Mikvi: Bdwbu

BDwbU
miKvi (Government)
7
kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv I ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Ges bvMwi‡Ki ˆbwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I gvbweK weKvk mvabB
nj iv‡óªi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| ivóª G D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb K‡i miKv‡ii gva¨‡g| ivóª I mgvR‡f‡` G miKvi eë¯’v
wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb iv‡óª MYZš¿ _vK‡j Ab¨ †Kvb iv‡óª nq‡Zv GKbvqKZš¿ ev ivRZš¿ †`Lv hvq|
Avevi kvmb eë¯’vh cÖavb KZ©„Z¡ Kvi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡e Zvi DciI miKv‡ii aiY wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e RbM‡Yi
me©vwaK AskMÖn‡Y MwVZ miKviB ¯’vqx I mdj n‡q _v‡K| GB BDwb‡U miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM, wewfbœ ai‡Yi
miKv‡ii †`vl-MyY Ges wewfbœ iKg miKv‡ii cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-7.1t miKv‡ii aviYv I †kªwYwefvM cvV-7.7t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v
cvV-7.2t MYZ‡š¿i myweav I mxgve×Zv cvV-7.8t msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v
cvV-7.3t GKbvqKZ‡š¿i ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v cvV-7.9t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi
cvV-7.4t MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ cvV-7.10t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v
cvV-7.5t MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï kZ©vewj cvV-7.11t hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v
cvV-7.6t Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v wnmv‡e MYZš¿ cvV-7.12t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi
BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq
cvV-7.1 miKv‡ii aviYv I †kÖwY wefvM

(Concept and Classification of Goverment)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• miKv‡ii aviYv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
miKvi, GK‡Kw›`ªK, hy³ivóªxq, ˆ¯îZš¿, ivRZš¿, bMi ivóª, cywjkx ivóª,

RbKj¨vYg~jK ivóª|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
miKv‡ii aviYv
†h PviwU Dcv`vb wb‡q ivóª MwVZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi e¨ZxZ ivóª
cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e| iv‡óªi Kg©KvÛ miKv‡ii gva¨‡gB cÖKvwkZ nq| miKvi nj GKwU ev¯Íe ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZôvb| G‡K iv‡óªi gyLcvÎI ejv nq| e„nr A‡_© miKvi MwVZ nq mKj bvMwi‡Ki m¤§wZµ‡g| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
wbe©vPKgÛjx Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i miKvi MVb ev cwieZ©b K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Aa¨vcK †R WweøD Mvb©vi e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡”Q GKwU Kvh©-wbe©vnx gva¨g ev hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mvaviY
bxwZgvjv wba©vwiZ nq Ges hvi Øviv mvaviY welqvw` wbqwš¿Z nq I mvaviY ¯^v_© iwÿZ nq|Ó
Aa¨vcK Avi wR †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡”Q iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’v|Ó
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, iv‡óªi AvBb-Kvbyb, iv‡óªi wm×všÍ, wewa-wb‡la, B”Qv-Awb”Qv †h ms¯’v ev cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖKvwkZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ nq Zv‡K miKvi e‡j| miKviwenxb ivóª Zvi Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mÿg nq bv|
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM
ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤úwK©Z welqwU we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© eûKvj a‡i miKv‡ii
†kÖwYfv‡Mi welqwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| Aa¨vcK A¨vjvb ej (Alan Ball) Zuvi "Modern Politics
and Government” MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ib †h, ivóªweÁvb PP©vi m~Pbv jMœ †_‡K ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi †kÖwYwefv‡Mi
GKwU cÖ‡Póv memgq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| e¯‘Z †kÖwYwefv‡Mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi miKvwi KvVv‡gv I ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cš’v-c×wZi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨-êmv`„k¨ wePvi-we‡kølY Kiv hvq Ges Gi d‡j mswkøó welqmg~‡ni
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM: mbvZbx aviYv

miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© cÖvPxb I AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK gZ‡f` cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM g~jZ wZbwU| cÖvPxbKv‡j hviv miKvi‡K wewfbœ fv‡M we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨
wn‡iv‡WvUvm (Herodotus) Ges Gwi÷Uj (Aristotle) D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wn‡iv‡WvUvm ivRZš¿, KwZcqZš¿ I MYZš¿ G
wZb †kÖwY‡Z miKvi‡K wef³ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj miKvi‡K †h †kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ‡jb †mwU
†ewk cÖPwjZ Ges mvov RvMv‡bv|
Gwi÷Uj Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

miKv‡ii †kÖwY-wefvRb‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖvPxb Ges AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvPxb
ivóªweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ wMÖK `vk©wbK Gwi÷U‡ji bvg G †ÿ‡Î me©v‡MÖ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cwÛZ Gwi÷Uj Zuvi cÖL¨vZ
ÔcwjwU·Õ bvgK MÖ‡š’ weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, wZwb mgKvjxb 158wU
bMi iv‡óªi msweavb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i G †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb|
Gwi÷Uj `yÕwU g~j m~Î ev bxwZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| miKvi I kvmbeë¯’v‡K †K›`ª K‡i
wZwb G `ywU g~j m~Î Dc¯’vcb K‡ib−
(K) D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ (Principle of Purpose)
(L) msL¨v bxwZ (Principle of Number)
(K) D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ (Principle of Purpose) t D‡Ïk¨ bxwZi A_© n‡”Q ivóªÿgZv kvmK ev kvmK-†kÖwYi ¯^v‡_©
eëüZ n‡”Q bvwK Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡”Q Ges kvmK ev kvmK‡kÖwY Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z Pvq|
Gwi÷Uj D‡Ïk¨ bxwZi wfwË‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU miKvi‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb|
(i) ¯^vfvweK miKvi (Normal Government) Ges
(ii) weK…Z miKvi (Perverted Government)|
(i) ¯^vfvweK miKvi (Normal Government) t †h kvmbeë¯’v RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ Ges RbKj¨vY mva‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ †m miKvi‡K Gwi÷Uj ¯^vfvweK kvmbeë¯’v ev miKvi e‡j‡Qb| GLv‡b kvmK e¨w³ ¯^v‡_©i
K_v fz‡j wM‡q mvgwMÖK Rb‡Mvôxi ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡ib| ivRZš¿ (Monarchy), AwfRvZZš¿ (Aristocracy) Ges
b¨vqZš¿ (Polity) n‡”Q ¯^vfvweK miKvi|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 121

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
(ii) weK…Z miKvi (Perverted Government) t RbKj¨v‡Yi cwie‡Z© hLb kvmK ev kvmK‡Mvôxi ¯^v_© iÿvi
Rb¨B miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq, Gwi÷Uj Zv‡K weK…Z kvmbeë¯’v ev miKvi bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| ˆ¯îZš¿
(Tyranny), KwZcqZš¿ (Oligarcly) Ges MYZš¿ n‡”Q (Democracy) weK…Z miKvi|
(L) msL¨v bxwZ (Principle of Number) t miKv‡ii †kÖwY wefw³Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wØZxq bxwZwU nj msL¨v bxwZ|
msL¨v bxwZ Abymv‡i iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv KZRb e¨w³i nv‡Z b¨¯Í Av‡Q Zvi wfwË‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM Kiv
nq| msL¨v bxwZi wfwË‡Z Gwi÷Uj wZb †kÖwYi miKv‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb|
(i) GKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by one)
(ii) K‡qKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by few)
(iii) eûR‡bi kvmb (Rule by many)|
(i) GKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by one) t iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv GKR‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡j Ges RbKj¨vYmvabB
kvmbeë¯’v ev miKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ n‡j Zv‡K ivRZš¿ e‡j| A_©vr GK e¨w³i ¯^vfvweK kvmbB nj ivRZš¿| wKš‘
GK e¨w³i Øviv kvwmZ kvmb ÿgZv hw` †Kej kvmK ev ivRvi ¯^v‡_©B eëüZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K ˆ¯îZš¿ e‡j|
AZGe GK e¨w³ kvwmZ iv‡óªi weK…Z kvmb‡KB ˆ¯îZš¿ ejv nq|
(ii) K‡qKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by few) t iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ GKR‡bi cwie‡Z© K‡qKRb
e¨w³i nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡j Ges Zv Rbmvavi‡Yi g½j weav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡j Zv‡K AwfRvZZš¿ e‡j|
A_©vr gywó‡gq K‡qKRb e¨w³i ¯^vfvweK kvmbB nj AwfRvZZš¿| wKš‘ G kvmbeë¯’v ïaygvÎ kvmK‡kÖwYi gywó‡gq
K‡qKR‡bi ¯^v_© mva‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡j Zv KwZcqZš¿ (Oligarchy) wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| A_©vr gywó‡gq K‡qK e¨w³i
weK…Z kvmbB nj KwZcqZš¿|
(iii) eûR‡bi kvmb (Rule by many) t iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv eûR‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡j Ges me©mvavi‡Yi
Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡j, Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Zv nj b¨vqZš¿| wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq mKj bvMwi‡Ki
AskMÖnY _vK‡j b¨vqZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Gi weK…wZiƒc n‡”Q MYZš¿| MYZ‡š¿ ÿgZv eûR‡bi
nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wKš‘ G eë¯’v‡Z ÿgZv mvgvwRK b¨vqcivqYZv cÖwZôvi ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q ïaygvÎ kvmK
m¤úª`v‡qi ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ nq|
c~‡e©v³ `yÕwU g~j bxwZi wfwË‡Z Gwi÷Uj Qq cÖKvi kvmbeë¯’v ev miKv‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Gwi÷Uj cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

msL¨v bxwZ D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ
kvm‡Ki msL¨v ¯^vfvweK iƒc weK…Z iƒc
GKR‡bi kvmb ivRZš¿ ˆ¯îZš¿
K‡qKR‡bi kvmb AwfRvZZš¿ KwZcqZš¿
eûR‡bi kvmb b¨vqZš¿ MYZš¿
Gwi÷Uj Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv

Gwi÷U‡ji †kÖwYwefvM cÖvPxbKv‡j MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡jI AvaywbK Kv‡j MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv| ga¨hy‡Mi ci †_‡K G
†kÖwYwefv‡Mi weiæ‡× bvbv iKg weiƒc mgv‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| we‡kl K‡i ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ bv Kiv,
msL¨vi wfwË‡Z †kÖwYwefvM, MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© weiƒc aviYv, A‰eÁvwbK I Am¤ú~Y© †kÖwYwefvM e‡j A‡bK cwÛZ gZ
†cvlY K‡ib|

miKv‡ii AvaywbK iƒc

Gwi÷U‡ji c‡iI miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ †iv‡gi cwjweqvm (Polybius) I
wm‡m‡iv (Cicero)-i bvg D‡jøL Kiv hvq| GQvov Gwi÷U‡ji `„wófw½‡K †gvUvgywU AbymiY K‡i huviv wewfbœ mg‡q
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb Ru¨v †euv`v (Jean Bodin), Pvj©m
g‡›U¯‹z (Charles Montesquieu), Ugvm nem (Thomas Hobbes), Rb jK (John Locke), Rb ev‡R©m (John
Burgess), †Rvnvb eøy›Umwj (Johan Bluntschlli) cÖgyL|
g¨vwiqU Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kÖwYwefvM cÖm‡½ ivóªweÁvbx g¨vwiqU (John A. R. Marriott)-Gi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
g¨vwiq‡Ui †kÖwYwefvM AvaywbK I we¯Í…Z| g~jZ wZbwU wfwË‡Z wZwb miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb|
1| ÿgZvi AvÂwjK eÈ‡bi wePv‡i g¨vwiqU miKvi‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| G `yÕwU fvM nj t GK‡Kw›`ªK
(Unitary) miKvi I hy³ivóªxq (Federal) miKvi|
2| msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZi wePv‡i wZwb miKvi‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| G `ywU fvM nj t mycwieZx©q
(Flexible) miKvi Ges `y®úwieZ©bxq (Rigid) miKvi|
3| AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z wZwb wZb ai‡bi miKv‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb t ˆ¯îZš¿
(Despotic), msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` cwiPvwjZ (Parliamentary or cabinet form) Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
(Presidential)| †Kvb kvmb eë¯’v‡Z kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P wbe©vnxi wbqš¿Ynxb cÖvavb¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K ˆ¯îZš¿
e‡j| ‡h eë¯’v‡Z AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Zv‡K cvj©v‡g›Uvwi ev msm`xq miKvi e‡j| AvBb wefvM I kvmb
wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m¤ú~iK n‡j Zv‡K ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi e‡j|
Z‡e g¨vwiq‡Ui †kÖwYwefvMI cy‡ivcywi †g‡b †bIqv hvq bv| G †kÖwYwefvMI m¤ú~Y© bq| wZwb MYZš¿, GKbvqKZš¿,
ivRZš¿ cÖf…wZi K_v e‡jbwb|
jxKK& Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

g¨vwiqU‡K AbymiY K‡i w÷‡db wjKK (Stephen Leacock) miKv‡ii †h †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb Zv AvaywbK
ivóªweÁv‡bi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| wZbwU g~jbxwZi wfwË‡Z G †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq| G wZbwU bxwZ nj t
1| mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv eënviKvix ms¯’v wba©viY|
2| AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i cÖK…wZ|
3| kvmb ÿgZvi AvÂwjK eÈb bxwZ|
jxKK& miKvi‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb, MYZš¿ Ges ˆ¯îZš¿ ev GKbvqKZš¿| MYZš¿‡K wZwb Avevi
cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ G `yÕ‡kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| c‡ivÿ MYZš¿‡K Avevi wZwb `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb wbqgZvwš¿K
ivRZš¿ (Constitutional Monarchy) Ges cÖRvZš¿ (Republic)| ÿgZvi eÈ‡bi wePv‡i G‡ì Dfq‡K wZwb
`yÕfv‡e wef³ K‡i‡Qb, GK‡Kw›`ªK (Unitary) Ges hy³ivóªxq (Federal)| Avevi ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi wfwË‡Z
GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi Df‡qi `yÕwU iƒ‡ci K_v e‡j‡Qb t cvj©v‡g›U ev gwš¿cwil` cwiPvwjZ
(Parliamentary or Cabinet) Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ (Presidential) miKvi|

jxKK&‡K AbymiY K‡i miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM eë¯’vwU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
miKvi
GKbvqKZš¿ MYZš¿
cÖZ¨ÿ MYZš¿ c‡ivÿ MYZš¿
mmxg ivRZš¿ cÖRvZš¿
GK‡Kw›`ªK hy³ivóªxq
gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ
jxK‡K&i †kÖwYwefvRb‡KI me©‡Zvfv‡e MÖnY Kiv hvq bv| wZwb ˆ¯îZš¿ Ges GKbvqKZš¿‡K mgv_©K MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
ˆ¯îZš¿ I GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Dc-wefvM m¤ú‡K© †Kvb gZvgZ e¨³ K‡ib wb| G Kvi‡YB jxK‡K&i †kÖwYwefvR‡bi
Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxMY wKQzUv mskq cÖKvk K‡ib|
AvaywbK miKvi
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvR‡bi AvaywbK KvVv‡gvwU Av‡iv e¨vcK| wewfbœ gZev‡ì mvivsk msMÖn K‡i G aviYv M‡o
†Zvjv n‡q‡Q| †kÖwYwefvR‡bi G cÖKí Abyhvqx miKvi‡K wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb t ˆ¯îZš¿
(Autocracy), GKbvqKZš¿ (Dictatorship) Ges MYZš¿ (Democracy)| ˆ¯îZ‡š¿i wewfbœ iƒc i‡q‡Q− ivRZš¿
(Monarchy), mvgwiKZš¿ (Military rule) Ges AwfRvZ Zš¿ (Aristocracy)| GKbvqKZš¿ wZb ai‡bi− e¨w³MZ
(Personal), `jMZ (Party Dictatorship) Ges †kÖwYMZ GKbvqKZš¿ (Class Dictatorship)|
MYZš¿ GKwU e¨vcK aviYv| bvbvfv‡e Ges bvbvai‡Y Zvi cÖKvk N‡U| MYZš¿‡K e¨vcK A‡_© `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
nq| h_v, mxwgZ ev wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ (Limited or constitutional Monarchy) Ges cÖRvZš¿ (Republic)|
G‡ì Avevi ÿgZv eÈb Abyhvqx GK‡Kw›`ªK Ges hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i fvM Kiv hvq| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ
Abyhvqx GK‡Kw›`ªK Ges hy³ivóªxq miKvi‡K gwš¿mfv-PvwjZ Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kÖwYwefvM wb‡¤œ GKwU †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eÈb Kiv nj t

AvaywbK miKvi
ˆ¯îZš¿ GKbvqKZš¿ MYZš¿
ivRZš¿ mvgwiKZš¿ AwfRvZZš¿ e¨w³MZ `jMZ †kÖwYMZ cÖRvZš¿ wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿
gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ
gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ
miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© cieZx©Kv‡j bZzb Dcv`vb ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| ivR‰bwZK AvPiYev`x Ges
gvK©mev`xMY bZzb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †kÖwYwefvR‡bi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| AvPiYev`xMY miKv‡ii cwie‡Z©
ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vi we‡køl‡Yi c‡ÿ|
w÷‡db jxKK cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM †`Lvb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
ivóª GKwU weg~Z© aviYv| iv‡óªi PviwU Dcv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g iv‡óªi
jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ Ges Kg©-cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q _v‡K| AvaywbK ivóª eë¯’vq MYZvwš¿K miKvi c×wZ QvovI
Av‡iv K‡qKwU miKvi c×wZ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKbvqKZš¿, ivRZš¿, GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi
eë¯’v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| iv‡óªi Dcv`vb KqwU?
(K) 2 (L) 3
(M) 4 (N) 5

2| ÔmiKvi n‡”Q iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’vÕ− Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?

(K) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (L) Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj
(M) Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ (N) Aa¨vcK DB‡jvwe
3| 'The Politics’ MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K?
(K) m‡µwUm (L) †cø‡Uv
(M) Gwi÷Uj (N) Av‡jKRvÛvi
4| ÔThe Republic’ MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K?
(K) †cø‡Uv (L) Gwi÷Uj
(M) jvw¯‹ (N) †M‡Uj
5| Gwi÷Uj KqwU †`‡ki msweavb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i miKv‡ii †kÖwY wefvM K‡i‡Qb?
(K) 148 (L) 150
(M) 154 (N) 158
6| Gwi÷Uj KqwU g~jbxwZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb?
(K) 2 (L) 4
(M) 6 (N) 8
7| ivóªweÁvbx g¨vwiqU miKv‡ii KqwU †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb?
(K) 2 (L) 3
(M) 4 (N) 5
8| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z wbK…óZg miKvi †KvbwU?
(K) ga¨Zš¿ (L) ivRZš¿
(M) MYZš¿ (N) KwZcqZš¿
9| jxKK& miKvi‡K KZwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb?
(K) 2 (L) 4
(M) 6 (N) 8

cvV-7.2 MYZ‡š¿i myweav I mxgve×Zv

(Merits and Demerits of Democracy)
D‡Ïk¨
• MYZ‡š¿i myweav¸wj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• MYZ‡š¿i mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvg¨, ˆgÎx, ¯^vaxbZv, mykvmb, wecøe, AvB‡bi Abykvmb, cyuwRev`|
MYZ‡š¿i myweavmg~n
eZ©gvb mg‡q MYZš¿ m‡e©vrK…ó kvmbeë¯’v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| MYZ‡š¿i MyY ev mc‡ÿ mvaviYZ
wb¤œwjwLZ hyw³¸‡jv cÖ`k©b Kiv nq t
1| mvg¨, ˆgÎx I ¯^vaxbZv t Ômvg¨, ˆgÎx I ¯^vaxbZvÕ GB wZbwU Av`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i MYZ‡š¿i BgviZ ùvwo‡q
_v‡K| MYZ‡š¿ mK‡jB mgvb, mgvbvwaKvi bxwZwU ïay ZË¡MZfv‡e bq, ev¯Í‡eI M„nxZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| RvwZ,
ag©, eY©, abx-`wi`ª, bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvb Ges mK‡jB AvBb KZ…K © mgfv‡e
msiwÿZ nIqvi my‡hvM cvq|
2| †`k‡cÖg RvMwiZ nq t MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mK‡ji ¯^v_© mgfv‡e iwÿZ nq|
3| mykvmb cÖwZôv I mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab m¤¢e t †R‡iwg †eš’vg (Jeremy Bentham)-Gi g‡Z kvmK I kvwm‡Zi
¯^v‡_©i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i me©vwaK RbM‡Yi me©vwaK g½j mvab KivUvB nj mykvm‡bi cÖavb P¨v‡jÄ|
kvwmZ‡K kvm‡Ki c‡` DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡j G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv mnR nq| GKgvÎ MYZ‡š¿B kvwmZ
kvm‡Ki c‡` AwawôZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi gva¨‡g me©vwaK RbKj¨vY mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4| ¯’vwqZ¡ t A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ¯’vwqZ¡ nj MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Y| RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Dci Giƒc
kvmbeë¯’v cÖwZwôZ e‡j miKv‡ii cÖwZ RbMY AKzÉ mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
5| miKv‡ii ˆ¯îvPvwiZv †iva K‡i t MYZš¿ RbgZ cwiPvwjZ kvmbeë¯’v e‡j miKvi Rbg‡Zi f‡q mvaviYZ
ˆ¯îvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv|
6| wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv Kg t RbM‡Yi nv‡Z miKvi cwieZ©‡bi ÿgZv _vKvq RbM‡Yi Am‡šÍvl cyÄxf~Z n‡q i³ÿqx
wecø‡ei AvKvi aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
7| ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w×i mnvqK t MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq abx-`wi`ª, AwfRvZ-AfvRb, ¯¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l
cÖwZwU cÖvßeq¯‹ Ges my¯’ eyw×m¤úbœ e¨w³ cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| `vwqZ¡kxjZv t MYZš¿‡K ejv nq `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi| kvwm‡Zi m¤§wZ‡Z †h‡nZz MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ Ges
kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq ZvB MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxj _v‡K| GLv‡b miKvi gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ wKsev
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ †nvK bv †Kb RbM‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv|

9| AvB‡bi kvmb t mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg Dc`vb nj AvB‡bi kvmb (Rule of law)| AvB‡bi kvmb bxwZwU nj
RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l iv‡óªi mKj bvMwi‡Ki AvB‡bi mgvb AwaKvi jvf Kiv| AvB‡bi kvmb hw` †g‡b Pjv
bv nq Zvn‡j †m iv‡óªi kvwšÍ-w¯’wZkxjZv bó n‡q hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, MYZ‡š¿ mKj RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY _v‡K weavq G eë¯’vi Aax‡b Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ
nq| GLv‡b e¨w³i gh©v`v e„w× cvq, MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g gvbyl ivR‰bwZK wkÿv jvf K‡i| RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwaiv kvmb ÿgZv cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq bvbvwea mxgve×Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †ewkifvM ivóªweÁvbx MYZš¿‡KB
m‡e©vrK…ó kvmb eë¯’v g‡b K‡ib|
MYZ‡š¿i mxgve×Zv
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi c‡ÿ bvbv cÖKvi hyw³-Z‡K©i AeZviYv Kiv n‡jI weiæ×evw`MY wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Gi
mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| wb‡¤œ MYZ‡š¿i K‡qKwU mxgve×Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| A`ÿ‡ì kvmb t MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq miKvi msL¨vMwiô RbMY KZ…K© wbe©vwPZ nq| wKš‘ A‡bK †`‡k
RbM‡Yi wecyj Ask bvbvwea AÁZv, AÁvbZv, Kzms¯‹viMª¯Í _v‡K| G ai‡bi Rbmgv‡Ri ga¨ †_‡K D‡V
Avmv RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì A‡b‡Ki g‡aÏ, Gme `yej
© Zv weivR K‡i|
2| ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Afve t †nbix †gB‡bi g‡Z, ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Afve MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg cÖavb ÎæwU| AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv
hvq †h, RbMY KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ kvmbeë¯’vq ci¯úi we‡ivax ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø _vKvi d‡j kvmbKvh© h_vh_fv‡e
cwiPvjbv Kiv miKv‡ii c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv|
3| Avgjv‡ì cÖvavb¨ e„w× t MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq RbcÖwZwbwaeM© miKvi MVb Ki‡jI kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ †h we‡kl Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zuv‡ì †m Ávb _v‡K bv| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Avgjv‡ì
Ici Zuv‡ì AZ¨waK cwigv‡Y wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Avgjv‡ì cÖvavb¨ e„w×i A_©B nj `xN©m~ÎZv Ges
Rb¯^v_© D‡cwÿZ nIqv|
4| mr I †hvM¨ e¨w³i ¯’vb †bB t A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, MYZ‡š¿ mr I †hvM¨ e¨w³‡ì ¯’vb †bB| Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq
`jxq ivRbxwZi cÖvavb¨ _vKvq mr I †hvM¨ A_P ivRbxwZ-wegyL e¨w³iv wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb
bv|
5| `jxq kvm‡bi Kzdj t `j cÖ_v MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi Acwinvh© A½| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK
ÿgZv jv‡fi Ø›Ø A‡bK mgq msN‡l© iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †`‡ki kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv webó K‡i|
6| cyuwRev`‡K cÖkÖq †`q t A‡b‡K MYZš¿‡K ÔcyuwRev`x‡ì `yM©Õ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, cyuwRev`x iv‡óª
MYZš¿ ivR‰bwZK Ges wKQz cwigv‡Y mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôvi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡jI A_©‰bwZK mv‡gï Dci h‡_ó
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i bv|
7| msL¨vjNyi ¯^v_© D‡cwÿZ nq t A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, MYZš¿ msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb nIqvi Kvi‡Y msL¨vjwNôiv
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î AvBbmfvq cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì ¯^v_© µgvMZ D‡cwÿZ nq|
8| e¨qeûj t A‡b‡K MYZš¿‡K e¨qeûj kvmbeë¯’v e‡j mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| RbgZ MVb, wbe©vPb Abyôvb,
cÖPviKvh© cÖf…wZi †cQ‡b MYZ‡š¿ wecyj cwigvY A‡_©i AcPq nq|
9| Riæwi Ae¯’vi c‡ÿ Abyc‡hvMx t MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU wel‡q wm×všÍ
M„nxZ nq e‡j ewn:kÎæi AvµgY, wKsev eo ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi NUbvq Riæwi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi c‡ÿ Zv
A‡bK mgq Abyc‡hvMx e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

10| iÿYkxj kvmbeë¯’v t RbwcÖqZv a‡i ivLvq A‡bK g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq weavq MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq
RbcÖwZwbwaiv MZvbyMwZKZvi D‡aŸ© DV‡Z cv‡i bv|
11| `xN©m~wÎZv t A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, MYZ‡š¿ †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mgq miKvi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi mv‡_
civgk© K‡i _v‡K| G civgk© ev gZvgZ †_‡K wm×v‡šÍ †cŠuQv‡Z A‡bK mgq e¨q nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, MYZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× †hme hyw³i AeZviYv Kiv nq Zv‡ì A‡bK¸‡jv wfwËnxb Ges Kíbv-
cÖm~Z e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| jW© eªvB‡mi g‡Z, MYZš¿ nq‡Zv wek¦gvb‡ei g‡a¨ åvZ…Z‡¡ eva RvMwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb,
nq‡Zv †kÖô wkwÿZ gb‡K iv‡óªi Kv‡h© wb‡qvM Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb, nq‡Zv ivRbxwZ‡K ÎæwU gy³ Ki‡ZI e¨_© n‡q‡Q,
Z_vwc GK_v mZ¨ †h, Ab¨vb¨ kvmbeë¯’vi Zzjbvq AvR‡Ki MYZš¿ wb‡R‡K A‡bKUvB mvavib gvby‡li g‡bi g‡a¨
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
MYZ‡š¿i mxgve×Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
MYZš¿‡K A‡b‡K Aÿg I Awkwÿ‡Zi kvmb e‡j _v‡K| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq `jxq kvmb cÖwZdwjZ nq
e‡jI Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Z‡e eZ©gvb mg‡q MYZš¿‡K mev©‡cÿv RbwcÖq kvmbeë¯’v| MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi g‡Zi
cÖwZdjb n‡q _v‡K| MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡gB iv‡óª AvB‡bi Abykvmb, b¨vq I m‡Zï cÖwZôv m¤¢e| Gi gva¨‡g
†`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª mvsweavwbK Dcv‡q mykvmb cÖwZôv I RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY cÖwZôv Kiv
m¤¢e|
1| MYZvwš¿K kvm‡b wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv †Kgb?
K) Kg L) †ewk
M) G‡Kev‡iB †bB N) †KvbwUB bq
2| MYZš¿ miKv‡ii ‰¯îvPvwiZvi m¤¢vebv-
K) evovq L) Kgvq
M) m¤ú~Y© `~i K‡i N) †KvbwUB bq
3| Riæwi Ae¯’v‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v-
K) myweavRbK L) AmyweavRbK
M) jvfRbK N) †KvbwUB bq
4| MYZš¿ cyuwRev‡ì-
K) mnvqK L) kÎæ
M) cÖwZeÜK N) †KvbwUB bq

cvV-7.3 GKbvqKZ‡š¿i MyYvewj I mgm¨v

(Merits and Demerits of Dictatorship)
D‡Ïk¨
• GKbvqKZ‡š¿i MyYvewj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Kzdj¸wj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKbvqKZš¿, RvZxqZvev`, my`ÿ kvmbeë¯’v, w¯’wZkxj miKvi, AvgjvZš¿,

mvgwiK kvmb|
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i ¸Yvewj
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i mg_©K‡Kiv Zuv‡ì mgw_©Z kvmbeë¯’vi DrKl© cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi hyw³i
AeZviYv K‡ib| GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg ¸Y nj ZvrÿwYK wm×všÍ MÖnY| Z‡e Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ †h ¸Yvewj i‡q‡Q Zv
wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| my`ÿ kvmbeë¯’v t GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v cÖK…wZMZfv‡e my`ÿ nq| †Kbbv, my‡hvM¨ bvq‡Ki GKK
wb‡`©‡k kvmb Kvh©vw` cwiPvwjZ nq| GKbvqK my‡hvM¨ I my`ÿ nIqvi Rb¨ †`‡ki wfbœgyLx RwUj
mgm¨vmg~‡ni `ªæZ mgvavb m¤¢e|
2| ¯’vwqZ¡ t GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq †`k kvm‡bi Rb¨ GKbvqK my‡hvM¨ e¨w³M‡Yi Dci miKvwi Kvh©
cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡ib| d‡j miKvwi Kv‡R mvdj¨ Av‡m| ZvQvov GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKwU `j _vKvq `j
Z¨vM, ivR‰bwZK `jv`wj, wewfbœ ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø _v‡K bv| d‡j GKbvqKZš¿ ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
3| RvZxqZvev` t GKbvqKZ‡š¿i g~j K_v nj− GK RvwZ, GK ivóª Ges GK bvqK| GKbvqK †`‡ki RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ RvZxq †kÖô‡Z¡i K_v cÖPvi K‡i RvZxq HK¨‡eva RvMwiZ K‡ib| RbMY †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× nq| wnUjvi
Rvg©vb RvwZi †kÖô‡Z¡i K_v cÖPvi K‡i RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev` m„wó Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb|
4| Riæwi Ae¯’vi c‡ÿ Dc‡hvMx t hy×, ewnivµgY, †Mvj‡hvM cÖf…wZ Riæwi Ae¯’vi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ `ªæZ
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i †m¸‡jv Kvh©Kix Kivi eë¯’v GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKbvq‡Ki wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ|
ZvB Riæwi Ae¯’vi c‡ÿ GKbvqKZš¿ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
5| `jxq cÖfve gy³ t GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKwU gvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K| ZvB G kvmbeë¯’vq `jxq †Kv›`j, `jxq
msNl© I `jxq cÖfve gy³ _v‡K| GKbvqKZ‡š¿ `jxq cÖfve gy³ _v‡K Ges `jxq kvm‡bi Kzdj¸‡jv cÖZ¨ÿ
Kiv hvq bv|
6| mvs¯‹…wZK wel‡qi DbœwZ t A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq GKbvq‡Ki B”QvB P~ovšÍ e‡j wZwb hw` wkí,
mvwnZ¨, weÁvb cÖf…wZi AbyivMx nb Zvn‡j Hme †ÿ‡Î cÖf~Z DrKl© mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i|
7| †hvM¨ I †gavex‡ì wb‡qvM t wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î GKbvq‡Ki wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ| GLv‡b wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î `jxq Pvc,
cÖfve ev mycvwik bv _vKvq GKbvqK cÖkvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` †gavex, †hvM¨ I AwfÁ †jvK‡ì wb‡qvM w`‡Z
cv‡ib| d‡j cÖkvmKe„›` myôz I my›ìfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| e¨q ms‡KvPb t GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKbvqK `xN©w`b hver ÿgZvq AwawôZ _v‡K| Gi gv‡S †Kvb wbe©vPb ev
Dcwbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Avi wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi A_© e¨qI nq bv| MYZš¿mn Ab¨vb¨ miKvi eë¯’vq
cÖPzi A_© ïay wbe©vP‡bi wcQ‡bB e¨q n‡q _v‡K|

9| Avgjv‡ì †`ŠivZ¥¨ n«vm t GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq GK bvqK PvB‡j †hvM¨ I †gavex‡ì cÖkvm‡bi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡Z cv‡ib| Zviv Kv‡R AwfÁ I `ÿ| GQvov G kvmbeë¯’vq GKbvqK wb‡RI
A‡bK mgq cÖkvmwbK e¨vcv‡i AwfÁ _v‡K| Zv‡K Avgjv‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq bv| hvi d‡j
Avgjv‡ì †`ŠivZ¥ I cÖfve n«vm cvq|
10| w¯’wZkxj miKvi t GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKvi RbM‡Yi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ bq †h RbM‡Yi B”Qvbymv‡i
cwiPvwjZ n‡e| RbMY B”Qv Ki‡jB G miKvi‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| `xN©w`b hveZ G miKvi
w¯’wZkxjfv‡e miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKbvqK †h †Kvb wel‡q GKK I `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| GKbvqK `xN©w`b
ivóª cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb weavq wZwb AwfÁZv I `ÿZv AR©b K‡ib| GKbvqK `jxq cÖfve gy³ †_‡K
†`k‡K ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿfv‡e kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i mgm¨v
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq mvgwMÖK Rb‡Mvôxi gZvg‡Zi †Kvb ¯’vb †bB Ges GLv‡b RbgZ †Kvb cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i bv| GKbvqKZ‡š¿i mg_©K I myweav‡fvMxiv GB eë¯’vi bvbvwea ¸Y wPwýZ Ki‡jI, e¯‘Z GwU GKwU m¤ú~Y©
AMYZvwš¿K I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb aŸsmKvix eë¯’v| wb‡¤œ GKbvqKZ‡š¿i †`vlvejxi Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| e¨w³¯^vaxbZv cwicš’x t Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| GLv‡b gvby‡li eyw×e„wËi
weKvk N‡U bv| AvZ¥m¤§vb I AvZ¥cÖZ¨q‡eva RvMÖZ nq bv|
2| evûe‡ji Dci wbf©ikxj t GKbvqKZ‡š¿i wfwË nj evûej| kw³i †Rv‡i, ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv bvqK Zuvi
kvmb‡K ¯’vwqZ¡ †`qvi †Póv K‡ib| we‡ivax‡ì KÉ‡K ¯Íä K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ wbe©vmb, Kviv`Û, GgbwK
¸ßnZ¨vi AvkÖq wb‡ZI wZwb KzwÉZ nb bv|
3| wek¦ kvwšÍi cwicš’x t GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg ZË¡ nj c„w_ex‡Z euvPvi AwaKvi †Kej kw³gv‡biB Av‡Q|
gy‡mvwjbxi g‡Z, AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ nj Kvcyiæ‡li ¯^c;œ mv¤ªvRëv` nj Rxe‡bi kvk¦Z Ges AcwieZ©bxq
wbqg|
4| wecø‡ei AvksKv t Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq Rbg‡Zi †Kvb g~j¨ _v‡K bv| kvwm‡Zi m¤§wZi Dci kvm‡Ki kvmb
cÖwZwôZ nq bv| Zv‡ì `xN©w`‡bi cyÄxf~Z Am‡šÍvl GKw`b wecø‡ei AvKvi aviY K‡i Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vi
aŸsm mvab K‡i|
5| mvg¨ we‡ivax t GKbvqKZš¿ mvg¨ I mgvbvwaKv‡ii bxwZ‡Z Av¯’vkxj bq| ZvB Giƒc kvmbeë¯’v gywó‡gq
e¨w³ †`k kvmb K‡i Ges msL¨vMwiô gvbyl‡K webv cÖwZev‡` Zv‡ì †mB ˆ¯îvPvix Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax kvmb
AebZ g¯Í‡K †g‡b wb‡Z nq|
6| ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Aeiæ× t Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq GKwU gvÎ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKvq RbMY Ab¨ †Kvb
`‡ji cÖwZ Zv‡ì mg_©b Rvbv‡bvi my‡hvM cvq bv| d‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi D‡b¥l N‡U bv|
mvaviY gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK †PZbv n‡q c‡o Aeiæ×|
7| D‡cwÿZ mvaviY Rb‡Mvôx t GKbvqKZ‡š¿i ivóªB cÖavb; gvby‡li †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| GKbvqKZš¿ cÖPvi K‡i
†h, Rb¥ †_‡KB e¨w³ iv‡óªi h~cKv‡ô ewjcÖ`Ë| mvaviY Rb‡Mvôx‡K D‡cwÿZ K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h iv‡óªi
Rb¨ e¨w³; e¨w³i Rb¨ ivóª bq|
8| ¯^vqËkvmb A¯^xK…Z t GKbvqKZš¿ gvby‡li ¯^vqËkvmb‡K D‡cÿv K‡i e‡j Zv KLbB mg_©b‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| GKbvqKZš¿ hZB mykvmb eë¯’v †nvK bv †Kb, Zv KLbB ¯^vqËkvm‡bi weKí n‡Z cv‡i bv|

9| A¯’vqx kvmbeë¯’v t GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq GKbvq‡Ki nv‡Z me©gq ÿgZv _v‡K| ivóª cwiPvjbvi
mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ wZwbB cvjb K‡ib| G kvmb eë¯’vq gvÎ GKRb e¨w³i nv‡Z me©gq ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K| d‡j
Zvi g„Zzï mv‡_ mv‡_ G kvmbeë¯’vi Aemvb N‡U| GRb¨ GB kvmbeë¯’v‡K A¯’vqx kvmbeë¯’v ejv n‡q
_v‡K|
10| `ybx©wZi cÖmvi t GKbvqKZ‡š¿ mxgvnxb `ybx©wZi Rb¥ nq| KviI wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq bv e‡j GKbvqK
Pig `ybx©wZi mv‡_ Rwo‡q c‡o| jW© G¨vKUb e‡jb, æPower tends to corrupt, and absolute power
corrupts absolutely”.
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv Aeiæ× _v‡K| Zv‡ì gZvg‡Zi †Kvb g~j¨
†bB, GLv‡b e¨w³¯^vaxbZv Le© nq| GKbvq‡Ki gyLv‡cÿx n‡q mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nq| GKbvq‡Ki
Av‡`kB AvBb; AvB‡bi Abykvmb GLv‡b Abycw¯’Z|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v RbMY †Kb †g‡b †bq bv?

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
GKbvqKZš¿ MYZ‡š¿i wecixZ kvmb eë¯’v| GKRb e¨w³ hLb †`‡ki hveZxq kvmb ÿgZv KivqË K‡i
AcÖwZnZfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZLbB †mB kvmb eë¯’v‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e‡j| mvaviYZ †Kvb e¨w³ ev mgibvqK
RbM‡Yi bv‡g AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB ejc~e©K ÿgZv AwaKvi K‡ib| wKš‘ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì kvmb RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi
Dci cÖwZwôZ bq weavq, mg¯Í we‡ivax gZvgZ‡K kw³ ev ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv `gb Ki‡Z GKbvqK wØav K‡ib
bv|
1| wnUjvi †Kvb †`‡ki GKbvqK wQ‡jb?
(K) †¯úb (L) Rvg©vbx
(M) Bsj¨vÛ (N) BZvjx
2| "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely”−†K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) †dvW© (L) e¨vbvig¨vb
(M) dvBbvi (N) jW© A¨vKUb
3| BZvwj‡Z GKbvqKZš¿ cÖwZôv K‡ib †K?
(K) d«v‡¼v (L) wnUjvi
(M) MvÏvwd (N) gy‡mvwjbx
4| me©vZ¥Kev‡ì cÖkÖq †Ìqv nq †Kv_vq?
(K) GKbvqKZš¿ (L) MYZš¿
(M) ivRZš¿ (N) mgvRZš¿

cvV-7.4 MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ (Democracy and Dictatorship)

D‡Ïk¨
• MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZ‡š¿i cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv, wek¦ kvwšÍ, DMÖRvZxqZvev`, ¯^vqËkvmb, me©vZ¥Kev`, wecøe,

mvg¨, ¸ßnZ¨v|
MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ `ywU ci¯úi-we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK Av`k©| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB MYZvwš¿K I
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi g‡a¨ me©‡ÿ‡ÎB cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| cv_©K¨¸‡jv‡K êwkó¨ I ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K
wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| kvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ nj RbM‡Yi kvmb Ges GKbvqKZš¿ GK e¨w³ ev `‡ji kvmb| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ Rbg‡Zi †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| GKbvqKZ‡š¿ RbMY kvmbKv‡h©
cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GLv‡b GKRb gvÎ kvm‡Ki AcÖwZnZ cÖvavb¨ me©ÎB
we`¨gvb _v‡K|
2| `jxq eë¯’vi †ÿ‡Î t MYZ‡š¿ GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKwU `j _v‡K| MYZ‡š¿
GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿i GKbvq‡Ki `j Qvov Ab¨ me `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ ejc~eK ©
wejyß Kiv nq|
3| e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi Abycš’x, Aciw`‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi cwicš’x|
RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^xK…wZ MYZ‡š¿i jÿYxq êwkó¨| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ gvby‡li
mKj cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv nq| gvby‡li †Kvb gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ †Ìqv nq bv|
4| MYm¤§wZi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ kvmbeë¯’v| RbMY B”Qv Ki‡jB miKv‡ii
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GKbvqKZš¿ Rbm¤§wZi cwie‡Z© †cwk kw³i Dci cÖwZwôZ GK eë¯’v|
5| ¯’vwq‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ `jxq kvmbeë¯’v e‡j ci¯úi we‡ivax ¯^v‡_©i msNvZ, `j Z¨vM cÖf…wZi d‡j evi
evi miKv‡ii cwieZ©b nq| ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Afve MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg ÎæwU| wKš‘ GKbvqKZš¿ GK`jxq kvmb e‡j
`j Z¨vM, ivR‰bwZK `jv`wj, `jwfwËK ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø cÖf…wZ GLv‡b _v‡K bv|
6| wek¦ kvwšÍi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ wek¦ kvwšÍ‡Z wek¦vmx| me©cK Ö vi ejcÖ‡qvM MYZ‡š¿i bxwZ weiæ×| wKš‘ GKbvqKZš¿
DMÖ-RvZxqZvev` cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g we‡k¦ AkvwšÍ AvnŸvb K‡i| gy‡mvwjbx ej‡Zb, Ò¯¿x‡jv‡Ki wbKU gvZ…Z¡ †hgb
Kvg¨, cyiæ‡li wbKU hy×I †Zgwb Kvg¨|Ó
7| Riæwi Ae¯’vi †ÿ‡Î t MYZ‡š¿ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, †fvUvfzwU cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq e‡j hy×,
ewnivµgY, Avf¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hvM cÖf…wZ Riæwi Ae¯’vi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc kvmbeë¯’v Abyc‡hvMx e‡j cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ bvq‡Ki wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ Ges †mLv‡b Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq
bv e‡j Giƒc kvmbeë¯’v Riæwi Ae¯’vi c‡ÿ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
8| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿, mvg¨, mgvbvwaKvi I e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi bxwZmg~‡ni Dci cÖwZwôZ| Giƒc
kvmbeë¯’vq ag©, eY©, RvwZ, ¯¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB mgvb| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ Gme MYZvwš¿K bxwZ
m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB D‡cwÿZ nq|

9| ¯^vqËkvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvmb ¯^xK…Z; wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi G AwaKvi m¤ú~Yf © v‡e
ewÂZ| ZvB ejv nq, GKbvqKZš¿ hZB mykvmb †nvK bv †Kb, Zv KLbB ¯^vqËkvm‡bi weKí e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv|
10| wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv t MYZ‡š¿ RbMY e¨vj‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ kvwšÍc~Yf
© v‡e mn‡RB miKv‡ii cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB Giƒc kvmbeë¯’v A‡bKvs‡k wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv gy³ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ kvwšÍc~Y© fv‡e
miKv‡ii cwieZ©b m¤¢e bq| ZvB RbM‡Yi `xN©w`‡bi cyÄxf~Z Am‡šÍvl GKw`b wecø‡ei AvKvi aviY K‡i
Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vi aŸsm mvab K‡i|
11| `jxq kvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î t MYZš¿ `jxq kvmb e‡j Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq `jxq msNl©, †fvU µq-weµq, wbe©vP‡b
A‡_©i AcPq cÖf…wZ `jxq kvm‡bi Kzdj¸‡jv †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKwU gvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _vKvq
Giƒc kvmbeë¯’vq `jxq kvm‡bi Kzdj cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKbvqKZ‡š¿i †P‡q MYZš¿ DËg kvmb eë¯’v| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ‡ewki fvM ivóª MYZvwš¿K
kvmbeë¯’vi Dci †ewk Av¯’vkxj| MYZ‡š¿i †h †`vl-ÎæwU i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| cÿvšÍ‡i,
GKbvq‡Ki cZb Qvov GKbvqKZ‡š¿i †`vl-ÎæwU mgvavb m¤¢e bq|
MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZ‡š¿i cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi mKj †kÖwYi gvbyl miKv‡ii Ask n‡Z cv‡i| ZË¡MZfv‡e G eë¯’v‡Z mKj †kÖwYi gvby‡li
gZvgZ cÖwZdwjZ nq Ges cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fvUvwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq| GQvov wbqwgZ myôz wbe©vPb I ivR‰bwZK
Kvh©vewj‡Z mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi MYZ‡š¿ cÖwZwôZ| e¨w³-¯^vaxbZvi wfwË‡Z M‡o DVv kvmbeë¯’vB
MYZš¿| Ab¨w`‡K, GKbvqKZš¿ nj MYZ‡š¿i m¤ú~Y© wecixZagx© kvmbeë¯’v| GKbvqKZš¿ ej‡Z Ggb
kvmbeë¯’v‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b iv‡óªi Pig ÿgZv †Kvb GKRb e¨w³i nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K|
1| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv †Kv_vq A¯^xK…Z?
(K) MYZ‡š¿ (L) GKbvqKZ‡š¿
(M) mgvRZ‡š¿ (N) ivRZ‡š¿
2| Ò¯¿x‡jv‡Ki Kv‡Q gvZ…Z¡ †hgb Kvg¨, cyiæ‡li wbKU hy×I †Zgwb Kvg¨Ó− †K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) d«v‡¼ (L) wnUjvi
(M) gy‡mvwjbx (N) MvÏvwd
3| RbM‡Yi kvmb ¯^xK…Z †Kv_vq?
(K) MYZš¿ (L) GKbvqKZš¿
(M) ivRZš¿ (N) †KvbwUB bq
4| MYZ‡š¿i wecixZ kvmbeë¯’v Kx?
(K) ivRZš¿ (L) GKbvqKZš¿
(M) AwfRvZZš¿ (N) ga¨Zš¿

cvV-7.5 MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï kZ©vewj

(Conditions for the Success of Democracy)
D‡Ïk¨
• MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï kZ©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
MYZvwš¿K RbMY, MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨, MYZ‡š¿i ¯îƒc, A_©‰bwZK mvg¨, RvZxq

HKgZ¨, Revew`wnZv, RbgZ, MYgva¨g|
MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï kZ©vewj
eZ©gvbKv‡j Av`k©MZfv‡e MYZš¿ m‡e©vrK…ó kvmb eë¯’v wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| G kvmb eë¯’v Kvh©Ki I
†UKmB Kiv KóKi| †nbix †gBb (Henry Maine) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, ÒmKj ai‡bi miKv‡ii g‡a¨ MYZš¿ me‡P‡q
KwVbÓ| MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ ivóªweÁvbxiv bvbv ai‡bi AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Rb ÷zqvU© wgj MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï
Rb¨ wZbwU k‡Z©i D‡jøL K‡ib| kZ©¸‡jv nj Giƒc t
(K) MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi B”Qv I mvg_©¨ RbM‡Yi _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
(L) e¨w³MZ AwaKvi msi‡ÿ‡Yi Rb¨ RbMY‡K m`vmZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
(M) wbR wbR bvMwiK KZ©e¨ cvjb Ges AwaKvi iÿvi msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nIqvi B”Qv I mvg_©¨ RbM‡Yi _vK‡Z n‡e|
MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Ab¨vb¨ KZ¸‡jv Avek¨Kxq kZ©vewj wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv nj t
1| MYZvwš¿K RbMY t wg‡ji AwfgZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡j GK_v ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÔMYZvwš¿K RbM‡YiÕ Ici
MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| e¯‘Z RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K †PZbv I fveaviv hZB we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡e,
MYZš¿ ZZB mvd‡jï c‡_ GwM‡q hv‡e|
2| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva t MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv Qvov †Kvb kvmb eë¯’v‡ZB MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ Avm‡Z cv‡i
bv| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva Pvjy bv _vK‡j †`‡ki gvbyl MYZ‡š¿i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I mydj h_v_©fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
3| mr, my`ÿ I KZ©e¨civqY AvgjvZš¿ t kvmbKvh© my`ÿfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h wkÿv Ges we‡klxK…Z Áv‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb MYZ‡š¿ RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì A‡b‡Ki Zv _v‡K bv| ZvB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Dci
Zuv‡ì we‡klfv‡e wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| Avgjviv mr, my`ÿ, KZ©e¨civqY Ges RbKj¨vYKvgx g‡bvfvevcbœ bv
n‡j MYZš¿ Zvi CwáZ j‡ÿ¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
4| mwnòzZv t MYZ‡š¿ mK‡jB hv‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR wbR gZv`k© cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, B”Qvbyhvqx †h‡Kvb Av`k©‡K
mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡e‡ki cÖ‡qvRb| GB cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvZ¥mshg Ges
mwnòzZvi| MYZ‡š¿ miKvi I we‡ivax cÿ‡K mwnòz n‡Z nq|
5| MYZvwš¿K wkÿvi cÖmvi t MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ mybvMwi‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ mybvMwiKZvi cÖavb cÖwZeÜKZv
nj wbwj©ßZv, e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©ciZv I msKxY© `jxq g‡bvfve| Gme cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖK…Z
MYZvwš¿K wkÿv|
6| ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi t MYZš¿‡K mvdj¨gwÛZ Kivi Rb¨ bvMwiK‡ì ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
AwaKvimg~‡ni ïay ZË¡MZ ¯^xK…wZB h‡_ó bq, †m¸‡jv‡K ev¯Í‡e Kvh©Kwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
7| ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY t ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY‡K A‡b‡K MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Ab¨Zg kZ© e‡j g‡b K‡ib| ÿgZvi
we‡K›`ªxKiY n‡j RbMY ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmbg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK Ávb e„w× cvq Ges ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© Askx`vwi‡Z¡i †eva Rb¥ †bq|

8| my‡hvM¨ I ewjô †bZ…Z¡ t †Rv‡md ky¨gwcUvi (Joseph Schumpeter)-Gi g‡Z MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb b¨vqcivqY, hyw³ev`x Ges we‡eKevb †bZ…Z|¡ g‡bi msKxY©Zv `~i K‡i RbMY‡K my¯’ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
Kivi Rb¨ mr I ewjô †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb|
9| AvB‡bi kvmb t MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ© AvB‡bi kvmb| Gi A_© AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevB mgvb|
AvB‡bi AvkÖq jvf Kivi AwaKvi mKj bvMwi‡Ki| RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bvMwiK AvB‡bi mgvb
my‡hvM ev AwaKvi jvf Ki‡e| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Abycw¯’wZ wbe©vPbwfwËK MYZš¿‡K A_©nxb K‡i †`q|
10| Revew`wnZv t mykvmb wKsev MYZš¿‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi †ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i Revew`wnZvi ms¯‹…wZ Pvjy
_vKv Avek¨K| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i Revew`wnZv _vK‡j cÖkvmbmn iv‡óªi mKj †ÿ‡Î Revew`wnZv Pvjy nq
hv GKwU MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vi cÖvY¯îƒc|
11| `j eë¯’v t ivR‰bwZK `jeë¯’v Qvov MYZ‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| ivR‰bwZK `j RbgZ MV‡bi
gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK PP©v K‡i _v‡K| mymsnZ I mwµq ivR‰bwZK `j bv _vK‡j GKbvqKZ‡š¿i cÖfve
cwijwÿZ nq|
12| ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ MYgva¨g t GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª MYgva¨g‡K ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z nq Ges MYgva¨g hv‡Z
wbi‡cÿfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z nq| cÖPvi gva¨g¸‡jvi Dci miKvwi wbqš¿Y MYZš¿‡K
evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| ZvB ¯^vaxb MYgva¨g MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Ab¨Zg kZ©|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kvb GKK kZ© cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ Avkv Kiv hvq bv| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva
Qvov MYZš¿ ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z: RbMY I kvmbKvix †Mvôxi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKw`‡K MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Abycw¯’wZ _vK‡j †UKmB MYZš¿ cÖwZôv n‡Z cv‡i bv|
MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi kZ©¸‡jv wK wK?

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
eZ©gvb mg‡q MYZš¿ nj me‡P‡q Rbwcªq kvmbeë¯’v| Ab¨ †h †Kvb kvmb c×wZ A‡cÿv MYZ‡š¿i RbwcÖqZv
A‡bK †ewk| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Av`k©MZ wePv‡iI MYZš¿ m‡e©vrK…ó kvmbeë¯’v| MYZvwš¿K miKvi eë¯’vi
mdjZvi Rb¨ eû c~e©kZ© i‡q‡Q| MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v AvKw¯§Kfv‡e AR©b Kiv hvq bv| Gi Rb¨ ìKvi
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ RbMY, MYZvwš¿K wkÿvi cÖmvi, RvZxq HK¨gZ, AvB‡bi kvmb I `vqe× miKvi|
1| me©v‡cÿv RbwcÖq kvmbeë¯’v †KvbwU?
(K) GKbvqKZš¿ (L) MYZš¿
(M) ivRZš¿ (N) cÖRvZš¿
2| ÒmKj ai‡Yi miKv‡ii g‡a¨ MYZš¿ me‡P‡q KwVbÓ− †K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) †nbix †gBb (L) Rb ÷zqvU© wgj
(M) Avi wR †M‡Uj (N) j¨vwi WvqgÛ
3| Rb ÷zqvU© wgj MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ KqwU k‡Z©i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb?
(K) 2 (L) 3
(M) 4 (N) 5
4| MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ †KvbwU †ewk cÖ‡qvRb?
(K) AvgjvZš¿ (L) ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY
(M) mvgwiK kvmb (N) †gŠjev`

cvV-7.6 Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v wnmv‡e MYZš¿

(Democracy as an Ideal Type of Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v wnmv‡e MYZš¿ Gi ¯îƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†gŠwjK AwaKvi, AvB‡bi Abykvmb, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, RbM‡Yi kvmb,

ivR‰bwZK wkÿv, MYgva¨g|
Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v wnmv‡e MYZš¿
cÖvPxbKvj ‡_‡KB ivóª cwiPvjbvq wewfbœ ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z i‡q‡Q| bvbv ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vi
g‡a¨ MYZš¿ Ab¨Zg| wesk kZvãxi †kl w`‡K mgvRZvwš¿K eë¯’vi cZ‡bi ci †_‡K MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v mviv
we‡k¦ Ab¨vb¨ kvmb eë¯’v †_‡K †ewk RbwcÖq| MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v n‡”Q RbM‡Yi m¤§wZwfwËK RbKj¨vYgyLx
GKwU kvmb eë¯’v| AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª eë¯’vi g~j PvwjKv kw³B n‡”Q MYZš¿| wb‡¤œ Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v
wn‡m‡e MYZ‡š¿i ¯îƒc D‡jøL Kiv nj t
1| msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb cÖwZwôZ t MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi
gva¨‡g †h ivR‰bwZK `j msL¨vMwiô Avmb jvf K‡i ZvivB MYZ‡š¿ miKvi MVb K‡i| wbe©vPKgÛjx
†fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡c AskMÖnY K‡i|
2| †gŠwjK AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z t MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z I msiwÿZ| RbMY hw`
†gŠwjK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq Zvn‡j ivóª AvBb Abyhvqx eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
3| AvB‡bi kvmb t AvB‡bi kvmb ej‡Z AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨‡K †evSvq| A_©vr AvBb mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb| MYZvwš¿K
ivóª RbM‡Yi AvB‡bi AwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i| iv‡óª AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZwôZ bv n‡j AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ webó
nq RbM‡Yi wbivcËvI wewNœZ nq| me‡P‡q eo K_v, AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Afv‡e gvbyl b¨vqwePvi ewÂZ nq|
4| ¯^”QZv t MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq miKv‡ii Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© ¯^”QZv weivR K‡i| ¯^”QZv ej‡Z eySvq, miKvi
hv Ki‡Q RbMY Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| ivóª KZ…K © †h mKj Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ Kiv nq, AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î †h mKj
Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kiv nq, †m mKj welq m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q ¯^”QZv _vKv ìKvi; †hUv MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª m¤¢e|
5| Revew`wnZv t MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v‡Z ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ Zv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU Revew`wn K‡i
_v‡Kb| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i Revew`wnZvi ms¯‹…wZi avivevwnKZv‡Z GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvgjvZš¿mn
Ab¨vb¨ ivóªxq cÖwZôv‡b Revew`wnZv Pvjy _v‡K|
6| wbe©vPb eë¯’v t MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb w`K nj wbe©vPb eë¯’v| GLv‡b wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g
msL¨vMwiô `j miKvi MVb K‡i| wbe©vP‡b civwRZ cÿ we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e miKv‡ii MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv
K‡i| kw³kvjx we‡ivax `j _vK‡j miKvi ˆ¯îPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv|
7| MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv t RbgZ cÖKv‡ki cÖavb evnb n‡”Q MYgva¨g| MYgva¨g ¯^vaxb bv n‡j miKv‡ii fv‡jv-
g›` `yÕwU w`K RbMY Rvb‡Z cvi‡e bv| RbM‡Yi wewfbœ Pvwn`v I Awf‡hvM MYgva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| RbM‡Yi kvmb t MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v‡K RbM‡Yi kvmb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi gZvgZ kvmb eë¯’vq cÖwZdwjZ nq| RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv kvmbKvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v‡K RbM‡Yi kvmb ejv nq|
9| mwµq AskMÖnY t MYZvwš¿K miKvi eë¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †hgb AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q,
†Zgwb cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiI ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GB my‡hvM Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi
eë¯’v‡Z AevwiZ _v‡K bv|

10| mvsweavwbK cÖvavb¨ t msweav‡bi cÖva¨vb¨ ej‡Z eySvq msweav‡bi D‡aŸ© Avi †Kvb AvBb †bB| msweavb‡K
Agvb¨ Kivi GLwZqvi miKv‡ii †bB| MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| Gi
d‡j MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKv‡ii †¯^”QvPvix nevi my‡hvM mxwgZ|
11| ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi t MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi N‡U| GLv‡b miKvwi
`j I we‡ivax `j ivRbxwZ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ welq Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤§y‡L Dc¯’vcb K‡i| AvBb mfvi weZ©K,
Rbmfv, wgwQj-†¯øvMvb, †Uwjwfkb UK‡kvmn bvbvwea gva¨‡g MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK
wkÿvi we¯Ívi N‡U|
12| ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii c×wZ t MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii c×wZ AZ¨šÍ mnR| G ai‡bi iv‡óª MYwecøe ev
Afz¨Ìv‡bi my‡hvM †bB| miKv‡ii RbwcÖqZv n«vm †c‡j wbe©vP‡bi mgq Zviv RbM‡Yi †fvU Kg cv‡e|
MYZ‡š¿ msL¨vMwiô `j‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nq miKvi MV‡bi Rb¨|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvB‡bi kvmb, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, kvmb ÿgZvq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM Db¥y³ _vKvi Kvi‡Y, A‡b‡KB
ivRZš¿, GKbvqKZš¿, ˆ¯îZš¿ ev ‡gŠjev`x kvmbeë¯’vi Zzjbvq MYZš¿‡K A‡bK DbœZi gZv`k© wnmv‡e wPwýZ
K‡i _v‡Kb|
MYZš¿‡K GLb ch©šÍ m‡e©vËg kvmb eë¯’v ejv nq †Kb? g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
miKvi cwiPvjbvi eû c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e mKj c×wZ A‡cÿv MYZš¿‡K ejv nq Av`k© kvmb eë¯’v|
MYZš¿cš’x‡ì g‡Z MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•Lvi cÖwZdjb n‡q _v‡K| †Kbbv MbZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi
Dci wfwË K‡i msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi I e¨w³¯^vZš¿ mycwÖ ZwôZ nq
MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq| RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z RbM‡Yi miKvi cÖwZwôZ nIqvq MYZš¿‡K Av`k© kvmb
eë¯’v wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
1| msL¨vMwi‡ôi kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq?
(K) GKbvqKZ‡š¿ (L) MYZ‡š¿
(M) ivRZ‡š¿ (N) cÖRvZ‡š¿
2| RbgZ cÖKv‡ki evnb Kx?
(K) wbe©vPb (L) mgv‡ek
(M) MYgva¨g (N) me KqwU
3| AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª eë¯’vi g~j PvwjKv kw³−
(K) MYZš¿ (L) ivRZš¿
(M) mgvRZš¿ (N) cÖRvZš¿
4| RbMY mivmwi ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY K‡i †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq?
(K) ivRZš¿ (L) mgvRZš¿
(M) MYZš¿ (N) †KvbwUB bq

cvV-7.7 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v

(Merits and Demerits of the Presidential Form of Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RbKj¨vY, wbe©vPKgÛjx, Riæwi Ae¯’v, wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨, ÿgZv

c„_KxKiY bxwZ|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii KZK¸‡jv we‡kl ¸Y i‡q‡Q wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| ¯’vwqZ¡ t miKv‡ii ¯’vwqZ¡ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’vi me©vwaK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
AvBbmfvi Av¯’v-Abv¯’vi Dci miKv‡ii ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©ikxj bq| wbw`©ó Kvh©Kvj AwZµvšÍ nIqvi Av‡M
miKv‡ii cZb NUvi Avk¼v _v‡K bv|
2| RbKj¨vY t AvBbmfvi m`m¨‡ì mš‘wó AR©‡bi Rb¨ mg‡qi Ace¨q N‡U bv| miKvi RbKj¨v‡Y `xN©‡gqvw`
cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| miKv‡ii Abym„Z bxwZ I Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ wbiwew”QbœZv eRvq
_v‡K| Gi d‡j miKv‡ii `„pZv e„w× cvq|
3| Riæwi Ae¯’vi Dc‡hvMx t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’v Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvq Dc‡hvMx| kvmb-wefv‡Mi
P~ovšÍ KZ…©Z¡ ivóªcwZi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K weavq, Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
4| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi myweav t ÿgZv c„_KxKiY bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi wfwË‡ZB ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’vi m„wó
nq| G ai‡Yi kvmbeë¯’vq AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefvM ci¯úi ¯^Zš¿ †_‡K wbR-wbR GjvKvq KZ…Z © ¡ cÖwZôv
K‡i| Gi d‡j AvBb Ges kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ msN‡l©i Avk¼v _v‡K bv|
5| ivóªcwZi ¯^vaxbZv t GB ai‡bi miKv‡i miKvwi bxwZ wba©viY, miKvwi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges G mg¯Í bxwZ I
wm×všÍ‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ivóªcwZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuvi Dci `jxq cÖfve ev
cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi Kiv mn‡R m¤¢e nq bv|
6| iv‡óªi Dbœqb mvab t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i Dbœqb cÖwµqv `ªæZ _v‡K| ivóªcwZ Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi
wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb bv weavq, wZwb GKKfv‡e `ªæZ I Kvh©Kix wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| GKB my‡hv‡M AvBb mfvi
mgq‡ÿcY ev` w`‡q wZwb `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i cÖavb wbe©vnx wnmv‡e ivóªcwZ `jZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ AvU‡K bv †_‡KB †ewki fvM mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq
wm×všÍ¸wj wb‡Z cv‡ib| G Kvi‡Y †Kvb †Kvb ivóªweÁvbx ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii c‡ÿ gZ †`b|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx

wewfbœ ¸Yvewji Aw¯ÍZ¡ m‡Ë¡I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’vi weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbvi Afve †bB| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj t

1| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi Kzdj t ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi Kzdj ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’vq cwijwÿZ nq|
AvBb-wefvM Ges kvmb wefvM ci¯úi c„_K †_‡K wbR-wbR Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| ZvB G `yB wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZvi Afve N‡U| G‡Z Dfq wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ fzj †evSveywS I msN‡l©i AvksKv _v‡K|
2| ˆ¯îvPvig~jK t GB cÖKvi kvmbeë¯’vq kvmb wefv‡Mi mKj ÿgZv P~ovšÍfv‡e ivóªcwZi nv‡ZB b¨¯Í _v‡K|
ivóªcwZ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ bb| Avevi AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q wZwb `vqe×I bb| wbw`©ó Kvh©Kvj AwZµvšÍ nIqvi
Av‡M Zuv‡K mn‡R c`Pz¨Z Kiv hvq bv| Gi d‡j ivóªcwZi c‡ÿ †¯^”QvPvix nIqvi c‡_ †Kvb evav _v‡K bv|
3| AbgbxqZv t kvmbeë¯’vi AbgbxqZv ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg ÎæwU wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| ivóªcwZB g~jZ
ÿgZvi g~j ¯Í¤¢ weavq, Zvui B”Qvi evB‡i ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’vq †Kvb ai‡bi Kvg¨ cwieZ©b mn‡R
m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
4| RbgZ cÖwZdwjZ nq bv t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi m‡½ ivóªcwZi †Kvb cÖZ¨ÿ ms‡hvM ¯’vwcZ
nq bv| KviY †m iKg †Kvb my‡hvM G ai‡bi miKv‡i _v‡K bv| MYms‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ GB
ms‡hvM c‡ivÿfv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq| G Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’vq Rbg‡Zi cÖK…Z cÖwZdjb cwijwÿZ
nq bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, bvbvwea mxgve×Zv _vK‡jI c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ †`‡k GB eë¯’v †ek mvd‡jï m‡½ envj Av‡Q| gvwK©b ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vq `j cÖ_vi D™¢e I
weKvk, AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM I mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË cÖ¯‘Z K‡i‡Q| Zvi d‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi mdj n‡q‡Q|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii K‡qKwU mgm¨v wPwýZ Kiæb|

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
MYZvwš¿K miKvi eë¯’vi GKwU iƒc nj ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’v| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq kvmb wefvM
AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx _v‡K bv| ivóªcwZ cÖZ¨ÿ wKsev c‡ivÿfv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges ivóª cwiPvjbvq Zuvi
wbe©vnx KZ„©‡Z¡i m‡e©v”P cÖKvk NUvb| ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj msweavb Abyhvqx wbw`©ó _v‡K| msweavb js•Nb, †`k
†`ªvwnZv, Dr‡KvP MÖnY cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv hvq|
1| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’v‡Z kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb †K?
(K) ivóªcwZ (L) cÖavbgš¿x
(M) ¯úxKvi (N) †KvbwUB bq
2| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’v‡Z AvBbmfvi wbKU `vq-`vwqZ¡ †bB Kvi?
(K) cÖavbgš¿x (L) ivóªcwZ
(M) gš¿mfv (N) ¯úxKvi
3| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’v‡Z me‡P‡q ÿgZvevb †K?
(K) †mbvcÖavb (L) ivóªcwZ
(M) gwš¿mfv (N) ¯úxKvi

cvV-7.8 msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v

(Merits and Demerits of Parliamentary Form of Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii mgm¨v¸wj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Rbg‡Zi cÖvavb¨, RbKj¨vYKvgx, bvMwiK m‡PZbZv, RvZxq msKU, ivR‰bwZK

wkÿv|
msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

eZ©gvbKv‡j c„w_exi AwaKvsk †`‡kB MYZš¿‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vi ‡ÿ‡Î
cvj©v‡g›Uvwi ev msm`xq miKvi eë¯’v we‡kl RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq, Dfq eë¯’v‡ZB
msm`xq kvmb mgvbfv‡e RbwcÖq| msm`xq eë¯’vi êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi e¨vcK RbwcÖqZvi KviY¸‡jv
Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ G ai‡bi K‡qKwU KviY Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© t msm`xq kvmbeë¯’vq AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbweo
m¤úK© Ges Mfxi †evSvcov _v‡K| GiKg kvmbeë¯’vq ÿgZv c„_KxKiY bxwZ‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv nq bv| Dfq
wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ GB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z mykvm‡bi c_ cÖk¯Í nq|
2| MYZ‡š¿i ¯îƒc eRvq _v‡K t GB kvmbeë¯’vq gwš¿mfvB nj cÖK…Z kvmK| GB gwš¿mfv Avevi RbM‡Yi
cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q MwVZ| d‡j RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa‡ì ØvivB miKvwi bxwZ wba©vwiZ nq Ges kvmbKvh©
cwiPvwjZ nq| G‡Z MYZvwš¿K kvmb ev RbM‡Yi kvm‡bi ¯îƒc eRvq _v‡K|
3| miKvi ˆ¯îvPvix bq t msm`xq miKv‡i gwš¿mfv‡K miKvwi bxwZ I Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© mKj wel‡q AvBbmfvi
Kv‡Q `vwqZ¡kxj _vK‡Z nq| AvBbmfvi Av¯’v nviv‡j gwš¿mfv‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| ZvB gwš¿mfv ˆ¯îvPvix
n‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvov, gwš¿mfvi Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Ges ˆ¯îvPvix Kvh©Kjv‡ci weiæ‡× we‡ivax `j cÖwZeÜKZvi
m„wó K‡i|
4| bgbxq I cwieZ©bkxj t msm`xq kvmb eë¯’v we‡klfv‡e bgbxq| Giƒc kvmb eë¯’vi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ m½wZ iÿv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`
wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z cÖavbgš¿x ev gwš¿cwil‡` cwieZ©b Avbq‡b Amyweav nq bv|
5| ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi t G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi N‡U| miKvwi bxwZ,
†`‡ki wewfbœ mgm¨v I miKvwi Kvh©µg wb‡q cvj©v‡g‡›U Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbv nq| Zvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki
mvaviY gvbyl miKv‡ii Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú‡K© GKwU my¯úó aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| mykvmb cÖwZôv t MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v‡Z †h‡Kvb wel‡q ¯úó wPÎ cvIqv hvq Ges mwVKfv‡e DwPr-AbywPr w¯’i
Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi Abykxjb mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
7| ivRZš¿ I MYZ‡š¿i mgš^q t msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vq ivRZš¿‡K eRvq †i‡LI MYZš¿‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi my‡hvM
cvIqv hvq| ivRv ev ivYx‡K wbqgZvwš¿K kvm‡Ki c` w`‡q gwš¿mfv‡K cÖK…Z kvmK wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv
hvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e weª‡U‡bi msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
8| Rbg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i Rbg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| RbM‡Yi gZvgZ D‡cÿv K‡i
miKvi GKKfv‡e †Kvb wm×všÍ wb‡j RbMY Zv †g‡b †bq bv| RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ weavq AvBb mfvi

m`m¨‡ì Rbg‡Zi e¨vcv‡i mZ©K _vK‡Z nq| GLv‡b Rbg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡iB miKvi AvBb cÖYqb I
bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|
9| we‡ivax `‡ji gh©v`v t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i we‡ivax `‡ji gh©v`v i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b we‡ivax `j miKv‡ii
MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| miKv‡ii fyj-ÎæwU awi‡q †`qv Ges weKí cÖ¯vÍ e DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g we‡ivax
`j MYZš¿ PP©vq Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
10| RbKj¨vYKvgx t RbKj¨vY mvab gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg MyY| miKvi hw` RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨vbœqb
Kivi †Póv bv K‡i, Zvn‡j cieZx© wbe©vP‡b RbMY miKvwi `j‡K †fvU `vb †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| G AvksKv
†_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ miKvwi `j RbKj¨vYKvgx n‡q _v‡K| ‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g ÿgZvq hvIqvi AvKv•Lv _v‡K
weavq we‡ivax `jI RbKj¨vYgyLx Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i|
11| RvZxq msKU wbimb t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi wewfbœ RvZxq msKU `ÿZvi mv‡_ mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
msKUKvjxb mg‡q cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡ivax `‡ji mv‡_ miKvwi `j civgk© K‡i wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cv‡i|
bvbvwea BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq †h, gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’v Acivci kvmb
eë¯’v †_‡K AwaKZi DËg kvmb eë¯’v| G kvmb eë¯’v RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ nq Ges
miKvi Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfv I RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| Ab¨ †Kvb kvmbeë¯’vq RbM‡Yi wbKU
kvmbKvix KZ©„c‡ÿi GZUv `vqe×Zv †`Lv hvq bv|
msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx
Dc‡iv³ ¸Yvewji Aw¯ÍZ¡ m‡Ë¡I msm`xq kvmbeë¯’v weiƒc mgv‡jvPbvi nvZ Gov‡Z cv‡iwb| wewfbœ `„wófw½ †_‡K
Giƒc miKv‡ii weiæ‡× eûwea ÎæwUi K_v ejv nq| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| mykvm‡bi AšÍivq t msm`xq eë¯’v‡Z gš¿xMY‡K kvmbKvh© QvovI AvBb cÖYqb Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq Ges
cÖ‡kœvËi `v‡b e¨¯Í _vK‡Z nq| ZvQvov gš¿x‡ì wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi Abyôv‡b †hvM w`‡Z nq| Gi
d‡jI gš¿x‡ì A‡bKUv mgq P‡j hvq| G‡Z wefvMxq gš¿xMY Zuv‡ì Drmvn-DÏxcbvi cy‡ivUvB wbe©vnx †ÿ‡Î
wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GwU mykvm‡bi AšÍivq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
2| ALÛ miKvwi bxwZ Abym„Z nq bv t msm`xq miKv‡ii cwieZ©bkxjZv ev bgbxqZv Ab¨Zg MyY wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq| wKš‘ GwU miKvwi bxwZ I Kvh©µ‡gi ALÛZvi we‡ivax| G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq Nb-Nb
gwš¿mfvq cwieZ©‡bi AvksKv _v‡K| Avevi gwš¿mfvq cwieZ©b n‡j miKvwi bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKQz
e¨wZµg †`Lv †`q|
3| Riæwi Ae¯’vi Dc‡hvMx bq t G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq miKvwi mKj wm×všÍ gwš¿mfvi êV‡K Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g M„nxZ nq| †mRb¨ †Kvb wel‡q `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|
4| `j eë¯’vi ÎæwU t msm`xq kvmbeë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ Acwinvh© we‡ewPZ nq| d‡j G ai‡bi
kvmbeë¯’vq `j eë¯’vi mKj ÎæwU cwijwÿZ nq| msKxY© `jv`wj, `jxq ¯^v_©, †hvM¨Zvi D‡cÿv cÖf…wZ
kvmbeë¯’vi `ÿZvi nvwb NUvq|
5| bqv ˆ¯îvPvi t msm`xq eë¯’v‡Z †Kvb GKwU `j wecyj msL¨vMwiôZvi wfwË‡Z miKvi MVb Ki‡j GK`jxq
kvm‡bi Avk¼v ˆZwi nq| gwš¿mfvi ˆ¯îvPv‡ii c‡_ mvd‡jï m‡½ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wói ÿgZv `yej © we‡ivax
`‡ji _v‡K bv|
6| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Abycw¯’Z: msm`xq eë¯’v‡Z AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ †Kvb †f` _v‡K bv| A_©vr
AvBb mfv‡Z msL¨vMwiô `‡ji nv‡ZB wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ _v‡K| miKv‡ii GB `yB wefv‡Mi GKxf~Z n‡q
_vKv‡K A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ ÿwZKi g‡b K‡ib|
7| cÿcvZg~jK cÖkvmb t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’v †h‡nZz msL¨vMwiô ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨‡ì wb‡q
MwVZ nq †m‡nZz cÖkvmwbK †ÿ‡Î `jxq cÖfve _v‡K| Avi G cÿcvZg~jK cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AKj¨vYKi|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii wKQz ÎæwU _vK‡jI eZ©gvb we‡k¦ G kvmbeë¯’v e¨vcKfv‡e
RbwcÖq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, ÿgZvmxb `j hw` MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva AbymiY K‡i Zvn‡j msm`xq eë¯’v‡ZB
MYZ‡š¿i me‡P‡q †ewk mydj cvIqv m¤¢e|
gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii myweav¸‡jv wK wK?

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
†h kvmb eë¯’vq gwš¿mfv kvmb ÿgZvi AwaKvix Ges gwš¿cwil` Zuv‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU
Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb Zv‡K gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi ev msm`xq miKvi e‡j| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ kvmb
eë¯’vq miKv‡ii mKj ÿgZv ZË¡MZfv‡e GKRb ivóªcwZi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| wKš‘ cÖK…Z kvmb ÿgZv
gwš¿cwil‡ì Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b gš¿xcwil` kvwmZ miKvi RbwcÖq I bw›`Z miKv‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q| Z‡e
G miKv‡ii wKQz ÎæwU `~i K‡i Av‡iv †ewk RbwcÖq I A_©en Kiv hvq|
1| gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖavb †K?
(K) mwPe (L) DcmwPe
(M) gš¿x (N) ¯úxKvi
2| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i g~j ÿgZvi †K›`ªwe›`y †K?
(K) ivóªcwZ (L) cÖavbgš¿x
(M) †mbvcÖavb (N) cÖavb wePvicwZ
3| †KvbwU gš¿xcwil` kvwmZ eë¯’v‡Z †`Lv hvq bv?
K) ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY (L) AvgjvZš¿
(M) `ybx©wZ (N) ¯^RbcÖxwZ

cvV-7.9 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi

(Presidential and Parliamentary Form of Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
bvgme©¯^ kvmK, AvBbmfvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡, msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨, Riæwi Ae¯’v,

ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi bxwZi Av‡jv‡K ev kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i cÖK…wZ
Abymv‡i AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K miKvimg~n‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| h_v− msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi
Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi| GB Dfq ai‡bi MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vi g‡a¨ wb¤œwjwLZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨¸‡jv †`Lv
hvq|
1| ivóªcaÖ v‡bi ÿgZvi †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ t msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vq wbqgZvwš¿K ev bvgme©¯^ kvmK Ges cÖK…Z kvmK
GB `yÕai‡bi kvmK †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmbeë¯’vi wbqgZvwš¿K ev bvgme©¯^ †Kvb kvmK cÖav‡bi
c` _v‡K bv| ivóªcwZB GKvav‡i ivóªcaÖ vb Ges kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb KZ©v| wZwb ZË¡MZfv‡e Ges ev¯Í‡e
m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix|
2| `vwq‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î t msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vq cÖK…Z cÖkvmwbK KZ…c © ÿ nj gwš¿mfv| gwš¿mfvi mKj m`m¨
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q Ges c‡ivÿfv‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q `vwqZ¡kxj _v‡K| Acic‡ÿ, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
kvmbeë¯’vq ivóªcwZ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ nb| wZwb RbM‡Yi Kv‡QB `vwqZ¡kxj _v‡Kb|
3| gwš¿mfvi †ÿ‡Î t msm`xq AvBbmfvi msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv‡ì wb‡q gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq| Acic‡ÿ ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’vq GKwU gwš¿mfv _v‡K| ivóªcwZB GB gwš¿mfvi m`m¨‡ì g‡bvbxZ I wbhy³ K‡ib| gš¿xiv
ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q `vwqZ¡kxj| ivóªcwZi mš‘wói Dci Zv‡ì Kvh©Kvj wbf©ikxj|
4| Riæwi Ae¯’vi †ÿ‡Î t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi ¯^v‡_© A‡bK mgq
AvBbxfv‡eB GKK wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejvq
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vi gZ `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5| bgbxqZv t msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi I msweavb bgbxq| cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK AvBbMZ wKsev
mvsweavwbK cwieZ©b G eë¯’v‡Z Zzjbvg~jK mnR| cÿvšÍ‡i, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii msweavb wKsev miKvi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j GK we‡kl RwUj c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
6| AvBbmfvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ t msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii AvBbmfv mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi AwaKvix|
AvBbmfv Abv¯’v cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡i miKvi‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
eë¯’vq AvBbmfv wbi¼zk ÿgZvi AwaKvix bq|
7| wbe©vPbMZ cv_©K¨ t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| wKš‘
gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿x cÖ_‡g RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U AvBbmfvi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vP‡b
R‡qi c‡i wZwb msL¨vMwiô `‡ji cÖavb wn‡m‡e ivóªcwZ KZ…K© cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib|

8| AvBbmfv †f‡½ †èvi †ÿ‡Î t msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i cÖavbgš¿x AvBbmfv †f‡½ †èvi Rb¨
ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zuvi civgk© Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcwZ cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi DfqB MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vi `ywU iƒc|
Dfq miKvi eë¯’viB wKQz †`vl-ÎæwU i‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z: †Kvb ai‡bi eë¯’v AwaK Kvh©Ki n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i GKwU
†`‡ki we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi Dc‡i|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii gv‡S g~j cv_©K¨¸‡jv Zz‡j aiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefv‡M gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi c×wZ g~jZ
`ywU c„_K êwkó¨gwÛZ miKvi eë¯’v| Dfq eë¯’viB wKQz BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q| Z‡e AvBbmfv
I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbweo mn‡hvwMZv _vK‡j gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKviB †ewk Dc‡hvMx| Avevi kvmb
eë¯’vi `ªæZ I Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bIqvi w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ivóªwZ kvwmZ miKviB †ewk Kvg¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
1| msm`xq eë¯’v‡Z kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb †K?
(K) cÖavbgš¿x (L) ivóªcwZ
(M) ¯úxKvi (N) cÖavb wePvicwZ
2| Riæwi Ae¯’vq †Kvb miKvi eë¯’v Dc‡hvMx?
(K) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ (L) gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ
(M) GKbvqKZš¿ (N) ivRZš¿
3| msm`xq kvmb eë¯’vq AvBbmfv †f‡½ †Ìqvi Rb¨ ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© †`b †K?
(K) ¯úxKvi (L) we‡ivax `j
(M) cÖavbgš¿x (N) wbe©vPb Kwgkb
4| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi wfwË‡Z MYZvwš¿K miKvi‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
(K) 2 (L) 4
(M) 6 (N) 8

cvV-7.10 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸bvewj I mgm¨v

(Merits and Demerits of Unitary Governemt)
D‡Ïk¨
• GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i ¸Yvewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mxgve×Zv¸wj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ÿgZvi cÖvavb¨, AvBbmfvi cÖvavb¨, A_©‰bwZK weKvk, mylg Dbœqb,

¯^vqËkvmb, ˆ¯îvPvi, ivR‰bwZK †PZbv|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii MVb I Kvh© cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î KZK¸‡jv ¸Y we‡klfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| wb‡¤œ
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| †K›`ªxq ÿgZvi cÖvavb¨ t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mKj ÿgZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii †Kvb cÖwZØ›Øx bv _vKvq AZ¨šÍ mnR Ges myôzfv‡e Zvi c‡ÿ Kvh©-cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e| cÖkvmb
cwiPvjbvq †Kvb RwUjZv m„wó nq bv|
2| kw³kvjx miKvi t GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª miKvi kw³kvjx nq| hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i †K›`ª Ges A½iv‡Rï g‡a¨
we‡iv‡ai m¤¢vebv _v‡K, GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †Kvb mvsweavwbK cÖwZcÿ _v‡K bv| myZivs Zvi c‡ÿ GKK
B”Qvq mKj ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM Ges GK”QÎ cÖfve I cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv m¤¢e|
3| AvBb cÖYq‡bi cÖvavb¨ t †K›`ªxq miKvi mgMÖ †`‡ki Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|
cÖkvmwbK bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G miKviB GK”QÎ ÿgZvi AwaKvix| mgMÖ †`k GKB ai‡Yi AvBb Ges
cÖkvmwbK bxwZi AšÍf~©³ nq|
4| AvBb mfvi cÖvavb¨ t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i msweav‡bi cwie‡Z© †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi cÖvavb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii PwiÎ Abymv‡i msweavb bgbxq ev mycwieZ©bxq nq| †K›`ªxq AvBbmfv mn‡RB mvaviY
AvBb cÖYq‡bi c×wZ‡Z msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| A_©‰bwZK weKvk t A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡KI A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi Kvg¨| AvaywbK iv‡óª miKvi‡K
RbKj¨vY Ges `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vmg~‡ni mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges iƒcvq‡bi `vwqZ¡
MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
6| e¨qfvi n«vm t A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i †K›`ª Ges A½iv‡Rï wefw³ bv _vKvq cÖkvmb
cwiPvjbvi e¨qfvi n«vm cvq weavq RbmvaviY‡KI Ki Ges Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Z A‡bK Kg e¨q fvi enb Ki‡Z nq|
GRb¨ GB miKvi RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|
7| †QvU iv‡óª Dc‡hvMx t ÿz`ª AvqZb wewkó iv‡óªi Rb¨ GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi we‡kl Dc‡hvMx| †hme †`‡k RvwZMZ
Ges fvlv I HwZn¨MZ êwPÎ¨ Kg †mme †`‡ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Rb¨
myweavRbK| hvi d‡j †mme †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, A_©‰bwZK msKU Ges Af¨šÍixY wek„•Ljv `g‡b GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi `ªæZ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi kvwšÍi mg‡qI Gi Ab¨_v nq bv| Gme Kvi‡Y mviv c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’v Pvjy
Av‡Q|

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii KZK¸‡jv MyY _vK‡jI GwU µzwUgy³ †Kvb eë¯’v bq| wb‡¤œ GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mgm¨v¸wj
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖvavb¨ t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i me©ÎB †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖvavb¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Gi d‡j
AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’vq ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi kw³kvjx
nIqvI KwVb|
2| cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv t GKB ai‡bi AvBb I eë¯’vi gva¨‡g mKj AÂ‡ji mgm¨vi myôz mgvavb m¤¢e bq|
wewfbœ AÂ‡ji mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi eë¯’v cÖ‡qvRb| AvÂwjK êwPÎ¨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb êwPÎ¨c~Y© c×wZ I eë¯’v| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i Zv m¤¢e bq|
3| Avgjv wbf©i miKvi t GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbeë¯’vq GKwU †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii c‡ÿ †`‡ki cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji Ges
mKj mgm¨vi LyuwUbvwU we‡ePbvi ci wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ivRbxwZwe`MY `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY I `vwqZ¡
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Avgjv‡ì mvnvh¨ I civg‡k©i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡ob|
4| †K›`ªwe‡ivax g‡bvfve t GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii c‡ÿ me©`v mKj ivR¨ ev AÂ‡ji `vwei cÖwZ
bRi †Ìqv I mywePvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Gi d‡j AvÂwjKZv, cÖv‡`wkKZv, wew”QbœZvKvgx cÖeYZv e„w× cvq|
5| `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y e¨_© t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i Lye `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bq| GB eë¯’v‡Z †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi †evSv µgkB fvix n‡q I‡V| GKwU gvÎ miKvi‡K mKj `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Z nq weavq wewfbœ AÂ‡ji cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq bv|
6| †fŠ‡MvwjK I gvbwmK `~iZ¡ t e„n`vqZb iv‡óª GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi mdj n‡Z cv‡i bv| GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’v‡Z
†K›`ªxq miKvi Ges wewfbœ AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †fŠ‡MvwjK Ges gvbwmK `~iZ¡ †ewk _v‡K|
7| A_©‰bwZK êlg¨ t A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡KI GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi‡K mg_©b Kiv hvq bv| †h-‡Kvb iv‡óªi wewfbœ
AÂ‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i †h‡nZz †K›`ªxq miKvi
GKKfv‡e mvgwMÖK RvZxq A_©‰bwZK bxwZ wba©viY K‡i †mRb¨ cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji w`‡K `„wó †`qv m¤¢e nq bv|
8| ¯’vbxq D‡`¨vM I Drmvn `gb t †R WweøD Mvb©v‡ii g‡Z, GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi ¯’vbxq D‡`¨vM I Drmvn `gb
K‡i| miKvi ivR‰bwZK wel‡q ¯’vbxq e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ Drmvn mÂv‡ii cwie‡Z© wbiærmvn m„wó K‡i|
9| bgbxq miKvi t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi bgbxq e‡jB kvmb ÿgZvq AwawôZ `j wb‡R‡ì ivR‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©
msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j GKw`‡K `jxq †¯^”QvPvi Ges Ab¨w`‡K kvmbZvwš¿K GKbvqKZ‡š¿i
c_ cÖk¯Í nq| AwZbgbxqZv msweav‡bi †gŠwjK êwkó¨ aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10| AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb t †h-me †`‡k AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb Ges ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe AZ¨šÍ cÖej †mme †`‡k
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, ÿz`ª AvqZb iv‡óªi †ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mdj nevi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| e„n`vqZb
iv‡óª GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii c‡ÿ mKj AÂ‡j mgvb wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ges mgvb †mev`vb mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| bvbvwea
RvwZ, fvlv wKsev ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wef³ iv‡óªi Rb¨ GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’v‡K mnvqK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq mKj ÿgZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| G ai‡bi miKv‡i †K›`ªxq, cÖv‡`wkK
ev AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z ÿgZv eÈb K‡i †Ìqv nq bv| AvqZ‡b †QvU ivóª¸wji †ÿ‡Î GK †Kw›`ªK miKvi
†ek Kvh©Ki n‡jI, wekvj AvqZb I bvbv RvwZ, bvbv ms¯‹…wZ m¤úbœ ivóª¸‡j‡Z GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi Lye †ewk
mdj nq bv|

1| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ÿgZvi Drm wK?
(K) AvBbmfv (L) gwš¿mfv
(M) msweavb (N) RbMY
2| mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i miKvi eë¯’v Kq cÖKvi?
(K) 2 (L) 4
(M) 6 (N) 8
3| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi †Kvb ai‡bi iv‡óªi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx?
(K) AvqZ‡b eo (L) AvqZ‡b †QvU
(M) DbœZ ivóª (N) Dbœqbkxj ivóª

cvV-7.11 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v

(Merits and Demerits of Federal Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mgm¨v¸wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RvZxq HK¨, cÖkvmwbK ˆbcyY¨, ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY, ivR‰bwZK AskMÖnY,

†fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨, RvZxq miKvi, RvZxq msnwZ|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| mgš^q mvab t hy³ivóªxq miKvi RvZxq HK¨ Ges ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ AvÂwjK ¯^vZ‡š¿ï mgš^q mvab K‡i| G
ai‡Yi miKv‡i GKvav‡i †K›`ª‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvZxq I AvšÍRv© wZK ÿgZv Ac©Y Ges AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi
`vwe c~iY Kiv m¤¢e| G miKv‡ii mvgwMÖKfv‡e RvZxq AMÖMwZ wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq|
2| AvÂwjK êwkó¨ msiÿY t hy³ivóªxq miKvi †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji êwkó¨ msiÿ‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| wewfbœ
A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~n †fŠ‡MvwjK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
3| †K›`ªxq AvgjvZvwš¿KZv cÖwZ‡iva t hy³ivóªxq miKvi †K›`ªxq AvgjvZvwš¿KZv cÖwZ‡iv‡a mnvqK| A½iv‡Rï
miKvimg~n AvÂwjK mgm¨v, `vwe Ges cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _v‡K| AÂ‡ji Rbmvavi‡Yi m‡½
ivR‰bwZK cÖkvmK‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ †hvMv‡hvM mykvm‡bi m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i weavq Avgjv‡ì cÖvavb¨ n«vm cvq|
4| ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv t wekvj †`‡k hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vB RbmvaviY‡K ivR‰bwZK Rxeb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
K‡i †Zv‡j| miKv‡ii m‡½ Zv‡ì ˆbKU¨ hZ †ewk nq, miKvi Ges miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi RbÏ
Zv‡ì Drmvn ZZ e„w× cvq| ivR‰bwZK mwµqZvB Rbmvavi‡Yi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w× K‡i|
5| cÖkvmwbK ˆbcyY¨ t hy³ivóªxq miKvi cÖkvmwbK ˆbcyY¨ e„w×i mnvqK| A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~n AvÂwjK Ges
†K›`ªxq miKvi RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK welqf~³ mgm¨vi m‡½ RwoZ _v‡K| A½iv‡Rï miKvi wbR-wbR †ÿ‡Î
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨vc„Z _v‡K weavq Zv‡ì ˆbcyY¨ I cvi`wk©Zv e„w× cvq|
6| †K›`ªxq ˆ¯îvPvi cÖwZ‡iva t hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v †K›`ªxq ˆ¯îvPvi cÖwZ‡iv‡a mnvqK| msweavb KZ…K ©
A½ivR¨¸‡jv‡K ÿgZv b¨¯Í Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †K›`ªxq miKvi ¯^xq we‡ePbv I myweav Abyhvqx iv‡Rï ÿgZv
ms‡KvPb A_ev wb‡Ri ÿgZvi Aceënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
7| AvBb cÖYq‡b cixÿv-wbixÿv t hy³ivóªxq miKvi AvBb cÖYqb I cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î cixÿv-wbixÿvi
m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i| G cixÿv-wbixÿvi mydj¸‡jv mgMÖ †`‡k cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Gi d‡j RvZxq ¯^v_©iÿvq
†K›`ª Ges A½iv‡Rï g‡a¨ GKwU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cwi‡ek M‡o I‡V| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª G ai‡bi cixÿv-
wbixÿvi AeKvk _v‡K bv|
8| ¯’vbxq †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq A½ivR¨mg~n ‡ewki fvM ¯’vbxq mgm¨vmg~n †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii mnvqZv Qvov gxgvsmv K‡i _v‡K| Gi d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj weKwkZ nq| G AwfÁZv
I †bZ…Z¡ cieZx©‡Z RvZxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b mnvqK nq|

9| ivR‰bwZK AskMÖnY t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq iv‡óªi wecyjmsL¨K bvMwiK kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM
cvq Ges ivR‰bwZK wkÿv jvf K‡i _v‡K| ivR¨mg~‡ni Rb¨ c„_K AvBbmfv, wbe©vnx wefvM I wePvivjq
_vKvi d‡j GK‡Kw›`ªK eë¯’vi Zzjbvq AwaK msL¨K †jvK kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i Ges kvmb eë¯’v‡K
Av‡iv kw³kvjx K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, AvÂwjK êwkó¨ msiÿY Ges ivR‰bwZK AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î hy³ivóªxq miKvi
AZzjbxq| ZvB G miKvi eë¯’v eû RvwZ, eû fvlv, eû ms¯‹…wZi †`k¸‡jv‡Z RvZxq msnwZi mnvqK|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx

eZ©gvb mg‡q mviv c„w_ex‡Z hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvKl©Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zvi A_© GB bq †h, hy³ivóªxq
eë¯’vi †Kvb mgm¨v †bB| ivóªweÁvbxMY bvbv `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mgm¨v¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
wb‡P Zvi eY©bv Kiv nj t
1| `ye©j miKvi eë¯’v t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eëmvq †K›`ª I A½iv‡Rï g‡a¨ msweavb KZ…K © ÿgZv ewÈZ nIqvi
d‡j GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi A‡cÿv G miKvi `yej © n‡Z eva¨| G eë¯’vq †K‡›`ªi m‡½ iv‡Rï A_ev iv‡Rï
m‡½ we‡iv‡ai d‡j miKvi `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
2| mgš^q mvab `ytmva¨ t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq Ges A½ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÿgZv, bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi
mgš^q mvab `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o| ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ivR¨ miKvi wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi wfwË‡Z cÖkvmb
cwiPvjbv Ki‡j, we‡klfv‡e †K›`ª Ges iv‡Rï bxwZi g‡a¨ we‡iva m„wó n‡j cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv m„wó nq|
3| AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’v RvwZi AMÖMwZ‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| hy³ivóªxq msweavb
`y®úwieZ©bxq nIqvi d‡j cwiewZ©Z mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ `ªæZ j‡q Pjvi c‡_
evavi m„wó nq|
4| RvZxq ¯^v_© Ae‡nwjZ t hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq cÖwZwU A½iv‡R¨ emevmKvix RbMY mswkøó A½iv‡Rï cÖwZ Zv‡ì
cÖv_wgK AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvÂwjK ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ RbM‡Yi cÖv_wgK ¯^v_© RwoZ _v‡K e‡jB
A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv e„nËi RvZxq ¯^v_© m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _v‡K bv Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i Zzjbvq
AvÂwjK ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZB †ewk A½xKvie× _v‡K|
5| we‡iva m„wó t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq †K›`ª Ges iv‡Rï g‡a¨ ÿgZv ewÈZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì g‡a¨
A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Ges cÖkvmwbK Kvi‡Y we‡iva m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
6| RwUj msweavb t hy³ivóªxq miKvi msKUKvjxb cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi AbyK~j bq, hy³ivóªxq
msweavb RwUj| cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Zv‡K ms‡kvab K‡i Riæwi mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov A½iv‡Rï
miKv‡ii we‡ivaxZvi d‡j eû †ÿ‡Î Riæwi wfwË‡Z mgm¨vi mgvav‡b evav m„wó nq|
7| e¨q-eûj t hy³ivóªxq miKvi cwiPvjbv e¨q-eûj| †K›`ª Ges iv‡R¨ miKvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY
A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| eû †ÿ‡Î A‡_©i AcPqI N‡U|
8| ÿgZv eÈ‡bi mgm¨v t hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i ÿgZv eÈ‡bi †ÿ‡Î †K‡›`ªi cÖvav‡bï ¯^xK…wZ Ges A½ivR¨mg~‡ni
†K‡›`ªi Dci wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zvjvi bxwZ A½iv‡Rï ¯^vZš¿¨ e¨vnZ K‡i| A_©‰bwZK ÿgZvi †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZv hZ e„w× cvq A½iv‡Rï ¯^vZš¿Ï ZZ †ewk e¨vnZ nq| fvi‡Zi gZ iv‡óª G
ai‡bi mgm¨v gv‡S gv‡S †`Lv †`q|
9| msKxY©Zvev`x Av‡›`vjb t hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i †K‡›`ªi bxwZ wm×v‡šÍi d‡j hw` `xN©Kvj a‡i †Kvb AÂ‡ji `vwe
D‡cwÿZ nq, Zvn‡j Gi weiæ‡× msKxY©Zvev`x Av‡›`vjb M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Z: hy³ivóªxq miKvi me
mg‡q RvZxq H‡Kï AbyK~j nq bv|
10| `xN©m~wÎZv t hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq Ges AvÂwjK cÖkvmb _vKvq KL‡bv KL‡bv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
`xN©mgq e¨q nq| we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi †hfv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i, hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i †mUv

KwVb n‡q c‡o| Avevi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mn‡hvwMZv I gZvgZ †c‡Z `xN©m~wÎZvi Kvi‡Y AvÂwjK miKv‡ii
Kv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡B A‡bK mgq K‡g hvq|
11| wew”QbœZvev‡ì Avk¼v t hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i mKj cÖ‡`‡k mgvbfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb nq bv| A‡bK cÖ‡`k
Avevi ivR‰bwZK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y wcuwQ‡q c‡o| ZLb Zviv AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| G ai‡bi Ae¯’v
A‡bK w`b Pj‡Z _vK‡j Ges †Kvb GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki A‡bK gvby‡li g‡a¨ †K‡›`ªi e¨vcv‡i eÂbvi †eva †`Lv
w`‡j wew”QbœZvev` Rb¥ †bqvi Avk¼v `vbv †e‡a D‡V|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, msweavb ewY©Z cš’v‡Z †K›`ª I ivR¨¸‡jv wbR-wbR Kg©cš’v wba©viY Ki‡j, hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v
†_‡K MYZ‡š¿i m‡e©v”P mydj AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
Avcwb wK hy³ivóªxq miKvi mg_©b K‡ib? DË‡ii c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b?

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
†h miKvi eë¯’vq †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ÿgZv mvsweavwbK Dcv‡q e›Ub Kiv nq Ges Dfq miKvi ¯^-¯^ †ÿ‡Î
¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i I ¯^vZš¿¨ ÿgZv PP©v K‡i Zv‡K hy³ivóªxq miKvi e‡j| hy³ivóªxq miKvi
eë¯’v AvqZ‡b e„nr iv‡óªi Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ memgq mgš^q I †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i
Pj‡Z nq| hvi Rb¨ iv‡óªi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ nq|
1| †Kw›`ªq ˆ¯îvPvi cÖwZ‡iva K‡i †Kvb eë¯’v?
K) hy³ivóªxq L) GK‡Kw›`ªK
M) gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ N) ˆ¯îvPvix
2| wew”QbœZvev‡ì Avk¼v _v‡K †Kvb eë¯’v‡Z?
K) GK‡Kw›`ªK L) hy³ivóªxq
M) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ N) ˆ¯îvPvix
3| cÖkvm‡bi †Kvb mgm¨vwU hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v‡Z †`Lv hvq?
K) AwZ`ªæZZv L) `xN©m~wÎZv
M) msKxY©Zv N) Z_¨nxbZv

cvV-7.12 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi

(Unitary and Federal Government)
D‡Ïk¨
• GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¯’vbxq miKvi, A½ivR¨, AvB‡bi êaZv, AvBb mfvi cÖvavb¨|

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii cv_©K¨

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi nj Ggb miKvi, †hLv‡b kvmb welqK ÿgZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z
_v‡K| hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii h_v_© `„óvšÍ| hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq msweavb KZ…K © †K›`ª Ges
A½iv‡Rï miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ÿgZv ewÈZ nq| GK‡Kw›`ªK Ges hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ K‡qKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨
Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ cv_©K¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i ivóª cwiPvjbvi GK”QÎ ÿgZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í| Zvi
B”Qv Ges wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ| hy³ivóªxq miKvi wfbœ ai‡Yi| †K›`ªxq miKvi Ges A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~n wb‡q
GB miKvi MwVZ nq| GB miKv‡i A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj
bq| Zviv msweavb KZ…©K MwVZ| G Kvi‡YB Zv‡ì ¯^Zš¿ mvsweavwbK gh©v`v Av‡Q| msweav‡bi Kv‡QB Zviv
`vqe× _v‡K|
2| msweav‡bi aiY t GK‡Kw›`ªK msweavb weª‡U‡bi g‡Zv AwjwLZ Ges d«v‡Ýi g‡Zv wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
hy³ivóªxq msweavb Aek¨B wjwLZ n‡e| Gi cÖavb KviY nj GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z mKj
ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K| †mB Kvi‡Y msweavb AwjwLZ n‡jI †Kvb Amyweav †bB| cÿvšÍ‡i, hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i
†K›`ªxq I A½ivR¨ Df‡qiB miKvi _v‡K| msweav‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR wbR GLwZqvi Ges ÿgZv wbw`©ó bv
_vK‡j Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ we‡iva Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q I‡V|
3| msweavb ms‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i A‡cÿvK…Z mn‡R AvBb I ÿgZvi
cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i msweavb ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ mycwieZ©bxq n‡j Ges H ÿgZv
GKKfv‡e †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡j, †K›`ªxq miKvi A½iv‡Rï ÿgZv msKzwPZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡YB
hy³ivóªxq msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZ `y®úwieZ©bxq n‡Z eva¨|
4| AvbyMZ¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq bvMwiK‡ì †Kej †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨
cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq bvMwiK‡ì ev¯Í‡e wbR-wbR iv‡Rï miKvi Ges
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ aviY Ki‡Z nq|
5| AvBb mfvi cÖvav‡bï †ÿ‡Î t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kiv nq|
A_©vr GLv‡b AvBbmfvi cÖvavb¨ cwijwÿZ nq| GLv‡b AvBb mfv KZ…K © cÖYxZ AvBb‡K Agvb¨ Kiv KwVb|
Ab¨w`‡K hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v‡Z AvBb mfvi cwie‡Z© msweav‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q _v‡K|
6| wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î t GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~n †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yvaxb| cÿvšÍ‡i,
hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq A½iv‡Rï miKvimg~n †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y gy³ †_‡K miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i|

7| ¯’vbxq miKvi t GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq cÖkvm‡bi myweavi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’vbxq miKvi MVb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
Gme ¯’vbxq miKvi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aaxb Ges Zvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, hy³ivóªxq kvmb
eë¯’vq AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq miKvimg~n msweavb Øviv MwVZ Ges ÿgZv cÖvß nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’v I hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v `yÕwU c„_K I wecixZagx© miKvi
eë¯’v| †Kvb ivóª †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi MÖnY Ki‡e Zv mswkøó iv‡óªi AvqZb, bvMwi‡Ki g‡bvfve m‡e©vcwi we`¨gvb
ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii g~j cv_©K¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|

/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvi-ms‡ÿc
GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ I ¯îƒc we‡kølY Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^vfvweK KZK¸‡jv cv_©K¨
cwijwÿZ nq| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i †hLv‡b ÿgZv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K, †mLv‡b hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i ÿgZv
msweavb Abymv‡i †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i †Ìqv nq|
1| wb‡Pi †Kvb †`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi we`¨gvb?
(K) hy³ivóª (L) hy³ivR¨
(M) fviZ (N) KvbvWv
2| msweavb ms‡kvab †Kvb eë¯’v‡Z mnR?
(K) GK †Kw›`ªK L) hy³ivóªxq
(M) wb`©jxq (N) †KvbwU bq
3| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq g~j ÿgZv Kvi nv‡Z?
(K) †K›`ª (L) ivR¨
(M) AvgjvZš¿ (N) †mbvevwnbx
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
eûc`x wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| miKv‡ii cÖavb jÿ¨−
(i) K‡Vvi Abykvmb (ii) RbKj¨vY wbwðZ (iii) we‡`ªvn `gb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) ii I iii
2| Kxfv‡e MYZš¿‡K kw³kvjx Kiv hvq?
(i) ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g;
(ii) ÿgZv †K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g;

(iii) m‡PZbZvi gva¨‡g

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3bs I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b t

ˆmKZ evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| evsjv‡`k GKwU MYZvwš¿K †`k| Z_vwc G‡`‡k GLbI `ybx©wZ we`¨gvb| AwbqgI
i‡q‡Q h‡_ó| wKš‘ D³ mgm¨vmg~n †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ ˆmKZ g‡b K‡i G‡`‡k AvB‡bi kvmb, Revew`wnZv I
¯^”QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| Aby‡”Q‡ì Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U eZ©gv‡b †h wRwbmwU LyeB ìKvi−
(K) ˆ¯îZš¿ (L) ivRZš¿
(M) mybvMwiK (N) eyw×Rxex
4| `ybx©wZ I Awbqg evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ai‡bi mgm¨v?
(K) ¯’vbxq mgm¨v (L) AvÂwjK mgm¨v
(M) RvZxq mgm¨v (N) AvšÍRv© wZK mgm¨v
wb‡Pi QKwU †`‡L 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b t
miKvi
kvmb wePvi
wefvM ? wefvM
5| (?) wPwýZ ¯’vbwU †KvbwU wb‡`©k K‡i?

(K) AvBb wefvM (L) mvgwiK evwnbx
(M) AvgjvZš¿ (N) GwjU
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 6bs I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b t

ÔKÕ bvgK iv‡óª AvB‡bi Abykvmb, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, kw³kvjx wbe©vPb Kwgkb
we`¨gvb| Aciw`‡K ÔLÕ bvgK iv‡óªi RbMY Gme cÖwZôvi Rb¨ `xN©w`b a‡i Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| Z‡e
`xN© Av‡›`vjb msMÖv‡gi ci †mLv‡b MYZš¿ Pvjy n‡jI AvBbmfvi wbKU kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv †bB|
6| ÔKÕ bvgK iv‡óª †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v we`¨gvb?
(K) GK‡Kw›`ªK (L) hy³ivóªxq
(M) msm`xq (N) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
7| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ÔLÕ bvgK iv‡óª miKv‡ii †h wefv‡Mi ÿgZv e„w× cv‡”Q Zv nj−
(K) AvBb (L) kvmb
(M) wePvi (N) wbe©vPK gÛjx

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi QKwU c‡o cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi w`b t
A miKvi eë¯’v B miKvi eë¯’v
# cÖavbgš¿x Ges gš¿xMY Zuv‡ì Kv‡R Rb¨ # cÖavbgš¿x Ges gš¿xMY Zuv‡ì Kv‡R Rb¨
msm‡ì wbKU `vqx| msm‡ì wbKU `vqx bq|
# kvmb wefv‡Mi m`m¨MY AvBb mfviI # kvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY Kiv
m`m¨ n‡q _v‡Kb| n‡q _v‡K|
# RbgZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| # RvZxq msKUKv‡j `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
(K) MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`b|

(L) MYZ‡š¿i †kÖwYwefvM Kiæb|
(M) A Øviv †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib B A‡cÿvK…Z DËg miKvi eë¯’v? we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi w`b|

wg. ivûj ÔKÕ iv‡óªi GKRb gš¿x| Zuvi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ Zuv‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e I Zuvi gwš¿mfv †`‡ki RvZxq
msm‡ì wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡ì †`‡ki ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi civgk© Abyhvqx Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zv‡ì †`‡ki AvBb Abyhvqx Abv¯’v w`‡q msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡ì c`Z¨vM
Ki‡Z nq|
(K) Aveªvnvg wj¼b cÖ`Ë MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`b|
(L) hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v Kxiƒc?
(M) wg. ivûj Gi †`‡ki miKvi eë¯’v †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) ÒDÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ miKvi eë¯’vB DËg miKvi eë¯’v|Ó− we‡kølY Kiæb|
3| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi w`b|
ivqnvb ÔKÕ iv‡óªi Ges ivnvZ ÔLÕ iv‡óªi bvMwiK| ivqnv‡bi iv‡óªi miKvi RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| D³
iv‡óªi miKvi cÖavb I gwš¿mfv AvBbmfvi wbKU Revew`wn K‡ib bv| Ab¨w`‡K ivnv‡Zi iv‡óªi miKvi
RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb Ges miKvi cÖavb I gwš¿mfv AvBbmfvi wbKU Revew`wn K‡i _v‡K| hvi d‡j
iv‡óªi Dbœqb `ªæZMwZ‡Z e„w× cvq|
(K) miKvi Kx?
(L) GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
(M) GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcb Kiæb|
(N) ivqnvb I ivnv‡Zi †`‡ki `ywU miKvi eë¯’vi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Avcwb †Kvb ai‡bi miKvi
eë¯’v‡K DËg e‡j g‡b Ki‡eb| e¨vL¨v w`b|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.1 t 1| M 2| L 3| M 4| K 5| N 6| K 7| L 8| M 10| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.2 t 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.3 t 1| L 2| N 3| N 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.4 t 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.5 t 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.6 t 1| L 2| N 3| K 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.7 t 1| K 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.8 t 1| M 2| L 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.9 t 1| L 2| K 3| M 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.10 t 1| M 2| K 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.11 t 1| K 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.12 t 1| L 2| K 3| K
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb t 1| L 2| M 3| M 4| M 5| K 6| M 7| L

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BDwbU

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-7.1 miKv‡ii aviYv I †kÖwY wefvM

miKvi, GK‡Kw›`ªK, hy³ivóªxq, ˆ¯^iZš¿, ivRZš¿, bMi ivóª, cywjkx ivóª,

miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM: mbvZbx aviYv

Gwi÷Uj Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 121

Gwi÷Uj cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

Gwi÷Uj Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 122

miKv‡ii AvaywbK iƒc

g¨vwiqU Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

jxKK& Gi miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 123

cÖZ¨ÿ MYZš¿ c‡ivÿ MYZš¿

mmxg ivRZš¿ cÖRvZš¿

gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ

gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 124

ˆ¯^iZš¿ GKbvqKZš¿ MYZš¿

ivRZš¿ mvgwiKZš¿ AwfRvZZš¿ e¨w³MZ `jMZ †kÖwYMZ cÖRvZš¿ wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿

gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ gwš¿mfv-kvwmZ ivóªcwZ-kvwmZ

w÷‡db jxKK cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM †`Lvb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 125

2| ÔmiKvi n‡”Q iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’vÕ− Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 126

cvV-7.2 MYZ‡š¿i myweav I mxgve×Zv

mvg¨, ˆgÎx, ¯^vaxbZv, mykvmb, wecøe, AvB‡bi Abykvmb, cyuwRev`|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 127

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 128

MYZ‡š¿i mxgve×Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 129

cvV-7.3 GKbvqKZ‡š¿i MyYvewj I mgm¨v

GKbvqKZš¿, RvZxqZvev`, my`ÿ kvmbe¨e¯’v, w¯’wZkxj miKvi, AvgjvZš¿,

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 130

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 131

GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v RbMY †Kb †g‡b †bq bv?

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 132

cvV-7.4 MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ (Democracy and Dictatorship)

e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv, wek¦ kvwšÍ, DMÖRvZxqZvev`, ¯^vqËkvmb, me©vZ¥Kev`, wecøe,

MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 133

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 134

cvV-7.5 MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i kZ©vewj

MYZvwš¿K RbMY, MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨, MYZ‡š¿i ¯^iƒc, A_©‰bwZK mvg¨, RvZxq

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 135

MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi kZ©¸‡jv wK wK?

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 136

cvV-7.6 Av`k© kvmb e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e MYZš¿

†gŠwjK AwaKvi, AvB‡bi Abykvmb, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, RbM‡Yi kvmb,

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 137

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 138

cvV-7.7 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v

RbKj¨vY, wbe©vPKgÛjx, Riæwi Ae¯’v, wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨, ÿgZv

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 139

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii K‡qKwU mgm¨v wPwýZ Kiæb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 140

cvV-7.8 msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj I mgm¨v

Rbg‡Zi cÖvavb¨, RbKj¨vYKvgx, bvMwiK m‡PZbZv, RvZxq msKU, ivR‰bwZK

msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj