rainfall and
ecosystems to study their interactions simultaneously.
Sea Level Rise – Collecting data to study sea level rise and climate
change.
13
Desertification – Understanding the underlying causes of
desertification such as inappropriate agriculture practices,
deforestation and drought.
https://desertification.wordpress.com/2015/01/21/earth-observation-eo-
data-for-desertification-indicators/
14
Pollution Modelling – Mapping air pollution sources and impacts
on environment and people.
Aquatics/Ocean/Marine
15
Coastal Hazards – Minimizing loss by identifying potential hazards
such as algal blooms, eutrophication and tsunamis.
https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/
16
Environment
Environmental Impact Assessment – Measuring anticipated effects
on the environment of a proposed development project.
Dead Zones – Mapping out dead zones where marine life is unable to
be supported.
17
Forestry
18
Energy
19
Engineering
20
Health/Medical
HealthMap – Delivering real-time, global disease monitoring.
https://healthmap.org/en/
21
Infant Mortality – Track child immunizations with mortality rates.
Aplicações SIG
Exemplos de aplicações
2. Índice DRASTIC
3. Contenda
4. ECoal
5. RUSLE
6. HospitalGIS
44
22
Exemplos de aplicações
Caso de Estudo 1:
Mapas de risco de
incêndio florestal
(Ana Teodoro, Lia Duarte)
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25
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Caso de Estudo 2:
Avaliação da vulnerabilidade da água subterrânea
à poluição através do método DRASTIC
Uma aplicação SIG open source
27
Resumo
Índice DRASTIC
Pesos
Metodologia
Aplicação
Caso de estudo
Resultados
Considerações gerais
28
SIG
Índice DRASTIC
Indicadores hidrogeológicos
DRASTIC = Dw × Di + Rw × Ri + Aw × Ai + Sw × Si + Tw× Ti + Iw × Ii + Cw × Ci
(Aller et al., 1987)
29
Pesos (Aller et al., 1987)
Parâmetros
D R A S T I C
Pesos 5 4 3 2 1 5 3
Metodologia
30
Aplicação
31
Resultados
R – Recarga do aquífero:
– taxa de infiltração da ordem dos 10% da
precipitação anual, admitindo que este
valor é regionalmente compatível com
as características geológicas da área
em estudo.
Resultados
A – Material do aquífero:
– parâmetro qualitativo que se baseou
nas características geológicas da área
de estudo cujos índices adotados
foram 2, 3, 4 e 5.
S – Tipo de solo:
– obtido a partir do mapa de solos da
região.
T – Topografia:
– gerado o mapa de declives da região a
partir do MDT.
32
Resultados
C – Condutividade hidráulica:
– A execução de ensaios de permeabilidade do
tipo LUGEON, realizados in situ (valores de 0,1
cm/s encontrando-se classificados com o
índice 3), como foi o caso, permite obter
valores médios para a quantificação deste
parâmetro.
Resultados
33
Considerações gerais
Considerações gerais
34
Caso de Estudo 3:
Integrated monitoring system and
management support – Study case
Herdade da Contenda
Outline
Introduction
Objective
Study case
Methodology
Results
Preliminary Conclusions
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35
Introduction
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be the largest Global science project of the
next two decades, a sensor network dedicated to radioastronomy.
The SKA main objective is to solve main astronomy, astrophysical and cosmological
questions, such as the capacity of reveal the birth of the first galaxies, detect
collisions between black holes and collect proves of planets formation in other solar
systems.
In the framework of Portuguese participation in the project, a site with the perfect
conditions was suggested in Alentejo, the Herdade da Contenda.
71
GIS
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36
Objective
In order to decide the best site to SKA installation, the previous version of the integrated
environmental monitoring application (Teodoro et al. (2015)) was improved with a new tool which
will help in the SKA decision, minimizing the landscape ecosystem impact.
The application incorporates several methods which allows the map creation such as:
– Forest fire risk maps
– Erosion risk maps
– Groundwater vulnerability maps
– Land Use Land Cover (LULC) visualization
– Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps
– Bioclimatic Index
The information provided by the application has an important role in decision making.
73
Western part of the Sierra Morena, in the municipality of Moura, Beja district,
Portugal.
37
Methodology
Five buttons under a standard toolbar and twelve menus: File,
DRASTIC, Forest Fire Risk, RUSLE, Bioclimatic Index, Cultural
Heritage, Fauna and Flora, Ortofoto, Normalizes Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI), DEM, LULC and Help.
75
Methodology - Geodecision
The created maps can be used as input files in the decision making
tool (Geodecision) to help to identify the sites adequated to the SKA
implementation.
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38
Methodology
RISCO DE EROSÃO (TON KM-2 ANO-1) <2.33 [2.33; 4.78[ [4.78; 8.27[ [8.27; 14.61[ ≥14.61
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Results
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39
Results
56% of the HC area are classified with low or very low forest fire risk and it is located
in central area (Ribeira do Murtigão) and in the North.
High and Very high forest fire risk areas correspond to 2.2% and 32.6% of the HC
area.
Areas with very high forest fire risk are related with areas with high slope values.
These zones are located in the south of HC.
The very high risk zones of forest fire risk map are consistent with the zones of the
map provided in Plano Gestão Florestal do Perímetro Florestal da Contenda
(PGFPFC), which are located in the south of HC.
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Results
80
40
Preliminary conclusions
The authors intend to implement new and improved tools with new approaches and
methods in some maps, such as the forest fire risk map, where other variables can
be incorporated.
The future decision must be taken into account after two more steps: the
environmental impact (latrines, carnivores, reptiles, etc) and the infrastructure access
(cost strategy, roads).
81
Caso de Estudo 4:
Geração de Mapas Dinâmicos para
Monitorização Temporal da Temperatura de
uma Escombreira de Carvão em Auto-
combustão
41
Resumo
Projeto ECOAL
Descrição do problema
Componente espacial
Projeto ECOAL
Principal objetivo é a monitorização da escombreira de resíduos de carvão em autocombustão em S.
Pedro da Cova.
Desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta tecnológica, com base em sensores de fibra ótica, para medir
remotamente parâmetros associados ao processo de combustão da escombreira.
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Projeto ECOAL – instalação de fibra ótica
Recolha de dados, Sondas espaçadas de 20 cm. Recolhem dados de temperatura.
70 m
Preparação de dados
43
Dados espaciais de sondas com
temperaturas
Grande irregularidade da amostragem.
20 cm de distância entre sondas ao longo do tudo, cerca de 2 m entre linhas)
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Definição de limite da área de interesse
ECOAL
45
ECOAL
Shapefile com
pontos Criadas
SE shapefiles com
os pontos
Substitui , por . Extrai
Remove strings coordenadas
Limita os valores entre de cada ponto
269.99 e 935.0551 e JOIN com Método de
Se txt Calcula mediana em temperaturas inteprolação
grupos de dez valores Ordinary Kriging
do SAGA
Pasta com
JOIN dos
ficheiro de valores da Clip com o limite
texto mediana da da zona de
temperature estudo
Se com as
coordenadas
NÃO
Layouts de
txt impressão
SE Ficheiros txt
Converte para txt com
VIDEO
coordenadas
pontos
46
Exemplo
Shapefile com o
ponto de interesse Através Add grid
values to points
(algoritmo do SAGA)
são atribuídos os matplotlib
Pasta com os valores de temperature
ficheiros comas em cada dia e hora ao
medidas das ponto
temperaturas
47
Conclusões
Caso de Estudo 5:
QGIS Desktop application and Web version
development based on RUSLE method
48
OUTLINE
Introduction
Objective
Metodology
RUSLE Aplication
Desktop version
WEB version
Conclusions
97
Introduction
Considered a serious and major environmental problem in many parts of the world, endangering
areas such as agriculture, environment, natural resources, flooding and habitat destruction.
Soil erosion consists in the detachments of individual soil particles from the soil mass which are
Precise
knowledge of
erosion risk
Dificulte to
obtain and
estimate
98
49
Factors that induce soil erosion
Natural
Soil degradation
Water quality
Hydrogeological systems
Agricultural production
Vegetation cover
Topographic features
Climatic variables
Soil characteristics
Slope
Precipitation
Human
Agriculture activity
99
C (cover
ܴܷܵ ܧܮൌ ܴ ൈ ܭൈ ܵܮൈ ܥൈ ܲ management
LS (Slope
Length factor)
factor)
100
50
GIS
Objective
RUSLE method
Application Manipulation of
Software open RUSLE complex variables
source, free, easy Desktop with different
and intuitive information and
parameters
102
51
Metodology
103
R LS P
K C RUSLE final
104
52
RUSLE WEB Version
105
High slope carries high erosion risks when soil protection measures are not takena
The spatial resolution of the raster files used in this study case was defined as 20
meters.
53
RUSLE DESKTOP APPLICATION LS
FACTOR
107
108
54
RUSLE DESKTOP APPLICATION RUSLE
MAP
109
110
55
DISCUSSION
7 % of the total area corresponds to zones with very high slope values
4 % of the total area are characterized with very high slope values along
with very high soil erosion level.
Areas with high slope values are related with high level of erosion.
Although a large part of the study area is classified with zones as low levels
of erosion, high slope values and high values of precipitation are typical of
Montalegre municipality, so it stands to reasonable values classified with
very high levels of erosion.
The C factor is higher in zones where the soil erosion level is lower. So in
these areas the soil is more protected. 111
Vantages
• Provides the possibility of moving the C factor map in order to evaluate if the value
helps to control the erosion.
• It is flexible and allows to simulate the fact before.
• It is more detailed given several options and parameters options to the user.
• With the possibility to import the input shapefile attribute table, the user can easily
adapt to other case studies.
• In some factors, such as K factor, the user can choose between two methods in order
to obtain the final map. If the user has access to field observations of the soil
parameters he/she can adapt the K factor map to his/her field knowledge.
• The desktop application allowed to upload different tabulated data in pdf format.
Disadvantages
• Creates the maps without the layout composer.
• Requires GIS software knowledge.
112
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RUSLE WEB APPLICATION
Vantages
• Generates the maps and incorporates a layout with a scale bar and the legend with
the colours defined in high and low values.
• It is a website where any user can upload the input files necessary to calculate each
RUSLE factor and to obtain the final RUSLE map in a few minutes.
• It is not necessary to have a GIS software installed and the user doesn’t need to know
GIS algorithms or tools.
Disadvantages
• The user must define the parameters in shapefile attribute table first.
• The maps creation depends on the internet connectivity.
113
CONCLUSION
There are some differences between the two applications, although the two
of them presents a very good performance in creating the maps.
The model implemented is adapted for Portugal and uses the pdf tables
defined by Pimenta (1998). However, this model can be adapted to other
countries or regions if other tables were incorporated.
The two versions developed can be very useful to create the maps
necessary to evaluate soil erosion in certain zones.
114
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Caso de Estudo 6:
Os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica como ferramenta de apoio às
Bases de Dados de Morbilidade Hospitalar
58
Resumo
Objetivo
Metodologia
Desenvolvimento
Caso de estudo
Aplicabilidade prática
Perspetivas de futuro
59
Objetivo
– automatização da simbologia
– criação de layouts com informação de uma base de dados
– assim como ferramentas para outras análises relacionadas com
este tópico
60
Metodologia
QGIS
– Linguagem Python
PostgreSQL/ PostGIS
– Condições SQL
Desenvolvimento HospitalGIS
61
Caso de estudo: Bases de dados de
Morbilidade Hospitalar
Morbilidade Hospitalar: Em epidemiologia, morbidade ou morbilidade
é a taxa de portadores de determinada doença em relação à
população total estudada, em determinado local e em determinado
momento.
Em algumas situações podem ser a única fonte de dados disponível para estudar uma
determinada questão clínica.
Estes dados administrativos podem, por exemplo, ser utilizados para a produção de
indicadores de qualidade, para o estudo e comparação de atividades hospitalares ou no
estudo da relação entre hospitalizações e determinadas variáveis ambientais.
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Caso de estudo: Morbilidade Hospitalar
ADM_TIP:
Tipo de
admissão dos
pacientes:
2-
admissões
urgentes
1, 6 –
admissões
programadas
totdias: total
de dias de
internamento
MINIMO
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Caso de estudo: Morbilidade Hospitalar
totdias: total
de dias de
internamento
DESVIO
PADRÃO
totdias: total
de dias de
internamento
MODA
64
Caso de estudo: Morbilidade Hospitalar
Aplicabilidade prática
65
Perspetivas de futuro
FIM!
132
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