Globorotalia obesa (Globigerinella obesa)

Taxonomy
Citation: Globigerinella obesa (Bolli, 1957) Rank: speciesBasionym: Globorotalia obesa Bolli, 1957 Synonyms:
Taxonomic discussion:

Globigerinella obesa was initially included in the genus Globorotalia. It is now recognized as the first species of Globigerinella.
SEMs of the holotype of Blow’s Globigerina praebulloides and the paratype USNM 625702A show that they have a bulloides-
type wall texture, but chamber architecture very similar to G. obesa, e.g., umbilical-extraumbilical primary aperture therefore,
praebulloides is here considered a junior synonym of Globigerinella obesa Bolli (Pl. 6.8, Figs. 4-6). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Wall type: Spinose, spines are supported by spine collars which coalesce to form ridges. Pore concentrations average 62
pores/50 μm2 test surface area and pore diameters average 2.5 μm.
Morphology: Test very low trochospiral, consisting of 2-2½ whorls, lobulate in outline, chambers globular; in spiral view 4
globular, slightly embracing chambers in ultimate whorl, increasing rapidly in size, sutures moderately depressed, straight; in
umbilical view 4 globular, slightly embracing chambers, increasing rapidly in size, sutures moderately depressed, straight,
umbilicus small, open, enclosed by surrounding chambers, aperture umbilical-extraumbilical, a low arch sometimes bordered
by an imperforate rim; in edge view chambers globular in shape, slightly embracing. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Size: Maximum diameter of holotype 0.5 mm. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
chamber Equally Umbilical-
test outline: Lobate Pseudoplanispiral edge view: aperture:
arrangement: biconvex extraumbilical
sp chamber shape: Globular coiling axis: Very low periphery: N/A aperture border: Thin lip
periph margin accessory
umb chbr shape: Globular umbilicus: Wide Broadly rounded None
shape: apertures:
Strongly
spiral sutures: umb depth: Deep wall texture: Cancellate shell porosity: Macroperforate: >2.5µm
depressed
umbilical or test Strongly final-whorl
4.0-4.0 N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not applicable
sutures: depressed chambers:

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Geographic distribution: Identified in low to middle latitudes. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Isotope paleobiology: No data available.  [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Phylogenetic relations: Globigerinella obesa evolved from Globigerina archaeobulloides n. sp. in the lower Oligocene Zone O1
and gave rise to G. praesiphonifera in the mid-Oligocene Zone O4. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Most likely ancestor: Globigerina archaeobulloides - at confidence level 3 (out of 5). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018.
Likely descendants: Globigerinella praesiphonifera; Globigerinella pseudobesa; Globigerinella roeglina; Globigerinella wagneri;
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Notes: Lower Oligocene Zone O1 (Plate 6.1, Figs. 14-17) to the lower Pliocene (Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983). [Spezzaferri et al.
2018]. NB Kennett & Srinivasan (1983) record the range as extending to the recent but the specimen they illustrate is from the
Early Pliocene. [editor's comment - JRY 2018]
Last occurrence (top): within Early Pliocene Sub-Epoch (3.60-5.33Ma, top in Zanclean stage). Data source: Spezzaferri et al.
2018
First occurrence (base): within O1 zone (32.10-33.90Ma, base in Priabonian stage). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018
References:
Beldean, C., Filipescu, S. & Bălc, R. (2012). P and biostratigraphic data for the early Miocene of the north-western Transylvanian
basin based on planktoqnic foraminifera. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences. 7: 171-184. gs
Blow, W. H. (1959). Age, correlation, and biostratigraphy of the upper Tocuyo (San Lorenzo) and Pozon Formations, eastern
Falcon, Venezuela. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 39(178): 67-251. gs
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2018). World Foraminifera Database. Globorotalia obesa Bolli, 1957 †. Accessed at:
http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=912881 on 2020-12-23

Globorotalia obesa Bolli 1957 from: Srinivasan, M.S. (1975): Middle Miocene Planktonic Foraminifera from the Hut Bay
Formation, Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal . Micropaleontology Vol. 21(2) p. 133-150

Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data

Species Globorotalia obesa Bolli 1957
Alternative name:
Globorotalia (Turborotalia) obesa Bolli 1957
Diagnosis / Definition:
Bolli (1957):
Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial periphery strongly lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely pitted, in well preserved specimens with fine, short spines. Chambers strongly inflated, spherical; 10-12, arranged
in 2-2 1/2 whorls; the 4-4 1/2 chambers of the last whorl increase rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side radial, strongly
depressed; on umbilical side radial, strongly depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide, deep. Aperture a medium to high arch without lip
or rim; interiomarginal, umbilical extraumbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.5 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
The last whorl of G. obesa is formed by 4 globular chambers, rapidly increasing in size and separated by deeply incised sutures
resulting in a distinctly lobate equatorial periphery. These are the criteria by which the species is distinguished from other
Oligocene Miocene non carinate Globorotalia species, including G. continuosa; this species also possesses 4 chambers but
these are more ovate and less inflated.
Bolli (1957):
Globorotalia. obesa, new species, differs from G. mayeri Cushman and Ellisor in having fewer and more inflated chambers in
the last whorl.
Systematics:
32
 Familia Globorotaliidae
  Genus Globorotalia
   Species Globorotalia obesa
Synonym list:
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
1985 Globorotalia obesa BOLLI. - BOLLI & SAUNDERS : p.204 figs. 26.44; 6,9,12
Bolli (1957):
1957 Globorotalia obesa BOLLI. - BOLLI : pl. 29, figs. 2a-3 new species
Srinivasan (1975):
1957 Globorotalia obesa BOLLI. - BOLLI : p.119 pl. 29; fig. 2-3
1975 Globorotalia obesa BOLLI. - SRINIVASAN : p.149 pl. 4; fig. 17-18
Was used in synonym list of:
Globigerinella obesa Bolli 1957
References:
Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli,
H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123

Srinivasan,M.S. (1975):
Middle Miocene Planktonic Foraminifera from the Hut Bay Formation, Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal .
Micropaleontology Vol. 21(2) p. 133-150

Bolli,H.M. and Saunders,J.B. (1985):

Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifers.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy Eds: Bolli, H.M.Saunders, J.B. p. 155-262
Globigerinoides trilobus (Trilobatus trilobus)

Taxonomy
Citation: Trilobatus trilobus (Reuss 1850)Rank: SpeciesBasionym: Globigerina triloba Reuss 1850Synonyms:
 Globigerina triloba Reuss, 1850:374, pl. 47, figs. 11a-e [middle Miocene, Bega Basin, Transylvania, Romania].
 Globigerinoides triloba Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:62, pl. 10, fig. 4; pl. 13, figs. 1-3 [lower Miocene Zone N8, DSDP
Site 289, Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean].
 Globigerinoides trilobus Spezzaferri, 1994:37, pl. 13, figs. 1a-c; [lower Miocene Subzone N4b, DSDP Hole 516F, eastern
South Atlantic Ocean], pl. 15, figs. 6a-c [lower Miocene, Subzone N4b, DSDP Site 98, North Atlantic Ocean].— Rögl,
2012:181-183, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (neotype) [middle Miocene, Badenian, Wieliczka near Krakov, Poland], pl. 1, fig. 3
[middle Miocene, lower Badenian Felso Lapugy, Siebenbürgen, Lapugiu de Sus, Bega Basin, Transylvania, Romania], pl.
1, figs. 4-8 [middle Miocene, Upper Lagenidae Zone, Badenian old brickyard, Austria], pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 [middle Miocene
Badenian, Wieliczka near Krakov, Poland], pl. 2, figs. 5, 6 [middle Miocene Zone, of agglutinated foraminifera,
Nussdorf, Grünes Kreuz, Austria], pl. 2, figs. 7-9 [middle Miocene lower Badenian Felso Lapugy, Siebenbürgen, Lapugiu
de Sus, Bega Basin, Transylvania, Romania].
Variants:
 Globigerinoides quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny 1846) (3½-4 chambers in final whorl)
 Globigerinoides immaturus LeRoy 1939 (much less dominant final chamber)
 Globigerinoides trilobus bullatus Chang 1962 (with bulla)
Taxonomic discussion:
There is little consensus on how many species to recognise within this group. In the modern ocean the sacculifer,
quadrilobatus, immaturus and trilobus test morphotypes are all produced by the same species (Andre et al. 013), and so are   no
longer separated by biologists. They are, however, used by palaeontologists including Spezzaferri et al. (2018) and Poole &
Wade (2019) [editor's comment - JRY 2018]
Originally described as Globigerina triloba, this form was attributed for the first time to the genus Globigerinoides by Coryell
and Mossmann (1942). The evolution of T. trilobus to Orbulina was proposed by Cushman and Dorsey (1940) and successively
Blow (1956), Jenkins (1968) and Pearson and Chaisson (1997) described the evolutionary steps in detail. See T. immaturus for
the discussion of previously proposed phylogenetic relationships (e.g. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983).
All specimens of T. trilobus identified by Reuss and stored at the Natural History Museum of Vienna do have a number but the
catalogue to the numbers is missing. Since it was not possible to identify the holotype from the Reuss’ drawings, Rögl (2012)
designated a neotype.
At the beginning of its range in Zone M1 this species displays a more ovate profile than younger Miocene specimens, when it
becomes more compact, and rectangular. Based on data from the fossil record, and the molecular clock, Aurahs and others
(2011) suggested a phylogenetic relationship between T. primordius and T. trilobus.
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Catalog entries: Globigerina triloba, Globigerinoides trilobus bullatus

Description
Wall type: Normal perforate, spinose, sacculifer-type wall. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Morphology: Low trochospiral, consisting of about 3 whorls, subrectangular, compact to slightly lobate in outline; 3
subspherical chambers in the last whorl, increasing rapidly in size. The embracing last chamber generally comprises half of the
test. Sutures depressed, straight on both sides, umbilicus concealed. Primary aperture an umbilical-extraumbilical elongated
slit. Supplementary aperture is an irregular slit along the spiral suture. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Size: Neotype maximum length 0.35 mm and maximum width 0.26 mm. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Geographic distribution: Very abundant in the tropics (Bé and Tolderlund, 1971) but present also at middle latitudes.
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Isotope paleobiology: Pearson and others (1997) indicate for this species mixed-layer habitat with symbiotic associations.
Experiments summarized by Hemleben and others (1989) identified for T. trilobus a temperature tolerance of 14–31°C.
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Phylogenetic relations: Trilobatus trilobus evolved from T. immaturus in Subzone M1a. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Most likely ancestor: Trilobatus immaturus - at confidence level 3 (out of 5). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018.
Likely descendants: Trilobatus bisphericus; Trilobatus subsacculifer;
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Notes: Lower Miocene upper part of Subzone M1a (Spezzaferri, 1994) to Recent. The base occurrence of T. trilobus s.l. is
calibrated to 23.73 Ma (Wade and others, 2011), however, it is here retained for T. immaturus (see stratigraphic range of T.
immaturus, this chapter). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Last occurrence (top): Extant Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018
First occurrence (base): within M1a subzone (22.44-22.96Ma, base in Aquitanian stage). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018

Aurahs, R., Treis, Y., Darling, K. & Kucera, M. (2011). A revised taxonomic and phylogenetic concept for the planktonic
foraminifer species Globigerinoides ruber based on molecular and morphometric evidence. Marine Micropaleontology. 79: 1-
14. gs
Bé, A. W. H. & Tolderlund, D. S. (1971). Distribution and ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface waters of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In, Funnell, B. M. & Riedel, W. R. (eds) Micropaleontology of Oceans. Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, UK 105-149. gs
Blow, W. H. (1956). Origin and evolution of the foraminiferal genus Orbulina d'Orbigny. Micropaleontology. 2(1): 57-70. gs
Coryell, H. H. & Mossmann, R. W. (1942). Foraminifera from the Charco Azul Formation, Pliocene, of Panama. Journal of Paleo
Reuss, A. E. (1850). Neue Foraminiferen aus den Schichten des österreichischen Tertiärbeckens. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1: 365-390., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40159683
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2018). World Foraminifera Database. Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss, 1850) †. Accessed
at: http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=926978 on 2020-12-23

(Brady, 1877)
Trochospiral, with 3.5-4 chambers in last whorl (adults). Aperture bordered by small rim, may be slightly extraumbilical. Height
of aperture varies from wide open in warm, saline environments, to slit-like in salinities below 35. Typical for this species is the
honeycomb (hexagonal) surface structure, which is lacking in other spinose species (but does occur in a non-spinose genus:
Globoquadrina hexagona, from Indo-Pacific). Last chamber sacciform, elongated.
Ref.: Hecht (1974), Bé (1980), Bé et al. (1981), Caron et al. (1981, 1987a), Duplessy et al. (1981), Brummer et al. (1987),
Hemleben et al. (1987), Bijma et al. (1990a, 1990b, 1992, 1994), Spero and Lea (1993).
Remark: Following widespread usage, we retain the present name for this species, rather than Globigerinoides quadrilobatus or
Globigerinoides trilobus. However, in the distributional data set, authors used the name Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer for
Globigerinoides sacculifer with a sack-like terminal chamber, and Globigerinoides trilobus trilobus for those devoid of this trait.
Distribution: Tropical to subtropical. In the eastern South Atlantic it peaks above the Walvis Ridge, and in the equatorial region.
This distribution pattern may also be affected by its reproduction cycle. Maximum abundances occur 1 and 5 days after full
moon, which fits the reproductive cycle of a full lunar period observed by Bijma et al. (1990a). Nevertheless, comparison of the
abundance of Globigerinoides sacculifer with water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen indicates enhanced numbers
with increasing oxygen content and lower salinity (Oberhänsli et al., 1992). This suggests that the distribution pattern is not the
result of reproductive behavior alone. In the Walvis Ridge area, oxygen-rich subtropical surface water eddies are mixed with
lower salinity water of the Benguela Current. The abundance maximum at the equator corresponds roughly with the oxygen-
rich South Atlantic Central Water and the less saline surface water coming from the coast of Equatorial West Africa (Levitus and
Boyer, 1994). This suggests that Globigerinoides sacculifer is an indicator of oxygen-rich, low-salinity waters, yet in other
regions, like the Caribbean, Globigerinoides sacculifer prefers higher salinities, whereas Globigerinoides ruber occurs in low-
salinity water masses.
These contrasting observations suggest that, within certain limits, salinity seems to play a minor role (Bijma et al., 1990b). On
the other hand, food availability may explain these contrasting distributional patterns. Field and laboratory observations
indicate that Globigerinoides sacculifer occupies more oligotrophic water masses and feeds mostly on copepods, whereas
Globigerinoides ruber prefers eutrophic environments. The depth distribution of Globigerinoides sacculifer is typical of spinose,
symbiont-bearing foraminiferal species: highest concentrations in the upper 50 m, decreasing sharply further down, with
“living” specimens best showing this abrupt decline with depth; only “dead” specimens are recorded in deeper net hauls.
Downward flux of “dead” shells blurs the downward decreasing trend somewhat (Kemle-von Mücke, 1994).
Globigerinoides subquadratus

Taxonomy
Citation: Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann, in Todd et al. 1954Rank: speciesBasionym: Globigerinoides
subquadratusSynonyms:
 Globigerinoides subquadrata Brönnimann, 1954, in Brönnimann and Todd, 1954:680, pl. 1, figs. 8a-c [lower Miocene
Zone M3-M4, Saipan, Mariana Islands].
 Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann.—Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983:74, pl. 16, figs. 1-3 [lower Miocene
Catapsydrax dissimilis Zone, DSDP Site 208, North Lord Howe Rise, South Pacific Ocean].—Bolli and Saunders, 1985,
fig. 20(6) [holotype re-illustrated].—Spezzaferri, 1994:37, pl. 12, figs. 5a-c [lower Miocene Zone M5, DSDP Site 151,
Gulf of Mexico].—Fox and Wade, 2013:400, fig. 11.3 [lower Miocene Subzone M5a, IODP Hole U1338B, equatorial
Pacific Ocean].
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]Taxonomic discussion:
Brönnimann and Todd (1954) documented this species in sediments attributed to the Chattian, however, he reported
“Globigerinoides” bisphericus, and Globigerinatella insueta as accompanying species, therefore the assemblage he investigated
contains species of different Miocene ages and can be attributed to the lower Miocene Zone M3-M4. This species is often
considered as a homeomorph of G. ruber (Chaisson and Leckie, 1993; Pearson and others, 1997), however, it is distinguished
from G. ruber, in having a more quadrangular outline and a ruber/sacculifer-type wall texture. At the beginning of its range it
has one very small supplementary aperture on the suture between the last and the penultimate chambers, younger specimens
may have a second and small supplementary aperture over the suture between the penultimate and the antepenultimate
chamber, which is visible also in edge views (Plate 9.7, Figs. 7-9). By combining data from the fossil record with molecular
phylogeny and the molecular clock, Aurahs and others (2011) demonstrated that the G. ruber lineage originated and diversified
in the late Miocene, and therefore, all earlier documentation of G. ruber refer to the distinct G. subquadratus lineage.
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Catalog entries: Globigerinoides subquadrata
Distinguishing features: Like G. ruber but subquadrate. Prominent supplementary apertures
Description
Wall type: Normal perforate, spinose, ruber/sacculifer-type wall. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Morphology: Low trochospiral, consisting of about 3½ whorls, subquadrate outline, with three, subglobular slightly compressed
tending to subreniform chambers in the last whorl increasing rapidly in size. The last chamber is about half of the entire test,
and placed perpendicularly to the last two chambers. Sutures depressed and straight on the umbilical side, straight to slightly
arched on the spiral side. Primary aperture symmetrically positioned over the sutures before the penultimate and
antepenultimate chambers is a high umbilical arch very often bordered by a pustulose rim. One to two very small and rounded
supplementary apertures are present on the spiral side. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Size: Maximum length of holotype 0.58 mm. [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Geographic distribution: Globigerinoides subquadratus is characteristic of low to middle latitudes, abundant in the Caribbean
region (Brönnimann and Todd, 1954). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Isotope paleobiology: Isotopic data indicate a similar depth habitat for G. subquadratus and G. ruber (Pearson and others,
1997), which is one of the shallowest dwelling species of all planktonic foraminifera (Emiliani, 1971; Fairbanks and others, 1982;
Ravelo and Fairbanks, 1992). [Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
Phylogenetic relations: Globigerinoides subquadratus probably originated from G. italicus at the top of Subzone M1a.
[Spezzaferri et al. 2018]
This species evolved from Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) brazieri in the Early Miocene warm subtropical in South Pacific by
developing sutural supplementary apertures (Srinivasan and Kennett, 1981). [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Most likely ancestor: Globigerinoides italicus - at confidence level 2 (out of 5). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018.
Likely descendants: Globigerinoides diminutus; Globigerinoides mitra; Globigerinoides ruber;
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Notes: Upper part of Subzone M1a (Spezzaferri, 1994) up to the Globorotalia fohsi Zone (M9) [Spezzaferri et al. 2018] Wade et
al. (2011) place the top of G. subquadratus at the base of M11 following Turco et al. (2002) and Hilgen et al. (2000) [editor's
comment - JRY 2018]
Last occurrence (top): near base of M11 zone (9% up, 11.5Ma, in Tortonian stage). Data source: Wade et al. (2011), additional
event; position within zone determined by linear interpolation from data in table 1 of Wade et al. (2011).
First occurrence (base): within M1a subzone (22.44-22.96Ma, base in Aquitanian stage). Data source: Spezzaferri et al. 2018
Aurahs, R., Treis, Y., Darling, K. & Kucera, M. (2011). A revised taxonomic and phylogenetic concept for the planktonic
foraminifer species Globigerinoides ruber based on molecular and morphometric evidence. Marine Micropaleontology. 79: 1-
14. gs
Aze, T. et al. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews. 86:
900-927. gs
Bolli, H. M. & Saunders, J. B. (1985). Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifera. In, Bolli, H. M., Saunders, J. B. &
Perch-Neilsen, K. (eds) Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 155-262.
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2018). World Foraminifera Database. Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann, 1954 †.
Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera./aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=926915 on 2020-12-24
Todd, R. et al. (1954). Probable occurrence of Oligocene on Saipan. American Journal of Science. 252(11): 673-682., available
online at https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.252.11.673 
(Globorotalia tumida)
Taxonomy
Citation: Globorotalia tumida (Brady, 1877)
Rank: species
Basionym: Pulvinulina menardii var. tumida Brady, 1877Synonyms:
 Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida tumida (Brady, 1877) [e.g. Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Catalog entries: Pulvinulina menardii tumida
Distinguishing features: Large swollen (tumid) test, with exceptionally heavy keel, and rapidly opening spire. Tear-drop lateral
shell outline. Larger and more tumid than G. plesiotumida
Description
Wall type: Non-spinose; Smooth [Aze 2011]
Morphology: Test large, trochospiral, biconvex, spiral side more convex than umbilical side, equatorial periphery ovate, slightly
lobulate; axial periphery acute with a heavy keel; 5 to 6 wedge-shaped chambers in the final whorl, increasing slowly in size as
added; spiral sutures limbate, slightly raised, curved obliquely backward, merging with keel (PI. 36, Fig. 1). Umbilical sutures
radial, depressed; surface densely and coarsely perforate with pores of uniform sizes (PI.36,Fig.2), except for pustulate area on
umbilical and spiral side. Umbilicus narrow, deep; aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a low arch covered by a
large plate-like lip. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Size: >250µm
Biogeography and Palaeobiology
Geographic distribution: Tropical [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983] Low latitudes [Aze et al. 2011, based on Kennett & Srinivasan
(1983)]
In modern oceans a common, warm water, species [SCOR WG138]
Isotope paleobiology: Aze et al. 2011 ecogroup 3 - Open ocean thermocline. Based on light ∂ 13C and relatively heavy ∂18O Cited
sources (Aze et al. 2011 appendix S3): Pearson & Shackleton (1995); D. R. M. Stewart unpublished data
Phylogenetic relations: Gr. (Gr.) tumida tumida is marked by its large tumid test, exceptionally heavy keel, and rapidly opening
spire. Gr. (Gr.) tumida tumida resembles Gr. (Gr.) ungulata, but the latter has a very thin, delicate test and finely perforate
surface ultrastructure with flat, smooth-interpore area (PI. 36, Figs. 3,4). In Gr. (Gr.) tumida tumida, however, the surface is
penetrated by large pores, lacking the flat, smooth interpore area (PI. 36, Figs. 1,2). [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]. Molecular
Genotypes recognised (data from PFR2 database, June 2017), one genotype only from 18sequences. References: André et al.
2014.
Most likely ancestor: Globorotalia plesiotumida - at confidence level 3 (out of 5). Data source: Kennett & Srinivasan 1983, fig
17;Stewart 2003 fig. 6.10; Aze et al. 2011, appendix 5.
Likely descendants: Globorotalia flexuosa; Globorotalia ungulata;
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Notes: First occurence occurs approx 100ka later in the Pacific than the Atlantic (Wade et al. 2011) Berggren (1973) and Fleisher
(1974) considered the first appearance of Gr. (Gr.) tumida tumida at the base of Zone N18 to be a useful criterion for
recognition of the Miocene- Pliocene boundary. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Last occurrence (top): Extant Data source: present in the plankton (SCOR WG138)
First occurrence (base): at base of PL1 [Atl.] zone (0% up, 5.7Ma, in Messinian stage). Data source: Wade et al. (2011), zonal
marker event

André, A. et al. (2014). SSU rDNA Divergence in Planktonic Foraminifera: Molecular Taxonomy and Biogeographic Implications.
PLoS One. 9: e104641-. gs V O
Aze, T. et al. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews. 86:
900-927. gs
Banner, F. T. & Blow, W. H. (1967). The origin, evolution and taxonomy of the foraminiferal genus Pulleniatina Cushman, 1927.
Micropaleontology. 13(2): 133-162. gs
Blow, W. H. (1969). Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In, Bronnimann, P. & Renz, H. H.
(eds) Proceedings of the First International C
Brady, H. B. (1877). Supplementary note on the foraminifera of the Chalk(?) of the New Britain group. Geological Magazine,
new ser. 4: 534-536., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49017571
Sen Gupta, B. K.; Smith, L. E.; Machain-Castillo, M. L. (2009). Foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp
(eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. 87-129
ntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), available
online at http://www.iobis.org/
Globorotalia pseudomiocenica
Taxonomy
Citation: Globorotalia pseudomiocenica Bolli & Bermudez 1965
Rank: species
Basionym: Globorotalia pseudomiocenica
Taxonomic discussion: Has been considerd a synonym of Globorotalia limbata (Fornasini 1902)
Catalog entries: Globorotalia pseudomiocenica
Distinguishing features: strongly-biconvex test with a sub-circular equatorial periphery and pronounced keel.
Description
Shape of test very low trochospiral. flat to only very slightly convex on spiral side. strongly convex on umbilical side: equatorial
periphery slightly lobate; axial periphery acute with a thin but distinct keel. Wall calcareous, finely perforate. surface smooth to
very finely pitted. Chambers angular. more or less flat on spiral side, high on umbilical side; about 12, arranged in 2 to 2½
whorls: the 4 to 5 chambers of the last whorl increase moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side curved; on umbilical side radial
to slightly curved and slightly depressed. Umbilicus very narrow. Aperture a slit bordered above by a fine rim or lip.
interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical.
Size: Largest diameter of holotype: 0.52. mm.
Extra details from original publication
Remarks. - Globorotalia pseudomiocenica Bolli and Bermudez differs from Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) in the flatter,
almost plane spiral side. in the strongly convex umbilical side, the thinner peripheral keel and often also by the smaller size of
the test. The new species differs from Globororalia miocenica Palmer in having a more lobate equatorial periphery which in
typical Globorotalia miocenica is practically not lobate. The spiral side may in some specimens of Globorotalia pseudomiocenica
be very slightly convex. in typical Globorotalia margaritae Zone (Bowden and Buff Bay type localities) and from the
Globoquadrina altispira altispira/Globorotalia truncatulinoides Zone and the Globorotalia truncatulinoides/Globorotalia inflata
Zone (Submarex well 6301 of the Marine Laboratory, University of Miami). It appears that Globorotalia pseudomiocenica has
also a much wider geographic distribution than Globorotalia miocenica.

Wall type: Non-spinose; Smooth [Aze 2011]

Character matrix
chamber Equally Umbilical-
test outline: Subcircular Trochospiral edge view: aperture:
arrangement: biconvex extraumbilical
sp chamber aperture
Crescentic coiling axis: Low periphery: Single keel Thin lip
shape: border:
umb chbr periph margin accessory
Subtriangular umbilicus: Narrow Subangular None
shape: shape: apertures:
Macroperforate:
spiral sutures: Raised umb depth: Shallow wall texture: Smooth shell porosity:
>2.5µm
umbilical or Weakly final-whorl N.B. These characters are used for advanced search. N/A - not
4.0-5.0
test sutures: depressed chambers: applicable

Biogeography and Palaeobiology

Geographic distribution: Low latitudes [Aze et al. 2011, based on Kennett & Srinivasan (1983)]
[SCOR WG138]

Isotope paleobiology: Aze et al. 2011 ecogroup 3 - Open ocean thermocline. Based on light ∂ 13C and relatively heavy ∂18O.
Sources cited by Aze et al. 2011 (appendix S3): D. R. M. Stewart unpublished data
Most likely ancestor: Globorotalia limbata - at confidence level 3 (out of 5). Data source: Stewart 2003 fig. 6.10; Aze et al. 2011,
appendix 5.
Likely descendants: Globorotalia miocenica;
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Last occurrence (top): at top of PL5 [Pac.] zone (100% up, 2.3Ma, in Gelasian stage). Data source: Wade et al. (2011), zonal
marker
First occurrence (base): within M13b subzone (6.14-8.58Ma, base in Tortonian stage). Data source: Aze et al. 2011

Aze, T. et al. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews. 86:
900-927. gs
Bolli, H. M. & Bermudez, P. J. (1965). Zonation based on planktonic foraminifera of middle Miocene to Pliocene warm-water
sediments. Bol. Informativo, Asoc. Venez. Geol., Min. Petrol. 8(5): 121-149. gs
Kennett, J. P. & Srinivasan, M. S. (1983). Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. 1-265. gs
Postuma, J. A. (1971). Manual of planktonic foraminifera. Elsevier for Shell Group, The Hague. 1-406. gs
Stewart, D. R. M. I. (2003). Evolution of Neogene globorotaliid foraminifera and Micoene climate change. In, p269 (ed.) . Earth
Sciences. 1-269. gs
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2018). World Foraminifera Database. Globorotalia pseudomiocenica Bolli & Bermúdez,
1965 †. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/Foraminifera/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=916760 on 2020-12-24
Globoturborotalita nepenthes
Taxonomy
Citation: Globoturborotalita nepenthes (Todd 1957)
Rank: species
Basionym: Globigerina nepenthes
Synonyms:
Glohigerina (Zeaglohigerina) nepenthes
Variants:
 Globigerina picassiana Perconig, 1968 [according to Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
 Globigerina nepenthes delicatula Bronnimann and Resig, 1971 [according to Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Catalog entries: Globigerina nepenthes, Globigerina picassiana, Globigerina nepenthes delicatula
Distinguishing features: Like G. druryi but with protruding thumb-shaped final chamber
Citation: Globigerina nepenthes Todd 1957Rank: speciesType locality: Holotype from locality S621, east-central Saipan, Mariana
Islands. Found also at numerous localities in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Trinidad, Morocco, and Kabu, East Java. Abundant at
the type locality and at several other Donni localities.Type age (chronostrat): Miocene, Tagpochau limestone, Donni sandstone
member. Occurs also in the lower Miocene Lengua formation, Globorotalia mayeri and Globorotalia menardti zones (Trinidad),
and in an apparently older horizon (Cuba).Type specimens: 624037Type repository: Washington; USNM
Linked specimens: USNM-624037
Original Description
"Test small, compactly coiled except for the last formed protruding chamber; height of spire ranges between three-quarters of
and equal to diameter of spire. Chambers indistinct, slightly inflated; four chambers constituting the last whorl, with a fifth
elongate chamber extending downward and at an angle to the axis of coiling. Sutures indistinct, except the last few which are
indented. Wall thin, calcareous, perforate, ornamented by a rather coarse cancellation. Aperture large and semicircular or
broad and arched at the umbilical edge of the protruding chamber, bordered by a thickened and slightly upturned lip of clear
shell material.
Size: Diameter exclusive of protruding chamber 0.30-0.37 mm.; greatest dimension of test 0.42-0.58 mm.
Extra details from original publication
This species is distinctive in its protruding final chamber, and this character is quite uniform so it cannot be regarded as an
abnormality. The species shows a wall ornamentation somewhat similar to that of Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady), and both
species have distinctly shaped final chambers. The adult test of Globigerina nepenthes is much smaller, however, and the widely
open aperture, as well as the protruding thumblike final chamber, serves to distinguish it easily.""

Description

Wall type: Spinose; Cancellate [Aze 2011]

Morphology: Test compactly coiled except for the last-formed protruding chamber, low to high spire, chambers indistinct,
slightly inflat- ed, four in the final whorl; sutures obscured on earlier chambers due to test thickening, radial to slightly curved
on later chambers, slightly depressed. Surface cancellate with distinct pore pits and interpore ridges. Aperture a broad arch at
the umbilical edge of the protruding final chamber, bordered by a thickened rim. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Biogeography and Palaeobiology
Geographic distribution: Tropical to warm subtropical. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983] Low latitudes [Aze et al. 2011, based on
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983)]
[SCOR WG138]
Isotope paleobiology: Aze et al. 2011 ecogroup 2 - Open ocean mixed-layer tropical/subtropical, without symbionts. Based on
∂13C lighter than species with symbionts; also with relatively light ∂ 18O. Sources cited by Aze et al. 2011 (appendix S3): D. R. M.
Stewart unpublished data
Phylogenetic relations: Gg. (Zg.) nepenthes differs from its ancestor Gg. (Zg.) druryi primarily in its protruding thumb-shaped
final chamber. The characteristic cancellate surface and apertural rim suggest its placement within the subgenus
Zeaglobigerina. Gg. (Zg.) nepenthes exhibits a wide range of variation in size and shape of the final chamber, and test
thickening, which resulted in the erection of several new species and subspecies such as Globigerina picassiana Perconig, 1968
and Globigerina nepenthes delicatula Bronnimann and Resig, 1971. They are here considered to be phenotypic variants of Gg.
(Zg.) nepenthes. [Kennett & Srinivasan 1983]
Most likely ancestor: Globoturborotalita druryi - at confidence level 3 (out of 5). Data source: Kennett & Srinivasan 1983,
Hayashi et al. 2013 - however Aze et al. (2011) remove G. druryi from Globotuborotalita and derive G. nepenthes directly from
G. woodi..
Biostratigraphic distribution
Geological Range:
Last occurrence (top): at top of PL1 [Atl.] zone (100% up, 4.4Ma, in Zanclean stage). Data source: Wade et al. (2011), zonal
marker
First occurrence (base): at base of M11 zone (0% up, 11.6Ma, in Serravallian stage). Data source: Wade et al. (2011), zonal
marker

Aze, T. et al. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews. 86:
900-927. gs
Brönnimann, P. & Resig, J. (1971). A Neogene globigerinacean biochronologic time-scale of the southwestern Pacific. Initial
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 7(2): 1235-1469. gs V O
Keller, B. M. & Poore, R. Z. (1980). Globigerinoides kennetti, a new Late Miocene to earliest Pliocene planktonic foraminifer
from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Micropaleontology. 26(2): 189-192. gs
Kennett, J. P. & Srinivasan, M. S. (1983). Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. 1-265. gs
Todd, R. (1957). Smaller foraminifera: In Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands. Part 3, Paleontology. US Geological Survey
Professional Paper. 280-H: 265-320., available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0280e-j/report.pdf 
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2018). World Foraminifera Database. Globigerina nepenthes Todd, 1957 †. Accessed at:
http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=735126 on 2020-12-24