School

OfWat
erResour
ceandEnv
ironment
alEngi
neer
ing

Pr
ogr
am of
:-
Engi
neer
ingHy
drol
ogy(
Msc)

Cour
seof
:-At
mospher
icDy
nami
cs

Cour -Eng.
secode: 621

Homet
akeexam

Submi
tt
edBy
:-Sel
adi
nAbr
ahi
m

I
d.No.Sgs0862/
11

Submi
tt
edTo:
-inst
ruct
orDr
.Dej
eneSahl
u(PhD)

Apr
il
/03/
2019
1.WhydoWest
erl
i
es(
winds)mov
etowar
dsWestandPol
arEast
erl
i
esmov
etowar
ds
East
?Thoughr
otat
ionofEar
thi
sWestt
oEast
,SoPol
arWi
ndsshoul
dal
sobemov
ing
t
owar
dsWest
.

Answer

Basi
cal
l
ywast
erl
i
esmov
etowar
dseastandpol
areast
erl
i
esmov
etowar
dwest
due t
o pr
essur
e di
ff
erence. Si
nce l
ower ai
r pr
essur
e sy
stem bl
ow i
n
count
ercl
ockwi
sedi
rect
ion,t
hesemov
ement
staket
hewi
ndf
rom westt
oeast
or mi
d-l
ati
tudeofequat
ori
alr
egi
oni
shi
ghener
gy(
sol
arener
gy)andwar
mer
t
hant
hepol
arr
egi
on.

wi
ndi
sar
esul
tofbl
owi
ngofai
rfr
om hi
ghpr
essur
ear
eat
olowerpr
essur
ear
ea,
t
hismov
ementpar
ti
all
yaf
fect
edbysomef
orcet
hatchanget
hedi
rect
ionofbl
ow
knownascor
iol
i
sfor
ce.

(
Sour
ce:
-ht
tps:
//www.
quor
a.com,
htt
ps:
//www.
cli
mat
e.or
g)

2.Whydowi
ndsi
nthet
ropi
cst
endt
omov
eeastt
owest
?

Answer

Becausewhenai
rint
ropi
calbl
owi
nthedi
rect
ionofequat
or,
tropi
cswi
nd upl
i
ft
ov
ert
hewar
m seawat
erandf
oll
ow t
oeast
ernwi
ndt
hatmov
etowest
war
d.
Ev
ent
ual
l
y,t
ropi
cal
cycl
onet
rav
elbackt
oeast
war
ddot
oCor
iol
i
sEf
fect
.

Theai
rmov
ingi
schangedi
rect
iont
ori
ghtbyt
her
otat
ionoft
heear
thi
nthe
nor
ther
nhemi
spher
eandt
othel
efti
nsout
her
nhemi
spher
e.

(
Sour
ce:
-ht
tps:
//www.
quor
a.com,
htt
p:/
/www.
kdl
t.
com)

3.Whydot
ropi
cal
cycl
onesof
tenf
oll
owt
hedi
rect
ionf
rom Westt
oEast
?

Answer

Duet
ost
rongsubt
ropi
calr
idget
owar
dequat
ori
alsi
det
ropi
calcy
clonebl
owt
o
 t
heeast
erl
ywi
nds.Howev
er,weat
hert
ropi
calr
idgei
sweakduet
otr
oughi
n
Jet
str
eam.

Thet
ropi
calcy
clonesmov
espol
ewar
dandr
e-backt
otheeast
.Onpol
arsi
deof
subt
ropi
calr
idge,west
erl
ywi
ndscont
inual
l
yst
eert
ropi
calcy
clone backt
oeast
,
t
hiswestt
oeast
(west
erl
ywi
nd)ar
ethesameonest
hatt
ypi
cal
l
ybr
ingext
ra
t
ropi
cal
cycl
oneswi
tht
hei
rcol
dandwar
mfr
ont
sfr
om westt
oeast
.

(
Sour
ce:
-www.
aoml
.noaa.
gov
)

4.Howi
slat
entheatani
mpor
tantsour
ceofat
mospher
icener
gy?

Answer

Lat
entheati
sener
gyi
nthef
orm ofr
eleaseorabsor
bsheatdur
ingchangeofphaseof
wat
er,pl
ayessent
ialr
oles i
nthe t
ransf
erofheat
.as t
he l
atentheatr
eleased i
n
at
mospher
ethr
oughaphaseofchange,
lat
entheati
sabsor
bedatt
heear
th’
ssur
face.

Ast
hewat
ercondense,
lat
entheatf
rom wat
ermol
ecul
esi
sri
sei
ntoai
r,heat
ingt
heai
r,
makesi
tli
ght
erandmakesi
tri
sef
ast
.assoonasai
rrai
ses,mor
eai
rfl
owsand
encour
agest
orms.I
nthi
spr
ocesssomel
atentheati
schangedi
ntot
heki
net
icener
gy
t
hatspeedupwat
ermol
ecul
esandpowerupsev
ereweat
hersy
stems.

Changeofl
atentheatf
luxi
nat
mospher
enotonl
ydet
ermi
nesweat
herbutal
soi
nduce
gl
obalcl
i
mat
e.Lat
entheati
samaj
orr
esponsi
bleener
gyf
orat
mospher
ichumi
dit
ythat
af
fect
shumancomf
ort
.

(
Sour
ce:
-ht
tps:
//www.
cli
mat
e-pol
i
cy-
wat
cher
.or
g/gl
obal
-cl
i
mat
e-2/
heat
-l
atent
.ht
ml)

5.Expl
ainhowt
heear
th’
sat
mospher
icgr
eenhouseef
fectwor
ks.Whatgasesappeart
o
ber
esponsi
blef
ort
heenhancementoft
heear
th’
sgr
eenhouseef
fect
?

Answer

Dur
ingt
hedayt
imesunl
i
ghtemi
tsr
adi
ati
onpassi
nto(
ear
th)
planet
’sat
mospher
e
ar
ri
vet
heear
thsur
face,
thepar
toft
hisener
gyt
hatt
oucht
hesur
faceoft
heear
th
i
sabsor
bed byl
and,oceansandchange(
transf
ormed)t
oheatt
owar
mupt
he
 ear
th sur
face and some ofi
tbounce back t
othe space butdue t
othe
gr
eenhouse gases l
i
ke(
wat
erv
apor
,car
bon di
oxi
de ,
met
han,ni
tr
ous oxi
de,
cl
orof
lor
ocar
bon,
etc)t
hati
nat
mospher
ether
efl
ect
edheati
sabsor
bed(
traps)
andr
e-r
adi
atedt
othegr
oundt
okeepsandbal
ancet
hewar
m ofear
thsur
face.

Thegasest
hatr
esponsi
blef
orenhancementofear
th’
sgr
eenhouseef
fectwat
er
v
apor
s,car
bondi
oxi
de,
ni
tr
ousoxi
de,
met
han,
clor
ofl
orocar
bon(
cfc’
s).

(
sour
ce:
-www.
niwa.
c0.
nz,what
syour
impact
.com)

6.Whi
chwoul
dhav
ethegr
eat
estef
fectont
heear
th’
sgr
eenhouseef
fect
:remov
ingal
l
oft
heCO2f
rom t
heat
mospher
eorr
emov
ingal
loft
hewat
erv
apor
?Expl
ainwhyy
ou
chosey
ouranswer
.

Answer

Wat
erv
aporbecause domi
nantabsor
beri
near
thgr
eenhouseef
fectandt
he
wat
erv
aport
hatexi
sti
nat
mospher
edi
rectr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
het
empr
etur
e.soi
f
t
her
eisnochangei
ntemper
atur
ewat
erv
apori
sconst
ant
.Besi
des,i
fther
eis
r
emov
alofwat
erv
aport
her
eist
otal
l
ythebal
anci
ngofcar
bondi
oxi
dewi
th
t
emper
atur
eisst
op.

I
tmean t
hatwat
erv
aporf
eedbackr
oughl
ydoubl
etheamountofwar
ming
 causedbycar
bondi
oxi
de.
soi
fther
echangei
ndegr
eecausedbycar
bondi
oxi
de,
t
hewat
erv
aporwi
l
lcauset
het
emper
atur
etogoupt
osi
mil
ardegr
eewi
tht
hatof
car
bondi
oxi
de.

(
sour
ce:
-ht
tps:
//en.
mwi
ki
pedi
a.or
g,what
syour
impact
.com)

7.Howandwhydoesl
i
fti
ngorl
ower
ingal
ayerofai
rchangei
tsst
abi
l
ity
?

Answer

l
i
fti
ngorl
ower
ingl
ayerofai
rchangei
tsst
abi
l
ityduet
otemper
atur
edi
ff
erenceby
di
ff
erentt
ypessuchasor
ogr
aphi
cli
ft
ingwhenwar
m ai
rri
set
opassbyf
orcet
o
t
hemount
ainandf
ront
alwedgi
ngwhenl
i
fti
ngcausedwar
m ai
rl
if
ti
ngov
ercol
d
ai
randconv
ergencet
hisi
sli
ft
ingduet
ocol
l
isi
onofl
ow l
evelhor
izont
alai
r
mov
ementandt
heot
heri
sdi
ver
genceduet
ounbal
anci
ngofai
rpar
celcol
der
t
hanenv
ironmenti
tdi
ver
gesmeant
hatr
esul
tsi
nkbackt
ogr
oundandl
astbut
notl
i
stoneconv
ect
ivel
i
fti
ngi
soccurwhent
heai
rdr
awnupbyconv
ect
iveact
ion
orduet
opar
cel
ofai
rlessdenset
hant
hesur
roundi
ngai
r.

Gener
all
yduet
otheenv
ironmentl
apser
atei
sbet
weent
hemoi
stur
eanddr
y
adi
abat
icl
apser
atet
heai
rchangei
tsst
abi
l
ity
.

(
sour
ce:
-ht
tps:
//sl
i
depl
ayer
.com,
www.
weat
her
quest
ions.
com)

8.(
A)whathappenst
othesur
facepr
essur
eatopposi
teendsoft
hePaci
fi
cOcean
dur
ingt
heSout
her
nOsci
l
lat
ion?

Answer

Fr
istt
o det
ermi
ne at
mospher
e st
atus oft
he t
ropi
calpaci
fi
c cl
i
mat
ologi
sts
cl
assi
fi
edt
hesout
her
nosci
l
lat
ioni
ndexi
ntot
heseal
evelpr
essur
epr
essur
e
di
ff
erencebet
weenDar
win(
Aust
ral
i
a)andTahi
ti
(Fr
ench)Pol
ynesi
a,i
nthecent
ral
paci
fi
c.
 Duet
osur
facepr
essur
eishi
ghatDar
wint
han atTahi
ti
,thesout
hosci
l
lat
ion
i
ndexi
snegat
iveandwhensur
facepr
essur
eisl
owatDar
winandhi
ghatTahi
ti
t
hesout
her
nosci
l
lat
ioni
ndexi
sposi
ti
veandst
rongt
hecondi
ti
oni
scool
ert
han
nor
malequat
ori
alwat
erappear
s acr
oss t
he cent
raland east
ern equat
ori
al
paci
fi
cknownasl
ani
na

(
c)Descr
ibehowt
heSout
her
nOsci
l
lat
ioni
nfl
uencesamaj
orEl
Ninoev
ent
.

Answer

Becauseel
-Ni
ño’
swar
m pool
feedst
hunder
stor
msabov
e,i
tcr
eat
erai
nfal
l

Acr
osscent
ralandeast
ernPaci
fi
cOceani
ncl
udi
ngsev
eralpor
ti
onsofSout
h
Amer
icanwestcoastandt
heef
fecti
sst
rongeri
nsout
her
nAmer
icat
hanNor
th
Amer
ica.

El
-Ni
ñor
elat
edwi
thwar
m andwetai
rcondi
ti
onofmont
hsi
nApr
ilt
oOct
ober
al
ongcoastofnor
ther
nPer
uandEcuador
.Causef
loodwhent
her
eisext
reme
ev
ent
.Buti
tiscr
it
ical
eff
ecti
nthemont
hofFebr
uar
y,Mar
chandApr
il
.

Al
ongwestcoastofSout
hAmer
ica,el
-Ni
ñor
educest
her
aisi
ngofcol
dnut
ri
ent
-
r
ichwat
ert
hatsust
ains(
topr
ovi
de)l
argef
ishpopul
ati
onwhi
cht
ocause/
prov
ide
abundantseabi
rds.

(
Sour
ce:
-NOAACl
i
mat
e.gov
,ht
tp:
//weat
her
impact
.com)

9.Whatar
ethecondi
ti
onsov
ert
het
ropi
cal
east
ernandcent
ral
Paci
fi
cOceandur
ingt
he
phenomenonknownasLaNi
na?

Answer

La-
Ninaev
ent
sisdoubl
eocean-
atmospher
icsy
stem t
hatbehav
esEl
-Ni
ñoaspar
tof
br
oadersout
her
nosci
l
lat
ioncl
i
mat
epat
ter
nbecausel
owl
evelwi
ndf
oll
owt
owar
m
sur
facewat
eri
ntr
opi
cal
east
ernr
egi
on.

Thedi
ff
erenceofseasur
facet
emper
atur
ebet
weent
het
wocool
i
ngofeast
ern
paci
fi
candwar
mingofwest
ernpaci
fi
copposet
heeast
ernt
radewav
edur
ingnat
ural
 phenomena.Thi
sdi
ff
erenceofeastt
o westsea sur
facet
emper
atur
egr
adi
ent
causesst
rongeast
ernwi
nd,i
nor
dert
opushwar
m wat
ert
owestandr
aisecol
der
wat
ert
otheeast
.Thecol
derr
aisi
ngofwat
ersi
ncr
easeeastt
owestseasur
face
t
emper
atur
egr
adi
ent
,thi
sencour
agest
rongeast
ernt
radewi
ndacr
osst
hepaci
fi
c.

Gener
all
y,WhenPaci
fi
cOceant
emper
atur
elesst
hannor
malcondi
ti
onorwhenai
r
pr
essur
einbet
weenav
eragei
nTahi
tiandt
hatofav
eragei
nDar
win.

(
Sour
ce:
-i
ri
.col
umbi
a.edu,i
nter
nat
ionalcl
i
mat
einst
it
uti
on,met
eor
ologyt
oday
,ni
ne
edi
ti
on,
C.Donal
dAhr
ens.
)

(
Sour
ce:-NOAACl
i
mat
e.gov
,ht
tp:
//weat
her
impact
.com)

10.Whatt
ypeofweat
herwoul
dyouexpectov
erEt
hiopi
adur
ingast
rongElNi
no?
Dur
ingast
rongLaNi
na?

Answer

Dur
ingt
hest
rongEl
Niñowecancl
assi
fyi
ntot
wophenomena,
droughtandf
loodi
ng.
Dur
ingElNi
ñoev
entt
her
ehi
ghseasur
facet
emper
atur
eacr
osspaci
fi
cocean i
s
unbal
ancet
emper
atur
e,wi
ndsandr
ainf
all,
thi
smoi
stweat
herorwi
ndcomeupwi
th
f
if
teenper
ecent
(15%)heav
ierr
ainf
allt
hannor
malki
remtr
aini
nmostofcent
raland
west
ernandsout
h-west
ernpar
tofEt
hiopi
anr
egi
onf
rom Junet
oSept
ember,
the
consequenceofheav
ierr
ainf
allcausef
lashandr
iverf
loodi
ngoccuri
nfi
ver
egi
ons
such as af
ar,
gambel
a,t
igr
ay amhar
a and or
omi
aregi
ons.
fl
oodi
ng caused
di
spl
acementand damage ofdi
ff
erenti
nfr
ast
ruct
ure and damage cr
ops,
cause
dr
oughtwi
thpossi
bleonsetofl
a-ni
naev
ent(
la-
ninaf
oll
ow El
-ni
noi
nthi
sregi
on)
especi
all
yinl
owl
andpast
oral
areaofor
omi
aandSomal
iregi
on.

La-
ninai
sthei
nver
seofElni
noev
ent
sitmeanst
hatbr
ingt
enper
ecent
(10%)l
ess
t
hannor
malr
ainf
alli
nsomepar
tofr
egi
onf
rom Oct
obert
oDecemberi
nsout
her
n
andsout
h-east
ernl
owl
andsspeci
fi
cal
l
yacut
edr
oughtcondi
ti
oni
nlowl
andsout
her
n
past
oralar
eaofSNNP,sout
her
nSomal
iandsout
her
n,sout
h-east
ernandsomepar
t
ofwest
ernhar
argheandbor
onazoneofor
omi
aregi
on.
(
sour
ce:
-www.
unocha.
org/
Ethi
opi
a,15AUGUST2016,
)