Dosen Pengampu:

Heru Dwiriawan Sutoyo, S.T., M.T

ENDAPAN SULFIDA MASIF VOLKANIGENIK
(VOLCANIGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDES)
 TERMINOLOGI

Volcanogenic massive sulphide Sedimentary Exhalative (SEDEX) deposit

(VMS) deposits Mineral deposits VMS & SEDEX are major suppliers for Cu
formed from mid-ocean ridge and Pb-Zn, w/ by product Au & Ag
VMS
KLASIFIKASI VMS
TECTONIC SETTING VMS
 MINERALOGY

MAIN MINOR
GANGUE
MINERALS MINERALS
Pyrrhotite
Arsenopyrite Quartz
Pyrite
Sphalerite Carbonates
Galena Tetrahedrite
Chalcopyrite Chlorite
Chalcosite
Tennantite Sericite
Bornite
 ARSITEKTUR ENDAPAN VMS
●
Endapan ini mengandung lensa konkordan dari
sulfida masif, yang tersusun atas 60% atau lebih
mineral sulfida.
●
Secara stratigrafi ditutupi oleh stokwork diskordan
dari urat-urat mineralisasi sulfida yang terdapat
pada batuan yang mengalami alterasi hidrotermal.
●
Kontak bagian atas dari lensa sulfida masif dengan
batuan batuan samping biasanya tajam, tetapi
pada bagian bawah biasanya gradasional.
ARSITEKTUR ENDAPAN

Pada endapan VMS (seperti tipe Kuroko), logam-logam

dasar (basemetals), e.g. Cu, Zn dan Pb akan
membentuk zonasi-zonasi tertentu.
ALTERASI HIDROTERMAL
MODEL TIPE KUROKO
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH
MODEL PEMBENTUKAN
TAHAPAN PEMBENTUKAN
PROSES AKUMULASI SULFIDA
SUMBER LOGAM
VMS in Indonesia (e.g. P. Wetar)
KALI KUNING, P. WETAR
EVOLUTION OF WETAR DEPOSITS

ENDAPAN SED IMENTARY

EXHALAT IVE (SEDEX)

The Wetar deposits initiated as typical volcanogenic massive sulfides with

a zoned footwall alteration predominantly propylitic to argillic in
character (Kuroko like).
The barite deposits originate as a peripheral ‘vent’ system, with fluids circulating
through the sulfide mound and undergoing significant mixing of seawater. As the
system evolves conductively cooled hydrothermal fluids circulate beneath the
massive sulfide mound generating the alteration and reflecting the passage of more
oxidized and acidic fluids. This results in the argillic to advanced argillic alteration
observed. This is also the major Au-precipitation phase.
The sulfide and barite system is preserved beneath limestones and lahars,
prior to exhumation from the ocean floor, due to continued collision of the
Australian continental margin and the Outer Banda Arc
 What are SEDEX Deposits?

Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) is a type of massive

sulphide deposit associated with sedimentary rocks

SEDEX deposits consist of layers of massive sulphide (a

rock composed of at least 60% sulphide minerals)
interbedded with layers of sedimentary rock.

The term "sedimentary exhalative" reflects the current

thinking that the massive sulphides precipitated from
hydrothermal fluids exhaled or vented on to the seafloor.
 What are SEDEX Deposits?
●
Generally tabular bodies composed of Zn, Pb and
Ag (Sph, Gal); barite may be common gangue
●
Contain 50-60% of worlds reserves of these metals
in a few very large deposits (e.g., Red Dog, Broken
Hill, Mt. Isa)
●
Zn-Pb sulphides occur interbedded with iron
sulphides and seafloor sedimentary rocks
●
Mineralization formed from venting of metal-
bearing hydrothermal fluids into reduced
sedimentary basins in continental rifts
●
Fluids are saline (20-30 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and high
T (>200-250C)
 ENDAPAN SEDEX
●
Some of the world’s most important ores of lead,
zinc, and copper occur in sedimentary rock;
●
The ore minerals—galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite,
and pyrite—occur in such regular, fine layers that
they look like sediments.
●
The sulfide mineral layers are enclosed by and
parallel to the sedimentary strata in which they
occur.
– For this reason, they are also called stratabound
mineral deposits.
TEKTONIK VS MINERALISASI
SEDEX (E.G. SULLIVAN, CANADA)
 ENDAPAN SEDEX

Sulphide mineral layers are enclosed by and parallel to the

sedimentary strata.
SEDEX DAIRI PROJECT-SOPOKOMIL
Anjing Hitam prospect

I~
-
... II
~~J
---
- ..
_UPPER HORIZON
/

MAJN HORIZON

- .
O ~
'_»
~-.w
RESOURCE PROJECTION &
DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS
o'- -'
-- .
CROSS SECTION 9900N

MAIN MINERAL HORIZON

METAL FACTORS ~ J Oagang
doIoSlltstono
(ZinC equIValent % x 'Mdth)
Gi ] Julu carbonaceous shale. dolo~ts1one
G
*• > 500
200·500
J Jeho dolostone
I Muslve sulphide
100·200
- --- Interpfeted Sedex Trace
< 30·100 'l,.o'"'~ Interpcotod Fault
0 10·30 X M3$$iVO w1phldo OVICtOPS
0 < 10
 SEDEX Sokopomil resources
Zone Resource Tonnes Zinc Lead Zinc Silver
Category (millions) (%) (%) Equiv. (g/t)
(%)
Anjing Hitam Measured 7.1 16.6 10.2 22.4 13
JSZ &&
Indicated
Anjing Hitam Inferred 0.9 9.8 5.6 12.9 10
JSZ
Basecamp JSZ Inferred 0.8 7.2 4.3 9.6 5

Lae Jehe JSZ Inferred 8.2 7.7 4.1 9.9 6

JMVT Inferred 7.3 3.1 0.3 3.3 9

JVT Inferred 0.9 1.0 1.7 2.3 75

 ENDAPAN MVT
Endapan MVT adalah endapan Pb-Zn yang terbentuk
dalam batuan karbonat (umumnya dolomit) pada T
dan P yang relatif rendah.

Fluida bergerak dalam cekungan sedimen, baik

selama pembentukan maupun setelah pembentukan
cekungan, yang dipacu oleh hydrostatic gradients
yang dipengaruhi oleh kompaksi, thermal gradients
(25OC/km), topographic relief, deformation dan
sebagainya. Kondisi ini mampu mentransport dan
mendeposisi logam-logam dasar.

Locations: East and central Tennessee, Southeast

Missouri, Tri-state area (Missouri, Oklahoma dan
Kansas) dan Wisconsin (Upper Mississippi River
Valley)
 MVT-DEPOSITS
GEOLOGIC SETTING
Carbonate rocks mainly dolomite
OCCURRENCES
Sedimentary basins of Proterozoic (ca. 2500 Ma)
to Cretaceous (ca. 150 Ma) age

DEPOSITS ARE FOUND

●
At or near the edges of basins (in breccia or karst structures
●
In platform carbonates or fold and thrust belts
●
In district of hundres of square kilometres
●
Host carbonates are unmetamorphosed
●
No local igneous activity

MINERALOGY
Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and/or marcasite
Very minor chalcopyrite

DEPOSIT SIZE
Generally > 20 Mio tonnes at 4% Zn and 1% Pb
MVT (Mississippi Valley-Type)
METAL TRANSPORT AND ORE DEPOSITION
Pb and Zn saline brines (5-10 times salinity of seawater, 3.5%
equi. NaCl) mixed with hydrocarbons (bitumen, petroleum)
TEMPERATURES: low T (80-200OC), low pressure (<500 brs)

ORIGIN OF METALS AND FLUIDS:

●
METALS: Leached from shales and/or evaporites
●
FLUIDS: From in- and outside the basin (orogeny/gravity
drive), complex mixtures of seawater and meteoric water
modified by rock-water interaction within the basin.

DEPOSITION: pH change, cooling, dilution, etc.

STRUCTURAL TRAP
Solution and collapse of carbonates (breccia and karst
features) and faulting.

STRATIGRAPHIC CONTROL
Flanks of large, deep basins, dolomitized sequences,
carbonaceous matter