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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT (Kalimat langsung): The sentence that is still original from the speaker without making any
changes.
He said to her, “I will visit you.”
Main Clause Sub Clause

David said, “I love you.”

Nadia says, “I am hungry.”

INDIRECT (Kalimat tidak langsung): The sentence that is used to rereport what the speaker said by making
some changes.
He said to her that he would visit her.
MC C SC

David said that he loved me.

Nadia says that she is hungry.

The rules of direct-indirect:

 If the Main Clause is in Simple Present Tense/Present Perfect/Simple Future Tense, the tense of Sub
Clause is constant.
Direct: He says to her, “I will visit you tomorrow.”
Present Tense Simple Future Tense

INDIRECT: He says to her that he will visit her tomorrow.

Simple Future Tense

DIRECT: Yusuf has said, “I am coming.”

Present Perfect Present Tense

INDIRECT: Yusuf has said that he is coming.

Present Tense

DIRECT: Hafiza will say, “You are right.”

Simple Future Tense Present Tense

INDIRECT: Hafiza will tell you that you are right.

Present Tense

 If the Main Clause is in Simple Past Tense/Past Perfect Tense, the tense of Sub Clause is usually
changes.
 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ==> SIMPLE PAST TENSE
DIRECT: David said, “I love you.”
Simple Past T Simple Present T

INDIRECT: David said that he loved me.

Simple Past Tense

DIRECT: She explained, “I never do it.”

INDIRECT: She explained that she never did it

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE ==> PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

DIRECT: She said, “The boy is sleeping.”
Present Continuous Tense

INDIRECT: She said that the boy was sleeping.

Past Continuous Tense

DIRECT: Zidan said, “I am having lunch.”

INDIRECT: Zidan said that he was having lunch.

 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ==> PAST PERFECT TENSE

DIRECT: Rani said, “I have met him.”
Present Perfect Tense

INDIRECT: Rani said that she had met him.

Past Perfect Tense
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DIRECT: They explained, “We have done it.”
INDIRECT: They explained that they had done it.
 PRESENT FUTURE TENSE ==> PAST FUTURE TENSE
DIRECT: Lidya said, “Rio will do it.”
Present Future T
INDIRECT: Lidya said that Rio would do it.
Past Future Tense

DIRECT: He said to her, “I will visit you tomorrow.”

INDIRECT: He said to her that he would visit her the following day.
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE ==> PAST PERFECT TENSE
DIRECT: He said, “I ate apple.”
Simple Past T Simple Past T

INDIRECT: He said that he had eaten apple.

Past Perfect Tense

DIRECT: She explained, “I did it yesterday.”

INDIRECT: She explained that she had done it the day before .

 If the content of Sub Clause is the general truth, the tense of Sub Clause doesn’t change although the
Main Clause is in Past Tense.
DIRECT: He says/said to him, “The world is round.”
General Truth

INDIRECT: He says/said to him that The world is round.

The changes of auxiliary verbs:

DIRECT INDIRECT
Do/Does Did
Have/Has Had
Am/Are/Is Was/Were
Was/Were Had been
Will/Shall Would/Should
Can Could
May Might
Must/Have to/Has to ..… Had to ..…

The changes of adverbs:

DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Then
This That
These Those
Here There
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The day after
Today That day
Tonight That night
Last night The night before
Last week/month The week/month before
Next Sunday The Sunday after
Two days ago The two days before
Two days later The following two days
The day after tomorrow ….. In two days’ time ..…
He said, “I met him yesterday.” He said that he had met him the day
She said, “I will do it tomorrow.” before.
She said that she would do it the next day.

PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti)

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 Subject Pronoun : I, You, They, We, She, He, It.
 Object Pronoun : Me, You, Them, Us, Her, Him, It.