Hormonal Control of Metabolism

To satisfy the energetic requirements of the organism there is a hormonal control by the

Neuroendocrine system which has many organs that are interrelated. Pancreas has only 1- 2% of

it mass for endocrine purpose in the Langerhans islets, the hormones produced like insulin and

glucagon are important for glycemia control, insulin is produced in beta cells, reduces plasma

levels of glucose in postprandial state and has anabolic effects, the liberation of insulin is due to

the increase of ATP from the high levels of glucose after a meal, K- ATP sensible channels are

closed producing a depolarization and the increase of Ca which leads to the exocytosis of insulin,

glucagon does the opposite effect increasing glycemia in fast state from catabolic processes, it is

produced in alfa cells. Somatostatin inhibits the release of the last hormones and is produced by

delta cells. In epsilon cells Ghrelin is produced, the effects of this hormone is to increase appetite

and it’s levels are higher before a meal, GHSR1a is the receptor where it binds, it can be found in

the hypothalamus in ARC- AgRP/NPY neurons and in all over DVC. Pancreatic polypeptide

regulates the exocrine and endocrine function of Pancreas. There are hormones from other parts

of the body that can have effect over pancreas, in the secretion of insulin there is an increase due

to GLP-1 and GIP which are produced in enteroendocrine cells L and K, these hormones

increases the Ca levels for liberation. Decretins and Leptins decreases the insulin

liberation. Hypothalamus has an important role in energy metabolism and food intake, there are

two types of neurons implied in this energy balance: AgRP and POMC, these neurons uses

peptides and amino acids for neurotransmission, AgRP uses GABBA that is released in POMC

neurons, leptin decreases GABBA liberation and fast increases it. POMC uses also GABBA, and

Glutamate. Oxysterols are the products from the cholesterol oxidation, LXR is the receptor and

has effects on cholesterol metabolism like de excretion of cholesterol from neurons, formation of

HDL transformation of cholesterol to biliary acids and decrease with ACAB of the uptake of
cholesterol from diet, there is also a role in glucose metabolism with an increase of insulation

secretion and lower Hepatic Glucose Production. Prolactin acts in many tissues as striatum and

Hypothalamic nucleus involved in food intake and metabolism, hyperphagia and storage of

energy are some actions that are related to pregnancy for the future needs. Sexual hormones act in

ARC and VMH, they increase insulin sensibility and regulates energy expend. Leptin has

multiple implications, it is involved in sexual maturation, and in Satiety, it uses PI3K pathway, it

acts over NYP/AgRP neurons by inhibiting them, and stimulates POMC/ ART neurons which

releases alpha-MSH, both things ends in a decrease in appetite.

 Re

ferences

 Cornejo MP, Hentges ST, Maliqueo M, Coirini H, Becu-Villalobos D, Elias CF.

Neuroendocrine Regulation of Metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol.

2016;28(7):10.1111/jne.12395. doi:10.1111/jne.12395

 Nirmalan, Niroshini & Nirmalan, Mahesh. (2017). Hormonal control of metabolism:

Regulation of plasma glucose. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 18.

10.1016/j.mpaic.2017.06.019.

 Koeppen B, Staton B. Regulación Hormonal del metabolismo energético. Berne y

Levy Fisología. 6ta ed.