CDA Articless

BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 19 Nomor 2 Juli 2020
http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/
P-ISSN : 0853-2710
E-ISSN : 2540-8968
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MOHAMAD NASIR’S SPEECH
Ni Putu Santhi Widiastuti

Ganesha University of Education, Jalan Udayana No. 11,
Singaraja, Indonesia
shantyw07@gmail.com
Accepted: 2020-03-31 , Approved: 2020-07-06 , Published: 2020-07-20
ABSTRACT
Discourse is a unit of language in which its form is longer than a sentence including the vast
majority of everyday communication; in addition, it ussually employes specific kinds of
language as well as infromation structures to deliver specific purposes. In order to identify the
structure and purpose of a discourse, the present research employed Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) to analyze an educational speech in May 2nd, 2016 delivered by the Indonesian
Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Mohamad Nasir in the celebration
of the National Education Day of Indonesia. The result of the analysis showed how the speech
was constructed in form of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure revealed how
the social power was used by symbolic elites to invite all parties in educational field to join
together in reforming educational system of Indonesia to be better than what had been
conducted by previous partisans in the past.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA); Indonesian Ministry’s speech; educational

speech; National Education Day
Indonesia has been done since colonialism

INTRODUCTION
era by the father of education in Indonesia,
Education is a means to improve quality of
Ki Hajar Dewantara in which he opposed
a nation throught the imporvement of
educational policy during Dutch
human resources. Both education and the
colonialism era which only concerned the
quality of a nation are related in which the
educational system to noble children as
more qualified the education in a nation, the
well as Dutch-born children. He introduced
better the quality of a nation. These
three principles that should be involved in
statement is generally reflected the
educational implementation, namely Ing
implementation of education in Indonesia.
Ngarso Sing Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun
The struggle to better education system in
Karso and Tut Wuri Handayani. The three
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principles became basic implementation of Nasir added online system in the matters of
education in Indonesia in which the teacher certificate publication and teachers’
should be a role model (Ing Ngarso Sing promotion in which it increased the
Tulodo), a friend (Ing Madya Mangun efficiency of both publications and
Karso) and also a supporter (Tut Wuri promotion. Additionally, he offered
Handayani) for the students. deletion of thesis as the final project
However, Indonesia is still conduceted by the univesity students to be
struglling to education issues in which there able to finished their bachelor degree.
is still numerous problems faced by Howerer, his statement is still debated by
teachers, students as well as government of some considerations whether it will give
Indonesia. Concerning to the issue, there advatanges and disadvantages for the
was reduction towards the quality of students themselve. Because of his
Indonesia’s education in 2016. It was authority in educational field, one of his
evidenced by the data of UNESCO who speech was delivered in the celebration of
reported the decreased of Human the National Education Day in May 2nd,
Development Index (HDI) of Indonesia as 2016.
published by Partini (2016) in Nasir’s speech was an example of
kompasina.com. These problem was taken discourse in form of verbal discourse in
into account by the Indonesia Ministry of which it was directly delivered in front of
Research, Technology, and Higher the audiences. As an aspect of linguistics,
Education, Prof. Mohamad Nasir. Since his discourse is defined as a unit of language in
concern was in education, he had offered which its form is longer than a sentence
several renewels into the education system including the vast majority of everyday
of Indonesia during his position of the communication; in addition, discourse
ministry from 2014–2019. For instance, ussually employes specific kinds of

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language as well as infromation structures and how people communicate. It also
to deliver specific purposes (Dipper & means an interrogation of the data
Pritchard, 2017). As discourse becomes concerned with both a theory of language
part of everyday communication, it use as well as a method of research made up
includes instructions, opinions and it is also of a set of tools of enquiry and strategies for
found in speech, stories, lectures, notices, using them. The focus of discourse analysis
language use, exchange of information is on the analysis of language in both
even it covers all forms of communication spoken and written as it is used to enact
(.ibid). On the other hand, looking at the social and cultural perspective and
purpose of discourse, it is intended to identities. In addition, discourse analysis
identify dominant discourse which show tends to deals with how the choice of
how reality has been socially constructed articles, pronouns, and tenses which may
through either talks, texts, or pictures. Since affect the discourse structure, the relation
discourse is constructed to show diferent between utterances in a discourse and also
and specific purposes, the use of discourse the moves made by the speakers to
is also conducted by some considerations introduce a new topic, change the topic, or
such as: context, types, generes, and theme. assert a high role relationship to other
In short explanation, discourse is a form of participants. In the study, Critical
communicative actions including both Discourse Analysis (CDA) was conducted
communication structure and concerning the theory of Teun Van Dijk
communication intended use in which (2015) in which it is defined as a study
language takes many forms and shaped by focusing on how structures, strategies, and
the context, types, genres, and theme. other communicative features are used to
Analysis of discourse is a way to authorize, constitute, legitimate, negate,
study such processes by looking at what lessen, or hide power. Further, CDA also
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shows social-power abuse and inequality which are more specific in discourse
are enacted, reproduced, legitimized, as focusing on the semantic relations between
well as resisted in the social and political propositions, syntactic, lexical and other
context through either text or talk (Tannen rhetorical elements. Semantic element
et al., 2015). Additionally, language use focuses on the meaning which is going to
belong to the structures level including intend to be stressed in the discourse.
macrostructure and microstructue in which Relating to the semantic analysis, Van Dijk
there is mesostructure or commonly named also emphasizes on the use of social power
superstructure in between those structures. within a discourse as he concerns on how
According to Dijk (2015) as also discourse might be used by symbolic elites
supported by the statement from in which it refers to participants of a group
Krzyżanowski and Forchtner (2016), who absolutely have access and control
macrostructure or macro level relates to the discourse within society. These statement
terms of ‘themes’ or ‘topics’ referring relates to the speech delivered by Nasir in
global meaning of a discourse. The which he is assumed as a symbolic elite as
macrostructure also refers to the whole he had access and control to have a speech
information discussed in the discourse. in front of the audiences in the National
Superstructure refers to the schema of Education Day.
discourse which connect the macrostructure Further, the present research was
and microstructure involving introduction, conducted in order to find out the ideology
content as well as conclusion. The of the speech as well as the relation of
introduction refers to headline and structures on the speech relatinng to how a
paragraph leading to reasons why the discourse of a symbolic elite has a power to
discourse is taken into account to be control society. Therefore, the research was
noticed. Microstructure refers the meanings

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conducted in order to answered the speech was analyzed into its three major
following research questions. structures, namely macrostructure,
1. What is the ideology of the speech superstructure (mesostructure) and
delivered by Mohamad Nasir in the microstructure. Further, the analysis
National Education Day? concerned on finding the ideology, the
2. How are the structures of the speech construction as well as the word meaning
related each other to get into the within the discourse.
objective?
3. How are the keywords used to support RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
the ideology of the speech? As what has been explained above, the
speech was analyzed and divided into
RESEARCH METHOD several structures, the following
Dealing with the purpose of the study, an subchapters were the analysis of Nasir’s
educational speech was analyzed as it speech.
referred to a discourse. The speech was
delivered by the Indonesian Ministry of A. Macrostructure
Research, Technology, and Higher Generally, the above-mentioned speech by
Education, Prof. Mohamad Nasir in the Mohamad Nasir was focusing the ideology
National Education Day of Indonesia on on desire for reforming educational
May 2, 2016. The speech was downloaded management system on higher education to
in official website of dikti.go.id. An innovatively and competitively create
analysis of the discourse was conducted in enthusiasm at working field. Since the
the present research according to Teun Van themes or topics of the discourse should be
Dijk’s theory (2015) as the basic seen as the global meaning, the notion of
framework of conductiong the reseach. The reforming higher education system comes
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as the result of globalization where the points going to be discussed in the
competitiveness among people always discourse. This part emphasized on the
developed day by day specifically needs to create several changes in the
graduates who seek for a job. Further, the implementation of higher education. By
achievement on what Indonesia had been mentioning several achievements from
received was claimed that there was still a previous year which had been received by
possibility that it would be lost in the future. Indonesia, Nasir invited every element in
Thus, Nasir, through his speech, educational system of Indonesia involving
emphasized the needs to improve government, higher education institutions,
educational management system of research institutions, and other parties to
Indonesia to be able to compete in participate and contribute in the process of
globalization era in 21st century. reforming educational management system
of Indonesia to be innovative and
B. Superstructure (Mesostructure) competitive higher education. In addition,
Looking at the speech of Nasir, it could be the conclusion involved final comments as
identified that, generally, it discussed about well as final statement from the overall
background of the National Education Day discourse. The speech was ended by
of Indonesia which fell on May 2 in which congratulation statement for celebrating the
it was the moment to commemorate the National Education Day of Indonesia as
birth of the national education figure of well as his wish on efforts that had been
Indonesia, Ki Hajar Dewantara, as well as done to improve the quality of higher
continuing his struggle to develop education can be worth.
educational system of Indonesia. Further, in
the content, it contained situational
backgrounds and elaboration of several

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C. Microstructure indicate to several possibilities. The
The microstructure analysis was divided first possibility was most participants
into three parts namely introduction, involving in the event were Islam.
content and conclusion in order to clearly The second possibility was Nasir
see the semantic analysis within the speech. avoided incorrectly mentioning
a) Introduction others religion’s greeting in which it
 Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi was evidenced by mentioning
wabarakatuh. Selamat pagi, salam common greetings, such as selamat
sejahtera untuk kita semua. pagi and salam sejahtera. Lastly, the
(Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi worse thing is that he disrespected
wabarakatuh. Good morning, best others religion.
wishes for all of us)  Alhamdulillah, di pagi hari ini kita
Semantic Analysis: dapat berkumpul bersama dalam
Nasir used greeting to begin his upacara Peringatan Hari Pendidikan
speech in which he greeted everyone Nasional (HARDIKNAS) tahun 2016.
in the event by saying (Alhamdullilah, we can gather in this
“Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi morning in the celebration of National
wabarakatuh”. It could be seen that Education Day 2016)
he used Islamic greeting at first Semantic Analysis:
indicating that he was an Islam. He Related to previous semantic analysis,
did not use others greeting from other Nasir once again used Alhamulillah
religion. Additionally, Nasir added referring to Islam use of expressing
his greeting by generally saying gratitude. It confirmed the indication
“selamat pagi” and “salam that he was Islam. Further, he also
sejahtera”. Those condition might mentioned celebration of National

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Education Day 2016 indicated he birth date of Ki Hajar Dewantara. As
introduced the event in which he reported by Liputan6.com, the second
attended. Both the expression of date of May was appreciated as the
gratitude and introduction of the event celebration of National Education
referred to his gratitude to have a Day along with the born date of Ki
chance to gather in the celebration of Hajar Dewantara as he contributed a
National Education Day in 2016. lot of things to Indonesian educational
 Tanggal 2 Mei yang kita peringati system. As an evidence, Ki Hajar
sebagai Hari Pendidikan Nasional opposed educational policy during
merupakan hari lahir Ki Hajar Dutch colonialism era focusing the
Dewantara, seorang tokoh educational system to noble children
pendidikan Indonesia yang as well as Dutch-born children.
pemikirannya menjadi benih Additionally, the statement also
bertumbuhnya pendidikan Indonesia. mentioned Ki Hajar’s thoughts
(Commemoration of the National became the origin of education
Education Day on May 2nd is the birth growth in Indonesia indicating his
date of Ki Hajar Dewantara, an thoughts, which would be further
Indonesia educational figure whose explained in the next statements, were
thoughts become the origin of relevant to the educational system
education growth of Indonesia) implemented in Indonesia.
Semantic Analysis:  Ki Hajar Dewantara
The above statement seemed to mengumandangkan pemikirannya
emphasize tanggal 2 Mei (May 2nd) tentang pendidikan Indonesia, yaitu
regarding the day to celebrate the Ing Ngarso Sing Tulodo, Ing Madya
National Education Day as well as the Mangun Karso dan Tut Wuri
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Handayani, dan menerapkannya realm. According to Kusmanto and
dalam sekolah Taman Siswa. (Ki Widodo (2016), Ing Ngarso Sing
Hajar Dewantara introduced his Tulodo referred to exemplary in
thoughts about education in which teachers as model for their
Indonesia, namely Ing Ngarso Sing students in which the teachers should
Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun Karso be able to exemplified ethical manner.
and Tut Wuri Handayani, and he Meanwhile, Ing Madya Mangun
applied it in Taman Siswa school) Karso can be defined as
Semantic Analysis: thoughtfulness in which the teachers
As what had mentioned in the should be able to inspire spirit within
previous statement referring Ki the students as they build togetherness
Hajar’s thoughts which became the between the students and themselves.
origin of educational growth in Tut Wuri Handayani referred to
Indonesia, here, Nasir mentioned encouragement in which the teachers
three thoughts of Ki Hajar that should be able to support their
became principles of educational students both physically and mentally
system now in Indonesia. Further, in the process of teaching and
Nasir seemed to emphasize those learning. Additionally, Nasir also
three principles, such as Ing Ngarso stated the term “taman siswa” in
Sing Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun which it referred to a school built by
Karso and Tut Wuri Handayani to the Ki Hajar in Yogyakarta in 1922 as the
audience. It indicated that he wanted realization of his struggle to education
to recall audience’s understanding in Indonesia.
towards those crucial terms which are  Inisiatif tersebut menjadi awal bentuk
still relevant to be used in educational reformasi pendidikan di Indonesia.

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(The initiative becomes the beginning Dewantara had focused on teacher-
of educational reformation in centered education; on the other hand,
Indonesia.) other educational figure of Indonesia,
Semantic Analysis: Moh. Syafei, initiated education of
From the statement, Nasir stated the skills and practices through the
word “reformasi” in which it can be establishment of INS Kayu Tanam
defined as drastic changes in the field educational center in West Sumatra in
of social, politics and religion within which it became a basic establishment
society and nation. Nasir seemed to of vocational schools in Indonesia)
use that term to emphasize on several Semantic Analysis:
changes happened in Indonesian Further, Nasir also added other figure
educational system which had who was meritorious in educational
changed and been developed from system of Indonesia, Moh. Syafei. He
colonial era until now. seemed to give evidences that there
 Jika Ki Hajar Dewantara berfokus were several figure who took
pada pendidikan yang berbasiskan important role in educational
pada guru, maka tokoh pendidikan reformation as he stated Moh. Syafei
Indonesia lainnya, yaitu Moh. Syafei pioneered the emergence of
menggagas pendidikan keterampilan vocational school in which it still
yang sarat dengan praktek melalui exists until now in Indonesia.
pendirian pusat pendidikan INS Kayu  Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Moh.
Tanam di Sumatera Barat, yang Syafei pun merupakan salah satu
kemudian menjadi dasar bentuk awal dari reformasi
pengembangan sekolah vokasi dan pendidikan di Indonesia. (What had
kejuruan di Indonesia. (If Ki Hajar been done by Moh. Syafei is one of

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the beginnings towards educational audience about his kindness. Additionally,
reformation in Indonesia) Nasir also mentioned Moh. Syafei as he is
Semantic Analysis: also educational figure of Indonesia
Again, Nasir talked the term of pioneered the emergence of vocational
reformation indicating that it was a schools. As the result, Nasir emphasized his
great changes happened in speech on the achievement of those two
educational system in Indonesia since important educational figures who
we, who live in the present, could participated in educational reformation of
benefit the results of both Ki Hajar Indonesia.
Dewantara and Moh. Syafei’s
struggle in the past in term of b) Content
education.  Peserta upacara yang dimuliakan,
Based on the abovementioned semantic (Honorable participants)
analysis, the introduction of the speech Semantic Analysis:
raised the issue of reformation in Nasir mentioned the participants in
educational system of Indonesia in which it the events in which the word
was started by the struggle of Ki Hajar “upacara” implicated that the speech
Dewanntara as well as Moh. Syafei in the was delivered in a ceremony.
past. The issue was raised since it was the According to unpad.ac.id, Nasir’s
celebration of the National Education Day. speech was delivered at University of
Nasir started his speech by mentioning Padjadjaran in the National Education
achievement of Ki Hajar Dewantara Day. It was confirmed the reason he
through three principles which are still mentioned “peserta upacara”.
relevant in the implementation of  HARDIKNAS kita peringati bukan
educational system in order to remind the hanya untuk mengenang jasa Ki

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Hajar Dewantara sebagai Bapak In addition, he also mentioned
Pendidikan Indonesia dan seluruh “Bapak Pendidikan Indonesia”
pejuang pendidikan yang patut kita referred to Ki Hajar Dewantara. The
kenang dan hargai namun, juga untuk term was given to him as he had
kita merefleksikan tentang beragam important role in the reformation of
upaya yang telah dan sedang kita education in Indonesia related to what
lakukan dalam menjalankan berbagai had been explained before in the
program untuk meningkatkan previous analysis. By mentioning that
kualitas pendidikan tinggi Indonesia. term, Nasir indicated that the
(National Education Day is achievement of Ki Hajar Dewantara
commemorated to remember the could be a reflection to the society to
kindness of Ki Hajar Dewantara as see what they have been through and
father of education in Indonesia as what should be improved. Further, the
well as all educational partisans who terms of “meningkatkan kualitas
should be valued in order to have pendidikan tinggi Indonesia” were
reflection on what efforts we have mentioned since it was related to
done and what we are still doing to Nasir’s position as the Indonesian
upgrade higher education quality in Ministry of Research, Technology,
Indonesia) and Higher Education in which it
Semantic Analysis: could be clearly seen that one of his
The word “HARDIKNAS” was an concerns was in higher education.
abbreviation of the National  Perjalanan tersebut menjadi tonggak
Education Day in which Nasir seemed untuk upaya kita selanjutnya dalam
to abbreviate the words in order to memberikan layanan pendidikan
concisely and easily mention the day. tinggi berkualitas bagi putra putri
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bangsa, menciptakan SDM IPTEK quantity of higher education. The
Indonesia yang terampil, dan statement was related to the condition
meningkatkan kapasitas penciptaan of educational system in 2016 which
beragam inovasi dan teknologi yang was reported by Pratini (2016) in
berdaya saing industri, yang pada kompasian.com that education quality
akhirnya akan meningkatkan daya of Indonesia was placed in its lowest
saing bangsa Indonesia. (The journey point. The report was also supported
becomes milestone of our next efforts by the data of unemployment in
to yield the quality of higher Indonesia which increased; thus, it
education services for children of the indicated that there was limitation to
nation by creating skilled human create innovations within science,
resources, science and technology, technology and industry in Indonesia.
increasing the capacity to create Therefore, he mentioned those efforts
diverse innovations and industry to expect enhancement in the
competitive technology in which it competitiveness of Indonesia
will increase competitiveness of referring to the quality and quantity of
Indonesia) higher education as what he had
Semantic Analysis: mentioned at the end of his sentence.
Through this speech, Nasir seemed to  Dalam bingkai pikir tersebut, maka
mention several efforts that are going HARDIKNAS kali ini kita peringati
to be achieved in the future as he said dengan tema “Ayo Kerja, Inovatif
“upaya kita selanjutnya”. If it was dan Kompetitif”. (Based on those
further analyzed, it could be seen that thoughts, we celebrate the National
the efforts going to be done by Nasir Education Day, today, according to a
were focusing on the quality and

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theme, “Let’s work, be innovative and  Tema tersebut merupakan seruan
competitive”) bagi seluruh kalangan pendidikan
Semantic Analysis: tinggi dan perguruan tinggi untuk
Nasir mentioned the words “ayo melakukan reformasi pendidikan
kerja, inovatif dan kompetitif” which tinggi, sebagaimana telah dimulai
were chosen as the theme in the oleh Bapak Pendidikan kita. (The
celebration of the National Education theme is an appeal for all elements of
Day. Further, if the theme was higher educations and colleges to do
analyzed, it was consisted of three reformation in higher education as
terms, such as “kerja”, “inovatif”, what had been done by our father of
and “kompetitif”. According to education)
Indonesia dictionary, “kerja” Semantic Analysis:
referred to activities to do something The word “seruan” referred to shout
in order to achieve outcomes. the spirit of working as well as being
Meanwhile, “inovatif” was defined as innovative and competitive. It also
renewal to create something new. could indicated that the theme should
Lastly, “kompetitif” referred to a be shared and implemented in
competition. Those terms were raised education field. Further, Nasir also
since it was related to the previous mentioned all elements of higher
statement stating that Indonesia, education and colleges in which it
specifically the educational system, referred to the students, lecturers,
faced issue on the lack of both its staffs, as well as management of
quality and quantity that should be higher education and college.
able to have competitiveness.  Reformasi pendidikan tinggi
merupakan suatu keniscayaan pada

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saat ini, ketika kita menghadapi difficult challenges for higher
beragam tantangan luar biasa dalam education.
skala lokal, nasional, maupun global.  Melalui pendidikan tinggi, kita
(Reformation of higher education is mempersiapkan SDM IPTEK yang
an inevitability in the present as we akan bersaing dalam pasar kerja
face many extraordinary challenge in nasional maupun internasional, serta
local, national and global scale) akan memenuhi beragam tempat
Semantic Analysis: kerja. (Through higher education, we
According to the speech, it was prepare human resources, science and
clearly seen that Nasir emphasized his also technology which will compete
speech on the emergence of higher in local, national, and international
education reformation in which he labor market to fulfill all diverse
stated the term again and again. It workplaces)
became crucial discussion related to Semantic Analysis:
the issue had been stated in the From the statement above, Nasir
previous analysis mentioned the stated “kita persiapkan” in which it
adversity of education in Indonesia. could be seen that Nasir invited all
Further, Nasir added challenges that elements involved in higher education
should be faced in which it was not and also he seemed to arrange some
only in national scale but also reached plans to prepare human resources as
global scale indicated that all well as science and technology in
elements of higher education did not Indonesia that could compete in labor
compete in Indonesia only but also market. As he stated the scale
with others who came from different involved not only local and national
countries in which it became more but also international, the plan that he
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arranged required supports from all in which it did not support the
element in which it confirmed the graduates’ competency. The process
previous statement indicated his of teaching and learning was teacher-
invitation for all elements of higher centered learning in which there was
education to participate in the plan. only a process to transfer knowledge
 Bagaimana mungkin lulusan kita between the teacher and the students.
akan memiliki kompetensi untuk Additionally, knowledge tended to be
bekerja di dunia abad 21, jika objective, rigid, and constant as it
penyelenggaraan pendidikan tinggi restrained the students to develop
kita masih sama seperti abad 19? themselves (Permatasari, 2013).
(How could our graduates have Therefore, Nasir seemed to refuse the
competence to work in the 21st implementation educational system
century, if our higher education of 19st century since it does not match
management is still the same as the to improve competence of students to
19th century?) be able to compete in the 21st century
Semantic Analysis: where the challenge will be harder
By asking the question above, it could than previous century.
be seen that Nasir implicitly doubted  Juga, kehadiran teknologi informasi
the competence of graduates to deal komunikasi dan jaringan, serta
with competition within the 21st masyarakat ekonomi berbasis
century if they were still implemented pengetahuan menyebabkan
educational system of the 19th perubahan paradigma
century. The discussion might lead to penyelenggaraan pendidikan tinggi
what happened with the management tidak dapat ditawar lagi. (Also, the
of higher education in the 19th century emergence of communication,

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network, information, and  Ada banyak pekerjaan yang perlu kita
technology, as well as a knowledge- lakukan, yang pada dasarnya akan
based economic society which mereformasi penyelenggaraan
changes the paradigm of higher pendidikan tinggi kita – deregulasi,
education cannot be negotiated) penyediaan pendidikan yang fleksibel
Semantic Analysis: dan berorientasi pada siswa dan
Nasir seemed to relate his previous pangsa pasar, perubahan kurikulum,
statement to the phenomenon penyediaan dosen, guru besar, dan
happened in the present where there tenaga kependidikan yang
was the emergence of profesional, pendidikan yang
communication, network, mengikuti perkembangan ilmu dan
information, and technology which teknologi, model bisnis pendidikan
influenced the implementation of yang baru, orientasi pada
higher education. The words “tidak keterampilan yang teruji dan berdaya
dapat ditawar lagi” indicated that the saing, pengembangan bidang ilmu
influences of technology could not be strategis, revitalisasi kelembagaan,
avoided since technology influenced kemampuan pendidikan tinggi untuk
almost all elements of society with no menghasilkan riset dan inovasi yang
exception. Related to higher kompetitif, dan lain-lain. (There is a
education, technology could be used lot of work that we need to do, which
to deliver materials, collect will basically reform our higher
assignment, and search for education implementation, such as
information in which it was open for deregulation, requirement of flexible
every element in the society. and student-oriented education as
well as market share, changes of

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curriculum, requirement of Nasir planned to remove thesis for the
professional lecturers, professors and final project of university students as
education staffs, education that is the requirement to finish their
relevant to science and technology, bachelor degree. In addition, Nasir
new educational business, orientation also mentioned “pendidikan
to proven and competitive skills, berorientasi pada siswa” and
development of strategic science, “perubahan kurikulum” referring to
institutional revitalization, the ability the previous analysis stated the 19th
of higher education to produce century education which tended to
competitive research and innovation, focus on teacher-centered learning so
and others) that he planned to change the
Semantic Analysis: educational system into student-
The abovementioned sentence of centered learning in which it led to
Nasir’s speech was consisted of changes in the curriculum to fit
several points related to plans that development era. Moreover, by
should be achieved as his goals to stating “pendidik profesional”, Nasir
improve higher education indicated his arrangement on the
implementation. Further, there was requirements that should be fulfilled
the term of “deregulasi” meaning a by either lecturers, professors, or
process to remove restriction and education staffs in which they should
regulation in which it indicated Nasir be qualified enough to fill the
had plan to change several regulation position. Futher, he stated
that had been implemented “pendidikan yang mengikuti
previously. It could be confirmed by perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi” in
Tresnady (2019) in uzone.id reported which he restated his previous

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statement indicated he wanted to Semantic Analysis:
emphasize on the influence of science Nasir added interval in his speech by
and technology in education. At the stating “hadirin sekalian” as it was
end, again and again, he stated the also functioned to get attention from
needs of innovation and the audiences.
competitiveness in higher education  Mari kita fokuskan kerja kita dalam
indicated it was crucial needs that reformasi pendidikan tinggi dengan
should be fulfilled by all elements of cara-cara inovatif untuk
higher education specifically the menghasilkan beragam inovasi yang
students. berdaya saing dari pendidikan tinggi
 Untuk itu, ayo kita kerja bersama- kita. (Let us focus our work on higher
sama. (Because of that, let us work education reformation by
together) innovatively producing competitive
Semantic Analysis: innovations from our higher
The word “ayo” in the speech could education)
be seen as invitation for all Semantic Analysis:
participants in the ceremony in order Once again, Nasir stated “mari kita”
to work together to fix issues in higher referring his concern on inviting
education. Further, Nasir also stated every element involved in higher
“kita” referred to himself as well as education to be innovative and
the participants in the ceremony competitive as he stated “cara
including lecturer, professor, inovatif” and “inovasi yang berdaya
education staff as well as students. saing” in order to reform the
 Hadirin sekalian, (Ladies and implementation of higher education.
gentlemen)
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 Sudah banyak ragam inovasi yang The abovementioned statement
kita hasilkan dan kita banggakan. concerned to present the Indonesian
(There were many innovations that innovation index in which it showed
we have produced and we were proud the rank on how many innovations
of) that Indonesia produced within a year.
Semantic Analysis: Through the evidences presented
The above statement indicated above, Nasir seemed to show that
Nasir’s pride on the innovations Indonesia has potential to compete in
which had been produced. It indicated international scale as he stated
his gratitude towards the “indeks inovasi pendidikan tinggi
achievement. adalah 4,0 atau peringkat 60 dunia”
 Pada tahun 2015 menurut World indicated that Indonesia had knocked
Economic Forum, indeks inovasi out other countries underneath.
Indonesia mencapai 4,6 atau  Kita masih perlu bekerja secara
peringkat 30 dunia, sedangkan indeks inovatif, sehingga kita bisa
inovasi pendidikan tinggi adalah 4,0 meningkatkan peringkat indeks
atau peringkat 60 dunia. (In 2015, inovasi pendidikan tinggi Indonesia
according to the World Economic di peringkat 56 pada tahun 2020. (We
Forum, the Indonesian innovation still need to work innovatively, so that
index reached 4.6 or the 30th ranking we can improve the ranking of
in the world, while the innovation Indonesia’s higher education
index of higher education was 4.0 or innovation index at 56th in 2020)
the 60th ranking in the world) Semantic Analysis:
Semantic Analysis: Related to the previous analysis,
Nasir emphasized his statement by

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saying “kita masih perlu” indicated the achievement to be more
the needs of more innovative ideas to innovative and competitive.
reach 56th ranking in 2020 in which it  Selanjutnya, globalisasi juga telah
seemed to be not a large scale from meningkatkan kompetisi di tingkat
the previous achievement in which it institusi, nasional dan internasional.
implied that Nasir understood (Furthermore, globalization has also
potency of Indonesia in international increased competition at the
competition. institutional, national and
 Indeks ini menunjukkan bahwa masih international levels)
banyak inovasi dan teknologi yang Semantic Analysis:
perlu kita hasilkan untuk Nasir stated “globalisasi juga telah
memecahkan berbagai masalah meningkatkan kompetisi” in which he
dalam kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. tended to direct the discussion of
(The index shows that there are still competitiveness to the issue of
many innovations and technology that globalization. According to
we need to produce to solve various Indonesian dictionary, the term of
problems in Indonesian society) “globalisasi” referred to the entry
Semantic Analysis: process to global scope.
The statement “masih banyak inovasi  Pada saat ini, indeks daya saing
dan teknologi yang perlu kita Indonesia yang diukur dari indikator
hasilkan” implied that Nasir wanted “higher education and training”
to challenge and invite the audience to menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun
create more innovations since 2014-2015 Indonesia menduduki
Indonesia still has chance to improve peringkat 60 dengan indeks daya
saing 4,5, sementara pada tahun

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2015-2016 peringkat Indonesia  Artinya, ada lebih banyak negara lain
menjadi 65 dengan indeks daya saing yang mencapai indeks daya saing
yang sama 4,5. (At present, lebih baik dari Indonesia, sehingga
Indonesia’s competitiveness index as peringkat Indonesia menurun. (This
measured by the indicator of “higher means that there are other countries
education and training” showed that that have achieved a better
Indonesia was ranked at 60th in 2014– competitiveness index rather than
2015 with competitiveness index of Indonesia, so that Indonesia’s ranking
4.5, meanwhile Indonesia’s ranking has declined)
was 65th with the same Semantic Analysis:
competitiveness index of 4.5 in 2015– Emphasizing on the statement
2016) “peringkat Indonesia menurun”, it
Semantic Analysis: implied that Nasir showed his
Nasir mentioned two ranking in disappointment towards the
different period such as “pada tahun achievement of Indonesia’s
2014-2015 Indonesia menduduki competitiveness index.
peringkat 60” and “pada tahun 2015-  Hal ini tidak boleh kita biarkan begitu
2016 peringkat Indonesia menjadi saja. (We should not let it be like that)
65”. According to the ranking, he Semantic Analysis:
tried to indicate reduction in the The words “hal ini” referred to the
ranking achieved in which it reduction of Indonesia’s
evidenced that there was something competitiveness index. It could be
happened that influenced seen that Nasir did not want to give up
competitiveness index. on the result in which it was
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confirmed by his statement “tidak and quality in which we have done to
boleh kita biarkan”. answer challenges so far in the future)
 Ayo kita kerja secara inovatif dan Semantic Analysis:
kompetitif untuk menghasilkan SDM Nasir seemed to emphasize on “kita
IPTEK terampil serta inovasi dan tidak bisa menjalankan pendidikan
teknologi yang berdaya saing sebagai tinggi” indicated his inability to
tujuan utama pendidikan tinggi kita. conduct higher education. The reason
(Let us work innovatively and was related to the previous statement
competitively to produce skilled and in the very beginning of his speech
competitive human resources as well when he said the influence of
as science and technology as the main technology and science as well as the
goal of our higher education) needs of changes in the curriculum to
Semantic Analysis: face competitiveness in global scale.
Again, Nasir seemed to invite all  Karena kualitas yang kita capai di
elements involved in higher education hari kemarin sangatlah berbeda
by saying “Ayo kita kerja” in order to dengan kualitas yang harus kita capai
participate in achieving the goal of di hari esok dalam kecepatan
higher education. pencapaian yang berbeda pula. (The
 Dalam bingkai daya saing ini, kita quality that we had achieved
tidak bisa menjalankan pendidikan yesterday was very different from the
tinggi dengan cara dan kualitas yang quality we will achieve tomorrow at a
telah kita lakukan selama ini untuk different pace of achievement)
menjawab tantangan masa depan. (In Semantic Analysis:
the competitiveness, we cannot carry In this statement, he emphasized on
out higher education by procedures the quality achieved in different

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timeline. The word “sangatlah Community is giving opportunities
berbeda” tended to show unexpected for every cooperation which will be
achievement in which it related to the done in the future. It also raised
discussion in the previous analysis possibility that the cooperation
about innovative and competitiveness mentioned by Nasir will influenced
index resulted different findings. the implementation of higher
 Di sisi lain, globalisasi serta era education.
Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN  Kerjasama menjadi salah satu
membuka jalan bagi kerjasama strategi dalam bingkai
pendidikan, riset, dan pengembangan “competitiveness” untuk mencapai
teknologi antar institusi perguruan kualitas pendidikan tinggi yang
tinggi, lembaga riset, serta industri diakui dalam berbagai kalangan
dalam dan luar negeri. (On the other secara global. (Cooperation becomes
hand, globalization and the era of the one of the strategies in
ASEAN Economic Community competitiveness to achieve the quality
paved the way for collaborative of higher education that is globally
education, research, and technology recognized in various circles)
development between tertiary Semantic Analysis:
institutions, research institutions, as Related to the previous analysis,
well as domestic and foreign “kerjasama” in the speech referred to
industries) cooperation which was expected by
Semantic Analysis: Nasir to be done in the future in which
The word “membuka jalan bagi he seemed to emphasize on his
kerjasama” in the speech seemed to expectation that the cooperation
emphasize that ASEAN Economic between several elements will bring

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many advantages as he wanted higher people who were participated in the
education quality to be globally cooperation. Nasir might expect that
recognized as he mentioned the cooperation would unite people
“mencapai kualitas pendidikan tinggi who had same purpose to share each
yang diakui”. We could see the other’s knowledge to achieve agreed
reason why he wanted the world to goals. Additionally, Nasir stated in
recognize higher education as it the statement that “kerjasama
would give opportunities for menciptakan inovasi dan teknologi
graduates of higher education to yang lebih baik lagi” implied that
easily seek for a job in global scale. In through the cooperation, he expected
addition, when higher education is that the participants could learn
recognized by global society, the something which would be beneficial
quality of higher education will be to improve quality of innovation as
increased. well as skill to utilize the technology.
 Kerjasama memperkuat kapasitas  Pertukaran mahasiswa dan dosen,
kita masing-masing menjadi kerjasama penelitian dan publikasi
kapasitas yang lebih besar dalam ilmiah, sudah seharusnya menjadi
menciptakan inovasi dan teknologi bagian dari reformasi pendidikan
yang lebih baik lagi. (Cooperation tinggi kita. (Exchange of students and
strengthens each of our capacities into lecturers, collaborative research and
greater capacities in creating scientific publications should be part
innovation and better technology) of our higher education reformation)
Semantic Analysis: Semantic Analysis:
The word “kapasitas besar” in the As what had been explained
speech referred to the quantity of previously, cooperation could bring

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benefit in which it was emphasized by or by only one party)
Nasir in his abovementioned Semantic Analysis:
statement mentioning the examples of The word “tidak mungkin” implied
cooperation that should be involved inability of government to handle
such as “pertukaran mahasiswa dan education system of Indonesia by
dosen, kerjasama penelitian dan oneself. Additionally, the statement
publikasi ilmiah”. By mentioning might be an invitation for others
thos examples, Nasir seemed to give participants in educational system to
clues that cooperation could be join together in reforming Indonesian
started by the simplest one in which it education to be better than before.
could be done by both lecturer and  Jumlah perguruan tinggi yang
students. mencapai 4438, mahasiswa yang
 Hadirin sekalian yang berbahagia, berjumlah lebih dari 7 juta, dan
(Ladies and Gentlemen) dosen yang berjumlah sekitar
Semantic Analysis: 300.000 merupakan kekayaan yang
Nasir added interval in his speech by kita miliki. (The number of
stating “hadirin sekalian” as it was universities reaching 4438, students
also functioned to get attention from totaling more than 7 million, and
the audiences. lecturers totaling around 300,000 is
 Proses reformasi pendidikan tinggi our wealth)
tidak mungkin dijalankan oleh Semantic Analysis:
Pemerintah saja, atau satu pihak The statement above implied that
saja. (The process of higher education Nasir wanted to give evidences to the
reformation is impossible to be audiences by mentioning the total
undertaken by the government itself number of universities, students as

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well as lecturers in Indonesia in order the quantity to make the audiences
to make the audiences realize that it realize that it was not just something
was a lot of people who might involve that was locally done but it was wide
in educational reformation in which it and global. Additionally, Nasir
related and confirmed his statement seemed to mentioned several
before that reformation could not be elements in education field as he
just done by government itself. wanted to remind that the needs of
 Untuk menjalankan reformasi dalam cooperation among elements were a
skala makro seperti itu, dibutuhkan crucial discussion.
kerjasama antar institusi pendidikan  Dalam bingkai tersebut, saya
tinggi, institusi riset, berbagai unit mengundang berbagai pihak untuk
pemerintahan lainnya, sektor industri dapat berpartisipasi dan
dan swasta, serta pemangku berkontribusi secara nyata dalam
kepentingan lainnya. (To carry out proses reformasi pendidikan tinggi
such macro-scale reformation, kita menjadi pendidikan tinggi yang
collaboration is required between inovatif dan kompetitif. (I invite
higher education institutions, research various parties to be able to
institutions, various other government participate and significantly
units, the industrial and private contribute in the process of reforming
sectors, and other stakeholders) our higher education into innovative
Semantic Analysis: and competitive higher education)
“Skala makro” in the speech referred Semantic Analysis:
to the quantity of reformation which There were two words that seemed to
was conducted by higher education in be emphasized by Nasir in his
which Nasir seemed to emphasized statement, such as “mengundang”

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and “nyata”. First of all, it was continuously improve the quality of
clearly seen that Nasir invited all our higher education)
parties to be able to involve in the Semantic Analysis:
process of educational reformation. From the statement above, Nasir
Secondly, he emphasized that the seemed to once again invite all parties
participation should be “nyata” by saying “mari”. He also mentioned
referred to something that could be the father of education and others
clearly evidenced by seeing, hearing figures as his statement implied to
and feeling it. make the audiences to be ashamed on
 Mari kita wujudkan cita-cita the struggle of those educational
pembangunan pendidikan tinggi figures who had been through so
Indonesia dengan semangat many challenges to create better
reformasi pendidikan yang digulirkan educational system for Indonesia.
oleh Bapak Pendidikan Indonesia dan As the result of microstructure analysis, the
tokoh-tokoh pendidikan lainnya untuk overall semantic analysis showed how the
menjalankan beragam upaya power of Nasir as the Indonesian ministry
peningkatan kualitas pendidikan has authority over his speech to claim the
tinggi kita secara berkelanjutan. (Let condition of educational system of
us actualize the development ideas of Indonesia. He invited all parties involved in
Indonesian higher education with the the educational field including government,
spirit of educational reformation higher education institutions, and research
rolled out by the father of Indonesian institutions to participate in the reformation
education and other educational of education in Indonesia as it could be seen
figures to carry out various efforts to in the speech that Nasir used a lot of
invitation statement to offer all parties to

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join together in his plan to make better education community throughout the
education for society. In addition, through country.)
his speech, we could see his power as Semantic Analysis:
symbolic elite, influenced the audiences to By the word “akhirnya”, Nasir ended
be more innovative in competing in the 21st his speech related to the celebration of
century where they needed cooperation the National Education Day.
within global scale to achieve the goals Additionally, he delivered his final
which have been arranged. As the result, statement by a felicitation to the
Nasir offered several ways to achieve his audiences who participated in the
goal on the reformation of educational ceremony.
system in Indonesia.  Semoga upaya kita dapat bermanfaat
untuk meningkatkan kualitas
c) Conclusion pendidikan tinggi di tanah air.
 Akhirnya, saya ucapkan selamat (Hopefully our efforts can be useful to
memperingati Hari Pendidikan improve the quality of higher
Nasional kepada semua pimpinan education in Indonesia)
perguruan tinggi, dosen, tenaga Semantic Analysis:
kependidikan, dan mahasiswa, serta The word “semoga” in the speech
komunitas pendidikan tinggi di implied Naisr’s expectations towards
seluruh tanah air. (Finally, I education in Indonesia as he hoped
congratulate for the National there will be benefits of the efforts
Education Day to all leaders of done for higher education in
universities, lecturers, education staff, Indonesia.
and students, as well as the higher
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 Wabillahit taufiq walhidayah, educational management system on higher
Wassalamualaikum warahmatullaahi education to innovatively and
wabarakatuh. competitively create enthusiasm at working
Semantic Analysis: field (macrostructure analysis). Generally,
Once again, Nasir closed his speech the speech discussed about background of
by saying greeting in Islam related to the National Education Day of Indonesia
the greeting he had stated in the which fell on May 2 in which it was the
beginning of the speech. moment to commemorate the birth of the
As Nasir had talked a lot previously, he national education figure of Indonesia, Ki
only gave final statement in the conclusion Hajar Dewantara, as well as continuing his
and also added congratulation statement to struggle to develop educational system of
close his speech as he slipped his wish on Indonesia (superstructure analysis). There
the reformation of education in Indonesia. were three parts including introduction,
content and conclusion to clearly see the
CONCLUSION semantic analysis within the speech in
As a conclusion, Critical Discourse which he mostly used “mari kita” to
Analysis of the abovementioned speech had emphasize on asking people to sustain the
shown how social power used to show the educational system in Indonesia
ideology, the relation within the structure in (microstructure analysis). His speech
the speech as well as the semantic analysis influenced the audience to change their acts
within a discourse in which it referred to the towards the reformation of education in
speech delivered by Nasir as the Indonesian Indonesia. Nevertheless, further studies
Ministry of Research, Technology, and needs to be carried out to discover the
Higher Education. His speech concerned on power relations which are still hidden in the
the ideology of desire for reforming

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speech in which it might not clearly -Hari-Pendidikan-Nasional-2-Mei-
discovered in the present research. 2016.pdf.
Permatasari, A. (April 28th, 2013).
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Dipper, L. T., & Pritchard, M. (2017). Abad 19. Retrieved from:
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Therapy. Advances in Speech- om/2013/04/bab-i-pendahuluan-
Language Pathology. doi: a.html.
10.5772/intechopen.69894. Pratini, T. (March 22nd, 2016). Kualitas
Kusmanto, B., & Widodo, S. A. (2016). Pendidikan di Indonesia. Retrieved
Pola kepemimpinan Ki Hadjar from:
Dewantara. Jurnal Manajemen https://www.kompasiana.com/tripr
Pendidikan, 11(2), 17–28. atini3/56f0ddcc7097739808c6b62a
Krzyżanowski, M., & Forchtner, B. (2016). /terpuruknya-kualitas-pendidikan-
Theories and concepts in critical di-indonesia?page=all.
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foundations. Discourse & Society, Discourse Analysis (Second
27(3), 253–261. doi: Edition). New York: John Wiley &
10.1177/0957926516630900. Sons, Inc.
Nasir, M. (May 2nd, 2016). Pidato Tresnady, T. (October 23rd, 2019).
Menristekdikti. Retrieved from: Pencapaian dan Kegagalan M
https://ristekdikti.go.id/wp- Nasir saat Jabat Menristekdikti.
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-dan-kegagalan-m-nasir-saat-jabat- ri-pendidikan-nasional-ayo-kerja-
menristekdikti. inovatif-dan-kompetitif/.
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http://www.unpad.ac.id/2016/05/ha
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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 19 Nomor 2 Juli 2020

Ni Putu Santhi Widiastuti

Accepted: 2020-03-31 , Approved: 2020-07-06 , Published: 2020-07-20

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA); Indonesian Ministry’s speech; educational

Indonesia has been done since colonialism

education in Indonesia in which the teacher certificate publication and teachers’

Tulodo), a friend (Ing Madya Mangun efficiency of both publications and

Karso) and also a supporter (Tut Wuri promotion. Additionally, he offered

Handayani) for the students. deletion of thesis as the final project

However, Indonesia is still conduceted by the univesity students to be

is still numerous problems faced by Howerer, his statement is still debated by

teachers, students as well as government of some considerations whether it will give

was reduction towards the quality of students themselve. Because of his

Indonesia’s education in 2016. It was authority in educational field, one of his

Development Index (HDI) of Indonesia as 2016.

published by Partini (2016) in Nasir’s speech was an example of

kompasina.com. These problem was taken discourse in form of verbal discourse in

Research, Technology, and Higher the audiences. As an aspect of linguistics,

of Indonesia during his position of the communication; in addition, discourse

ministry from 2014–2019. For instance, ussually employes specific kinds of

to deliver specific purposes (Dipper & means an interrogation of the data

Pritchard, 2017). As discourse becomes concerned with both a theory of language

part of everyday communication, it use as well as a method of research made up

language use, exchange of information is on the analysis of language in both

purpose of discourse, it is intended to identities. In addition, discourse analysis

discourse is constructed to show diferent between utterances in a discourse and also

In short explanation, discourse is a form of participants. In the study, Critical

communicative actions including both Discourse Analysis (CDA) was conducted

communication structure and concerning the theory of Teun Van Dijk

communication intended use in which (2015) in which it is defined as a study

Analysis of discourse is a way to authorize, constitute, legitimate, negate,

are enacted, reproduced, legitimized, as focusing on the semantic relations between

belong to the structures level including intend to be stressed in the discourse.

superstructure in between those structures. within a discourse as he concerns on how

According to Dijk (2015) as also discourse might be used by symbolic elites

supported by the statement from in which it refers to participants of a group

terms of ‘themes’ or ‘topics’ referring relates to the speech delivered by Nasir in

global meaning of a discourse. The which he is assumed as a symbolic elite as

information discussed in the discourse. in front of the audiences in the National

Superstructure refers to the schema of Education Day.

content as well as conclusion. The of the speech as well as the relation of

introduction refers to headline and structures on the speech relatinng to how a

noticed. Microstructure refers the meanings

following research questions. structures, namely macrostructure,

1. What is the ideology of the speech superstructure (mesostructure) and

delivered by Mohamad Nasir in the microstructure. Further, the analysis

National Education Day? concerned on finding the ideology, the

related each other to get into the within the discourse.

3. How are the keywords used to support RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

speech was analyzed and divided into

RESEARCH METHOD several structures, the following

educational speech was analyzed as it speech.

referred to a discourse. The speech was

delivered by the Indonesian Ministry of A. Macrostructure

Research, Technology, and Higher Generally, the above-mentioned speech by

National Education Day of Indonesia on on desire for reforming educational

in official website of dikti.go.id. An innovatively and competitively create

competitiveness among people always discourse. This part emphasized on the

developed day by day specifically needs to create several changes in the

achievement on what Indonesia had been mentioning several achievements from

Thus, Nasir, through his speech, educational system of Indonesia involving

emphasized the needs to improve government, higher education institutions,

educational management system of research institutions, and other parties to