Week 9 Topic 1 Types of Tissue

LECTURE HANDOUT 4:
TYPES OF TISSUE AND TISSUE REPAIR
TOPIC 2 :Types of Tissue and Tissue Repair

TOPIC OBJECTIVES:
After Topic 2, you are expected to:
• Identify the different types of cells based on their characteristics;
• Discuss the functions of cell, tissues, glands, and membranes
• Name different structures of cells , tissues, glands, and membranes
• Name the two kinds of tissue repair

Introduction
• The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the
body.
• The cells within a tissue share a common embryonic origin.
• Epithelial tissue, also referred to as epithelium, refers to the sheet of cells

that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and
passageways, and forms certain glands.
Introduction
• Connective tissue, as its name implies, binds the cells and organs of the
body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of
all parts of the body.
• Muscle tissue is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to

provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary)
muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart.
Introduction
• Nervous tissue is also excitable, allowing the propagation of

electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate
between different regions of the body.
• The next level of the organization is the organ, where several types of
tissues come together to form a working unit.
Introduction
• The four types of Body Tissue:

• Stratified squamous epithelial
tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Connective TissueNervous
• Nervous Tissue
Topic 2: Types of Tissue and Tissue Repair
A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• The lining, covering, and glandular
tissue of the body.
• The glandular epithelium forms
various glands in the body.
• Covering and lining epithelium
covers all free body surfaces and
contains versatile cells.
There are Four Major Functions of the Epithelium
Tissue
1. It Protects Underlying Tissues
• Our skin is epithelial tissue and protects us from the harmful rays of the
sun and certain chemicals.
• The lining of our digestive tract is made of epithelial tissue and protects underlying
tissue from abrasion as food moves through the tract.
Tissue
2. It absorbs
• In the lining of the small intestine nutrients from our digested food enter blood capillaries and get
carried to the cells of our body.
3. It secretes
• All glands are made of epithelial tissue; the endocrine glands secrete hormones, the mucus glands
secrete mucus, and our intestinal tract contains cells that secrete digestive enzymes in addition to
the pancreas and the liver, which secrete the major portions of digestive enzymes.
Tissue
4. Epithelial tissue excretes
• Sweat glands excrete waste products such as urea

Special Characteristics of Epithelium
• Epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets. Neighboring

cells are bound together at many points by cell junctions, including
desmosomes and tight junctions.
• The membranes always have one free (unattached) surface or edge.

Apical surface is exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an
internal organ.
Source:
droualb.faculty.mjc.edu
Apical Surface
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Epithelium Source: droualb.faculty.mjc.edu

• The lower surface of an epithelium rests on a
basement membrane, a structure less
material secreted by the cells.
• Epithelial tissues have no blood supply of

their own (avascular) and depend on
diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying
connective tissue for food and oxygen.
• If well nourished, epithelial cells regenerate

themselves easily.
What are the classifications of
Epithelium?
Classifications of Epithelium
Classifications of Epithelium are based on

the following indications:
a. The first classification indicates the
relative number of cell layers it has or the
cell arrangement.
• Simple Epithelium – one layer of cells
• Stratified Epithelium – more than one cell

• Pseudostratified – arrangement appears to

consist of several layers but, all cells extend
from the basement to the outer or free
surface of the cells.
• Transitional – epithelium consist of several

layers closely packed, flexible, and easily
stretched cells.

b. The second describes the shape of its

cell. On this basis there are:
• Squamous cells – flattened like fish scales
• Cuboidal cells – cube-shaped like dice
• Columnar cells – shaped like columns


c. The term describing the shape and

arrangement are then combined.
• Stratified Epithelia are named for the cells at

the free surface of the epithelial membrane,
not those resting on the basement
membrane.
a. Simple Epithelia
Source: biologydictionary.net
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
• A single layer of thin squamous resting on a basement membrane.
• The cell fit closely together, much like floor tiles.
• Forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid

diffusion.
a. Simple Squamous
o Air sacs of the lungs

o Walls of capillaries
o Serous membranes or serosae
– the slick membranes that line
the ventral body cavity and
cover the organs in that cavity.
a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.bio.Davidson.edu

2. Simple Cuboidal
• One layer of cuboidal cells resting on a

basement membrane.
• Common in glands and ducts
o Salivary glands
o Pancreas
o Walls of the kidney tubules and covers

the surface of the ovaries.
a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.easynotecards.com

3. Simple Columnar
• Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely

together
o Goblet cells, which produce lubricating mucus,

are the most seen in this type of epithelium.
o Lines the digestive tract from the stomach to

the anus
Mucosae or mucus membranes are epithelial

membranes that line body cavities open to the body
exterior.
a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.easynotecards.com

4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• All of the cells of pseudostratified rest on a

basement membrane.
• This type of cells is shorter than others, and

their nuclei appear at different heights above
the basement membrane as a result, this
gives rise the false (pseudo) impression that
it is stratified.
• Functions in absorption and secretion.

a. Simple Epithelia Source: biologydictionary.net

5. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium
• A ciliated variety that lines most of the

respiratory tract.
• The mucus produced by the goblet cells in

this epithelium traps dust and other debris
and the cilia propel the mucus upward and
away from the lungs.
B. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA Source: Iti-adx.adelaide.edu.au

• Consist of two or more cell layers
• Being considerably more durable than the

simple epithelia function primarily to protect.
1. Stratified Squamous Epithelia Source: biologydictionary.net

• The most common stratified epithelium in the
body.
• Consists of several layers of cells.
• The cells at the free edge are squamous.
• Found in sites that receives a good deal of

abuse or friction.
1. Stratified Squamous Epithelia Source: microbenotes.com

• The most common stratified epithelium in the
body.
o In the esophagus
o The mouth
o Outer portion of the skin

2. Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified

\ Columnar Epithelia Source: www.easynotecards.com
• Usually has just two cell layers with atleast
the surface cells being cuboidal in shape.
• The surface cells or stratified columnar

epithelium are columnar cells but its basal
cells vary in size and shape.
• Rarely found in the body found mainly in the

ducts of large glands
3. Transitional Epithelium Source: www.easynotecards.com

• Highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium
that forms the following:
o Lining of the urinary bladder
o Lining of the ureters
o Part of the urethra
• Cells of the basal layers are cuboidal or

columnar those at the free surface vary in
appearance.
3. Transitional Epithelium Source: www.easynotecards.com

• When the organ is not stretched, the membrane is
many layered, and the superficial cells are rounded
and domelike.
• When the organ is distended with urine, the

epithelium thin and the surface cells flatten and
become squamous-like.
• This allows the ureter wall to stretch as a greater

volume of urine flows through the tubelike organ.
• In the bladder, it allows more urine to be stored.

4. Glandular Epithelium Source: www.toppr.com

• A gland consists of one or more cells that
make and secrete a particular product.
• Secretion typically contains protein molecules

in aquaeous (water-based) fluid.
• Secretion – is an active process in which the

glandular cells obtain needed materials from
the blood and use them to make their
secretion and then discharge.

• Two major types of glands:
o Endocrine glands lose their connection to

the surface (duct); thus they are often called
ductless glands. Their secretions (hormones)
diffuse directly into the blood vessels.
Examples: Thyroid, adrenals and pituitary
▪ Goblets cells are unicellular glands that

secrete mucus

• Two major types of glands:
o Exocrine glands retain their ducts, and their secretions
empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface.
▪ Simple Exocrine glands are the sweat glands, most

of the glands of the digestive tract and the
sebaceous glands.
▪ Compound Exocrine glands are made of several

component lobules each with ducts that join other
ducts, and these ducts are branching. Examples of
these ducts are mammary glands and large salivary
glands.
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characteristics: Source: www.youtube.com

• Connects body parts and found everywhere in
the body.
• The most abundant and widely distributed of
the tissue types
• This type of tissue allows movement and
provides support for other types of tissue.
• Matrixes are intercellular material abundant in
this tissue and the main sources of difference
between the different types of connective
tissue.
Common Characteristics: Source: www.slideshare.com

• The characteristics of Connective tissue include the
following:
• Variations in blood supply
o Most connective tissues are well vascularized

(they have good blood supply).
o Tendons and ligaments have a poor blood supply

and cartilages are avascular. All these structures
heal very slowly when injured.
Common Characteristics: Source: www.slideshare.com

• The characteristics of Connective tissue include the
following:
• Extracellular matrix
o Connective tissues are made up of many
different types of cell plus varying
amounts of a non-living substance found
outside the cells, called the extracellular
matrix.
•
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Source: www.slideshare.com
• All connective tissue consist of living cells surrounded by a matrix.

• Their major differences reflect fiber type and the number of fibers
in the matrix.
• From most rigid to softest
• The major connective tissue classes are:
o Bone
o Cartilage
o Dense connective tissue
o Loose connective tissue
o Blood
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1.Bone Source: www.slideshare.com

• Sometimes called osseous tissue
• Composed of bone cells sitting in cavities

called lacunae
• Surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix

that contains calcium salts and large numbers
of collagen fibers.
• Has an exceptional ability to protect and

support other body organs because of its
rock hardness.
2. Cartilage Source: www.pinterest.com

• Less hard and more flexible than
bone:
• Hyaline Cartilage
• Fibro Cartilage
• Elastic Cartilage
2. Cartilage Source: www.wikipedia.com

a. Hyaline cartilage
• the most widespread and has an abundant collagen

fiber hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-
white appearance.
• Forms the supporting structures of the:
o larynx or voice box
o Attaches the ribs to the breastbone
o Covers the ends of bones where they form joints
o The skeleton of a fetus


b. Fibro Cartilage
• Highly compressible and forms the
cushion-like disks
o Between the vertebrae of the spinal

column.
o Pubic symphysis between the pubic

bone

c. Elastic Cartilage
• Found where a structure with elasticity is
desired
o Supports the external ear
o Epiglottis
o Inside the auditory ear tube

3. Dense Connective Tissue Source: www.lumenlearning.com

• Also called dense fibrous tissue that has
collagen fibers as its main matrix element.
• Crowded between the collagen fibers of rows

fibroblasts (fiber-forming) that manufacture
the fibers.
• Forms strong, ropelike structures such as

tendons and ligaments.
3. Dense Connective Tissue Source: lumenlearning.com

a. Tendons
• Attach skeletal muscles to bones
b. Ligaments
• Connect bones to bones at joints
• Stretchy and contain more elastic

fibers than tendons
4. Loose Connective Tissue Source: www.didacticsonline.com

• These are softer and have more cells
and fewer fibers than any other
connective tissue except blood.
a. Areolar Tissue
b. Adipose
c. Reticular Connective Tissue
d. Blood

a. Areolar Tissue
• The most widely distributed connective tissue in
the body.
• Small open place when viewed through a

microscope
• Soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and

protects the body organs it wraps.
• Functions as a universal packing tissue and

connective tissue “glue” because it helps to hold
the internal organs together and their proper
positions.

b. Adipose Tissue
• Commonly called fat, it is an areolar tissue in which fat cells
predominate
• Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, where it

insulates the body and protects it from extremes of both heat
and cold.
• Also protects some organs individually like:
o kidneys are surrounded by a capsule of fat
o Adipose tissue cushions the eyeballs in their sockets
o Fat “depots” in the body, such as the hips and breasts,

where fat is stored and available for fuel if needed.
Source: www.encyclopedia.lubopitko-
4. Loose Connective Tissue bg.com
c. Reticular Connective Tissue
• Consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular
fibers associated
• with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts.
• It forms the stroma (bed or mattress) or internal

supporting framework,
• which can support many free blood cells

(lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs such as
lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.
d. Blood or VascularTissue
• Considered a connective tissue because it consists of
blood cells, surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called
blood plasma.
• Uniquely specialized connective tissue consists of two

components:
o The formed elements of blood, or the blood cells
▪ The RBC
▪ The WBC
▪ The platelets or thrombocytes

d. Blood or VascularTissue
o The fluid part of blood or plasma
▪ Plasma is the liquid portion which is

91% water
▪ 7% are proteins; albumin, globulins and

fibrinogen
MUSCLE TISSUE
C. MUSCLE TISSUE bg.com
• These are highly specialized to contract, or
shorten, to produce movement
• These are elongated to provide a long axis

for contraction called fibers.
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth Muscle
MUSCLE TISSUE
C. MUSCLE TISSUE Source: www.Siyavula.com

a. Skeletal
• Packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs
called skeletal muscles, which are attached to the
skeleton.
• These type of muscles, can be controlled voluntarily
or consciously, form the flesh of the body, the so
called muscular system.
• When this cell contracts, they pull on bones or skin;
the result of their action is gross body movements or
changes in our facial expressions.
• The cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated;
they have obvious striations.
MUSCLE TISSUE

b. Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in the heart; as it contracts, the heart acts as a
pump and propels blood through the blood vessels.
• It has striations, uninucleated, branching cells that fit tightly

together at junctions called intercalated disks.
• Intercalated disks: contain gap junctions that:
o Allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell, resulting in

rapid conduction of the exciting electrical impulse across
the heart.
• Involuntary control, which means that we cannot consciously

control the activity of the heart
MUSCLE TISSUE

c. Smooth Muscle
• Visceral muscle because no striations are
visible.
• The individual cells have a single nucleus and

are spindle-shaped (pointed at each end).
• Found in the walls of hollow organs such as

the stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood
vessels.
MUSCLE TISSUE
C. MUSCLE TISSUE Source: www.chromosicence.com

c. Smooth Muscle
• When contracts, the cavity of an organ
alternately becomes smaller (constricts) or
enlarges (dilates) so that substances are
propelled through the organ along a specific
pathway.
• Contracts much more slowly than the other two.
• Peristalsis, a wavelike motion that keeps food
moving through the small intestine, is typical of
its activity.
NERVOUS TISSUE
D. NERVOUS TISSUE Source: www.youtube.com

• When we think of nervous tissue, we think of cells
called neurons
• All neurons receive and conduct electrochemical

impulses from one part of the body to another.
• Two Major Functional Characteristics
o irritability
o conductivity
• Along with a special group of supporting cells that

insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons.
NERVOUS TISSUE
D. NERVOUS TISSUE Source: www.youtube.com

• Brain, spinal cord and nerves make up the
structures of the nervous system
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
There are four Major Classifications of Tissues:
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Epidermal wounds are typically less severe than those affecting the dermis.
• Clotting may not occur if there is no breaching of the vasculature; however, an immune response is still generated as the
wound site is susceptible to infection.
References:
1. Marieb, Elaine N., Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition, Pearson Education Asia Pte.
Ltd., 2002
2. Seeley, Rod R.et.al., Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill
International Edition, 2008
Online Resources:
www.lumenlearning.com
www.youtube.com

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LECTURE HANDOUT 4:

TYPES OF TISSUE AND TISSUE REPAIR

TOPIC 2 :Types of Tissue and Tissue Repair

After Topic 2, you are expected to:

• Identify the different types of cells based on their characteristics;

• Discuss the functions of cell, tissues, glands, and membranes

• Name different structures of cells , tissues, glands, and membranes

• Name the two kinds of tissue repair

• The cells within a tissue share a common embryonic origin.

• Epithelial tissue, also referred to as epithelium, refers to the sheet of cells

• Muscle tissue is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to

• Nervous tissue is also excitable, allowing the propagation of

• The four types of Body Tissue:

1. It Protects Underlying Tissues

4. Epithelial tissue excretes

• Sweat glands excrete waste products such as urea

• Epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets. Neighboring

• The membranes always have one free (unattached) surface or edge.

Epithelium Source: droualb.faculty.mjc.edu

• Epithelial tissues have no blood supply of

• If well nourished, epithelial cells regenerate

Classifications of Epithelium are based on

Classifications of Epithelium are based on

• Pseudostratified – arrangement appears to

• Transitional – epithelium consist of several

Classifications of Epithelium are based on

b. The second describes the shape of its

• Squamous cells – flattened like fish scales

• Cuboidal cells – cube-shaped like dice

• Columnar cells – shaped like columns

Classifications of Epithelium are based on

c. The term describing the shape and

• Stratified Epithelia are named for the cells at

1. Simple Squamous Epithelium

• A single layer of thin squamous resting on a basement membrane.

• The cell fit closely together, much like floor tiles.

• Forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid

o Air sacs of the lungs

a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.bio.Davidson.edu

• One layer of cuboidal cells resting on a

• Common in glands and ducts

o Walls of the kidney tubules and covers

a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.easynotecards.com

• Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely

o Goblet cells, which produce lubricating mucus,

o Lines the digestive tract from the stomach to

Mucosae or mucus membranes are epithelial

a. Simple Epithelia Source: www.easynotecards.com

• All of the cells of pseudostratified rest on a

• This type of cells is shorter than others, and

• Functions in absorption and secretion.

a. Simple Epithelia Source: biologydictionary.net

• A ciliated variety that lines most of the

• The mucus produced by the goblet cells in

B. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA Source: Iti-adx.adelaide.edu.au

• Being considerably more durable than the

1. Stratified Squamous Epithelia Source: biologydictionary.net

• Consists of several layers of cells.

• The cells at the free edge are squamous.

• Found in sites that receives a good deal of

1. Stratified Squamous Epithelia Source: microbenotes.com

o Outer portion of the skin

2. Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified