INTRODUCTION TO

THE COURSE:
REPUBLIC ACT 1425
Chapter 1
 2

trivia
 3

The Rizal Bill was a controversial as Jose Rizal himself.

The mandatory Rizal subject in the Philippines was the upshot of
this bill, which later became a law in 1956. This bill involves
mandating educational institutions in the country to offer a course
on the hero’s life, works, and writings, especially the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The transition from being a bill to
becoming a republic act was, however, not easy as the proposal
was met with intense opposition, particularly from the Catholic
Church.
 4

Largely because of the issue, the then Senator Claro M. Recto-- the main proponent of the
Rizal Bill- was even dubbed as a communist and an anti-Catholic. Catholic schools
threatened to stop operation if the bill was passed through Recto calmly countered the
threat, stating that if that happened, the schools would be nationalized. Afterward
threatened to be punished in the future elections. Recto remained undeterred. Concerning
the suggestion to use instead the expurgated (edited) version of Rizal’s novel as mandatory
readings, Recto explained his firm support for the unexpurgated version exclaiming: “The
people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would blot out from our
minds the memory of the national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a fight against
Rizal”
 5

The bill was eventually passed, but with a clause that would allow
exemptions to students who think that reading Noli and Fili would
ruin their faith. In other words, one can apply to the Department of
education for exemption from reading Rizal’s novel- through not
from taking the Rizal subject.

The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956.

 RA 1425 and Other Rizal Laws 6

The Rizal Bill became the Republic Act No. 1425, known as the
“Rizal Law”. The full name of the law is “An act to Include in the
Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, College and
Universities Courses in the Life, works, and Writings of Jose Rizal,
Particularly sis Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for other
purposes.
 7

The first section of the law concerns mandating the students to

read Rizal’s novels. The last two sections involve making Rizal’s
writing accessible to the general public- they are require the
schools to have a sufficient number of copies in their libraries and
mandate the publication of the works in major Philippine
languages.
 8

Jose P. Laurel, the senator who co-wrote the law, explained that
since Jose Rizal was the founder of the country’s nationalism and
had significantly contributed to the current condition of the nation,
it is only right that Filipinos, especially the youth, know about and
learn to imbibe the great ideas for which the hero died.
Accordingly, the Rizal Law aims to accomplish the following goals:
 Rizal Law aims to accomplish the 9

following goals:
1.To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideas of freedom and
nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died;

2.To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and
works in shaping the Filipino character; and

3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the study of

Rizal’s life.
 10

So far, no student has yet officially applied for exemptions from reading
Rizal’s novels. Correspondingly, former President Fidel V. Ramos in
1994, through Memorandum Order No. 247, directed the Secretary of
Education, Culture and Sports and the Chairman of the Commission on
Higher Education fully implemented the RA1425 as there had been
reports that the law had still not been totally carried out. In 1995, CHED
Memorandum No. 3 was issued enforcing strict compliance to
Memorandum Order No. 247.
 11

Not known to many, there is another Republic Act that

concerns the national hero. Republic Act No. 229 is an act
prohibiting cockfighting, horse racing, and jai alai on the
thirtieth day of December of each year and to create a
committee to take charge of the proper celebration of
Rizal day in every municipality and charactered city, and for
any other purposes.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING RIZAL 12

The academic subject on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal
was not mandated by law for nothing. Far from being impractical,
the course interestingly offers many benefits that some
contemporary academicians declare that the subjects, especially
when taught properly, is more beneficial than many other subjects in
various curricula.

• The following are just some of the significance of the academic

subject:
The following are just some of the significance of the academic subject: 13

1. The subject provides insights into how to deal with current problems.

There is a dictum, “He who controls the past controls the future.” Our view of history
forms the manner we perceive the present, and therefore influences the kind of
solutions we provide for existing problems.

The Jose Rizal course, as the history subject, is full historical information from which
one could base his decisions in life.

In various ways, the subject for instance, teaches that being educated is a vital
ingredient for a person or country to be really free and successful.
 14

2. It helps us to understand better ourselves as Filipinos.

The past helps us understand who we are, we comprehensively define ourselves not only in
terms of where we are going, but also where we come from.

Our heredity, past behavior, and old habits as a nation are al significant clues and determinants to
our present situation.

Interestingly, the life of a very important national historical figure of like Jose Rizal contributes
much to shedding lights on our collective experience and identify as Filipino.

The good grasp of the past offered by this subject would help us in dealing wisely with the
present.
 15

3. It teaches nationalism and patriotism

Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and political

independence, especially by a country under foreign power, while
patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s nation. Jose Rizal’s
life, works, and writings--- specially his novels – essentially, if not perfectly,
radiate these traits.

For one thing, the subject helps us to understand our country better.
 16

4. It provides various essential life lessons

We can learn much from the way Rizal faced various challenges in life. As a
controversial figure in his time, he encountered serious dilemmas and predicaments
but responded decently and high-mindedly.

Through the crucial decisions he made in his life, we can sense his priorities and
convictions, which manifest how noble, selfless, and great our national hero was. For
example, his many resolutions exemplified the aphorism that in this life there are things
more important than personal feelings and happiness.
 17

5. It helps in developing logical and critical thinking.

Critical Thinking refers to discerning, evaluative and analytical thinking. A philosophy
major Jose Rizal unsurprisingly demonstrated his critical thinking skills in his
argumentative essays, satires, novels, speeches, and written debates. In deciding what
to believe or do, Rizal also proved his being a reasonably reflective thinker, never
succumbing to the irrational whims and baseless opinions of anyone. In fact, he
indiscriminately evaluated and criticized even the doctrines of the dominant region of
his time. A course on Rizal’s life, works, and writings therefore, is also a lesson in
critical thinking.
 18

6. Rizal can serve as a worthwhile model and inspiration to every

Filipino.
If one is looking for someone to imitate, then Rizal is a very viable choice. The hero’s philosophies, life
principles, convictions, thoughts, ideas, aspirations, dreams are a good influence to anyone. Throughout
his life, he valued nationalism and patriotism, respect for parents, love for siblings, and loyalty to friends,
and maintained a sense of chivalry. As a man of education, he highly regarded academic excellence,
logical and critical thinking, philosophical and scientific inquiry, linguistic study, and cultural research. As
a person, he manifested versatility and flexibility while sustaining a strong sense of moral uprightness.

•  
 19

7. The subject is a rich source of entertaining narratives.

People love fictions and are even willing to spend for

books or movie tickets just to be entertained by made-up
tales. But only a few perhaps know that Rizal’s life is full
of fascinating non-fictional accounts.
 20

For instance, it is rarely known that

(a) Rizal was involved in a love triangle with Antonio Luna

as also part of the romantic equation;

(b) Rizal was a model in some of Juan Luna’s paintings;

 21

(c) Rizal’s common-law wife Josephine Bracken was “remarried” to

a man from Cebu and had tutored former President Sergio Osmena;

(d) Leonor Rivera (“Maria Clara”) Rizal’s “true love” had a son who
married the sister of the former president of the United Nations
General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo;
 22

(e) the Filipina beauty queen Gemma Cruz Araneta is a descendant of

Rizal’s sister, Maria;

(f) the sportscater Chino Trinidad is a descendant of Rizal’s “first love”

(Segunda Katigbak); and

(g) the original manuscripts of Rizal’s novel (Noli and Fili) were once
stolen for ransom, but Alejandro Roces had retrieved them without
paying even a single centavo
Assignment # 2
23

Please comment on this:

“Jose Rizal should be officially
recognized as the Philippine national
hero. Agree or disagree? Why?”
Use hash-tags #AssignmentLangPo
 24

Submit your answer in Classwork

in the Google Classroom
THANK YOU!
25

MARLENE C CEBANICO, MAT

Instructor in Rizal
2 Sem SY 2020-2021
n d
CHAPTER II

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT
Nineteenth century
is commonly depicted as the
birth of modern life, as well as
the birth of many nation-
states around the globe.
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT
Divided into three (3) aspects:
• The Economic Context
• The Social Background
• The Political Landscape
The Economic Context
At least four (4) historical elements
basically compose the economic
context of the era in which Jose
Rizal was born:
a. The End of the Galleon Trade
b. The Opening of the Suez Canal
c. The Rise of the export of the crop
economy
d. The established monopolies in the
Philippines
End of the Galleon Trade

Galleon Trade (1565 - 1815)

was a ship ("galleon") trade
going back and forth between
Manila and Acapulco, Mexico.
• Central income-generating business for
Spanish colonists in the Philippines.
• Manila became a trading hub.
• Allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the
Philippines.
• September 14, 1815- Galleon Trade ended
with Mexico's war of independence.
 OPENING OF THE SUEZ
CANAL

• An artificial sea-level
water-way in Egypt.
• Connects Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea through
the Isthmus of Suez.
• Officially opened on
November 17, 1869.
ADVANTAGES
• Voyage was lessened to only 32-40 days.
• Huge advantage in commercial
enterprises especially between Europe and
East Asia.
• Encouraged the ilustrados to pursue
education abroad and learn scientific and
liberal in European academic institutions.
RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY

• Products such as sugar, Manila hemp and

coffee were produced for foreign markets.

• Provided many opportunities for the

expanding Chinese population.
MONOPOLIES
• Another main source of wealth in post Galleon era
• Opium was profitable, but were held by the Chinese
• Monopolies on special item include: Spirituous liquors
(1712-1864), betel nut -(1764), explosives (1805-1864) and
tobacco (1782-1882)
• On March 1, 1782 , Gov. General Jose Basco placed the Philippine
tobacco industry under government control, establishing a
tobacco monopoly
• Cultivation was set on Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,
La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque.
• Sold their produce to the government with a pre-designated price,
leaving no profit
MONOPOLIES
• Keeping of tobacco is prohibited, farmers must buy their own
produce. Fines or physical punishments were sanctioned to
those who will not follow.
• The Colonial Government exports tobacco to other countries and
to the cigarette factories in Manila. It raised revenues and made
Philippines prominent all over Asia and some parts of Europe.
• NEGATIVELY, food shortages were brought with the Monopoly as
planting of basic crops were neglected.
• Nueva Ecijanos were majorly affected, they wanted to seek
freedom from colonial bandage.
• The tobacco monopoly was abolished in 1882
THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND

• Education
• The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
• The Rise of the Inquilinos
EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY
• The colonial government and the Catholic church
made religion a compulsory subject at all levels.
• King Philip ll's Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indios)
mandated spanish authorities in the Philippines to
educate the locals to teach them how to read write
and to learn Spanish.
• Parochial schools, the first formal schools in the
land.
EDUCATION IN THE19TH CENTURY
• 17th century universities education was opened
and only for the Spaniards and those with Spanish
blood (mestizos). 19th century, universities started
accepting Filipinos though they limited their
Accommodation to the sons of wealthy Indio
families.
• A new social class in country emerged known as
Ilustrados.
• Propaganda movement arose.
RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO
• Alongside, the landholdings of the church and the rice
estates of the pre-Spanish nobility, there emerged
haciendas of sugar, coffee, and hemp, typically owned
by Chinese Filipino mestizos
• In larger perspective, the fast rhythm of economic
progress in the Philippines during the 19th century
expedited by some mentioned factors resulted in the
rise of a new breed of rich and influential Filipino
middle class.
 RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO
• Non existent in earlier centuries, this class composed of Spanish and
Chinese mestizos ascended to a position of power in the Philippine
society and in due course became leaders in position and finance. This
middle class included:
" the ilustrados who belonged to the landed gentry and who were highly
respected in their respective pueblos or towns, through regarded as
Filibusterismo or rebels by the friars. The relative prosperity of the period
has enabled them to send their sons to Spain and Europe for higher
studies. Most of them later become members of freemasonry and active
in the Propaganda Movement. Some of them sensed the failure of
reformism and turned to radicalism and looked up to Rizal as their
leaders ".
THE RISE OF INQUILINOS
• Term Inquilino has the same meaning as the English "tenant".
• The 19th century inquilino system in the Philippines is better
understood as a qualified system of tenancy, or the right to
use land in exchange of rent.
• During the harvest time, the administrator would collect the
rent of the Inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvests to
the local market or to Manila, and remit the income from sales
and rents to the estate owners.
THE RISE OF INQUILINOS
• Inquilinos paid a fixed rent and the amount was determined by the size and
quality of the land being worked on. But with the expansion of land owned by
the missionary congregations (friar extates) the proportions of farmlands
leased to inquilonos also increased allowing many them to sub-lease parcels
of their land to scarecoppers or kasamas.
• As friar estates enlarged, outlining the boundaries that separated these
estates from communal land ls became a common cause of conflicts.
• There were also conflicts between estate owners and workers. These
stemmed from collection of excessive taxes and land rent, the decline of
sharing agreements, extreme demands for labor services and capricious
fixing of crop price.
THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

• Liberalism
• The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
• The Cadiz Constitution
LIBERALISM
• A worldview founded on ideas of freedom and equality.
• Liberals normally believe that government is necessary to protects individuals from
being abused by others but it can also be a threat.
• French revolution had a battle cry in having “liberty, equality and fraternity”.
• Liberalism started in the Philippines during 19th century through worldtrade followed
by the opening of suez canal.
• Ideas were absorbed by reformists (Jose Rizal) and ilustrados and they were able to
pursue highest studies abroad to which it would affect their beliefs on politics and
nationhood.
• Philosophers include Jean Jacques Rousseau (social contract), John Locke (two
treatises of government), Thomas paine (common sense), Thomas Jefferson,
Montesquieu, Voltaire, etc.
• Appointed by the provisional Government
as “Governor General of The Philippines”
(1869-1871) and is widely loved.
• He put into practice his liberal and
democratic ways by avoiding luxury and
living a simple life.
• Encouraged freedom and abolished
censorship.
• Greatest achievement: Stopping an
agrarian unrest in Cavite without bloodshed. Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre:
Had a rebel leader become a captain and “First liberal governor general in the
Philippines”
peace was at hand.
IMPACT OF BOURBON REFORMS
• A form advocated a century long effort to reform and
modify Spanish empire.
• Lessen Contraband Commerce, reclaim control over
transatlantic trade, restrict the church’s power. Tighten
administrative and political control within the empire
• Idea of colonialization can be done without much
intervention from the Catholic church.
CADIZ CONSTITUTION
• Liberalism was promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812.
• The Cadiz constitution was the first constitution in
Europe.
• Spanish constitution of 1812 had a universal character.
• Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto.
 CADIZ CONSTITUTION
• Established the principles of universal male suffrage,
national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of
the press, and advocated land reform and free
enterprises.
• Don Ventura de los Reyes- one of the delegates who
signed the constitution.
• The constitutional monarchy that the Cadiz constitution
attempted to put in placed did not come to fruition
because in May 1814, King Fernando VII declared it
invalid and restored absolutism.
 CADIZ CONSTITUTION
• Cadiz was a very significant period I the political history
of the Spanish- speaking world at least.
• Exempted natives from paying tributes and rendering
public services based on equality clause.
• For the freedom loving people of the Philippines in the
19th century, the constitution was very influential as it
was a liberal constitution.
Seeing Rizal’s Life
in His Society
 We see the life of an individual in his/her society.
One unique feature of Rizal is that he did not only know
the valuable information about his society but also had a
quality of mind that helped him use the information in a
way that he could think about what was going on in the
world and of what might be happening within himself.
 MARLENE C CEBANICO
SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR IN RIZAL

Thank You!
 Group 1
Leader: Angeles, Noreen Gayle L
Members: Aguilar, Reah D.
Alasco, Keana DR.
Alcantara, Ma. Perlita F.
Aligado, Boots Ann N.
Anore, Fitz Patrick James DL.
Anorico, Shairene Mae D.C
 Chapter III
RIZAL’S LIFE: RIZAL’S FAMILY,
CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY
EDUCATION
 JOSE RIZAL
• José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

• June 19, 1861

• Born in Calamba, Laguna

• 7th of the 11 children

• Born in relatively well-off in a Dominican-owned

tenant in Laguna.
 DURING RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD
• He mastered alphabet and learned to write and read.

• His early reading included the Spanish version of the Vulgate Bible.

• Arts (pencil drawings, sketches and molding of clays)

• Showed special talent in painting & sculpture, wrote a Tagalog Play (which was
presented at a town fiesta, and later on penned a short play in Spanish which was
presented at school).
 Don Francisco Mercado
• Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado
• May 11, 1818 in Biñan Laguna.
• Took Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose Manila.
• He was an independent-minded, taciturn, but dynamic
gentleman, from whom Rizal inherited his "free-soul“.
• Tiniente Gobernadorcillo (lieutenant governor) in Calamba.
• A productive farmer.
• Settled in Calamba, granted lease of a rice farm in the
Dominican-owned haciendas.
• Met and fell in love with Teodora Alonzo, got married on June
28, 1848.
 Doña Teodora Alonzo
• Doña Teodora Alonzo Quintos Realonda "Lolay“
• November 8, 1826 in Sta. Cruz Manila, baptized in Sta.
Cruz Church
• Studied at College of Santa Rosa, school for girls.
• An educated & highly cultured woman, usually described
as diligent business minded woman, very graceful but
courageous, well-mannered, religious and well read. A
very dignified and she disliked gossip and bulgar
conversations.
• Possessing refined culture & literary talents, she influenced her children to love the
arts, literature and music.
• To help in the economy of the family, she ran sugar & flour, mills and a small store
in their house selling home made ham, sausages, jams, jellies and many others.
• It is believed that Doña Teodora's family descended from Lakandula, the last
native king of Tondo.
 JOSE RIZAL’S SIBLINGS

Saturnina Rizal (1850-1914)

• The Eldest

• She and her mother was the one who provided little
Jose with good basic education by the age of 3, Pepe
(Jose's nickname) already knew his alphabet.
 Paciano Rizal ( March 7, 1851)
• Jose's only brother.
• Ñor Paciano or Senyor Paciano
• Studied in San Jose College in Manila
• Became a farmer and later on a General of the Philippines.
• After Jose's execution in December 1896, he joined the
Katipuneros in Cavite under General Emilio Aguinaldo.
• He was commissioned as General of the revolutionary forces
and elected as secretary of finance in the Department
Government of Central Luzon.
 Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)
• Also known as “Sisa”

• 3rd child

• Like Saturnina, she helped in financing Rizal’s

studies in Europe.

• Pawning her Jewelries and peddling her clothes if needed.

• She could recite from memory almost all of the poems of our national
hero.
 Olympia Rizal (1855 – 1887)
• 4th child

• Jose love to tease her, sometimes good-humoredly

describing her as his stout sister

• Jose’s first love, Segunda Katigbak, was Olympia’s

schoolmate at the La Concordia College.
 LUCIA RIZAL (1857 – 1919)
• 5th child

• Married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, Laguna

• Charged of inciting the Calamba townsfolk not to pay

land rent and causing unrest, the couple was once
ordered to be deported along with some Rizal family
members.

• Her husband died during Cholera epidemic in May 18,

1889.
 Maria Rizal ( 1859 – 1945)
• 6th child

• It was to her whom Jose talked about wanting to marry

Josephine Bracken

• In Jose’s letter dated December 12, 1891, he also

brought up to Maria his plan of establishing a Filipino
Colony in North British Borneo.
 Concepcion Rizal ( 1862 – 1865 )
“Concha”
• 8th child

• She died at the age of 3

• It was said that young Pepe love the most little Concha
who was a year younger than he

• Played games and shared children stories with her.

 Josefa Rizal ( 1865 – 1945 )
“Panggoy”
• 9th child
• She died a spinster.
• Among Jose’s letter to Josefa, the one dated October 26, 1893
was perhaps the most fascinating. Written in English,
addressed Josefa as “Miss Josephine Rizal”.
• After Jose’s martyrdom, the epileptic Josefa joined the
Katipunan.
 Trinidad Rizal ( 1868 – 1951 )
“Trining”
• 10th child
• Historically, she became the custodian of Rizal’s last and
greatest poem.
• Right before execution, Trining and their mother visited him
in the Fort Santiago prison cell.
• Before leaving, Jose handed her an alcohol cooking stove
from the Pardo de Taveras.
• Mi Ultimo Adios
• Like Josefa, Paciano and two nieces, Trinidad joined the
Katipunan after Jose’s death.
 Soledad Rizal ( 1870 – 1929 )
“Choleng”
• Youngest child
• Teacher, best-educated among Rizal’s sisters.
• Based on Jose’s letter to Choleng, dated June 6, 1890, he told
that he is proud to her sister for becoming a teacher.
• “For the one who should teach should be better than the
person’s who need her learning.”
• Rebuking her for marrying Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba
without their parent’s consent.
• Miguel Malvar
• One of Choleng’s daughter married Bernabe Malvar, son of
Gen. Miguel Malvar.
 The Surname Rizal
• Had their forefathers not adopted other names, Jose and Paciano could have been
known as “Lamco" brothers.
• Their paternal great-great grandfather, Chinese merchant Domingo Lamco adopted
the name “Mercado”
• Jose's father, Francisco, who eventually became primarily a farmer, adopted the
surname “Rizal”, originally (Ricial)
• Don Francisco thus settled on the name “Rizal Mercado” as a compromise, and
often just used his more known surname “Mercado”.
• When Paciano was a student at the College of San Jose, he used "Mercado" as his
last name.
• Commenting on using the name "Rizal" at Ateneo, Jose once wrote: "My Family
never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it,
thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" (as cited in Arizza, 2012,
para. 8).
• But this very name suggested by Paciano to be used by his brother had become so
well known by 1891. As Jose wrote to a friend, “All my family now carry the name
Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too
want to join them and be worthy of this family name…” (as cited in Arriza, 2012,
para 8).
 Rizal’s Birth
• Doña Teodora, mother of Rizal, suffered the greatest
during the birth of our National Hero. Because Rizal's head
is bigger than normal.

• In 1848 his parents decided to build a home this town in

Laguna, The name Calamba, from the word kalan banga,
which means clay stove (kalan) and water jar (banga).

• The first massive stone house or bahay na bato in Calamba

laguna was the very birth place of our national hero. It was
a rectangular two storey building built of adobe stone and
solid wood, with sliding capiz window.
 The Childhood of a Phenom
• A phenom is someone who us exceptionally talented or admired, especially an
up-and-comer. Rizal, especially during his childhood, was none less than a
phenom.
• Jose Rizal's first memory, in his infancy, was his happy days in their family garden
when he was three years old.
• Memory of his infancy included the nocturnal walk in the town especially when
there was a moon.
• Jose recalled the "Aya" (nursemaid)
• Another memory, was the daily Angelus Prayer in their home.
• When Concha died of sickness in 1865, Jose mournfully wept at losing her and he
later wrote his memoir.
• At the age of five, the young Pepe learned to read the spanish family bible, which he
would refer to later in his writings.
• As a child, Rizal loved to go to the chapel, pray, participate in novenas, and join
religious processions.
• Also at the age of five, Pepe started to make pencil sketches and mold clay and way
objects, which attracted his fancy.
• When Jose is seven years old, his father provided him exciting experience of riding a
"casco" (a flat-bottomed boat with a roof) on their way to a pilgrimage in Antipolo.
• As a gift, the child Jose received a pony named "Alipato" from his father. As a child,
he loved to ride his pony or take long walks in the meadows and lakeshore with his
black dog named "Usman".
• The mother also induced Jose to love the arts, literature, and the classics.
• Before he was eight years old, he had written a drama.
• Contrary to the "former" common knowledge however, Rizal did not write the
Filipino poem "Sa aking mga kababata/kabanata".
• Young Rizal was also interested in magic.
• Some other influences of Rizal's involved his three uncles: his Tio Jose Alberto, Tio
Manuel, Tio Gregorio.
 The Story of The Moth
• To impart essential life lessons, Lolay held regular story sessions with the young
Rizal. Doña Teodora loved to read to pepe stories from the book " Amigo de los
Niños ( The children's friend. )
• One day she scolded his son for making drawings on the pages of a story book .
To teach a value of obedience to one's parent's she afterward read him a story in it.
• Rizal was too focused on watching the moth in the flame that he didn’t notice that
her mother was done reading the story. Then there’s one thing that he learned that
is very important in history since it helped mold Rizal to becoming a hero for our
nation. He never thought that a moth could give him a lesson that he would carry
forever.
 Education in Calamba
• The familiar statement that Dona Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher is not just a sort
of “venerating” his mother who sacrificed a lot for our hero.
• In Rizal’s time, seldom would one see a highly educated woman of a fine culture
like Dona Teodora who had the capacity to teach Spanish, reading, poetry and
values through rare story of books.
• Jose learned the alphabet and Catholic prayers at the age of 3, and learned to read
and write at age of 5.
• Aside from his mother. Jose’s sister Saturnina and three maternal uncles also
mentored him.
• To further enhance what Rizal had learned, private tutors were hired to give him
lessons at home.
 Education in Biñan
• Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñan.
• In June 1869, his brother Paciano brought him to the school of Maestro Justiniano
Aquino Cruz.
• During the first day at the Biñan school, the teacher asked Rizal:
“Do you know Spanish?”
“A little sir” replied Rizal
“Do you know Latin?”
“A little sir”
• Because of this, his classmates especially the teacher’s son Pedro laughed at the
newcomer.
• After the class, he had an arm-wrestling match with his classmate Andres
Salandanan.
• In the following days, Jose was said to have some other fights with Biñan boys.
• Rizal might not have won all his brawls but he, nevertheless beat all Biñan
boys academically in Spanish, Latin and many other subjects.
Thank youuu…
Chapter IV

Higher Education & Life Abroad

Education in Manila and Europe and Early Travels

● In June 1872, Don Francisco sent his son Jose for further education to Manila.

● From 1877 to 1882. Rizal studied at the University of Santo Tomas, enrolling in the
course Philosophy and Letters, but shifted to Medicine a year after.

● During his first year at UST, he simultaneously took at the Ateneo a vocational course
leading to being an expert surveyor.
Education in Manila and Europe and Early Travels

● In Casa Tomasing, his landlord and uncle Antonio

Rivera had a daughter. Leonor, who became Jose's
sweetheart.

Rizal's crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera, his true

love' (OurHappySchool.com)
Education at the Ateneo

● There is a claim that from the Bifian school, Rizal studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran.

● Don Francisco sent him to enroll instead in Ateneo Municipal in June 1872. Run by the
Jesuit congregation (Society of Jesus).

● Paciano found Jose a boarding house in Intramuros but Jose later transferred to the house
of a spinster situated on Calle Carballo in the Santa Cruz area. There he became acquainted
with various mestizos who were said to be begotten by friars
Education at the Ateneo

● To encourage healthy competitions, classes at the Ateneo were divided into - two groups,
which constantly competed against each other: One group, named the Roman Empire,
comprised the interns (boarders) while the other one, the Carthaginian Empire, consisted
of the externs (non-boarders).

● When the term ended, he attained the mark of “excellent” in all the subjects and in the
examinations. On March 23, 1877, he received the Bachelor of Arts degree, graduating as
one of the nine students in his class declared “sobresaliente” or outstanding.
Education at the Ateneo

● Some of his priest-professors at the Ateneo were Jose Bech, a man with mood swings and
somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor; Francisco de Paula Sanchez, an upright, earnest,
and caring teacher whom Rizal considered his best professor; Jose Vilaclara; and a certain
Mineves.

● At the Ateneo, Rizal cultivated his talent in poetry. applied himself regularly to gymnastics, and
devoted time to painting and sculpture. Don Augustin Saez, another professor, thoughtfully guided
him in drawing and painting, and the Filipino Romualdo de Jesus lovingly instructed him in
sculpture.
Education at the UST

● In 1877, Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and
letters. At the same time, he took a land surveyor and assessor's degree.

● After a year at UST, Jose shifted his course and enrolled in Medicine to be able to cure the
deteriorating eyesight of his mother.

● If records were accurate, Rizal had taken a total of 19 subjects in UST and finished them with
varied grades, ranging from excellent to fair.
Education in Europe

● On May 3, 1882, Rizal left for Spain and enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the
Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3.
● In June of 1884, Rizal received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23.
● On his 24th birthday, the Madrid university awarded him the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy
and Letters with the grade of excellent (sobresaliente).
● On February 3, 1886, Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany. He attended the lectures of Dr. Otto
Becker and Professor Wilhelm Kuehne at the University of Heidelberg.
Education in Europe

● Afterward, Rizal spent three months in the nearby village, Wilhemsfeld.

● He stayed at the pastoral house of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer, In August.
● In 1886, he attended lectures on history and psychology at the University of Leipzig.
● In November 1886, he reached Berlin, the famous city where he worked as an assistant in Dr.
Schweigger’s clinic and attended lectures at the University of Berlin
● In April 1887, he was invited to deliver an address in German before the "Ethnographic Society” of
Berlin on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language.
● In Germany. Rizal met and befriended the famous academicians and scholars at the time.
Life in Europe

● In 1882, Rizal stopped attending classes, for he was sick and tired of the discriminatory and oppressive
Dominican professors.
● On May 3 of that year, he thus left for Spain not only to complete his studies but also to widen his political
knowledge through exposure to European governments.
In Europe

● On his way to Madrid, Rizal had many stopovers.

● On September 16, 1882. Rizal met and befriended Consuelo
Ortiga y Rey, the prettiest of the daughters of Don Pablo
Ortiga y Rey.

Consuelo Ortiga y Rey: Depicted by OurHappyschool.com as'Crush ng

Bayan’ Rizal’s time (ourhappyschool.com)
In Europe

● Rizal enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid on
November 3, 1882. In Rizal's letter dated February 13, 1883. he informed Paciano of his meeting
with some Filipinos.
● Ironically, a year after that sumptuous feasting. Rizal became penniless as his family encountered
economic regression
● “Hayop man, ‘pag nagugutom, tumatapang!"
● In 1885, Rizal who had finished his two courses in Madrid went to Paris, France
In Europe

● On February 3, 1886, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany. He attended lectures and training at the University of
Heidelberg where he was said to have completed his eye specialization.
● Afterward, Rizal settled for three months in the nearby village, Wilhemsfeld, at the pastoral house of a Protestant
pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer.
● Rizal wrote a letter in German and sent it with a bilingual (Spanish and Tagalog) book Aritmiteca to Blumentritt who
was interested in studying Jose's native language. Having reached Dresden afterward, he met and befriended Dr.
Adolph B. Meyer, the Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.
● In November 1886, he went to Berlin and further enhanced his skills and knowledge in ophthalmology. On February
21, 1887, he finished his first novel, the Noli, and it came off the press a month later.
Grand Europe Tour

● Rizal traveled to various places in Europe with his friend

Maximo Viola who loaned him some amount to cover for the
printing of the Noli.
● They went first to see Potsdam, a city of Southwest of Berlin.

The Spanish inscription translates:

“To my distinguished friend Don Fernando Blumentritt, proof of my

affection, Jose Rizal”
Self-Portrait of Rizal sent to Blumentritt: The Spanish inscription translates: "To my
distinguish friend Don Fernando Blumentritt, proof of my affection, Jose Rizal
(ourhappyschool.com)
0
Grand Europe Tour

● On May 11, 1887, they left Berlin for Dresden and witnessed the regional floral exposition.
● Because of wanting to see Blumentritt, they went to Leitmetriz, Bohemia passing through Teschen
(Decin, Czechoslovakia)
● The professor introduced them to his family and to famous European scientists, like Dr. Carlos
Czepelak and Prof. Robert Klutschak.
● On May 16, the two Filipinos left Leitmetriz for Prague where they saw the tomb of the famous
astronomer Copernicus.
Grand Europe Tour

● They met the famed Austrian novelist in Vienna and Rizal was interviewed by Mr. Alder, a
correspondent of the newspaper Extra Blatt ("Rizal in Vienna")
● To see the sights of the Danube River, they left Vienna in a boat where they saw passengers using
paper napkins. From Lint, they had a short stay in Salzburg Reaching Munich they tasted the local
beer advertised as Germany's finest.
● In Switzerland they toured Schaffhausen, Basel, Bern, and Lausanne before zaying in Geneva.
● On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola for it was his (Rizal) 26th birthday.
First Homecoming

● Jose was adamant in his decision to return to his native land.

● From a French port in Marseilles, he boarded on July 3, 1887 the steamer “Djemnah".
● It reached Saigon on the 30th of the month. Rizal then took the steamer “Haiphong'' and reached
Manila near midnight of August 5.
● He returned to Calamba on August 8.
● He began to be dubbed as “German doctor” or “Doctor Uliman” (from the word “Aleman” which
means German)
First Homecoming

● Rizal was summoned by the Governor-General Emilio Terrero

● Terrero nonetheless assigned Rizal a bodyguard, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, to protect the
balikbayan from his adversaries.
● In December 1887, the Calamba folks asked Rizal's assistance in collecting information regarding
Dominican hacienda management.
● Rizal had objectively reported among others
● The friars pressured the governor-general to “advise” the author of the Noli to leave the country.
Second Travel Abroad

What Jose Rizal failed to accomplish in his six-month stay in the country during his first homecoming was
to visit his girlfriend Leonor Rivera in Pangasinan. His father strongly opposed the idea sensing that the
visit would put Leonor’s family in jeopardy.
In Hong Kong and Japan

● On February 3, 1888, Rizal sailed to Hong Kong onboard “Zafiro’ and just stayed inside the ship
during its shortstop at Amoy. He stayed at Victoria Hotel in Hong Kong and visited the nearby city
Macau for two days along with a friend, Jose Maria Basa.
● On February 28, he reached Yokohama, Japan, and proceeded to Tokyo the next day.
● In March 1888, he heard a Tokyo band playing European music and was astonished to find out
after the gig that some of its members were Filipinos.
In Hong Kong and Japan

● The 23-year old Seiko Usui whom he fondly called ‘O-Sei-San’

became his tour guide and sweetheart rolled into one

Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San): Rizal's tour guide and sweetheart in

Japan. (OurHappySchool.com)
Sail to the West

● But because he loved his mission more than O-Sei-San, Rizal boarded the “Belgic” on April 13,
1888. In the vessel, he had befriended Tetcho Suehiro.
● The ship arrived in San Francisco on April 28.
● He finally reached New York on May 13.
● On Bedloe Island, he had seen the Statue of Liberty symbolizing freedom and democracy.
In Great Britain, Paris, and Spain

● Onboard the ship “City of Rome,” Rizal sailed for Liverpool

on May 16, 1888 and arrived there on May 24.
● In June 1888, Rizal made friends with Dr. Reinhold Rost
and his family. Expert in Malayan language, Rost had in his
house a good Filipiniana library. Our national hero was
described by Rost as “a pearl of a man” (“una perla de
hombre").

Gertrude Beckett: Rizal called her by her nickname

'Gettie' and she affectionately called him 'Pettie'.
In Great Britain, Paris, and Spain

● In London, Rizal manually copied and annotated Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare book available in the
British Museum.
● He also became the honorary president of the patriotic society Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association)
and wrote articles for the La Solidaridad.
● In his 10-month stay in London, he had short visits in Paris, Madrid, and Barcelona. In Spain, he met Marcelo H. del
Pilar for the first time. (For detailed discussions on Rizal's collaborations, friendship, rivalry, and “quarrels” with Del
Pilar, read Appendix L: “Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.)
● Del Pilar was one of the renowned members of the Propaganda Movement, along with Graciano Lopez Jaena
(publisher of La Solidaridad), Mariano Ponce, and Rizal.
In Great Britain, Paris, and Spain

● Propaganda was a patriotic socio-political

organization and its members were mainly the
Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and the Filipino
students studying in Europe's universities.
● The Propaganda had a principal publication, the La
Solidaridad.

Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena: Called the

Triumvirate of the Propaganda
Movement
In Great Britain, Paris, and Spain

Propagandists specifically advocated :

(a) the recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain and its (Philippines) representation in the
Spanish parliament (Cortes Generales)
(b) the secularization of the Philippine parishes and clergy
(c) the equality between the Spanish and the Filipino, especially in entering government service;
(d) the establishment of government-funded schools not run by the friars;
(e) the abolition of the “polo” (forced labor) and “vandala” (forced sale of local products to the
government); and
(f) the recognition of human rights and freedom, especially the freedoms of speech and association.
In Great Britain, Paris, and Spain

● Seemingly advocating racial or cultural integration, the Propaganda Movement is thus branded as
assimilationist.
In France

● Leaving London for good, he went to Paris in March 1889.

● Rizal formed the Kidlat Club.

In Belgium

● Rizal shortly visited London for the last time.

● With Jose Albert, Rizal left Paris for Brussels on January 28,
1890.
● Rizal met and had a transitory affair with (another) Suzanne
(also called Petite), the niece of his landladies.

Suzanne Jacoby: Jose Rizal's Fling

(ourhappyschool.com)
In Belgium

● In Belgium, Rizal busted himself with writing the Fili and contributing for La Solidaridad using the
pen names Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.
● When he heard the news that the Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse, Rizal decided to go
home.
● They lost the court case against the Dominicans in the Philippines and they intended to bring the
case to Madrid.
In Madrid

● August 1890, Rizal traveled to Madrid. Along with his lawyer, Marcelo H del Pilar, he tried to seek
justice for his family but could not find any influentic Spaniard who could help them.
● In 1890, Rizal also met in Madrid the Filipino student Edilberto Evangelist Perhaps sensing his
potential, Rizal counseled Evangelista to take engineering in Belgium.
● Rizal heard and his family was forced to leave their land in Calamba, and some family members
were even deported to far places.
In Madrid

● Rizal challenged his friend Antonio Luna when he (Luna),

unsuccessful in seeking Nellie Boustead’s love and dared to duel
Wenceslao Retana of the anti-Filipino newspaper La Epoca.
● In Madrid, Rizal also heard the news of Leonor Rivera's marriage to
the Englishman Henry Kipping was the choice of Leonor’s mother.
● As if “misfortunes” were not enough, there also emerged the Del
Pilar-Rizal rivalry for leadership in the "Asociacion Hispano
Filipino”
Heneral Luna: Rizal once challenged his friend Antonio
Luna to duel (OurHappySchool.com)
In Biarritz, Paris, and Brussels

● Rizal proceeded to take a more-than-a-month vacation in Biarritz on February 1891

● In Biarritz, he continued to work on his El Fili and completed its manuscript on March 29.

● In Brussels, Rizal revised and prepared for printing his second novel until the end of May. By June
1891, he was already looking for a printing firm to print the El Filibusterismo.
In Ghent

● Rizal went to Ghent in July 1891 because the cost of printing in the place was cheaper.

● The publisher F. Meyer-Van Loo Press, No. 66 Viaanderen Street agreed to print the El Fili on an
installment basis. Rizal ran out of funds, and the printing had to be suspended on August 6.

● But through Valentin Ventura’s “salvific” act, the “El Filibusterismo” came off the press on
September 18, 1891. Two weeks after, he visited Paris for the last time to bid goodbye to his
friends and compatriots.
In Hongkong & Sandakan

● He arrived in Hongkong on November 20.

● Having escaped the friars' persecution, Rizal's family also arrived in Hongkong and they had a sort
of family reunion in the Yuletide season of 1891.
● In Hongkong, Rizal opened a medical clinic, and Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez (Rizal's friend who helped
him to have many patrons for his medical clinic.
● In March 1892, he went to Sandakan (East Malaysia) to negotiate with British authorities
concerning the founding of a Filipino colony in North Borneo.
Second Homecoming

• Wanting to confer with Despujol concerning his North Borneo colonization project, Rizal left Hong
Kong on June 21, 1892, along with his sister Lucia.

• Andres Bonifacio: He attended the La Liga Filipinos' meeting spearheaded by Rizal in Tondo, Manila.

• Rizal and his sister arrived in Manila at noon on June 26, 1892, at 7 p.m.

• On June 27, he took a train and visited his friends in Central Luzon.

• On June 29, 30, and July 3, he had other interviews with Despujol.
Second Homecoming

● On the evening of July 3, Rizal spearheaded the meeting in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco on
Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila

● Rizal explained the aims of the civic association La Liga Filipina.

● Having Ambrosio Salvador as the president

● Rizal was arrested during his interview with the governor-general.

Second Homecoming

● The vessel docked at Dapitan in Zamboanga del Norte on the evening of July 17.

● The ship captain Delgras handed him over to the local Spanish commandant, Ricardo Carnicero—
and that event signaled the start of Rizal's life as a deportee in Dapitan.
Thank you for listening!