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  • HRM E-Notes

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    suraj mathur
    72 views203 pages
    This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It discusses HRM as the process of managing people in an organization to help both employees and the organization achieve their goals. The key features of HRM discussed are that it is pervasive in all enterprises, focuses on results over rules, helps employees develop their full potential, and encourages employees to give their best to the organization. The scope of HRM is also wide, covering personnel aspects like recruitment, selection, training, and remuneration, as well as welfare aspects like working conditions and amenities.

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    HRM E-NOTES(202)

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    This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It discusses HRM as the process of managing people in an organization to help both employees and the organization achieve their goals. The key features of HRM discussed are that it is pervasive in all enterprises, focuses on results over rules, helps employees develop their full potential, and encourages employees to give their best to the organization. The scope of HRM is also wide, covering personnel aspects like recruitment, selection, training, and remuneration, as well as welfare aspects like working conditions and amenities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    72 views203 pages

    HRM E-Notes

    Uploaded by

    suraj mathur
    This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It discusses HRM as the process of managing people in an organization to help both employees and the organization achieve their goals. The key features of HRM discussed are that it is pervasive in all enterprises, focuses on results over rules, helps employees develop their full potential, and encourages employees to give their best to the organization. The scope of HRM is also wide, covering personnel aspects like recruitment, selection, training, and remuneration, as well as welfare aspects like working conditions and amenities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 203

    Chander

    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Cl
    ass :BBA(
    G)I
    VA+B

    PaperCode :202

    Subj
    ect :HumanResour
    ceManagement

    Uni
    t :1-
    4

    HumanResour
    ceManagement

    Human r
    esour
    ce management
     means 
    managementofpeopl
    e atwor
    k.
    HRM i
    sthepr
    ocesswhi
    chbi
    ndspeopl
    ewi
    thor
    gani
    zat
    ionsandhel
    psbot
    h
    peopl
    eandor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    oachi
    eveeachot
    her
    ’sgoal
    .Var
    iouspol
    i
    cies,
    pr
    ocesses and pr
    act
    ices ar
    e desi
    gned t
    o hel
    p bot
    h empl
    oyees and
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion'
    stoachi
    evet
    hei
    rgoal
    .Nat
    ure

    Human Resour
    ce Management
     i
    s a pr
    ocess ofbr
    ingi
    ng peopl
    e and
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionst
    oget
    hersot
    hatt
    hegoal
    sofeachar
    emet
    .Thev
    ari
    ous
    f
    eat
    uresof
     HRM 
    i
    ncl
    ude:

    I
    tisper
    vasi
    vei
    nnat
    ureasi
    tispr
    esenti
    nal
    lent
    erpr
    ises.

    I
    tsf
    ocusi
    sonr
    esul
    tsr
    athert
    hanonr
    ules.

    I
    ttr
    iest
    ohel
    pempl
    oyeesdev
    elopt
    hei
    rpot
    ent
    ial
    ful
    l
    y.

    I
    tencour
    agesempl
    oyeest
    ogi
    vet
    hei
    rbestt
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    tisal
    laboutpeopl
    eatwor
    k,bot
    hasi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    sandgr
    oups.

    1
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    ttr
    iest
    o putpeopl
    eonassi
    gned 
    j
    obs 
    i
    n or
    dert
    o pr
    oducegood
    r
    esul
    ts.

    I
    thel
    psanor
    gani
    zat
    ionmeeti
    tsgoal
    sint
    hef
    utur
    ebypr
    ovi
    dingf
    or
    compet
    entandwel
    l
    -mot
    ivat
    edempl
    oyees.

    I
    ttr
    iest
    obui
    l
    dandmai
    ntai
    ncor
    dial
    rel
    ati
    onsbet
    weenpeopl
    ewor
    king
    atv
    ari
    ousl
    evel
    sint
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    tisamul
    ti
    -di
    sci
    pli
    nar
    yact
    ivi
    ty,ut
    il
    izi
    ngknowl
    edgeandi
    nput
    sdr
    awn
    f
    rom psy
    chol
    ogy
    ,economi
    cs,
    etc.

    Scope

    ThescopeofHRM i
    sver
    ywi
    de:

    Per
    sonnelaspect
    -Thi
    sisconcer
    nedwi
    thmanpowerpl
    anni
    ng,
     
    recr
    uit
    ment
    ,
    sel
    ect
    ion,pl
    acement
    ,tr
    ansf
    er,pr
    omot
    ion,
     
    trai
    ninganddev
    elopment
    ,lay
    off
    and r
    etr
    enchment
    ,remuner
    ati
    on,i
    ncent
    ives,pr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty et
    c.Wel
    far
    e
    aspect
    -I
    tdeal
    swi
    thwor
    kingcondi
    ti
    onsandameni
    ti
    essuchascant
    eens,
    cr
    èches, r
    est and l
    unch
    r
    ooms,
     
    housi
    ng,
     
    transpor
    t,
     medi
    cal
     
    assi
    stance,
     
    educat
    ion,
     
    heal
    th 
    andsaf
    ety
    ,
    r
    ecr
    eat
    ion f
    aci
    l
    iti
    es,et
    c.I
    ndust
    ri
    alr
    elat
    ions aspect
    -Thi
    s cov
    ers uni
    on-
    managementr
    elat
    ions,j
    ointconsul
    tat
    ion,col
    l
    ect
    ivebar
    gai
    ning,gr
    iev
    ance
    anddi
    sci
    pli
    nar
    ypr
    ocedur
    es,
    set
    tl
    ementofdi
    sput
    es,
    etc.

    2
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    HRM Obj
    ect
    ives&Funct
    ions:

    Thepr
    imar
    yobj
    ect
    iveofHRM i
    stoensur
    etheav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityofr
    ightpeopl
    efor
    r
    ightj
    obssoast
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    goal
    sar
    eachi
    evedef
    fect
    ivel
    y.

    Thi
    s pr
    imar
    yobj
    ect
    ive can f
    urt
    herbe di
    vi
    ded i
    ntot
    he f
    oll
    owi
    ng sub-
    obj
    ect
    ives:

    3
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    1.Tohel
    ptheor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    oat
    tai
    nit
    sgoal
    sef
    fect
    ivel
    yandef
    fi
    cient
    lyby
    pr
    ovi
    dingcompet
    entandmot
    ivat
    edempl
    oyees.

    2.Tout
    il
    izet
    heav
    ail
    abl
    ehumanr
    esour
    cesef
    fect
    ivel
    y.

    3.To i
    ncr
    easet
    othef
    ull
    estt
    heempl
    oyee’
    sjob sat
    isf
    act
    ionand sel
    f-
    act
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.

    4.Todev
    elopandmai
    ntai
    nthequal
    i
    tyofwor
    kli
    fe(
    QWL)whi
    chmakes
    empl
    oymenti
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ionadesi
    rabl
    eper
    sonal
    andsoci
    alsi
    tuat
    ion.

    5.Tohel
    pmai
    ntai
    net
    hicalpol
    i
    ciesandbehav
    iori
    nsi
    deandout
    sidet
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    6.Toest
    abl
    i
    shandmai
    ntai
    ncor
    dialr
    elat
    ionsbet
    weenempl
    oyeesand
    management
    .

    7.Tor
    econci
    l
    eindi
    vi
    dual
    /gr
    oupgoal
    swi
    thor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    goal
    s.

    I
    mpor
    tanceofHumanResour
    ceManagement

    Anor
    gani
    zat
    ioncannotbui
    l
    dagoodt
    eam ofwor
    kingpr
    ofessi
    onal
    swi
    thout
    good Human Resour
    ces.The keyf
    unct
    ions oft
    he Human Resour
    ces
    Management (
    HRM) t
    eam i
    ncl
    ude r
    ecr
    uit
    ing peopl
    e,t
    rai
    ning t
    hem,
    per
    for
    mance appr
    aisal
    s,mot
    ivat
    ing empl
    oyees as wel
    las wor
    kpl
    ace
    communi
    cat
    ion,wor
    kpl
    acesaf
    ety
    ,andmuchmor
    e.Thebenef
    ici
    alef
    fect
    s
    oft
    hesef
    unct
    ionsar
    edi
    scussedher
    e:

    4
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Recr
    uit
    mentandTr
    aini
    ng

    Thi
    sisoneoft
    hemaj
    orr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesoft
    hehumanr
    esour
    cet
    eam.The
    HRmanager
    scomeupwi
    thpl
    ansandst
    rat
    egi
    esf
    orhi
    ri
    ngt
    her
    ightki
    ndof
    peopl
    e.Theydesi
    gnt
    hecr
    it
    eri
    awhi
    chi
    sbestsui
    tedf
    oraspeci
    fi
    cjob
    descr
    ipt
    ion.Thei
    rot
    hert
    asksr
    elat
    edt
    orecr
    uit
    menti
    ncl
    udef
    ormul
    ati
    ngt
    he
    obl
    i
    gat
    ionsofanempl
    oyeeandt
    hescopeoft
    asksassi
    gnedt
    ohi
    m orher
    .
    Basedont
    heset
    wof
    act
    ors,
    thecont
    ractofanempl
    oyeewi
    tht
    hecompany
    i
    spr
    epar
    ed.Whenneeded,t
    heyal
    sopr
    ovi
    det
    rai
    ningt
    otheempl
    oyees
    accor
    dingt
    other
    equi
    rement
    soft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Thus,
    thest
    affmember
    s
    gett
    heoppor
    tuni
    tyt
    oshar
    pent
    hei
    rexi
    sti
    ngski
    l
    lsordev
    elopspeci
    ali
    zed
    ski
    l
    lswhi
    chi
    ntur
    n,wi
    l
    lhel
    pthem t
    otakeupsomenewr
    oles.

    Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisal
    s

    HRM encour
    agest
    hepeopl
    ewor
    kingi
    nanor
    gani
    zat
    ion,t
    owor
    kaccor
    ding
    t
    othei
    rpot
    ent
    ialandgi
    vest
    hem suggest
    ionst
    hatcanhel
    pthem t
    obr
    ing
    abouti
    mpr
    ovementi
    nit
    .Thet
    eam communi
    cat
    eswi
    tht
    hest
    affi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    l
    y
    f
    rom t
    imet
    oti
    meandpr
    ovi
    desal
    lthenecessar
    yinf
    ormat
    ionr
    egar
    ding
    t
    hei
    rper
    for
    mances and al
    so def
    ines t
    hei
    rrespect
    iver
    oles.Thi
    sis
    benef
    ici
    alasi
    tenabl
    est
    hem t
    ofor
    m anout
    li
    neoft
    hei
    rant
    ici
    pat
    edgoal
    sin
    muchcl
    ear
    ert
    ermsandt
    her
    eby
    ,hel
    pst
    hem execut
    ethegoal
    swi
    thbest
    possi
    bleef
    for
    ts.Per
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    s,whent
    akenonar
    egul
    arbasi
    s,
    mot
    ivat
    etheempl
    oyees.

    5
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Mai
    ntai
    ningWor
    kAt
    mospher
    e

    Thi
    sisav
    italaspectofHRM becauset
    heper
    for
    manceofani
    ndi
    vi
    duali
    n
    anor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    slar
    gel
    ydr
    ivenbyt
    hewor
    kat
    mospher
    eorwor
    kcul
    tur
    e
    t
    hatpr
    evai
    l
    satt
    hewor
    kpl
    ace.A goodwor
    kingcondi
    ti
    oni
    soneoft
    he
    benef
    it
    sthatt
    heempl
    oyeescanexpectf
    rom anef
    fi
    cienthumanr
    esour
    ce
    t
    eam.Asaf
    e,cl
    eanandheal
    thyenv
    ironmentcanbr
    ingoutt
    hebesti
    nan
    empl
    oyee.Af
    ri
    endl
    yat
    mospher
    egi
    vest
    hest
    affmember
    ’sj
    obsat
    isf
    act
    ion
    aswel
    l
    .

    Managi
    ngDi
    sput
    es

    I
    nanor
    gani
    zat
    ion,t
    her
    ear
    esev
    erali
    ssuesonwhi
    chdi
    sput
    esmayar
    ise
    bet
    weent
    heempl
    oyeesandt
    heempl
    oyer
    s.Youcansayconf
    li
    ctsar
    e
    al
    mosti
    nev
    itabl
    e.I
    nsuchascenar
    io,i
    tist
    hehumanr
    esour
    cedepar
    tment
    whi
    chact
    sasaconsul
    tantandmedi
    atort
    osor
    toutt
    hosei
    ssuesi
    nan
    ef
    fect
    ivemanner
    .Theyf
    ir
    stheart
    hegr
    iev
    ancesoft
    heempl
    oyees.Then
    t
    heycomeupwi
    thsui
    tabl
    esol
    uti
    onst
    osor
    tthem out
    .Inot
    herwor
    ds,
    they
    t
    aket
    imel
    yact
    ionandpr
    eventt
    hingsf
    rom goi
    ngoutofhands.

    Dev
    elopi
    ngPubl
    icRel
    ati
    ons

    Ther
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyofest
    abl
    i
    shi
    nggoodpubl
    i
    crel
    ati
    onsl
    i
    eswi
    tht
    heHRM t
    o
    agr
    eatext
    ent
    .Theyor
    gani
    zebusi
    nessmeet
    ings,semi
    nar
    sandv
    ari
    ous
    of
    fi
    cialgat
    her
    ings on behal
    foft
    he company i
    n or
    dert
    o bui
    l
    d up

    6
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    r
    elat
    ionshi
    pswi
    thot
    herbusi
    nesssect
    ors.Somet
    imes,t
    heHRdepar
    tment
    pl
    aysanact
    iver
    olei
    npr
    epar
    ingt
    hebusi
    nessandmar
    ket
    ingpl
    ansf
    ort
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    iont
    oo.

    Anyor
    gani
    zat
    ion,wi
    thoutapr
    operset
    upf
    orHRM i
    sboundt
    osuf
    ferf
    rom
    ser
    iouspr
    obl
    emswhi
    l
    emanagi
    ngi
    tsr
    egul
    aract
    ivi
    ti
    es.Fort
    hisr
    eason,
    t
    oday
    ,compani
    esmustputal
    otofef
    for
    tandener
    gyi
    ntoset
    ti
    ngupa
    st
    rongandef
    fect
    iveHRM.

    HumanResour
    ceManagementChal
    lenges

    Ther
    e ar
    e numberofhuman r
    esour
    ce managementchal
    l
    enges (
    HR
    Chal
    l
    enges)t
    hatneedt
    obeaddr
    essasi
    tisani
    mpor
    tantf
    unct
    ionofany
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.TheseHR chal
    l
    engesmi
    ghtbeenv
    ironment
    alchal
    l
    enges,
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionalchal
    l
    engesandi
    ndi
    vi
    dualchal
    l
    enges,et
    c. 
    Alway
    sremember
    t
    hatt
    hesechal
    l
    engesar
    enotr
    elat
    edt
    othesi
    ngl
    edi
    mensi
    on;r
    athert
    hey
    ar
    edi
    rect
    edt
    owar
    dsmul
    ti
    -di
    mensi
    onali
    ssuest
    hatshoul
    dbet
    ackl
    edwi
    th
    i
    mmedi
    ate car
    e.Fol
    l
    owi
    ng ar
    ethe br
    oad cat
    egor
    ies of t
    he 
    Human
    Resour
    ceManagementchal
    l
    enges 
    i
    nthet
    oday
    ’scompet
    it
    ivewor
    ld.

    HumanResour
    ceManagementChal
    lenges(
    HRChal
    lenges)

     Env
    ironment
    alChal
    l
    enges

     Or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    Chal
    l
    enges

    7
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    Chal
    l
    enges

    Env
    ironment
    alChal
    lenges:

    Theenv
    ironment
    alchal
    l
    engesar
    erel
    atedt
    otheext
    ernal
    for
    cest
    hatexi
    sti
    n
    t
    he out
    side env
    ironment of an or
    gani
    zat
    ion & can i
    nfl
    uence t
    he
    per
    for
    manceoft
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Theseext
    ernal
    for
    ces
    ar
    eal
    mostoutofcont
    roloft
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.These
    canber
    egar
    dedast
    hreat
    stomanagement& shoul
    dbehandl
    edi
    na
    pr
    oact
    ivemanner
    .

    Fol
    lowi
    ngar
    ethel
    istof
     humanr
    esour
    cemanagement
     chal
    lengest
    hat
    consi
    der
    edast
    heenv
    ironment
    alchal
    lenges.

    Rapi
    dChange

    Wor
    kFor
    ceDi
    ver
    sit
    y

    Gl
    obal
    i
    zat
    ion

    Legi
    slat
    ion

    Technol
    ogy

    Job&Fami
    l
    yRol
    es

    LackofSki
    l
    ls

    Rapi
    dChange
    8
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Thewor
    ldi
    schangi
    ngataf
    ast
    err
    atebecausechangei
    sconst
    antf
    rom
    sev
    eralcent
    uri
    es.So t
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionsshoul
    d be
    qui
    ckl
    yadapt
    ivet
    othechangi
    ngr
    equi
    rementoft
    heenv
    ironmentot
    her
    wise
    t
    heybecomeobsol
    etef
    rom t
    hemar
    ket
    .Thehumanr
    esour
    cemanagement
    ofanor
    gani
    zat
    ionpl
    aysabasi
    crol
    einr
    esponset
    otheenv
    ironment
    al
    change.TheHRdepar
    tmentshoul
    dadoptsuchpol
    i
    ciest
    hatcanav
    ailt
    he
    new oppor
    tuni
    ti
    esoft
    heenv
    ironment&keept
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionawayf
    rom
    t
    henewl
    yemer
    gingt
    hreat
    s.

    Wor
    kFor
    ceDi
    ver
    sit
    y

    Thechangi
    ngenv
    ironmentpr
    ovi
    desbot
    htheoppor
    tuni
    ti
    es&t
    hreat
    stot
    he
    humanr
    esour
    cemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.TheHRmanagershoul
    d
    adoptsuchpol
    i
    ciest
    hatcanmakepossi
    blet
    hedi
    ver
    sewor
    kfor
    ceof
    empl
    oyees.Al
    thoughononehanddi
    ver
    sit
    ycr
    eat
    esbi
    gpr
    obl
    em buti
    nthe
    l
    ongr
    un,
    thesur
    viv
    al&per
    for
    manceoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sfl
    our
    ished.

    Gl
    obal
    izat
    ion

    Oneoft
    heser
    iousi
    ssuet
    hatt
    oday
    ’sor
    gani
    zat
    ionsar
    efaci
    ngi
    sthei
    ssue
    ofgl
    obal
    i
    zat
    ion.Thewor
    ldi
    sconv
    ert
    ingi
    ntogl
    obalbusi
    nessandsev
    ere
    compet
    it
    ion i
    s st
    art
    ed bet
    ween domest
    ic& f
    orei
    gn compani
    es.Such
    compet
    it
    ion r
    esul
    tsi
    nthe l
    ayi
    ng of
    fthe ef
    fect
    ive wor
    kfor
    ce oft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.TheHRdepar
    tmentcanpl
    ayani
    mpor
    tantr
    olei
    nkeepi
    ngt
    he
    cul
    tur
    eoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionasgl
    obal
    &wi
    der
    .
    9
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Legi
    slat
    ion

    I
    tist
    heol
    denv
    ironment
    alchal
    l
    enget
    hati
    sfacedbyor
    gani
    zat
    ionsi
    nce
    manydecades.Ther
    ear
    ecer
    tai
    nlaborl
    awst
    hatar
    edecl
    ared byt
    he
    gov
    ernmentf
    ort
    hebenef
    it
    soft
    hewor
    kingempl
    oyees.Someoft
    hesel
    aws
    ar
    edi
    sadv
    ant
    ageoust
    othei
    nter
    est
    soft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionssoi
    tisaoneof
    t
    hebi
    gchal
    l
    engesf
    ort
    heHRM t
    oimpl
    emental
    lthosel
    aborl
    awswi
    thi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ions.I
    fanyofsuchl
    aw i
    svi
    olat
    ed,ser
    iousact
    ionsar
    etakenby
    t
    her
    elev
    antgov
    ernmentaut
    hor
    it
    ythatmayr
    esul
    tint
    oser
    iouspenal
    tyf
    or
    t
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Technol
    ogy

    Thet
    echnol
    ogyi
    sal
    sogr
    owi
    ngwi
    thgr
    eatspeedespeci
    all
    yint
    hef
    iel
    dof
    comput
    er&t
    elecommuni
    cat
    ion.New met
    hodsar
    eemer
    gingt
    hatqui
    ckl
    y
    domi
    nat
    est
    heol
    derones& makest
    hem obsol
    ete.Ther
    efor
    etheski
    l
    ls
    r
    equi
    redbyt
    heempl
    oyeesal
    sochangeswi
    tht
    hechangi
    ngt
    echnol
    ogy&
    t
    hiswoul
    dcompel
    sthewor
    kert
    oadv
    ancet
    heski
    l
    lst
    hreet
    ofourt
    imes
    t
    hroughoutt
    hei
    rwor
    king l
    i
    ves.So t
    her
    e comes a bur
    den on t
    he HR
    depar
    tmentt
    oconst
    ant
    lyupdat
    etheski
    l
    ls&exper
    ti
    seoft
    hei
    rempl
    oyees.

    Job&Fami
    lyRol
    es

    I
    nrecenty
    ear
    s,dual
    -car
    eerf
    ami
    l
    iesar
    eincr
    easi
    ngi
    nwhi
    chbot
    hthewi
    fe&
    husbandwor
    k.Thi
    scr
    eat
    esaser
    iousbur
    denont
    hewoment
    hatt
    heyhav
    e

    10
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    ogi
    vet
    imet
    othei
    rfami
    l
    iesal
    so.I
    nmanyor
    gani
    zat
    ionst
    hepol
    i
    ciesofHR
    f
    avor
    stheempl
    oymentofmor
    ethan10y
    ear
    s.Thewor
    kinghour
    soft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionsar
    eal
    sost
    ri
    ctandt
    ightf
    ort
    heempl
    oyees.Mor
    eov
    er,t
    he
    sel
    ect
    ion&t
    rai
    ningpr
    ocedur
    esar
    etwot
    oughandt
    imeconsumi
    ngsomost
    oft
    het
    alent
    edwomenhesi
    tat
    etoj
    oinanyor
    gani
    zat
    ionwhi
    chwoul
    dresul
    t
    i
    nthewast
    ageoft
    alentandpot
    ent
    ial
    .Ev
    enwor
    kingmenal
    sosuf
    ferf
    rom
    t
    heseempl
    oymentpol
    i
    ciesbecauset
    heydonotpr
    oper
    lygi
    vet
    imet
    othei
    r
    f
    ami
    l
    ies.Sot
    hechal
    l
    engesf
    ort
    he 
    HRM 
    i
    ncr
    easeswi
    tht
    hispar
    ti
    cul
    ari
    ssue
    & speci
    alf
    avor
    abl
    ewor
    kingpol
    i
    ciesar
    eneededt
    obeempl
    oyedi
    nal
    l
    or
    gani
    zat
    ions.

    LackofSki
    ll
    s

    Theser
    vicesect
    ordev
    elopmenti
    sexpandi
    ngduet
    omanyr
    easonsl
    i
    ke
    changei
    nthet
    ast
    es& pr
    efer
    enceofcust
    omer
    s,t
    echnol
    ogi
    calchange,
    l
    egalchangeet
    c.Al
    loft
    hisaf
    fect
    edt
    hest
    ruct
    ureandmanagi
    ngst
    yleof
    t
    he busi
    ness or
    gani
    zat
    ions.The ski
    l
    lsr
    equi
    red i
    nthe empl
    oymentof
    ser
    vicesect
    ori
    sal
    soadv
    anci
    ngbutt
    hegr
    aduat
    esoft
    het
    echni
    calcol
    l
    eges
    &uni
    ver
    sit
    iesar
    egr
    oomedaccor
    dingt
    othel
    atestr
    equi
    rement
    s.Ther
    efor
    e
    mostoft
    heempl
    oyeesl
    ackt
    hest
    andar
    drequi
    redski
    l
    lst
    oper
    for
    mthei
    r
    dut
    iesandi
    tbecomesabi
    gchal
    l
    engef
    orHRM t
    opr
    oper
    lyt
    rai
    nthesenew
    &ol
    dempl
    oyeest
    obecomeanef
    fi
    cient&ef
    fect
    ivewor
    ker
    s.

    Or
    gani
    zat
    ionalChal
    lenges

    11
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Theor
    gani
    zat
    ionalchal
    l
    engesf
    ort
    heHRM ar
    erel
    atedt
    othef
    act
    orst
    hat
    ar
    elocat
    edi
    nsi
    det
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Al
    thought
    hesechal
    l
    engesar
    eev
    olv
    ed
    asaby
    productoft
    heenv
    ironment
    alchal
    l
    engesbutt
    hesecanbecont
    rolby
    t
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    omuchext
    ent
    .Thepr
    oact
    iveHR
    manager
    stakenot
    iceofsuchchal
    l
    engesi
    nadv
    anceandt
    akecor
    rect
    ive
    measur
    esbef
    oret
    hesewoul
    dconv
    erti
    nto ser
    iousi
    ssues.Thehuman
    r
    esour
    ce management chal
    l
    enges wi
    thi
    n t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion i
    ncl
    ude
    compet
    it
    iveposi
    ti
    on&f
    lexi
    bil
    i
    ty,or
    gani
    zat
    ionalr
    est
    ruct
    uri
    ng&i
    ssuesof
    downsi
    zi
    ng,t
    heexer
    ciseofsel
    fmanagedt
    eams,dev
    elopmentofsui
    tabl
    e
    or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    cul
    tur
    eet
    c.

    Whent
    hewor
    kfor
    ceofanor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sef
    fect
    ivel
    yusedi
    ncombi
    nat
    ion
    wi
    thot
    herf
    act
    orofpr
    oduct
    ion,t
    heoppor
    tuni
    ti
    esoft
    heenv
    ironmentar
    e
    av
    ail
    ed&t
    het
    hreat
    sar
    eel
    i
    minat
    ed.

    Thecompet
    it
    iveposi
    ti
    onoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioncanbei
    nfl
    uencedbyt
    he
    pol
    i
    ciesofHRi
    nthef
    oll
    owi
    ngway
    s.

    Cont
    rol
    l
    ingCost
    s

    I
    mpr
    ovi
    ngQual
    i
    ty

    Dev
    elopi
    ngDi
    sti
    nct
    iveCapabi
    l
    iti
    es

    Rest
    ruct
    uri
    ng

    12
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Cont
    rol
    li
    ngCost
    s

    Anor
    gani
    zat
    ioncanav
    ailt
    hecompet
    it
    iveposi
    ti
    onbyl
    ower
    ingi
    tscost&
    st
    rengt
    heni
    ng i
    ts cash f
    lows.Fort
    his pur
    pose,t
    he l
    aborcostoft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion i
    smi
    nimi
    zed t
    hroughef
    fect
    ivecompensat
    ionsy
    stem t
    hat
    adopt
    sinnov
    ati
    ver
    ewar
    dst
    rat
    egi
    esf
    orgoodper
    for
    mances.I
    nthi
    swayt
    he
    f
    avor
    abl
    ebehav
    ior
    soft
    heempl
    oyeesar
    erewar
    dedsot
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    woul
    dgett
    heul
    ti
    mat
    eadv
    ant
    age.Mor
    eov
    ert
    hepol
    i
    ciesofcompensat
    ion
    shoul
    dkeept
    hel
    aborcostundercont
    rol
    .Theef
    fect
    iveempl
    oyeesshoul
    d
    besel
    ect
    edt
    hatkeepwi
    tht
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionf
    oral
    ongerdur
    ati
    on&pr
    oper
    t
    rai
    ningshoul
    dal
    sobepr
    ovi
    dedt
    otheseempl
    oyees.TheHRdepar
    tment
    shoul
    dal
    sor
    est
    oret
    hewor
    koft
    heempl
    oyeesal
    ongwi
    tht
    hei
    mpr
    ovement
    i
    ntheheal
    th&saf
    etyi
    ssueofwor
    kingenv
    ironment
    .Al
    loft
    heseef
    for
    ts
    woul
    dli
    mitt
    hecostofl
    abor
    .

    I
    mpr
    ovi
    ngQual
    it
    y

    Thequal
    i
    tyi
    mpr
    ovementcanl
    eadanor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    owar
    dscompet
    it
    ive
    adv
    ant
    age.Thet
    otalqual
    i
    tymanagementpr
    ogr
    amsar
    eempl
    oyedt
    hat
    i
    mpr
    ovesal
    lthepr
    ocesseswi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ionwhi
    chwoul
    dul
    ti
    mat
    ely
    r
    esul
    tint
    hei
    mpr
    ovementoft
    hef
    inal
    productorser
    vice.

    Dev
    elopi
    ngDi
    sti
    nct
    iveCapabi
    li
    ti
    es

    Anot
    hermet
    hodofgai
    ningcompet
    it
    iveadv
    ant
    agei
    stoempl
    oyt
    hepeopl
    e

    13
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    hathav
    edi
    sti
    nctcapabi
    l
    iti
    est
    odev
    elopext
    raor
    dinar
    ycompet
    encei
    n
    speci
    fi
    car
    ea.

    Rest
    ruct
    uri
    ng

    Anot
    hert
    echni
    quei
    sther
    est
    ruct
    uri
    ngoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nwhi
    cht
    he
    met
    hodsofper
    for
    mingdi
    ff
    erentf
    unct
    ionsar
    eal
    ter
    edposi
    ti
    vel
    y.I
    ncaseof
    HR depar
    tment
    ,themaj
    ori
    tyoff
    unct
    ionsar
    est
    il
    lper
    for
    medwi
    thi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    nsomeor
    gani
    zat
    ionst
    hemaj
    orf
    unct
    ionsofHR depar
    tmentar
    enow
    t
    ransf
    err
    edt
    otheot
    herpar
    ti
    esi
    ntheshapeofout
    sour
    cing,
    shar
    edser
    vice
    cent
    eret
    c.Thesi
    zesofHRdepar
    tmenti
    nthoseor
    gani
    zat
    ionsar
    eshr
    inki
    ng
    becausemostoff
    unct
    ionsar
    eper
    for
    medbyout
    sider
    s.Buti
    nmostoft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionst
    heHRmanagerper
    for
    msal
    lther
    elev
    antf
    unct
    ionsofHRM.
    TheHRdepar
    tmenti
    snow i
    nvol
    vedi
    nthemi
    ssi
    onor
    ient
    ed&st
    rat
    egi
    c
    act
    ivi
    ti
    es.

    I
    ndi
    vi
    dualChal
    lenges

    Thedeci
    sionsr
    elat
    edt
    othespeci
    fi
    cindi
    vi
    dualempl
    oyeesar
    eincl
    udedi
    n
    t
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    dualchal
    l
    engesf
    ort
    heHRM.Theor
    gani
    zat
    ionali
    ssuesar
    eal
    so
    af
    fect
    ed by t
    he f
    act t
    hat how empl
    oyees ar
    etr
    eat
    ed wi
    thi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ions.Thepr
    obl
    emsr
    elat
    edt
    othei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    lev
    elar
    easf
    oll
    ow.

     
    Product
    ivi
    ty

    14
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Empower
    ment

    Br
    aindr
    ain

     
    Ethi
    cs&soci
    alr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ty

    Jobi
    nsecur
    it
    y

    Mat
    chi
    ngpeopl
    e&or
    gani
    zat
    ion

    Pr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty

    Pr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyi
    sdef
    inedast
    hemeasur
    eoft
    hev
    aluet
    hatanempl
    oyeecan
    addt
    othef
    inal
    productorser
    viceoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Thei
    ncr
    easedout
    put
    perempl
    oyeei
    sref
    lect
    edasi
    ncr
    easedpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.Abi
    l
    ity&mot
    ivat
    ionar
    e
    t
    woi
    mpor
    tantf
    act
    orst
    hataf
    fectt
    heempl
    oyeepr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.Theabi
    l
    ityof
    t
    heempl
    oyeecanbei
    mpr
    ovedbyt
    hehi
    ri
    ng&r
    epl
    acemental
    ongwi
    tht
    he
    pr
    opert
    rai
    ning&car
    eerdev
    elopment
    .Ont
    heot
    herhi
    ghqual
    i
    tyofwor
    kli
    fe
    ser
    vesasaccel
    erat
    ort
    othemot
    ivat
    ional
    fact
    oroft
    heempl
    oyees.

    Empower
    ment

    I
    nthemoder
    nday
    smanyor
    gani
    zat
    ionsmakechangesi
    nsuchawayt
    hat
    t
    hei
    rindi
    vi
    dualempl
    oyeesexer
    tmor
    econt
    rolont
    hei
    rwor
    kascompar
    edt
    o
    t
    hei
    r super
    ior
    s. Thi
    s i
    ndi
    vi
    dual cont
    rol of empl
    oyees i
    s cal
    l
    ed
    empower
    mentwhi
    ch hel
    ps t
    he empl
    oyees t
    o wor
    k wi
    th ent
    husi
    asm,
    commi
    tment& l
    ear
    n new ski
    l
    ls because t
    heyar
    e mor
    e make nor
    mal

    15
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    deci
    sionsaboutt
    hei
    rwor
    kbyt
    hemsel
    ves&henceenj
    oyt
    hei
    rwor
    k.

    Br
    ainDr
    ain

    Oneoft
    hechal
    l
    engesf
    orHRM i
    sthedet
    achmentoft
    hekeypot
    ent
    ial
    empl
    oyeesf
    rom t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionwhi
    chl
    i
    nkwi
    tht
    hecompet
    it
    orsf
    orhi
    gher
    r
    emuner
    ati
    onset
    c.I
    nsuchcasest
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionl
    osesi
    tsi
    ntel
    l
    ect
    ual
    pr
    oper
    ty&i
    nmanysi
    tuat
    ionst
    hel
    eav
    ingempl
    oyeesatt
    hehi
    gherl
    evel
    s
    al
    so t
    ake wi
    tht
    hem t
    he pot
    ent
    iall
    owerl
    evelempl
    oyees.Thi
    s br
    ain
    dr
    ainagei
    sbecomi
    ngser
    iousi
    ssuei
    nthehi
    gh-
    Teccompani
    es.

    Et
    hics&Soci
    alResponsi
    bil
    it
    y

    Undert
    hischal
    l
    enge,t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionsmakeanef
    for
    ttobenef
    itsome
    por
    ti
    onoft
    hesoci
    ety
    .Thi
    sisnowconsi
    der
    edt
    othesoci
    alr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyof
    t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion t
    o show f
    avor
    abl
    ebehav
    iort
    owar
    dst
    hesoci
    ety
    .The
    et
    hics ser
    ves as t
    he basi
    c pr
    inci
    plef
    ort
    he soci
    all
    y behav
    ioroft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ions.Wi
    thi
    nor
    gani
    zat
    ions,
    theHRdepar
    tment
    sdev
    elopacodeof
    conduct&pr
    inci
    plesofcodeofet
    hicst
    hatser
    veast
    hegui
    dancef
    ort
    he
    per
    sonalbehav
    ioroft
    heempl
    oyeesoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ions.Theempl
    oyees
    al
    soexpectf
    rom t
    hemanagementt
    oshowf
    avor
    abl
    edeci
    sions.

    JobI
    nsecur
    it
    y

    I
    nther
    ecenty
    ear
    s,r
    est
    ruct
    uri
    ng & downsi
    zi
    ng dev
    elopst
    hesenseof
    i
    nsecur
    it
    yofj
    obwi
    thi
    ntheempl
    oyeesoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ions.Now many

    16
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    empl
    oyees onl
    y desi
    ret
    o geta st
    eady j
    ob r
    athert
    han a j
    ob wi
    th
    pr
    omot
    ionalf
    utur
    e.Ev
    en most successf
    ulor
    gani
    zat
    ions l
    ay of
    fit
    s
    empl
    oyeesi
    ntheper
    iodofcutt
    hroatcompet
    it
    ion.Thest
    ockmar
    ketal
    so
    showsf
    avor
    abl
    eresul
    tswhenl
    ayof
    fshasbeenmade.Al
    ltheset
    hings
    cr
    eat
    eaf
    earamongempl
    oyeesaboutt
    hei
    nsecur
    it
    yoft
    hei
    rjobswhi
    ch
    woul
    dhi
    ndert
    hei
    ref
    fect
    iveper
    for
    mance.

    Mat
    chi
    ngPeopl
    e&Or
    gani
    zat
    ions

    I
    thasbeenpr
    ovedf
    rom t
    her
    esear
    cht
    hatt
    heHRdepar
    tmentcont
    ri
    but
    est
    o
    t
    he pr
    ofi
    tabi
    l
    ity oft
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion when i
    tmakes such pol
    i
    cies of
    empl
    oyeesel
    ect
    ioni
    nwhi
    cht
    hoseempl
    oyeesar
    esel
    ect
    ed&r
    etai
    nedt
    hat
    bestsui
    tst
    hecul
    tur
    eoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion&i
    tsobj
    ect
    ives.Forexampl
    eiti
    s
    pr
    ovedf
    rom r
    esear
    cht
    hatt
    hoseempl
    oyeeswoul
    dbecomebenef
    ici
    alf
    or
    t
    hehi
    gh-
    Techcompani
    est
    hatcanwor
    kinr
    isky
    ,uncer
    tai
    nenv
    ironment
    hav
    ingl
    owpay
    .Inshor
    titi
    sani
    mpor
    tantchal
    l
    engef
    ort
    heHRdepar
    tment
    t
    ohi
    reandkeepsuchempl
    oyeeswhoseabi
    l
    iti
    es&st
    rengt
    hswoul
    dmat
    ch
    t
    her
    equi
    rement
    s&ci
    rcumst
    ancesoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Per
    sonnelManagementv
    /sHumanResour
    ceManagement

    I
    nanor
    gani
    zat
    ion,agr
    oupofpeopl
    e(empl
    oyer
    sandempl
    oyees)wor
    k
    t
    oget
    herwi
    thacommonmot
    ivei
    .e.t
    oachi
    evet
    hei
    ror
    gani
    zat
    ionalgoal
    ,
    whi
    chi
    sonl
    ypossi
    blewhenef
    for
    tsofal
    lthepeopl
    eint
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionar
    e
    ef
    fi
    cient
    lymanaged.Ther
    ear
    etwobasi
    cappr
    oachest
    hatempl
    oyer
    sadopt
    17
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    omanagepeopl
    eorempl
    oyeei
    nthei
    rcompany
    .Theyar
    e

    1)Per
    sonnel
    Management

    Per
    sonnelar
    ethose who ar
    e empl
    oyed i
    nthe wor
    kpl
    ace.Per
    sonnel
    managementi
    sanadmi
    nist
    rat
    ivef
    unct
    ionwhi
    chexi
    stsi
    nanor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    t
    oensur
    eri
    ghtper
    sonnelatr
    ightor
    gani
    zat
    ionalact
    ivi
    ty.I
    tisat
    radi
    ti
    onal
    appr
    oachofmanagi
    ngempl
    oyeeswhi
    chf
    ocusesonadher
    encet
    opol
    i
    cies
    and r
    ules ofor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Per
    sonnelmanagementi
    s concer
    ned wi
    th
    pl
    anni
    ng,j
    obanal
    ysi
    s,r
    ecr
    uit
    mentandper
    for
    manceappr
    aisalal
    ongwi
    th
    t
    rai
    ning and compensat
    ion management
    .Per
    sonnelmanagemental
    so
    f
    ocusesonmanagi
    ngl
    aborr
    elat
    ionshi
    pbyhandl
    i
    ngempl
    oyeegr
    iev
    ances.

    2)HumanResour
    ceManagement

    Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementi
    samoder
    nappr
    oachofmanagi
    ngpeopl
    e
    atwor
    kpl
    acewhi
    chf
    ocusesonacqui
    sit
    ion,dev
    elopment
    ,ut
    il
    izat
    ionand
    mai
    ntenanceofhumanr
    esour
    ce.I
    tcombi
    nesphy
    sicalener
    giesandt
    hei
    r
    st
    rengt
    hswi
    thhumancompet
    enci
    es.I
    nsi
    mpl
    ewor
    ds,humanr
    esour
    ce
    managementcanber
    efer
    redast
    hepol
    i
    cywhi
    chensur
    esr
    ightqual
    i
    tyand
    quant
    it
    y of human r
    esour
    ce i
    n t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion. Li
    ke per
    sonnel
    management
    ,human r
    esour
    ce managementi
    s al
    so concer
    ned wi
    th
    pl
    anni
    ng,j
    obanal
    ysi
    s,r
    ecr
    uit
    mentandsel
    ect
    ion,hi
    ri
    ngandsoci
    ali
    zat
    ion,
    t
    rai
    ning, per
    for
    mance appr
    aisal
    , r
    ewar
    ding, and compensat
    ion
    management
    .
    18
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Di
    ff
    erencebet
    weenPer
    sonnelManagementAndHumanResour
    ce
    Management

    Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementi
    sthenewv
    ersi
    onofper
    sonnel
    management
    .Ther
    eisnoanywat
    ert
    ightdi
    ff
    erencebet
    weenhuman
    r
    esour
    cemanagementandper
    sonnel
    management
    .Howev
    er,
    ther
    ear
    e
    somedi
    ff
    erencesi
    nthef
    oll
    owi
    ngmat
    ter
    s.

    1.Per
    sonnel
    managementi
    sat
    radi
    ti
    onal
    appr
    oachofmanagi
    ngpeopl
    ein
    t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementi
    samoder
    nappr
    oachof
    managi
    ngpeopl
    eandt
    hei
    rst
    rengt
    hsi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    2.Per
    sonnel
    managementf
    ocusesonper
    sonnel
    admi
    nist
    rat
    ion,
    empl
    oyee
    wel
    far
    eandl
    aborr
    elat
    ion.Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementf
    ocuseson
    acqui
    sit
    ion,
    dev
    elopment
    ,mot
    ivat
    ionandmai
    ntenanceofhumanr
    esour
    ces
    i
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    3.Per
    sonnel
    managementassumespeopl
    easai
    nputf
    orachi
    evi
    ngdesi
    red
    out
    put
    .Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementassumespeopl
    easani
    mpor
    tant
    andv
    aluabl
    eresour
    cef
    orachi
    evi
    ngdesi
    redout
    put
    .

    4.Underper
    sonnel
    management
    ,per
    sonnel
    funct
    ioni
    sunder
    takenf
    or
    empl
    oyee'
    ssat
    isf
    act
    ion.Underhumanr
    esour
    cemanagement
    ,
    admi
    nist
    rat
    ivef
    unct
    ioni
    sunder
    takenf
    orgoal
    achi
    evement
    .

    19
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    5.Underper
    sonnel
    management
    ,empl
    oyeesar
    epr
    ovi
    dedwi
    thl
    esst
    rai
    ning
    anddev
    elopmentoppor
    tuni
    ti
    es.Underhumanr
    esour
    cemanagement
    ,
    empl
    oyeesar
    epr
    ovi
    dedwi
    thmor
    etr
    aini
    nganddev
    elopmentoppor
    tuni
    ti
    es.

    6.I
    nper
    sonnel
    management
    ,deci
    sionsar
    emadebyt
    het
    opmanagement
    aspert
    her
    ulesandr
    egul
    ati
    onoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.I
    nhumanr
    esour
    ce
    management
    ,deci
    sionsar
    emadecol
    l
    ect
    ivel
    yaf
    terconsi
    der
    ingempl
    oyee'
    s
    par
    ti
    cipat
    ion,
    aut
    hor
    it
    y,decent
    ral
    i
    zat
    ion,
    compet
    it
    iveenv
    ironmentet
    c.

    7.Per
    sonnel
    managementf
    ocusesoni
    ncr
    easedpr
    oduct
    ionandsat
    isf
    ied
    empl
    oyees.Humanr
    esour
    cemanagementf
    ocusesonef
    fect
    iveness,
    cul
    tur
    e,pr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyandempl
    oyee'
    spar
    ti
    ci
    pat
    ion.

    8.Per
    sonnel
    managementi
    sconcer
    nedwi
    thper
    sonnel
    manager
    .Human
    r
    esour
    cemanagementi
    sconcer
    nedwi
    thal
    ll
    evel
    ofmanager
    sfr
    om t
    opt
    o
    bot
    tom.

    9.Per
    sonnel
    managementi
    sar
    out
    inef
    unct
    ion.Humanr
    esour
    ce
    managementi
    sast
    rat
    egi
    cfunct
    ion

    Basi
    sof
    Di
    ff
    erence Per
    sonnel
    Management HumanResour
    ceManagement

    20
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Basi
    sof
    Di
    ff
    erence Per
    sonnel
    Management HumanResour
    ceManagement

    I
    tist
    radi
    ti
    onal
    appr
    oachof I
    tismoder
    nappr
    oachof
    managi
    ngpeopl
    eat managi
    ngpeopl
    eatwor
    kpl
    ace
    wor
    kpl
    aceandi
    sconcer
    nof andi
    sconcer
    nofmanager
    sof
     
    Meani
    ng per
    sonnel
    depar
    tment
    . al
    ll
    evel
    (fr
    om t
    opt
    obot
    tom)
    .

     
    Nat
    ure I
    tisar
    out
    inef
    unct
    ion. I
    tisast
    rat
    egi
    cfunct
    ion.

    Ef
    fi
    cientmanagementi
    s Humanv
    aluesandi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
     
    Focus gi
    venpr
    ior
    it
    y. needsar
    egi
    venpr
    ior
    it
    y.

    Acqui
    sit
    ion,
    dev
    elopment
    ,
    Per
    sonnel
    admi
    nist
    rat
    ion, ut
    il
    izat
    ionandmai
    ntenanceof
    l
    aborr
    elat
    ionandempl
    oyee humanr
    esour
    cear
    emaj
    or
    wel
    far
    ear
    emaj
    orf
    unct
    ions f
    unct
    ionsofhumanr
    esour
    ce
     
    Funct
    ion ofper
    sonnel
    management
    . management
    .

    I
    tdet
    ermi
    neshumanr
    esour
    ce
    I
    tmanagespeopl
    ein
    needsandf
    ormul
    atepol
    i
    cies
    accor
    dancewi
    th
    bymat
    chi
    ngi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    sneeds
     
    Obj
    ect
    ive or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sgoal
    .
    wi
    thor
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sneeds.

    21
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Basi
    sof
    Di
    ff
    erence Per
    sonnel
    Management HumanResour
    ceManagement

    I
    tregar
    dspeopl
    easbasi
    c I
    tregar
    dspeopl
    easst
    rat
    egi
    c
    i
    nputt
    omakedesi
    red andv
    aluabl
    eresour
    cet
    omake
     
    Per
    spect
    ive out
    put
    . desi
    redout
    put
    .

    Jobsar
    edesi
    gnedont
    he Jobsar
    edesi
    gnedont
    hebasi
    s
     
    Jobdesi
    gn basi
    sofdi
    vi
    sionofl
    abor
    . oft
    eamwor
    k.

    I
    nter
    estofor
    gani
    zat
    ionand
    Or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sint
    eresti
    s i
    nter
    estofempl
    oyeei
    s
     
    Int
    erest v
    aluedt
    hemost
    . har
    moni
    zed.

    I
    tisdev
    elopmentor
    ient
    ed.I
    t
    pr
    ovi
    desspacef
    orempl
    oyee
    I
    tisdi
    sci
    pli
    ne,
    dir
    ect
    ionand i
    nvol
    vement
    ,per
    for
    manceand
     
    Ori
    ent
    ati
    on cont
    rol
    ori
    ent
    ed. gr
    owt
    h.

    Communi
    cat
    ioni
    sli
    mit
    ed,
    or
     
    Communi
    cat
    ion ev
    enr
    est
    ri
    cted. Communi
    cat
    ioni
    sopen.

     
    Emphasi
    s I
    temphasi
    zesonadher
    ence I
    temphasi
    zesoncombi
    nat
    ion

    22
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
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    Recogni
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    il
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    ver
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    y,Del
    hi)

    Basi
    sof
    Di
    ff
    erence Per
    sonnel
    Management HumanResour
    ceManagement

    ofr
    ulesandr
    egul
    ati
    onsand ofhumanener
    giesand
    t
    hei
    rimpl
    ement
    ati
    on. compet
    enci
    es.

    Commi
    tt
    edhumanr
    esour
    ce

    Readi
    nesst
    ochange

    I
    ncr
    easedpr
    oduct
    ion

    Di
    sci
    pli
    nedempl
    oyees I
    ncr
    easedpr
    ofi
    t

     
    Benef
    it
    s I
    ncr
    easedpr
    oduct
    ion Qual
    i
    tyofwor
    kli
    fe

    Or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    goal
    is Or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    goal
    isachi
    eved
    achi
    evedandempl
    oyer
    sar
    e andbot
    hempl
    oyer
    sand
     
    Resul
    t sat
    isf
    ied. empl
    oyeesar
    esat
    isf
    ied.

    23
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
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    sit
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    hi)

    HRM v
    sSt
    rat
    egi
    cHRM
    HRM i
    sHumanResour
    cesManagementwhi
    chi
    sast
    rat
    egi
    cappr
    oacht
    o
    t
    he 
    management
     ofempl
    oyees.HRM i
    nvol
    vest
    hepr
    ocessofempl
    oyi
    ng
    peopl
    e,dev
    elopi
    ngt
    hei
    rski
    l
    ls/
    capaci
    ti
    es,andut
    il
    izi
    ngt
    hei
    rser
    vices.But
    t
    oday
    ,HRM hascomeacr
    ossmanychanges,andt
    hel
    atestonei
    sthe
    St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM whi
    chi
    sthemostpower
    fuli
    deacur
    rent
    ly.St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM
    canbet
    ermedasabr
    anchofHRM.

    I
    nHRM,t
    radi
    ti
    onalmet
    hodsar
    efol
    l
    owed.Tr
    adi
    ti
    onalmet
    hodsmeanst
    he
    sel
    ect
    ionorr
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocessandi
    mpar
    ti
    ngt
    rai
    ning.Thi
    sHRM pr
    ocess
    di
    dnothav
    eanyspeci
    fi
    crul
    esf
    ordi
    ff
    erentar
    easl
    i
    ker
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    ,tr
    aini
    ng,
    andut
    il
    izi
    ngt
    heser
    vices.Thi
    siswhatmakest
    heSt
    rat
    egi
    cHRM di
    ff
    erent
    f
    rom HRM.I
    n St
    rat
    egi
    c HRM,t
    her
    e ar
    e speci
    fi
    crul
    es speci
    fi
    ed f
    or
    speci
    ali
    zedf
    iel
    ds.

    I
    n HRM,t
    her
    e ar
    e no separ
    ate peopl
    efordi
    ff
    erentar
    eas wher
    eas i
    n
    St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM t
    her
    ear
    edi
    ff
    erentpeopl
    ewhoar
    eski
    l
    ledi
    nspeci
    fi
    car
    eas.I
    t
    i
    s nott
    hatt
    he same per
    sons wi
    l
    lhandl
    erecr
    uit
    ment
    ,tr
    aini
    ng,and
    empl
    oyeeappr
    aisal
    .

    Ast
    het
    ermi
    tsel
    fdenot
    es,St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM deal
    swi
    thst
    rat
    egi
    caspect
    sof
    HRM.Unl
    i
    keHRM,St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM mai
    nlyf
    ocusesont
    hepr
    ogr
    amswi
    th
    l
    ong-
    ter
    m obj
    ect
    ives.ThoughHRM andSt
    rat
    egi
    cHRM f
    ocusoni
    ncr
    easi
    ng
    empl
    oyeepr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty,
    Str
    ategi
    cHRM usesmanyst
    rat
    egi
    cmet
    hods.

    24
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
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    Aff
    il
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    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Unl
    i
    ke t
    he t
    radi
    ti
    onalHRM,St
    rat
    egi
    c HRM uses mor
    e sophi
    sti
    cat
    ed
    met
    hodsf
    ori
    mpr
    ovi
    ngov
    eral
    lempl
    oyeemot
    ivat
    ionandpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.Unl
    i
    ke
    t
    het
    radi
    ti
    onal
    HRM,
    Str
    ategi
    cHRM usesmor
    esy
    stemat
    ict
    ool
    s.

    Whi
    l
    ethet
    radi
    ti
    onal
    HRM f
    ocusesmai
    nlyonempl
    oyeer
    elat
    ions,
    Str
    ategi
    c
    HRM f
    ocusesonpar
    tner
    shi
    pswi
    thi
    nter
    nal
    andext
    ernal
    cust
    omer
    s.When
    HRM hasonl
    yshor
    t-
    ter
    m goal
    s,St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM hasl
    ong-
    ter
    m goal
    s.
    Whenconsi
    der
    ingj
    obdesi
    gn,
    ther
    eisat
    ightdi
    vi
    sionofl
    aborand
    i
    ndependencespeci
    ali
    zat
    ioni
    nHRM.Ont
    heot
    herhand,
    thej
    obdi
    vi
    sioni
    n
    St
    rat
    egi
    cHRM i
    sfl
    exi
    ble.

    BASI
    SFOR
    HRM SHRM
    COMPARI
    SON

    Meani
    ng Humanr
    esour
    ce SHRM i
    samanager
    ial
    management(
    HRM) f
    unct
    ionwhi
    chi
    mpl
    i
    es
    i
    mpl
    i
    est
    hegov
    ernanceof f
    rami
    ngofHRst
    rat
    egi
    esi
    n
    manpoweroft
    he suchawayt
    odi
    rect
    or
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    na empl
    oyeesef
    for
    tst
    owar
    ds
    t
    hor
    oughandst
    ruct
    ured t
    hegoal
    sofor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    manner
    .

    Responsi
    bil
    i
    ty St
    affspeci
    ali
    st Li
    nemanager

    25
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    (
    Recogni
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
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    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    BASI
    SFOR
    HRM SHRM
    COMPARI
    SON

    l
    i
    eswi
    th

    Appr
    oach Fr
    agment
    ed I
    ntegr
    ated

    Scope Concer
    nedwi
    thempl
    oyee Concer
    nedwi
    thi
    nter
    nal
    and
    r
    elat
    ions ext
    ernal
    rel
    ati
    ons

    Ti
    mehor
    izon Shor
    tter
    m Longt
    erm

    Basi
    cfact
    or Capi
    tal
    andpr
    oduct
    s Peopl
    eandknowl
    edge

    Change Fol
    l
    owschange I
    nit
    iat
    eschange

    Account
    abi
    l
    ity Costcent
    er I
    nvest
    mentcent
    er

    Cont
    rol St
    ri
    ngentcont
    rol
    over I
    texhi
    bit
    sleni
    ency
    .
    empl
    oyees

    26
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
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    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Cur
    rentTr
    endsi
    nHumanResour
    ceManagement

    Thewor
    ldofwor
    kisr
    api
    dlychangi
    ng.Asapar
    tofor
    gani
    zat
    ion,Human
    Resour
    ceManagement(
    HRM)mustbepr
    epar
    edt
    odealwi
    thef
    fect
    sof
    changi
    ngwor
    ldofwor
    k.Fort
    heHRpeopl
    eitmeansunder
    standi
    ngt
    he
    i
    mpl
    i
    cat
    ions of gl
    obal
    i
    zat
    ion, wor
    k-f
    orce di
    ver
    sit
    y, changi
    ng ski
    l
    l
    r
    equi
    rement
    s,cor
    por
    atedownsi
    zi
    ng,
    cont
    inuousi
    mpr
    ovementi
    nit
    iat
    ives,
    re
    -
    engi
    neer
    ing,t
    he cont
    ingentwor
    kfor
    ce,decent
    ral
    i
    zed wor
    k si
    tes and
    empl
    oyeei
    nvol
    vementf
    orwhi
    chal
    landmor
    ehav
    ethef
    inanci
    ali
    mpl
    i
    cat
    ion
    t
    o or
    gani
    zat
    ion.Letal
    one on t
    he empl
    oyees si
    de wher
    e engagement
    ,
    sat
    isf
    act
    ion,mot
    ivat
    ion,r
    etent
    ion,absent
    eei
    sm,t
    urnov
    erhav
    eto be
    checked.Asar
    ulehumanr
    esour
    cemanagementhast
    ovent
    urei
    ntonew
    t
    rendsi
    nor
    dert
    oremai
    nrel
    evantcor
    por
    atedev
    elopmentpar
    tner
    .Lookat
    t
    henewt
    rendsbel
    l
    ow;

    1.Gl
    obal
    izat
    ionandi
    tsi
    mpl
    icat
    ions

    Busi
    nesst
    odaydoesn’
    thav
    enat
    ionalboundar
    ies–i
    treachesar
    oundt
    he
    wor
    ld.Ther
    iseofmul
    ti
    nat
    ionalcor
    por
    ati
    onspl
    acesnew r
    equi
    rement
    son
    humanr
    esour
    cemanager
    s.TheHRdepar
    tmentneedst
    oensur
    ethatt
    he
    appr
    opr
    iat
    emi
    xofempl
    oyeesi
    nter
    msofknowl
    edge,ski
    l
    lsandcul
    tur
    al
    adapt
    abi
    l
    ityi
    sav
    ail
    abl
    etohandl
    egl
    obal
    assi
    gnment
    s. I
    nor
    dert
    omeett
    his
    goal
    ,theor
    gani
    zat
    ionsmustt
    rai
    nindi
    vi
    dual
    stomeett
    hechal
    l
    engesof
    gl
    obal
    i
    zat
    ion.The empl
    oyees musthav
    e wor
    king knowl
    edge oft
    he
    27
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    AnISO9001:
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    i
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    il
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    y,Del
    hi)

    l
    anguageandcul
    tur
    e(i
    nter
    msofv
    alues,
    mor
    als,
    cust
    omsandl
    aws)oft
    he
    hostcount
    ry.

    HumanResour
    ceManagement(
    HRM)mustal
    sodev
    elopmechani
    smst
    hat
    wi
    l
    lhel
    pmul
    ti
    cul
    tur
    ali
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    swor
    ktoget
    her
    .Asbackgr
    ound,l
    anguage,
    cust
    om oragedi
    ff
    erencesbecomemor
    epr
    eval
    ent
    ,ther
    ear
    eindi
    cat
    ions
    t
    hatempl
    oyee conf
    li
    ctwi
    l
    lincr
    ease.HRM woul
    d be r
    equi
    red t
    otr
    ain
    managementt
    o bemor
    efl
    exi
    blei
    nit
    spr
    act
    ices.Becauset
    omor
    row’
    s
    wor
    ker
    swi
    l
    lcomei
    ndi
    ff
    erentcol
    ors,`
    nat
    ional
    i
    tiesandsoon,manager
    s
    wi
    l
    lber
    equi
    redt
    ochanget
    hei
    rway
    s.Thi
    swi
    l
    lnecessi
    tat
    emanager
    sbei
    ng
    t
    rai
    nedt
    orecogni
    zedi
    ff
    erencesi
    nwor
    ker
    sandt
    oappr
    eci
    ateandev
    en
    cel
    ebr
    atet
    hesedi
    ff
    erences.

    2.
     Wor
    k-f
    orceDi
    ver
    sit
    y

    I
    nthepastHRM wasconsi
    der
    abl
    ysi
    mpl
    erbecauseourwor
    kfor
    cewas
    st
    ri
    ki
    ngl
    y homogeneous.Today
    ’s wor
    kfor
    ce compr
    ises ofpeopl
    e of
    di
    ff
    erentgender
    ,age,soci
    alcl
    asssexualor
    ient
    ati
    on,v
    alues,per
    sonal
    i
    ty
    char
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs,
    ethni
    cit
    y,r
    eli
    gion,
    educat
    ion,
    language,
    phy
    sical
    appear
    ance,
    mar
    it
    alst
    atus,l
    i
    fest
    yle,bel
    i
    efs,i
    deol
    ogi
    esandbackgr
    oundchar
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs
    suchasgeogr
    aphi
    cor
    igi
    n,t
    enur
    ewi
    tht
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion,andeconomi
    c
    st
    atus and t
    he l
    i
    stcoul
    d go on.Di
    ver
    sit
    yis cr
    it
    ical
    l
    yli
    nked t
    othe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sst
    rat
    egi
    cdi
    rect
    ion.Wher
    edi
    ver
    sit
    yfl
    our
    ishes,t
    hepot
    ent
    ial
    benef
    it
    sfr
    om bet
    tercr
    eat
    ivi
    tyanddeci
    sionmaki
    ngandgr
    eat
    eri
    nnov
    ati
    on
    28
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
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    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
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    hi)

    can be accr
    ued t
    o hel
    pincr
    ease or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    s compet
    it
    iveness.One
    meansofachi
    evi
    ngt
    hati
    sthr
    ought
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sbenef
    it
    spackage.
    Thi
    sincl
    udesHRM of
    fer
    ingst
    hatf
    allundert
    heheadi
    ng oft
    hef
    ami
    l
    y
    f
    ri
    endl
    yor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Af
    ami
    l
    yfr
    iendl
    yor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sonet
    hathasf
    lexi
    ble
    wor
    kschedul
    esandpr
    ovi
    dessuchempl
    oyeebenef
    it
    ssuchaschi
    l
    dcar
    e.I
    n
    addi
    ti
    ont
    othedi
    ver
    sit
    ybr
    oughtbygenderandnat
    ional
    i
    ty,HRM mustbe
    awar
    eoft
    heagedi
    ff
    erencest
    hatexi
    sti
    ntoday
    ’swor
    kfor
    ce.HRM must
    t
    rai
    npeopl
    eofdi
    ff
    erentagegr
    oupst
    oef
    fect
    ivel
    ymanageandt
    odealwi
    th
    each ot
    herand t
    orespectt
    hedi
    ver
    sit
    yofv
    iewst
    hateach of
    fer
    s.I
    n
    si
    tuat
    ionsl
    i
    ket
    heseapar
    ti
    cipat
    iveappr
    oachseemst
    owor
    kbet
    ter
    .

    3.Changi
    ngski
    llr
    equi
    rement
    s

    Recr
    uit
    ing and dev
    elopi
    ng ski
    l
    led l
    abori
    simpor
    tantf
    oranycompany
    concer
    nedaboutcompet
    it
    iveness,pr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty,qual
    i
    tyandmanagi
    nga
    di
    ver
    sewor
    kfor
    ceef
    fect
    ivel
    y.Ski
    l
    ldef
    ici
    enci
    est
    ransl
    atei
    ntosi
    gni
    fi
    cant
    l
    osses f
    ort
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion i
    nter
    ms ofpoor
    -qual
    i
    ty wor
    k and l
    ower
    pr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty,i
    ncr
    easei
    nempl
    oyeeacci
    dent
    sandcust
    omercompl
    aint
    s.
    Si
    nceagr
    owi
    ngnumberofj
    obswi
    l
    lrequi
    remor
    eeducat
    ionandhi
    gher
    l
    evel
    sofl
    anguaget
    hancur
    rentones,
    HRM pr
    act
    it
    ioner
    sandspeci
    ali
    stswi
    l
    l
    hav
    eto communi
    cat
    ethi
    sto educat
    ors and communi
    tyl
    eader
    s et
    c.
    St
    rat
    egi
    chumanr
    esour
    cepl
    anni
    ngwi
    l
    lhav
    etocar
    eful
    l
    ywei
    ght
    heski
    l
    l
    def
    ici
    enci
    esandshor
    tages.HRM depar
    tmentwi
    l
    lhav
    etodev
    isesui
    tabl
    e

    29
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    rai
    ningandshor
    tter
    m pr
    ogr
    amst
    obr
    idget
    heski
    l
    lgaps&def
    ici
    enci
    es.

    4.Conf
    ident
    ial
    it
    y

    Thecur
    rentt
    rendshav
    ebeenseenasnewchal
    l
    engesi
    nthet
    ermsofcost
    s
    especi
    all
    yint
    he shor
    trun butf
    oror
    gani
    zat
    ion t
    o st
    ri
    ve wel
    lint
    his
    compet
    it
    ivemar
    kett
    otoget
    herwi
    tht
    hel
    abormobi
    l
    ityi
    tisi
    mper
    ati
    ve
    i
    mpor
    tantt
    oret
    hinkt
    heHRM i
    nter
    msoft
    hecur
    rentt
    rendsatal
    ll
    evel
    s.

    I
    tgoeswi
    thoutsayt
    hatasl
    ongerast
    her
    eisnocl
    eardef
    inedhuman
    r
    esour
    ce managementst
    rat
    egi
    es i
    nthe gi
    ven or
    gani
    zat
    ion t
    her
    eis
    def
    ini
    tel
    yapr
    obl
    em boi
    l
    ingi
    nthesameor
    gani
    zat
    ionoranexpl
    osi
    oni
    s
    boundt
    ohappen.Wi
    tht
    hecur
    rentt
    rendi
    nmanagi
    ngt
    hemostv
    alued
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionr
    esour
    ce,
    organi
    zat
    ionshav
    etodi
    gdeepert
    omai
    ntai
    n.

    5.Cont
    inuousi
    mpr
    ovementpr
    ogr
    ams

    Cont
    inuousi
    mpr
    ovementpr
    ogr
    amsf
    ocusont
    hel
    ongt
    erm wel
    l
    -bei
    ngof
    t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
     Iti
    sapr
    ocesswher
    ebyanor
    gani
    zat
    ionf
    ocuseson
    qual
    i
    tyandbui
    l
    dsabet
    terf
    oundat
    iont
    oser
    vei
    tscust
    omer
    s.Thi
    sof
    ten
    i
    nvol
    vesacompany
    widei
    nit
    iat
    ivet
    oimpr
    ovequal
    i
    tyandpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.The
    companychangesi
    tsoper
    ati
    onst
    ofocusont
    hecust
    omerandt
    oinv
    olv
    e
    wor
    ker
    sinmat
    ter
    saf
    fect
    ingt
    hem.Compani
    esst
    ri
    vet
    oimpr
    oveev
    ery
    thi
    ng
    t
    hatt
    heydo,
    from hi
    ri
    ngqual
    i
    typeopl
    e,t
    oadmi
    nist
    rat
    ivepaperpr
    ocessi
    ng,

    30
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    omeet
    ingcust
    omerneeds.

    Unf
    ort
    unat
    ely
    ,such i
    nit
    iat
    ives ar
    e notsomet
    hing t
    hatcan be easi
    l
    y
    i
    mpl
    ement
    ed,
    nordi
    ctat
    eddownt
    hrought
    hemanyl
    evel
    sinanor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    Rat
    her
    ,theyar
    eli
    keanor
    gani
    zat
    ionwi
    dedev
    elopmentpr
    ocessandt
    he
    pr
    ocessmustbeaccept
    edandsuppor
    tedbyt
    opmanagementanddr
    iven
    bycol
    l
    abor
    ati
    veef
    for
    ts,
    thr
    oughouteachsegmenti
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.HRM
    pl
    aysani
    mpor
    tantr
    olei
    nthei
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    onofcont
    inuousi
    mpr
    ovement
    pr
    ogr
    ams.
     Whenev
    eranor
    gani
    zat
    ionembar
    ksonanyi
    mpr
    ovementef
    for
    t,
    i
    tisi
    ntr
    oduci
    ngchangei
    ntot
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Att
    hispoi
    ntor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    dev
    elopment i
    nit
    iat
    ives domi
    nat
    e. Speci
    fi
    cal
    l
    y, HRM must pr
    epar
    e
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    s f
    or t
    he change. Thi
    s r
    equi
    res cl
    ear and ext
    ensi
    ve
    communi
    cat
    ionsofwhyt
    hechangewi
    l
    loccur
    ,whati
    stobeexpect
    edand
    whatef
    fecti
    twi
    l
    lhav
    eonempl
    oyees.

    6.Re-
    engi
    neer
    ingwor
    kpr
    ocessesf
    ori
    mpr
    ovedpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty

    Al
    thoughcont
    inuousi
    mpr
    ovementi
    nit
    iat
    ivesar
    eposi
    ti
    vest
    art
    sinmanyof
    ouror
    gani
    zat
    ions,t
    heyt
    ypi
    cal
    l
    yfocusonongoi
    ngi
    ncr
    ement
    alchange.
    Suchact
    ioni
    sint
    uit
    ivel
    yappeal
    i
    ng–t
    heconst
    antandper
    manentsear
    cht
    o
    maket
    hingsbet
    ter
    .Yetmanycompani
    esf
    unct
    ioni
    nanenv
    ironmentt
    hati
    s
    dy
    nami
    c-f
    aci
    ng r
    api
    d and const
    antchange.As a r
    esul
    tcont
    inuous
    i
    mpr
    ovementpr
    ogr
    amsmaynotbei
    nthebesti
    nter
    estoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    Thepr
    obl
    em wi
    tht
    hem i
    sthatt
    heymaypr
    ovi
    deaf
    alsesenseofsecur
    it
    y.
    31
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Ongoi
    ngi
    ncr
    ement
    alchangeav
    oidsf
    aci
    ngupt
    othepossi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    hatwhat
    t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion mayr
    eal
    l
    yneed i
    sradi
    calorquant
    um change.Such
    dr
    ast
    icchanger
    esul
    tsi
    nther
    e-engi
    neer
    ingoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Re-
    engi
    neer
    ingoccur
    swhenmor
    ethan70% oft
    hewor
    kpr
    ocessesi
    nan
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionar
    eev
    aluat
    edandal
    ter
    ed.I
    trequi
    resor
    gani
    zat
    ionalmember
    s
    t
    oret
    hinkwhatwor
    kshoul
    dbedone,howi
    tist
    obedoneandhowt
    obest
    i
    mpl
    ementt
    hesedeci
    sions.Re-
    engi
    neer
    ingchangeshowor
    gani
    zat
    ionsdo
    t
    hei
    rbusi
    nessand di
    rect
    lyaf
    fect
    stheempl
    oyees.Re-
    engi
    neer
    ing may
    l
    eav
    ecer
    tai
    nempl
    oyeesf
    rust
    rat
    edandangr
    yandunsur
    eofwhatt
    oex
    pect
    .
    Accor
    dingl
    yHRM musthav
    emechani
    smsi
    npl
    acef
    orempl
    oyeest
    oget
    appr
    opr
    iat
    e di
    rect
    ion ofwhatt
    o do and whatt
    o expectas wel
    las
    assi
    stancei
    ndeal
    i
    ngwi
    tht
    heconf
    li
    ctt
    hatmayper
    meat
    etheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    Forr
    e-engi
    neer
    ingt
    ogener
    atei
    tsbenef
    it
    sHRM needst
    oof
    ferski
    l
    ltr
    aini
    ng
    t
    oit
    sempl
    oyees.Whet
    heri
    t’
    sanew pr
    ocess,at
    echnol
    ogyenhancement
    ,
    wor
    king i
    nteams,hav
    ing mor
    e deci
    sion maki
    ng aut
    hor
    it
    y,ort
    he l
    i
    ke,
    empl
    oyeeswoul
    dneednewski
    l
    lsasar
    esul
    toft
    her
    e-engi
    neer
    ingpr
    ocess.

    7.Cont
    ingentwor
    kfor
    ce

    Av
    erysubst
    ant
    ialpar
    toft
    hemoder
    ndaywor
    kfor
    cear
    ethecont
    ingent
    wor
    ker
    s.Cont
    ingentwor
    ker
    sar
    eindi
    vi
    dual
    swhoar
    ety
    pical
    l
    yhi
    redf
    or
    shor
    terper
    iodsoft
    ime.Theyper
    for
    m speci
    fi
    ctaskst
    hatof
    tenr
    equi
    re
    speci
    alj
    obski
    l
    lsandar
    eempl
    oyedwhenanor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sexper
    ienci
    ng
    32
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    si
    gni
    fi
    cantdev
    iat
    ionsi
    nit
    swor
    kfl
    ow.Whenanor
    gani
    zat
    ionmakesi
    ts
    st
    rat
    egi
    cdeci
    siont
    oempl
    oyasi
    zabl
    epor
    ti
    onofi
    tswor
    kfor
    cef
    rom t
    he
    cont
    ingencyr
    anks,sev
    eralHRM i
    ssues come t
    othe f
    oref
    ront
    .These
    i
    ncl
    udebei
    ngabl
    etohav
    ethesev
    irt
    ualempl
    oyeesav
    ail
    abl
    ewhenneeded,
    pr
    ovi
    dingschedul
    i
    ngopt
    ionst
    hatmeett
    hei
    rneedsandmaki
    ngdeci
    sions
    aboutwhet
    herornotbenef
    it
    swi
    l
    lbeof
    fer
    edt
    othecont
    ingentwor
    kfor
    ce.

    Noor
    gani
    zat
    ioncanmaket
    het
    ransi
    ti
    ont
    oacont
    ingentwor
    kfor
    cewi
    thout
    suf
    fi
    cientpl
    anni
    ng.Assuch,whent
    hesest
    rat
    egi
    cdeci
    sionsar
    ebei
    ng
    made,HRM mustbeanact
    ivepar
    tneri
    nthesedi
    scussi
    ons.Af
    teri
    tsent
    ir
    e
    HRM depar
    tment
    ’sr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    olocat
    eandbr
    ingi
    ntot
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    t
    heset
    empor
    arywor
    ker
    s.Ast
    empor
    arywor
    ker
    sar
    ebr
    oughti
    n,HRM wi
    l
    l
    al
    sohav
    ether
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyofqui
    ckl
    yadapt
    ingt
    hem t
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    HRM wi
    l
    lal
    sohav
    etogi
    vesomet
    houghtt
    ohow i
    twi
    l
    lat
    tractqual
    i
    ty
    t
    empor
    ari
    es.Thi
    sissomet
    imesdoneonconsul
    tancybasi
    s.Consul
    tancy
    wor
    kis of
    ten a shor
    tti
    me basi
    s and t
    ore-
    inv
    entt
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    s
    oper
    ati
    onsuchawor
    kfor
    ceofconsul
    tancyi
    svi
    tal
    .

    8.MassCust
    omi
    zat
    ion

    Ther
    eisal
    otgoi
    ngonal
    readywi
    thi
    nHRconcer
    ningmasscust
    omi
    zat
    ion,
    t
    heopt
    imalcombi
    nat
    ionofmasspr
    oduct
    ionwi
    thcust
    omi
    zat
    ion.We’
    ve
    seencompani
    esbasi
    ngempl
    oymentar
    rangement
    sonl
    ear
    ningst
    ylesand
    per
    sonal
    i
    ties,al
    l
    owi
    ngempl
    oyeest
    ochoosebet
    weenl
    owerbasepayand
    33
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    hi
    gherbonusesv
    s.hi
    gherbasepayandl
    owerbonuses,
    andchangi
    ngf
    rom
    car
    eerl
    adder
    swi
    thast
    rai
    ghtshott
    othet
    opt
    ocar
    eerl
    att
    iceswher
    ea
    si
    deway
    smov
    eisconsi
    der
    edagoodcar
    eermov
    e.Her
    e,HRhasdonea
    gr
    eatj
    ob ofappl
    yi
    ng HR pr
    inci
    ples t
    oit
    s own t
    radi
    ti
    onalf
    unct
    ional
    pr
    ocesses.

    HR wi
    l
    lneed t
    otaket
    het
    ool
    sofmar
    ket
    ing ar
    oundcust
    omi
    zat
    ionf
    or
    consumer
    s and cl
    i
    ent
    s and appl
    yi
    ng t
    hem t
    o t
    he t
    ask of t
    alent
    segment
    ati
    on.The key i
    sto opt
    imi
    ze.Atone ext
    reme,a per
    sonal
    empl
    oymentdealf
    orev
    eryi
    ndi
    vi
    dualwoul
    d be chaot
    ic.Att
    he ot
    her
    ext
    reme,def
    ini
    ngf
    air
    nessas“
    samef
    orev
    ery
    one”r
    isksmi
    ssi
    ngi
    mpor
    tant
    benef
    it
    sofcust
    omi
    zat
    ion,
    andi
    nfactmaybeunpr
    oduct
    iveandunf
    air
    .

    Thus,HRshoul
    ddev
    eloppr
    inci
    plesf
    orunder
    standi
    ngt
    heopt
    imall
    evelof
    cust
    omi
    zat
    ion i
    n t
    he empl
    oyment r
    elat
    ionshi
    p. Mor
    eov
    er, because
    cust
    omi
    zat
    ionwi
    l
    lof
    tenmeant
    hatdi
    ff
    erentgr
    oupsofempl
    oyeesr
    ecei
    ve
    di
    ff
    erentempl
    oymentar
    rangement
    sbasedont
    hei
    rneedsort
    hewayt
    hey
    cont
    ri
    but
    e,HRmustdev
    eloppr
    inci
    plest
    hatequi
    pleader
    stoexpl
    aint
    hese
    di
    ff
    erences t
    o empl
    oyees.Ourwor
    k suggest
    sthatwhi
    l
    e many HR
    manager
    sunder
    standt
    heneedf
    orcust
    omi
    zat
    ionanddi
    ff
    erent
    iat
    ioni
    n
    pr
    inci
    ple,t
    heyr
    esi
    sti
    tbecauset
    heysi
    mpl
    ydon’
    tfeelwel
    l
    -equi
    ppedt
    o
    expl
    aint
    hem.I
    tisf
    areasi
    ert
    osay
    ,“Wedot
    hesamet
    hingf
    orev
    ery
    one,
    so
    i
    t’
    soutofmyhands.
    ”Theconceptoff
    air
    nessi
    ssomet
    imesconf
    usedwi
    th

    34
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    reat
    ingev
    ery
    onet
    hesame.

    9.Decent
    ral
    izedwor
    ksi
    tes

    Wor
    k si
    tes ar
    e get
    ti
    ng mor
    e and mor
    e decent
    ral
    i
    zed.Tel
    ecommut
    ing
    capabi
    l
    iti
    est
    hatexi
    stt
    odayhav
    emadei
    tpossi
    blef
    ort
    heempl
    oyeest
    obe
    l
    ocat
    edany
    wher
    eont
    hegl
    obe.Wi
    tht
    hispot
    ent
    ial
    ,theempl
    oyer
    snol
    onger
    hav
    etoconsi
    derl
    ocat
    ingabusi
    nessneari
    tswor
    kfor
    ce.Tel
    ecommut
    ing
    al
    soof
    fer
    sanoppor
    tuni
    tyf
    orabusi
    nesst
    inahi
    ghcostar
    eat
    ohav
    eit
    s
    wor
    kdonei
    nanar
    eawher
    elowerwagespr
    evai
    l
    .

    Decent
    ral
    i
    zedwor
    ksi
    tesal
    soof
    feroppor
    tuni
    ti
    est
    hatmaymeett
    heneeds
    oft
    hedi
    ver
    sif
    iedwor
    kfor
    ce.Thosewhohav
    efami
    l
    yresponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesl
    i
    ke
    chi
    l
    dcar
    e,ort
    hosewhohav
    edi
    sabi
    l
    iti
    esmaypr
    efert
    owor
    kint
    hei
    rhomes
    r
    athert
    hant
    rav
    elt
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sfaci
    l
    ity
    .ForHRM,
    decent
    ral
    i
    zedwor
    k
    si
    tespr
    esentachal
    l
    enge.Muchoft
    hatchal
    l
    enger
    evol
    vesar
    oundt
    rai
    ning
    manager
    sinhowt
    oest
    abl
    i
    shandensur
    eappr
    opr
    iat
    ewor
    kqual
    i
    tyandon-
    t
    ime compl
    eti
    on.Wor
    kathome mayal
    so r
    equi
    re HRM t
    oret
    hinki
    ts
    compensat
    ionpol
    i
    cy.Wi
    l
    litpaybyt
    hehour
    ,onasal
    arybasi
    s,orbyt
    hej
    ob
    per
    for
    med?Al
    so,becauseempl
    oyeesi
    ndecent
    ral
    i
    zedwor
    ksi
    tesar
    eful
    l
    t
    imeempl
    oyeesoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionasopposedt
    ocont
    ingentwor
    ker
    s,i
    t
    wi
    l
    lbeor
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    sresponsi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    o ensur
    eheal
    thandsaf
    etyoft
    he
    decent
    ral
    i
    zedwor
    kfor
    ce.

    35
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    10.Empl
    oyeei
    nvol
    vement

    Fort
    oday
    ’sor
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    stobesuccessf
    ult
    her
    ear
    eanumberofempl
    oyee
    i
    nvol
    vementconcept
    sthatappeart
    obeaccept
    ed.Thesear
    edel
    egat
    ion,
    par
    ti
    cipat
    ivemanagement
    ,wor
    kteams,
    goalset
    ti
    ng,
    empl
    oyeet
    rai
    ningand
    empower
    ingofempl
    oyees.
     HRM hasasi
    gni
    fi
    cantr
    olet
    opl
    ayi
    nempl
    oyee
    i
    nvol
    vement
    .Whati
    s needed i
    s demonst
    rat
    ed l
    eader
    shi
    p as wel
    las
    suppor
    ti
    vemanagement
    .Empl
    oyeesneedt
    obet
    rai
    nedandt
    hat
    ’swher
    e
    humanr
    esour
    cemanagementhasasi
    gni
    fi
    cantr
    olet
    opl
    ay.Empl
    oyees
    expect
    edt
    odel
    egat
    e,t
    ohav
    edeci
    sionsant
    ici
    pat
    ivel
    yhandl
    ed,t
    owor
    kin
    t
    eams,
    ort
    osetgoal
    scannotdosounl
    esst
    heyknowandunder
    standwhat
    i
    tist
    hatt
    heyar
    etodo.Empower
    ingempl
    oyeesr
    equi
    resext
    ensi
    vet
    rai
    ning
    i
    nal
    laspect
    soft
    hej
    ob.Wor
    ker
    smayneedt
    ounder
    standhow new j
    ob
    desi
    gnpr
    ocesses.Theymayneedt
    rai
    ningi
    nint
    erper
    sonalski
    l
    lst
    omake
    par
    ti
    cipat
    iveandwor
    kteamsf
    unct
    ionpr
    oper
    ly.

    11.Technol
    ogy

    Wi
    tht
    hecur
    rentt
    echnol
    ogi
    caladv
    ancementandi
    tspr
    oject
    ioni
    nthef
    utur
    e,
    i
    thasbr
    oughti
    nnewey
    esi
    nthef
    aceofHRM.Anumberofcomput
    eri
    zed
    sy
    stemshav
    ebeeni
    nvent
    edt
    ohel
    pint
    heHRM ofwhi
    cht
    heyar
    eseenas
    si
    mpl
    i
    fier of HR f
    unct
    ions i
    n compani
    es. Lar
    ge or mul
    ti
    nat
    ional
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionsusi
    ngsomeoft
    hehumanr
    esour
    cesi
    nfor
    mat
    ionsy
    stemsar
    e
    r
    eapi
    ngbi
    g.Youdonothav
    etost
    ayi
    napar
    ti
    cul
    arl
    ocat
    iont
    odoy
    our
    36
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    dut
    iesbuty
    oucandoonamobi
    l
    ebasi
    s.Fori
    nst
    ancet
    hepaperwor
    kfi
    l
    es
    ar
    ebei
    ngr
    epl
    acedbyHRMI
    Swhi
    chmaybet
    ail
    ormadeorOf
    ftheShel
    f.
    Thesesy
    stemshel
    pinhandl
    i
    ngal
    otofdat
    aonachi
    pot
    hert
    hanhav
    inga
    r
    oom f
    ull
    off
    il
    eshel
    ves.

    WhatHRM i
    sconcer
    nedwi
    thher
    eist
    hesaf
    ety(
    conf
    ident
    ial
    i
    ty)oft
    he
    dat
    a/i
    nfor
    mat
    ionofst
    aff
    ,andt
    her
    efor
    eiti
    satt
    hef
    oref
    rontofhav
    ingt
    o
    t
    rai
    nper
    sonneli
    noper
    ati
    ngsuchsy
    stemsanddev
    elopi
    ngt
    hei
    ntegr
    it
    yof
    suchper
    sonnel
    tohandl
    ethesensi
    ti
    vi
    tyoft
    hemat
    ter
    .

    12.Heal
    th

    Wi
    tht
    heemer
    genceoft
    hewel
    l
    nesscl
    ubsandf
    it
    nesscent
    erst
    oget
    herwi
    th
    t
    heneedf
    orhav
    ingheal
    thywor
    kfor
    ce,i
    thasemer
    gedt
    hatHRM hast
    o
    mov
    etoanot
    herst
    epl
    i
    kehav
    ingt
    osubscr
    ibef
    ori
    tsempl
    oyeest
    osuch
    cl
    ubs,pay
    ingheal
    thi
    nsur
    anceser
    vicesf
    ort
    hest
    aff
    .Thi
    sisnotonl
    ya
    pr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyst
    rat
    egybutal
    soast
    rat
    egyusedt
    oat
    tractandr
    etai
    nval
    uabl
    e
    empl
    oyees.

    I
    nthe cur
    rentsi
    tuat
    ion as i
    tis now especi
    all
    ywi
    tht
    he out
    break of
    HI
    V/AI
    DSepi
    demi
    c,i
    thasbeenseent
    obeofv
    aluet
    ohav
    einf
    ect
    edand
    af
    fect
    ed empl
    oyees hav
    e speci
    alat
    tent
    ion so t
    hat t
    hey can hav
    e
    conf
    idence ofsuppor
    tfr
    om t
    he empl
    oyer
    s.Wi
    thi
    ts ef
    fectl
    eadi
    ng t
    o
    st
    igmat
    izat
    ion,
    HRM hast
    othi
    nkofcounsel
    i
    ngandgui
    dingsuchempl
    oyee

    37
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    sot
    hatdespi
    teoft
    heef
    fectt
    hey(
    empl
    oyee)r
    emai
    npr
    oduct
    ive.Canceri
    s
    anot
    herki
    ndofi
    ssuet
    hathasseent
    hecur
    rentt
    rendi
    nHRM l
    ookcl
    osert
    o
    heal
    thandwel
    l
    nessofempl
    oyees.Cancer
    sofal
    lty
    pesar
    eendemi
    cto
    empl
    oyees.Coupl
    e wi
    th ot
    hercommuni
    cabl
    e and none communi
    cabl
    e
    di
    seasesHRM hasnoopt
    ionot
    hert
    hant
    oadv
    icemanagementt
    oinv
    esti
    n
    heal
    thcar
    epackagest
    hatwi
    l
    lrev
    ital
    i
    zet
    heper
    for
    manceoft
    heaf
    fect
    ed
    andi
    nfect
    edempl
    oyees’

    Ther
    efor
    eforHRM t
    o cont
    inue showi
    ng r
    elev
    ance i
    thas shi
    ft
    ed t
    o
    pr
    ovi
    dingheal
    thser
    vicest
    ost
    afft
    hroughheal
    thi
    nsur
    ance,sensi
    ti
    zat
    ion,
    andf
    reemedi
    calt
    reat
    mentbi
    l
    ls.Thi
    shasseenhi
    ghr
    esul
    tsi
    nnotonl
    yin
    per
    for
    mance butal
    so i
    n at
    tract
    ion and r
    etent
    ion ofhi
    ghl
    y qual
    i
    fied
    per
    sonnel
    .

    13.Fami
    lywor
    kli
    febal
    ance

    Ov
    eral
    ongt
    imenowi
    nHRM hi
    stor
    yithasbeenabi
    gdebat
    eaboutf
    ami
    l
    y
    l
    i
    fewor
    kbal
    ance.Empl
    oyeeshav
    ebeenont
    oesoft
    heempl
    oyer
    stoseei
    f
    t
    her
    ecoul
    dbej
    ust
    icedoneandont
    heot
    herhandempl
    oyer
    shav
    ebeen
    keent
    omi
    nimi
    zet
    heef
    fectoft
    hesame.Thef
    acti
    sahappyf
    ami
    l
    yisequal
    t
    oahappywor
    kfor
    ce.Wi
    tht
    hecur
    rentt
    rendHRM hav
    etowor
    kitoutt
    hat
    ev
    eryempl
    oyee’
    sfami
    l
    ytosomeext
    enti
    sahappyone.Ther
    efor
    einv
    est
    ing
    i
    nwhatmayseem outhandf
    ort
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sinev
    itabl
    e.I
    tist
    ime
    HRM t
    oconv
    incemanagementt
    oor
    gani
    zef
    ami
    l
    ydayoutf
    ort
    hest
    affand
    38
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    hei
    rfami
    l
    ies,sacr
    if
    icesomet
    imesf
    orday
    sof
    ftoenabl
    eempl
    oyeest
    o
    at
    tendt
    othei
    rfami
    l
    yissues.

    Theempl
    oymentl
    awsunl
    i
    kef
    rom t
    hepastnow al
    l
    ow f
    ami
    l
    yleav
    esand
    abov
    eal
    lyouhav
    epar
    ent
    all
    eav
    e(pat
    erni
    tyandmat
    erni
    ty)
    .Int
    hismoment
    t
    hememberoft
    hef
    ami
    l
    yisnotmi
    ssed.Ti
    meof
    fyourdut
    yist
    oenr
    ichone
    wi
    thf
    ami
    l
    ychor
    ewhi
    chhel
    pident
    if
    ytheempl
    oyeewi
    tht
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    Fr
    om br
    eakoff
    ami
    l
    yaf
    fai
    rsofcour
    seanempl
    oyeei
    srej
    uvenat
    edand
    r
    ecogni
    zest
    hatt
    heempl
    oyerv
    alueshi
    m somucht
    otheext
    entt
    hathe/
    she
    i
    sal
    l
    owedt
    ovi
    sit
    ,st
    ayandenj
    oyf
    ami
    l
    ybond.St
    il
    liti
    sreal
    i
    zedt
    hatt
    he
    f
    ami
    l
    ybondi
    sacostt
    oempl
    oyeri
    nter
    msoft
    imebuti
    tisagr
    eatmot
    ivat
    or
    t
    heempl
    oyeewhi
    chl
    eadst
    ohi
    ghpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.Ther
    efor
    etheHRM hast
    o
    st
    ayt
    unedt
    hedy
    nami
    csoff
    ami
    l
    yneedsofempl
    oyeesandgoast
    epahead
    t
    opr
    ovi
    dedev
    elopmentassi
    stancel
    i
    kel
    oanst
    omeetf
    ami
    l
    yneedsand
    soci
    aldev
    elopment
    .

    39
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    HumanResour
    cePl
    anni
    ng

    HumanResour
    cePl
    anni
    ng(
    HRP)i
    sthepr
    ocessoff
    orecast
    ingt
    hef
    utur
    e
    humanr
    esour
    cer
    equi
    rement
    soft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionanddet
    ermi
    ningast
    o
    how t
    heexi
    sti
    ng humanr
    esour
    cecapaci
    tyoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioncanbe
    ut
    il
    ized t
    oful
    fi
    llt
    hese r
    equi
    rement
    s.I
    t,t
    hus,f
    ocuses on t
    he basi
    c
    economi
    cconceptofdemandandsuppl
    yincont
    extt
    othehumanr
    esour
    ce
    capaci
    tyoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    tist
    heHRPpr
    ocesswhi
    chhel
    pst
    hemanagementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    n
    meet
    ingt
    hef
    utur
    edemandofhumanr
    esour
    cei
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ionwi
    tht
    he
    suppl
    yoft
    heappr
    opr
    iat
    epeopl
    einappr
    opr
    iat
    enumber
    satt
    heappr
    opr
    iat
    e
    t
    ime and pl
    ace.Fur
    ther
    ,iti
    s onl
    y af
    terpr
    operanal
    ysi
    s oft
    he HR
    r
    equi
    rement
    scant
    hepr
    ocessofr
    ecr
    uit
    mentandsel
    ect
    ionbei
    nit
    iat
    edby
    t
    hemanagement
    .Al
    so,HRP i
    sessent
    iali
    n successf
    ull
    yachi
    evi
    ng t
    he
    st
    rat
    egi
    esand obj
    ect
    ivesofor
    gani
    zat
    ion.I
    nfact
    ,wi
    tht
    heel
    ementof
    st
    rat
    egi
    es and l
    ong t
    erm obj
    ect
    ives oft
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion bei
    ng wi
    del
    y
    associ
    atedwi
    thhumanr
    esour
    cepl
    anni
    ngt
    heseday
    s,HRPl
    anni
    nghasnow
    becameSt
    rat
    egi
    cHRPl
    anni
    ng.

    Though,HRPl
    anni
    ngmaysoundqui
    tesi
    mpl
    eapr
    ocessofmanagi
    ngt
    he
    number
    sint
    ermsofhumanr
    esour
    cer
    equi
    rementoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion,y
    et,
    t
    heact
    ualact
    ivi
    tymayi
    nvol
    vet
    heHRmanagert
    ofacemanyr
    oadbl
    ocks

    40
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    owi
    ngt
    otheef
    fectoft
    hecur
    rentwor
    kfor
    cei
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion,
    pressur
    eto
    meett
    hebusi
    nessobj
    ect
    ivesandpr
    evai
    l
    ingwor
    kfor
    cemar
    ketcondi
    ti
    on.
    HRPl
    anni
    ng,
    thus,
    hel
    ptheor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nmanyway
    sasf
    oll
    ows:

     HR manager
    s ar
    ein a st
    age of ant
    ici
    pat
    ing t
    he wor
    kfor
    ce
    r
    equi
    rement
    srat
    hert
    hanget
    ti
    ngsur
    pri
    sedbyt
    hechangeofev
    ent
    s
     Pr
    eventt
    hebusi
    nessf
    rom f
    all
    i
    ngi
    ntot
    het
    rapofshi
    ft
    ingwor
    kfor
    ce
    mar
    ket
    ,acommonconcer
    namongal
    li
    ndust
    ri
    esandsect
    ors
     Wor
    kpr
    oact
    ivel
    yast
    heexpansi
    oni
    nthewor
    kfor
    cemar
    keti
    snot
    al
    way
    sin conj
    unct
    ion wi
    tht
    he wor
    kfor
    ce r
    equi
    rement of t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nter
    msofpr
    ofessi
    onalexper
    ience,t
    alentneeds,ski
    l
    ls,
    et
    c.
     Or
    gani
    zat
    ionsi
    ngr
    owt
    hphasemayf
    acet
    hechal
    l
    engeofmeet
    ingt
    he
    needf
    orcr
    it
    icalsetofski
    l
    ls,compet
    enci
    esandt
    alentt
    omeett
    hei
    r
    st
    rat
    egi
    cobj
    ect
    ivessot
    heycanst
    andwel
    l
    -pr
    epar
    edt
    omeett
    heHR
    needs
     Consi
    der
    ing t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ionalgoal
    s,HR Pl
    anni
    ng al
    l
    ows t
    he
    i
    dent
    if
    icat
    ion,sel
    ect
    ion and dev
    elopment of r
    equi
    red t
    alent or
    compet
    encywi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    tis,t
    her
    efor
    e,sui
    tabl
    eont
    hepar
    toft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    o optf
    orHR
    Pl
    anni
    ngt
    opr
    eventanyunnecessar
    yhur
    dlesi
    nit
    swor
    kfor
    ceneeds.AnHR
    Consul
    ti
    ngFi
    rm canpr
    ovi
    det
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionwi
    thacompr
    ehensi
    veHR

    41
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    assessmentandpl
    anni
    ngt
    omeeti
    tsf
    utur
    erequi
    rement
    sint
    hemostcost
    -
    ef
    fect
    iveandt
    imel
    ymanner
    .

    AnHRPl
    anni
    ngpr
    ocesssi
    mpl
    yinv
    olv
    est
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngf
    ourbr
    oadst
    eps:

     Cur
    rentHR Suppl
    y:
     Assessmentoft
    he cur
    renthuman r
    esour
    ce
    av
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sthef
    oremostst
    epi
    nHRPl
    anni
    ng.I
    t
    i
    ncl
    udesacompr
    ehensi
    vest
    udyoft
    hehumanr
    esour
    cest
    rengt
    hof
    t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nter
    msofnumber
    s,ski
    l
    ls,t
    alent
    s,compet
    enci
    es,
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ions, exper
    ience, age, t
    enur
    es, per
    for
    mance r
    ati
    ngs,
    desi
    gnat
    ions,gr
    ades,compensat
    ions,benef
    it
    s,et
    c.Att
    hisst
    age,t
    he
    consul
    tant
    smayconductext
    ensi
    vei
    nter
    viewswi
    tht
    hemanager
    sto
    under
    stand t
    he cr
    it
    ical HR i
    ssues t
    hey f
    ace and wor
    kfor
    ce
    capabi
    l
    iti
    es t
    hey consi
    derbasi
    c orcr
    uci
    alf
    orv
    ari
    ous busi
    ness
    pr
    ocesses.
     Fut
    ureHRDemand:
     Anal
    ysi
    soft
    hef
    utur
    ewor
    kfor
    cer
    equi
    rement
    sof
    t
    hebusi
    nessi
    sthesecondst
    epi
    nHRPl
    anni
    ng.Al
    ltheknownHR
    v
    ari
    abl
    esl
    i
    keat
    tri
    ti
    on,l
    ay-
    off
    s,f
    oreseeabl
    evacanci
    es,r
    eti
    rement
    s,
    pr
    omot
    ions,pr
    e-sett
    ransf
    ers,et
    c.ar
    etakeni
    ntoconsi
    der
    ati
    onwhi
    l
    e
    det
    ermi
    ningf
    utur
    eHRdemand.Fur
    ther
    ,cer
    tai
    nunknownwor
    kfor
    ce
    v
    ari
    abl
    esl
    i
    kecompet
    it
    ivef
    act
    ors,r
    esi
    gnat
    ions,abr
    uptt
    ransf
    ersor
    di
    smi
    ssal
    sar
    eal
    soi
    ncl
    udedi
    nthescopeofanal
    ysi
    s.
     DemandFor
    ecast
    : 
    Nextst
    epi
    stomat
    cht
    hecur
    rentsuppl
    ywi
    tht
    he

    42
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    f
    utur
    edemandofHR,andcr
    eat
    eademandf
    orecast
    .Her
    e,i
    tisal
    so
    essent
    ialt
    ounder
    standt
    hebusi
    nessst
    rat
    egyandobj
    ect
    ivesi
    nthe
    l
    ongr
    unsot
    hatt
    hewor
    kfor
    cedemandf
    orecasti
    ssucht
    hati
    tis
    al
    i
    gnedt
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    goal
    s.
     HRSour
    cingSt
    rat
    egyandI
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    on:
     Af
    terr
    evi
    ewi
    ngt
    hegaps
    i
    ntheHRsuppl
    yanddemand,
    theHRConsul
    ti
    ngFi
    rm dev
    elopspl
    ans
    t
    omeett
    hesegapsaspert
    hedemandf
    orecastcr
    eat
    edbyt
    hem.
    Thi
    s may i
    ncl
    ude conduct
    ing communi
    cat
    ion pr
    ogr
    ams wi
    th
    empl
    oyees,
    rel
    ocat
    ion,
    tal
    entacqui
    sit
    ion,
    recr
    uit
    mentandout
    sour
    cing,
    t
    alentmanagement
    ,tr
    aini
    ngandcoachi
    ng,andr
    evi
    sionofpol
    i
    cies.
    Thepl
    ansar
    e,t
    hen,
    impl
    ement
    edt
    aki
    ngi
    ntoconf
    idencet
    hemanger
    s
    soast
    omaket
    hepr
    ocessofexecut
    ionsmoot
    handef
    fi
    cient
    .Her
    e,i
    t
    i
    simpor
    tantt
    onot
    ethatal
    lther
    egul
    ator
    yandl
    egalcompl
    i
    ancesar
    e
    bei
    ngf
    oll
    owedbyt
    heconsul
    tant
    stopr
    eventanyunt
    owar
    dsi
    tuat
    ion
    comi
    ngf
    rom t
    heempl
    oyees.

    Hence,apr
    oper
    lyconduct
    edpr
    ocessofHRPl
    anni
    ngbyanHRConsul
    ti
    ng
    Fi
    rm hel
    pst
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nmeet
    ingi
    tsgoal
    sandobj
    ect
    ivesi
    nti
    mel
    y
    mannerwi
    tht
    her
    ightHRst
    rengt
    hinact
    ion.

    JobAnal
    ysi
    s

    Jobanal
    ysi
    sref
    erst
    othepr
    ocessofcol
    l
    ect
    ingi
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutaj
    ob.I
    n

    43
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    ot
    herwor
    ds,
    itr
    efer
    stot
    heanat
    omyoft
    hej
    ob.Jobanal
    ysi
    sisper
    for
    med
    uponongoi
    ngj
    obsonl
    y.I
    tcont
    ainsj
    obcont
    ent
    s.Forexampl
    e,whatar
    ethe
    dut
    iesofasuper
    visor
    ,gr
    adeI
    I,
    whatmi
    nimal
    knowl
    edge,
    ski
    l
    lsandabi
    l
    iti
    es
    ar
    enecessar
    ytobeabl
    etoadequat
    elyper
    for
    mthi
    sjob?Howdot
    he
    r
    equi
    rement
    sforasuper
    visor
    ,gr
    adeI
    I,
    compar
    ewi
    tht
    hosef
    orasuper
    visor
    ,
    gr
    adeI
    ?Thesear
    ethequest
    ionst
    hatj
    obanal
    ysi
    sanswer
    s.

    Accor
    dingt
    oJonesandDecot
    his“
    Jobanal
    ysi
    sist
    hepr
    ocessofget
    ti
    ng
    i
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutj
    obs:
    speci
    all
    y,whatt
    hewor
    kerdoes;
    howheget
    sit
    done;
    whyhedoesi
    t;ski
    l
    l,educat
    ionandt
    rai
    ningr
    equi
    red;
    rel
    ati
    onshi
    pto
    ot
    herj
    obs,
    phy
    sical
    demands;
    env
    ironment
    alcondi
    ti
    ons”
    .

    Edwi
    nB.Fl
    i
    ppohasdef
    inedj
    obanal
    ysi
    sast
    hepr
    ocessofst
    udy
    ingand
    col
    l
    ect
    ingi
    nfor
    mat
    ionr
    elat
    ingt
    otheoper
    ati
    onsandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesofa
    speci
    fi
    cjob.Thei
    mmedi
    atepr
    oduct
    soft
    hisanal
    ysi
    sar
    ejobdescr
    ipt
    ions
    andj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ions”
    .

    Ther
    ear
    etwomaj
    oraspect
    sofj
    obanal
    ysi
    s:
    Thesear
    e:
    1.JobDescr
    ipt
    ion

    2.JobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ion

    44
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    JobAnal
    ysi
    sisapr
    imar
    ytoolt
    ocol
    l
    ectj
    ob-
    rel
    ateddat
    a.Thepr
    ocess
    r
    esul
    tsi
    ncol
    l
    ect
    ingandr
    ecor
    dingt
    wodat
    aset
    sincl
    udi
    ngj
    obdescr
    ipt
    ion
    andj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ion.Anyj
    obv
    acancycannotbef
    il
    ledunt
    ilandunl
    essHR
    managerhast
    hese t
    wo set
    sofdat
    a.I
    tisnecessar
    yto def
    ine t
    hem
    accur
    atel
    yinor
    dert
    ofi
    tther
    ightper
    sonatt
    her
    ightpl
    aceandatt
    her
    ight
    t
    ime.Thi
    shel
    psbot
    hempl
    oyerandempl
    oyeeunder
    standwhatex
    act
    ly
    needst
    obedel
    i
    ver
    edandhow.

    Bot
    hjob descr
    ipt
    ion and j
    ob speci
    fi
    cat
    ion ar
    e essent
    ialpar
    ts ofj
    ob
    anal
    ysi
    s i
    nfor
    mat
    ion. Wr
    it
    ing t
    hem cl
    ear
    ly and accur
    atel
    y hel
    ps
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionandwor
    ker
    scopewi
    thmanychal
    l
    engeswhi
    l
    eonboar
    d.

    Though pr
    epar
    ing j
    ob descr
    ipt
    ion and j
    ob speci
    fi
    cat
    ion ar
    e notl
    egal
    r
    equi
    rement
    syetpl
    ayav
    italr
    olei
    nget
    ti
    ngt
    hedesi
    redout
    come.These
    dat
    aset
    shel
    pindet
    ermi
    ningt
    henecessi
    ty,wor
    thandscopeofaspeci
    fi
    c
    j
    ob.

    JobDescr
    ipt
    ion

    Jobdescr
    ipt
    ioni
    ncl
    udesbasi
    cjob-
    rel
    ateddat
    athati
    susef
    ult
    oadv
    ert
    isea
    speci
    fi
    cjobandat
    tractapooloft
    alent
    .Iti
    ncl
    udesi
    nfor
    mat
    ionsuchasj
    ob
    t
    it
    le,j
    obl
    ocat
    ion,r
    epor
    ti
    ngt
    oandofempl
    oyees,j
    obsummar
    y,nat
    ureand
    obj
    ect
    ivesofaj
    ob,t
    asksanddut
    iest
    obeper
    for
    med,wor
    kingcondi
    ti
    ons,
    machi
    nes,t
    ool
    sandequi
    pment
    stobeusedbyapr
    ospect
    ivewor
    kerand
    hazar
    dsi
    nvol
    vedi
    nit
    .
    45
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Pur
    poseofJobDescr
    ipt
    ion

     Themai
    npur
    poseofj
    obdescr
    ipt
    ioni
    stocol
    l
    ectj
    ob-
    rel
    ateddat
    ain
    or
    dert
    oadv
    ert
    isef
    orapar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob.I
    thel
    psi
    nat
    tract
    ing,t
    arget
    ing,
    r
    ecr
    uit
    ingandsel
    ect
    ingt
    her
    ightcandi
    dat
    efort
    her
    ightj
    ob.

    I
    tisdonet
    odet
    ermi
    newhatneedst
    obedel
    i
    ver
    edi
    napar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob.
    I
    tcl
    ari
    fi
    eswhatempl
    oyeesar
    esupposedt
    odoi
    fsel
    ect
    edf
    ort
    hat
    par
    ti
    cul
    arj
    obopeni
    ng.

    I
    tgi
    vesr
    ecr
    uit
    ingst
    affacl
    earv
    iewwhatki
    ndofcandi
    dat
    eisr
    equi
    red
    byapar
    ti
    cul
    ardepar
    tmentordi
    vi
    siont
    oper
    for
    m aspeci
    fi
    ctaskor
    j
    ob.

    I
    tal
    socl
    ari
    fi
    eswhowi
    l
    lrepor
    ttowhom.

    JobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ion

    Al
    soknownasempl
    oyeespeci
    fi
    cat
    ions,aj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ioni
    sawr
    it
    ten
    st
    atement of educat
    ional qual
    i
    ficat
    ions,speci
    fi
    c qual
    i
    ties,l
    evel of
    exper
    ience,phy
    sical
    ,emot
    ional
    ,techni
    caland communi
    cat
    ion ski
    l
    ls
    r
    equi
    red t
    o per
    for
    m aj
    ob,r
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesi
    nvol
    ved i
    n aj
    ob and ot
    her
    unusualsensor
    ydemands.I
    tal
    soi
    ncl
    udesgener
    alheal
    th,ment
    alheal
    th,
    i
    ntel
    l
    igence,
    apt
    it
    ude,
    memor
    y,j
    udgment
    ,leader
    shi
    pski
    l
    ls,
    emot
    ional
    abi
    l
    ity
    ,
    adapt
    abi
    l
    ity
    ,fl
    exi
    bil
    i
    ty,
    val
    uesandet
    hics,
    manner
    sandcr
    eat
    ivi
    ty,
    etc.

    46
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Pur
    poseofJobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ion

     Descr
    ibedont
    hebasi
    sofj
    obdescr
    ipt
    ion,j
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionhel
    ps
    candi
    dat
    esanal
    yzewhet
    herar
    eel
    i
    gibl
    etoappl
    yforapar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob
    v
    acancyornot
    .

    I
    thel
    psr
    ecr
    uit
    ingt
    eam ofanor
    gani
    zat
    ionunder
    standwhatl
    evelof
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ions,qual
    i
    tiesandsetofchar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csshoul
    dbepr
    esent
    i
    nacandi
    dat
    etomakehi
    m orherel
    i
    gibl
    efort
    hej
    obopeni
    ng.

     JobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    iongi
    vesdet
    ail
    edi
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutanyj
    obi
    ncl
    udi
    ng
    j
    ob r
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ties, desi
    red t
    echni
    cal and phy
    sical ski
    l
    ls,
    conv
    ersat
    ional
    abi
    l
    ityandmuchmor
    e.

    I
    thel
    psi
    nsel
    ect
    ingt
    hemostappr
    opr
    iat
    ecandi
    dat
    eforapar
    ti
    cul
    ar
    j
    ob.

    Jobdescr
    ipt
    ionandj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionar
    etwoi
    ntegr
    alpar
    tsofj
    obanal
    ysi
    s.
    Theydef
    ineaj
    obf
    ull
    yandgui
    debot
    hempl
    oyerandempl
    oyeeonhowt
    ogo
    aboutt
    hewhol
    epr
    ocessofr
    ecr
    uit
    mentandsel
    ect
    ion.Bot
    hdat
    aset
    sar
    e
    ext
    remel
    yrel
    evantf
    orcr
    eat
    ingar
    ightf
    itbet
    weenj
    obandt
    alent
    ,ev
    aluat
    e
    per
    for
    manceandanal
    yzet
    rai
    ningneedsandmeasur
    ingt
    hewor
    thofa
    par
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob.

    Cont
    ent
    sofJobDescr
    ipt
    ionandJobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ion:
    Thecont
    ent
    sofj
    obdescr
    ipt
    ionandj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionar
    epr
    esent
    edi
    nthe
    47
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    f
    oll
    owi
    ngTabl
    e

    Whyj
    obanal
    ysi
    s?(
    Uses)
    :
    Jobanal
    ysi
    sisusef
    ulf
    orov
    eral
    lmanagementofal
    lper
    sonnel
    act
    ivi
    ti
    es.

    Thesamei
    sspeci
    fi
    edasf
    oll
    ows:
    1.HumanResour
    cePl
    anni
    ng:
    Theest
    imat
    est
    hequant
    it
    yandqual
    i
    tyofpeopl
    ewi
    l
    lber
    equi
    redi
    nfut
    ure.
    Howmanyandwhatt
    ypeofpeopl
    ewi
    l
    lber
    equi
    reddependsont
    hej
    obst
    o
    best
    aff
    ed.Job-
    rel
    atedi
    nfor
    mat
    ionav
    ail
    abl
    ethr
    oughj
    obanal
    ysi
    sis,
    t
    her
    efor
    e,necessar
    yforhumanr
    esour
    cepl
    anni
    ng.

    48
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    2.
     Recr
    uit
    mentandSel
    ect
    ion:
    Recr
    uit
    mentsucceedsj
    obanal
    ysi
    s.Basi
    cal
    l
    y,t
    hegoal
    oft
    hehuman
    r
    esour
    cepl
    anni
    ngi
    stomat
    cht
    her
    ightpeopl
    ewi
    tht
    her
    ightj
    ob.Thi
    sis
    possi
    bleonl
    yaf
    terhav
    ingadequat
    einf
    ormat
    ionaboutt
    hej
    obst
    hatneedt
    o
    best
    aff
    ed.I
    tisj
    obanal
    ysi
    sthatpr
    ovi
    desj
    obi
    nfor
    mat
    ion.Thus,
    job
    anal
    ysi
    sser
    vesasbasi
    sforr
    ecr
    uit
    mentandsel
    ect
    ionofempl
    oyeesi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    3.
     Tr
    aini
    ngandDevel
    opment
    :
    Jobanal
    ysi
    sbypr
    ovi
    dingi
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutwhataj
    obent
    ail
    si.
    e.,
    knowl
    edgeandski
    l
    lsr
    equi
    redt
    oper
    for
    m aj
    ob,
    enabl
    est
    hemanagementt
    o
    desi
    gnt
    het
    rai
    ninganddev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammest
    oacqui
    ret
    hesej
    ob
    r
    equi
    rement
    s.Empl
    oyeedev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammesl
    i
    kej
    obenl
    argement
    ,
    j
    obenr
    ichment
    ,jobr
    otat
    ion,
    etc.

    4.
     Pl
    acementandOr
    ient
    ati
    on:
    Asj
    obanal
    ysi
    spr
    ovi
    desi
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutwhatski
    l
    lsandqual
    i
    tiesar
    e
    r
    equi
    redt
    odoaj
    ob,
    themanagementcangearor
    ient
    ati
    onpr
    ogr
    ammes
    t
    owar
    dshel
    pingt
    heempl
    oyeesl
    ear
    nther
    equi
    redski
    l
    lsandqual
    i
    ties.I
    t,
    t
    hus,
    hel
    psmanagementpl
    aceanempl
    oyeeont
    hej
    obbestsui
    tedt
    o
    hi
    m/her
    .

    5.
     JobEval
    uat
    ion:
    Thej
    obev
    aluat
    ionr
    efer
    stodet
    ermi
    nat
    ionofr
    elat
    ivewor
    thofdi
    ff
    erentj
    obs.
    49
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    t,t
    hus,
    hel
    psi
    ndev
    elopi
    ngappr
    opr
    iat
    ewageandsal
    aryst
    ruct
    ures.
    Rel
    ati
    vewor
    thi
    sdet
    ermi
    nedmai
    nlyont
    hebasi
    sofi
    nfor
    mat
    ionpr
    ovi
    dedby
    j
    obanal
    ysi
    s.

    6.
     Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisal
    :
    Per
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    inv
    olv
    escompar
    ingt
    heact
    ual
    per
    for
    manceofan
    empl
    oyeewi
    tht
    hest
    andar
    done,
    i.
    e.,
    whati
    sexpect
    edofhi
    m/her
    .Such
    appr
    aisal
    orassessmentser
    vesasbasi
    sforawar
    dingpr
    omot
    ions,
    ef
    fect
    ingt
    ransf
    ers,
    orassessi
    ngt
    rai
    ningneeds.Jobanal
    ysi
    shel
    psi
    n
    est
    abl
    i
    shi
    ngj
    obst
    andar
    dswhi
    chmaybecompar
    edwi
    tht
    heact
    ual
    per
    for
    mance/
    cont
    ri
    but
    ionofeachempl
    oyee.

    7.
     Per
    sonnelI
    nfor
    mat
    ion:
    I
    ncr
    easi
    ngnumberofor
    gani
    sat
    ionsmai
    ntai
    ncomput
    eri
    sedi
    nfor
    ma¬t
    ion
    aboutt
    hei
    rempl
    oyees.Thi
    sispopul
    arl
    yknownasHumanResour
    ce
    I
    nfor
    mat
    ionSy
    stem (
    HRI
    S).HRI
    Sisusef
    ulasi
    thel
    psi
    mpr
    ove
    admi
    nist
    rat
    iveef
    fi
    ciencyandpr
    ovi
    desdeci
    sionsuppor
    t^I
    nfor
    mat
    ion
    r
    elat
    ingt
    ohumanr
    esour
    ceswor
    kingi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    spr
    ovi
    dedbyj
    ob
    anal
    ysi
    sonl
    y.

    8.
     Heal
    thandSaf
    ety
    :
    Jobanal
    ysi
    shel
    psi
    nident
    if
    yinganduncov
    eri
    nghazar
    douscondi
    ti
    onsand
    unheal
    thyenv
    ironment
    alf
    act
    orssuchasheat
    ,noi
    se,
    fumes,
    dust
    ,et
    c.and,
    t
    hus,
    faci
    l
    itat
    esmanagementt
    otakecor
    rect
    ivemeasur
    est
    omi
    nimi
    seand
    50
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    av
    oidt
    hepossi
    bil
    i
    tyofacci
    dent
    scausi
    nghumani
    njur
    y

    Pr
    ocessofj
    obanal
    ysi
    s:
    Jobanal
    ysi
    sisasusef
    uli
    snotsoeasyt
    omake.I
    nfact
    ,iti
    nvol
    vesa
    pr
    ocess.

    Thought
    her
    eisnof
    ool
    -pr
    oofpr
    ocessofmaki
    ngj
    obanal
    ysi
    s,f
    oll
    owi
    ng
    ar
    ethemai
    nst
    epsi
    nvol
    vedi
    njobanal
    ysi
    s:
    1.
     Or
    gani
    sat
    ionalJobAnal
    ysi
    s:
    Jobanal
    ysi
    sbegi
    nswi
    thobt
    aini
    ngper
    ti
    nenti
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutaj
    ob’
    .Thi
    s,
    accor
    dingt
    oTer
    ryi
    srequi
    redt
    oknowt
    hemakeupofaj
    ob,
    itsr
    elat
    iont
    o
    ot
    herj
    obs,
    andi
    tscont
    ri
    but
    iont
    oper
    for
    manceoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Suchi
    nfor
    mat
    ioncanbehadbydi
    vi
    dingback¬gr
    oundi
    nfor
    mat
    ioni
    n
    v
    ari
    ousf
    ormssuchasor
    gani
    sat
    ionchar
    tsi
    .e.
    ,howt
    hepar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    obi
    s
    r
    elat
    edt
    oot
    herj
    obs;
    classspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionsi
    .e.
    ,thegener
    alr
    equi
    rementof
    t
    hej
    obf
    ami
    l
    y;j
    obdescr
    ipt
    ioni
    .e.
    ,st
    art
    ingpoi
    ntt
    obui
    l
    dther
    evi
    sedj
    ob
    descr
    ipt
    ion,
    andf
    lowchar
    tsi
    .
    e.,
    flowofact
    ivi
    ti
    esi
    nvol
    vedi
    napar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob.

    2.
     Sel
    ect
    ingRepr
    esent
    ati
    veJobsf
    orAnal
    ysi
    s:
    Anal
    ysi
    ngal
    lj
    obsofanor
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    sbot
    hcost
    lyandt
    imeconsumi
    ng.
    Ther
    efor
    e,onl
    yar
    epr
    esent
    ati
    vesampl
    eofj
    obsi
    ssel
    ect
    edf
    ort
    hepur
    pose
    ofdet
    ail
    edanal
    ysi
    s.

    51
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    3.
     Col
    lect
    ionofDat
    aforJobAnal
    ysi
    s:
    I
    nthi
    sst
    ep,
    jobdat
    afeat
    uresoft
    hej
    obandr
    equi
    redqual
    i
    ficat
    ionsoft
    he
    empl
    oyeear
    ecol
    l
    ect
    ed.Dat
    acanbecol
    l
    ect
    edei
    thert
    hroughquest
    ionnai
    re,
    obser
    vat
    ionori
    nter
    views.Howev
    er,
    duecar
    eshoul
    dbet
    akent
    osel
    ectand
    uset
    hemet
    hodofdat
    acol
    l
    ect
    iont
    hati
    sthemostr
    eli
    abl
    eint
    hegi
    ven
    si
    tuat
    ionoft
    hej
    ob.

    4.
     Pr
    epar
    ingJobDescr
    ipt
    ion:
    Thej
    obi
    nfor
    mat
    ioncol
    l
    ect
    edi
    ntheabov
    eway
    sisnowusedt
    opr
    epar
    ea
    j
    obdescr
    ipt
    ion.Jobdescr
    ipt
    ioni
    sawr
    it
    tenst
    atementt
    hatdescr
    ibest
    he
    t
    asks,
    dut
    iesandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiest
    hatneedt
    obedi
    schar
    gedf
    oref
    fect
    ive
    j
    obper
    for
    mance.

    5.
     Pr
    epar
    ingJobSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ion:
    Thel
    astst
    epi
    nvol
    vedi
    njobanal
    ysi
    sist
    opr
    epar
    ejobspeci
    fi
    ¬cat
    ionont
    he
    basi
    sofcol
    l
    ect
    edi
    nfor
    mat
    ion.Thi
    sisawr
    it
    tenst
    atementt
    hatspeci
    fi
    es
    t
    heper
    sonal
    qual
    i
    ties,
    trai
    ts,
    ski
    l
    ls,
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ion,
    apt
    it
    udeet
    c.r
    equi
    redt
    o
    ef
    fect
    ivel
    yper
    for
    m aj
    ob.Thej
    obanal
    ysi
    spr
    ocessdi
    scussedabov
    eisnow
    del
    i
    neat
    edi
    nFi
    gur
    e

    52
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    JobDesi
    gn

    Meani
    ng

    Jobdesi
    gnf
    oll
    owsj
    obanal
    ysi
    si.
    e.i
    tist
    henextst
    epaf
    terj
    obanal
    ysi
    s.I
    t
    ai
    msatout
    li
    ningandor
    gani
    singt
    asks,dut
    iesandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesi
    ntoa
    si
    ngl
    e uni
    tofwor
    kfort
    he achi
    evementofcer
    tai
    n obj
    ect
    ives.I
    tal
    so
    out
    li
    nest
    hemet
    hodsandr
    elat
    ionshi
    pst
    hatar
    eessent
    ialf
    ort
    hesuccess
    ofacer
    tai
    njob.I
    nsi
    mpl
    ert
    ermsi
    tref
    erst
    othewhat
    ,howmuch,
    howmany
    andt
    heor
    deroft
    het
    asksf
    oraj
    ob/
    s.

    Jobdesi
    gnessent
    ial
    l
    yinv
    olv
    esi
    ntegr
    ati
    ngj
    obr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesorcont
    ent
    andcer
    tai
    nqual
    i
    ficat
    ionst
    hatar
    erequi
    redt
    oper
    for
    mthesame.I
    tout
    li
    nes
    t
    hej
    obr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesv
    erycl
    ear
    lyandal
    sohel
    psi
    nat
    tract
    ingt
    her
    ight

    53
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    candi
    dat
    est
    other
    ightj
    ob.Fur
    theri
    tal
    somakest
    hej
    obl
    ooki
    nter
    est
    ing
    andspeci
    ali
    sed.

    Ther
    e ar
    evar
    ious st
    eps i
    nvol
    ved i
    njob desi
    gn t
    hatf
    oll
    ow a l
    ogi
    cal
    sequence,t
    hose t
    hatwer
    e ment
    ioned ear
    li
    eron.The sequence i
    s as
    f
    oll
    ows:

     Whatt
    asksar
    erequi
    redt
    oedoneorwhatt
    asksi
    spar
    toft
    hej
    ob?

     Howar
    ethet
    asksper
    for
    med?

     Whatamountar
    etasksar
    erequi
    redt
    obedone?

     Whati
    sthesequenceofper
    for
    mingt
    heset
    asks?

    Al
    lthesequest
    ionsar
    eai
    med atar
    ri
    vi
    ng uponacl
    eardef
    ini
    ti
    on ofa
    speci
    fi
    cjobandt
    her
    ebymakei
    tlessr
    iskyf
    ort
    heoneper
    for
    mingt
    hesame.
    A wel
    ldef
    ined j
    ob encour
    ages f
    eel
    i
    ng of achi
    evement among t
    he
    empl
    oyeesandasenseofhi
    ghsel
    fest
    eem.

    Thewhol
    epr
    ocessofj
    obdesi
    gni
    sai
    medt
    oaddr
    essv
    ari
    ouspr
    obl
    ems
    wi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ionalset
    up,t
    hoset
    hatper
    tai
    ntoonesdescr
    ipt
    ionofa
    j
    obandt
    heassoci
    atedr
    elat
    ionshi
    ps.

    Mor
    especi
    fi
    cal
    l
    ythef
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    easar
    efi
    net
    uned:

     Checki
    ngt
    hewor
    kov
    erl
    oad.

    54
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

     Checki
    ngupont
    hewor
    kunderl
    oad.

     Ensur
    ingt
    asksar
    enotr
    epet
    it
    ivei
    nnat
    ure.

     Ensur
    ingt
    hatempl
    oyeesdonnotr
    emai
    nisol
    ated.

     Def
    ini
    ngwor
    kinghour
    scl
    ear
    ly.

     Def
    ini
    ngt
    hewor
    kpr
    ocessescl
    ear
    ly.

    Theabov
    ement
    ioned ar
    efact
    orst
    hati
    fnott
    akencar
    eofr
    esul
    tint
    o
    bui
    l
    dingst
    resswi
    thi
    ntheempl
    oyees.

    Ther
    ear
    esev
    eral
    impor
    tantmet
    hodsandt
    echni
    quest
    hatt
    hemanagement
    useswhi
    l
    edesi
    gni
    ngt
    hej
    obs.Thesear
    e:

    55
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Benef
    it
    sofJobDesi
    gn

    Thef
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    ethebenef
    it
    sofagoodj
    obdesi
    gn:

     Empl
    oyeeI
    nput
    : 
    A goodj
    obdesi
    gnenabl
    esagoodj
    obf
    eedback.
    Empl
    oyeeshav
    etheopt
    iont
    ovar
    ytasksaspert
    hei
    rper
    sonaland
    soci
    alneeds,
    habi
    tsandci
    rcumst
    ancesi
    nthewor
    kpl
    ace.

     Empl
    oyeeTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Trai
    ningi
    sani
    ntegr
    alpar
    tofj
    obdesi
    gn.Cont
    rar
    y

    56
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    othephi
    l
    osophyof“
    leav
    ethem al
    one’
    jobdesi
    gnl
    aysdueemphasi
    s
    ont
    rai
    ningpeopl
    esot
    hatar
    ewel
    lawar
    eofwhatt
    hei
    rjobdemands
    andhowi
    tist
    obedone.

     Wor
    k /RestSchedul
    es:
     
    Job desi
    gn of
    fer
    s good wor
    k and r
    est
    schedul
    ebycl
    ear
    lydef
    ini
    ngt
    henumberofhour
    sani
    ndi
    vi
    dualhast
    o
    spendi
    nhi
    s/herj
    ob.

     Adj
    ust
    ment
    s: 
    A good j
    ob desi
    gns al
    l
    ows f
    or adj
    ust
    ment
    sfor
    phy
    sical
    l
    ydemandi
    ngj
    obsbymi
    nimi
    singt
    heener
    gyspentdoi
    ngt
    he
    j
    obandbyal
    i
    gni
    ngt
    hemanpowerr
    equi
    rement
    sfort
    hesame.

     Jobdesi
    gni
    sacont
    inuousandev
    erev
    olv
    ingpr
    ocesst
    hati
    sai
    medat
    hel
    ping empl
    oyees make adj
    ust
    ment
    s wi
    tht
    he changes i
    nthe
    wor
    kpl
    ace.The end goali
    sreduci
    ng di
    ssat
    isf
    act
    ion,enhanci
    ng
    mot
    ivat
    ionandempl
    oyeeengagementatt
    hewor
    kpl
    ace.

    JobSi
    mpl
    if
    icat
    ion

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:The 
    JobSi
    mpl
    i
    ficat
    ion 
    meansbr
    eaki
    ngt
    hej
    obi
    ntor
    elat
    ivel
    y
    easi
    ersub-
    par
    tswi
    tht
    hei
    ntent
    iont
    oenhancet
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    spr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty
    bymi
    nimi
    zi
    ng t
    he phy
    sicaland ment
    alef
    for
    tsr
    equi
    red t
    o per
    for
    m a
    compl
    exj
    ob.

    Oncet
    hecompl
    ext
    aski
    sdi
    vi
    dedi
    ntot
    her
    elat
    ivel
    yeasi
    ert
    asks,eacht
    ask
    i
    sassi
    gnedt
    othei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    swhoper
    for
    mtheseov
    erandov
    eragai
    n.By
    57
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    doi
    ngt
    hesamet
    hingagai
    nandagai
    n,t
    heempl
    oyeesgai
    npr
    ofi
    cienci
    esi
    n
    t
    he j
    obs assi
    gned t
    othem and as a r
    esul
    t,t
    he pr
    ofi
    tabi
    l
    ity oft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    ncr
    eases.

    Undert
    hej
    obsi
    mpl
    i
    ficat
    ionmet
    hod,t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionsav
    esi
    tst
    rai
    ning
    cost
    ,asav
    eryl
    owl
    evelofski
    l
    lsi
    srequi
    redt
    oper
    for
    mthesi
    mpl
    i
    fiedj
    obs.
    Al
    so,t
    hej
    obspeedi
    ncr
    eases,ast
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    duali
    srequi
    redt
    oper
    for
    ma
    smal
    lpor
    ti
    onoft
    hepr
    evi
    ousl
    ylar
    gerandcompl
    exj
    ob.

    Buthowev
    er,byper
    for
    mingt
    hesamet
    askagai
    nandagai
    n,t
    heempl
    oyees
    mayf
    eelbor
    edom andmayr
    esi
    stt
    hemonot
    ony
    .Thi
    smayl
    eadt
    oan
    i
    ncr
    easei
    ntheempl
    oyeeabsent
    eei
    sm,
    mist
    akesandacci
    dent
    s,et
    c.Duet
    o
    t
    hesenegat
    iveconsequences,t
    heov
    eral
    lpr
    oduct
    ivi
    tymaygetadv
    ersel
    y
    af
    fect
    ed,
    andt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionmaysuf
    ferl
    ossesasawhol
    e.

    Thus,anor
    gani
    zat
    ioncannotr
    esor
    ttot
    hej
    obsi
    mpl
    i
    ficat
    ionev
    eryt
    imet
    o
    r
    eapt
    heeconomi
    cbenef
    it
    s.I
    tmustl
    ookatt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionalcondi
    ti
    ons
    pr
    evai
    l
    ingatt
    het
    imeofdesi
    gni
    ngt
    hej
    ob.

    JobRot
    ati
    on–

    Meani
    ng

    JobRot
    ati
    oni
    samanagementappr
    oachwher
    eempl
    oyeesar
    eshi
    ft
    ed
    bet
    weent
    woormor
    eassi
    gnment
    sorj
    obsatr
    egul
    ari
    nter
    val
    soft
    imei
    n
    or
    dert
    oexposet
    hem t
    oal
    lver
    ti
    cal
    sofanor
    gani
    zat
    ion.I
    tisapr
    e-pl
    anned

    58
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    appr
    oachwi
    thanobj
    ect
    ivet
    otestt
    heempl
    oyeeski
    l
    lsandcompet
    enci
    esi
    n
    or
    dert
    opl
    acehi
    m orheratt
    her
    ightpl
    ace.I
    naddi
    ti
    ont
    oit
    ,itr
    educest
    he
    monot
    onyoft
    hej
    obandgi
    vest
    hem awi
    derexper
    ienceandhel
    pst
    hem
    gai
    nmor
    einsi
    ght
    s.

    Jobr
    otat
    ioni
    sawel
    l
    -pl
    annedpr
    act
    icet
    oreducet
    hebor
    edom ofdoi
    ng
    samet
    ypeofj
    obev
    ery
    dayandexpl
    oret
    hehi
    ddenpot
    ent
    ial
    ofanempl
    oyee.
    The pr
    ocess ser
    ves t
    he pur
    pose ofbot
    hthe managementand t
    he
    empl
    oyees.I
    thel
    psmanagementi
    ndi
    scov
    eri
    ngt
    het
    alentofempl
    oyees
    anddet
    ermi
    ningwhatheorshei
    sbestat
    .Ont
    heot
    herhand,i
    tgi
    vesan
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dualachancet
    oexpl
    orehi
    sorherowni
    nter
    est
    sandgai
    nexper
    ience
    i
    ndi
    ff
    erentf
    iel
    dsoroper
    ati
    ons.

    Jobenl
    argement

    Jobenl
    argementi
    sthepr
    ocessofmaki
    ngaposi
    ti
    onmor
    eint
    erest
    ingand
    f
    ulf
    il
    li
    ngbyexpandi
    ngt
    henumberoft
    askst
    hest
    aff
    erneedst
    ocompl
    ete.
    I
    nthi
    slesson,
    we'
    l
    ldi
    scusshowandwhyi
    t'
    sdone.

    WhatI
    sJobEnl
    argement
    ?

    Jobenl
    argement
     i
    sani
    ncr
    easei
    njobt
    asksandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiest
    omakea
    posi
    ti
    onmor
    echal
    l
    engi
    ng.I
    tisahor
    izont
    alexpansi
    on,whi
    chmeanst
    hat
    t
    het
    asksaddedar
    eatt
    hesamel
    evel
    ast
    hosei
    nthecur
    rentposi
    ti
    on.

    59
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Af
    terper
    for
    mingt
    hesameposi
    ti
    onf
    orawhi
    l
    e,empl
    oyeescangetbor
    ed.
    Asanexampl
    e,we'
    l
    llookatJohn,
    anaccount
    anti
    nal
    argecor
    por
    ati
    on.For
    hi
    sposi
    ti
    on,Johni
    sresponsi
    blef
    orpost
    ingent
    ri
    esandcr
    eat
    ingf
    inanci
    al
    st
    atement
    sforsev
    eralsmal
    lcompani
    est
    hecor
    por
    ati
    onowns.He'
    sbeen
    doi
    ngt
    hisf
    oracoupl
    eofy
    ear
    snow,
    andt
    het
    asksr
    equi
    redeachmont
    har
    e
    f
    oundi
    nacheckl
    i
    sthewor
    ksdownf
    oreachcompany
    .Al
    thoughhel
    i
    kes
    account
    ing,
    hiswor
    kisget
    ti
    ngabi
    tmonot
    onous.

    Recr
    uit
    ment
    :Meani
    ngandSour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    ment

    Re
    crui
    t
    mentPr
    oce
    ss

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:
     The 
    Recr
    uit
    ment
     i
    s t
    he pr
    ocess of anal
    yzi
    ng t
    he j
    ob
    r
    equi
    rement
    sandt
    henf
    indi
    ngt
    hepr
    ospect
    ivecandi
    dat
    eswhoar
    ethen
    encour
    agedandst
    imul
    atedt
    oappl
    yfort
    hej
    obi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    The Recr
    uit
    mentpr
    ogr
    amme i
    s desi
    gned t
    o at
    tractmor
    e and mor
    e
    appl
    i
    cant
    ssucht
    hatt
    hepoolofcandi
    dat
    esappl
    i
    esf
    ort
    hej
    ob,andt
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion has mor
    e opt
    ions t
    o sel
    ectt
    he bestoutoft
    hem.The
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocess consi
    sts off
    ivei
    nter
    rel
    ated st
    ages whi
    ch ar
    e as
    f
    oll
    ows:

    60
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    1.Recr
    uit
    mentPl
    anni
    ng:
     Ther
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocessbegi
    nswi
    tht
    hepl
    anni
    ng
    wher
    eint
    hev
    acantj
    obposi
    ti
    onsar
    eanal
    yzedandt
    hent
    hecompr
    ehensi
    ve
    j
    obdr
    afti
    spr
    epar
    edt
    hati
    ncl
    udes:j
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionsandi
    tsnat
    ure,ski
    l
    ls,
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ions,
    exper
    ienceneededf
    ort
    hej
    ob,
    etc.

    Her
    e,t
    her
    ecr
    uit
    mentcommi
    tt
    eedeci
    desont
    henumberandt
    het
    ypeof
    appl
    i
    cant
    stobecont
    act
    ed.Theai
    m ofanyor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    stoat
    tractmor
    e
    candi
    dat
    esassomeoft
    hem mi
    ghtnotbewi
    l
    li
    ngt
    ojoi
    n,orsomemi
    ghtnot
    qual
    i
    fyf
    ort
    hej
    obposi
    ti
    on.Sot
    hecompanyhasasuf
    fi
    cientnumberof
    candi
    dat
    est
    ochooseamongstt
    hem.Thet
    ypeofcandi
    dat
    esr
    equi
    redf
    or
    t
    hej
    obi
    swel
    lspeci
    fi
    edi
    nter
    msoft
    het
    askandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesi
    nvol
    vedi
    n
    aj
    obal
    ongwi
    tht
    hequal
    i
    ficat
    ionandexper
    ienceexpect
    ed.

    61
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    prabhuJai
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    es
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    2.St
    rat
    egyDev
    elopment
    : 
    Oncet
    hecompr
    ehensi
    vej
    obdr
    afti
    spr
    epar
    ed,and
    t
    het
    ypeandt
    henumberofr
    ecr
    uit
    srequi
    redar
    edeci
    dedupon;t
    henext
    st
    epi
    stodeci
    deast
    rat
    egyt
    hati
    sadopt
    edwhi
    l
    erecr
    uit
    ingt
    hepr
    ospect
    ive
    candi
    dat
    es i
    nthe or
    gani
    zat
    ion.The f
    oll
    owi
    ng st
    rat
    egi
    c consi
    der
    ati
    ons
    shoul
    dbekepti
    nmi
    nd:

     MakeorBuyEmpl
    oyees,whi
    chmeanst
    hef
    ir
    m ei
    therdeci
    dest
    osel
    ect
    l
    essski
    l
    ledempl
    oyeesandi
    nvesti
    ntr
    aini
    ngandeducat
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammes
    orhi
    reski
    l
    ledpr
    ofessi
    onal
    s.

     Met
    hods ofRecr
    uit
    ment
    , 
    the f
    ir
    m deci
    de on t
    he met
    hods used f
    or
    r
    ecr
    uit
    ing t
    he i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    s.Such as t
    he i
    nter
    net pr
    ovi
    des det
    ail
    ed
    i
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutt
    hepr
    ospect
    ivecandi
    dat
    esandhel
    psi
    nshor
    tl
    ist
    ing
    t
    hebest
    -qual
    i
    fiedi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    s.

     Geogr
    aphi
    calAr
    ea,
     
     thenextdeci
    sioni
    srel
    atedt
    othear
    eaf
    rom wher
    e
    t
    hecandi
    dat
    esshal
    lbesear
    ched.Thef
    ir
    mlooksf
    ort
    hosear
    easwher
    e
    t
    hehandf
    ulamountofqual
    i
    fiedempl
    oyeesi
    sconcent
    rat
    ed,
     
    wit
    hav
    iew
    t
    ocur
    tai
    l
    ingasear
    chcost
    .

     Sour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    ment
    , 
    ther
    ear
    etwosour
    cesofr
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    :Int
    ernal
    sour
    ce (
    wit
    hin t
    he or
    gani
    zat
    ion)
    , ext
    ernal sour
    ce (
    out
    side t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion)
    .The f
    ir
    m mustdeci
    de t
    he sour
    ce f
    rom wher
    ethe
    candi
    dat
    esar
    ehi
    red.

    62
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    prabhuJai
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    i
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    3.Sear
    chi
    ng:
     Oncet
    hest
    rat
    egyi
    spr
    epar
    edt
    hesear
    chf
    ort
    hecandi
    dat
    escan
    bei
    nit
    ial
    i
    zed.I
    tincl
    udest
    wo st
    eps:
     
    sour
    ceact
    ivat
    ion and sel
    li
    ng.The
    sour
    ceact
    ivat
    ionmeans,t
    hesear
    chf
    ort
    hecandi
    dat
    eact
    ivat
    esont
    he
    empl
    oyeer
    equi
    sit
    ioni
    .e.unt
    ilandunl
    esst
    hel
    i
    nemanagerv
    eri
    fi
    est
    hatt
    he
    v
    acancyexi
    sts,
    thesear
    chpr
    ocesscannotbei
    nit
    iat
    ed.

    Thenextpoi
    ntt
    obeconsi
    der
    edi
    ssel
    l
    ing,whi
    chmeanst
    hef
    ir
    m must
    j
    udi
    ciousl
    ysel
    ectt
    hatmedi
    aofcommuni
    cat
    iont
    hatsuccessf
    ull
    yconv
    eys
    t
    heempl
    oymenti
    nfor
    mat
    iont
    othepr
    ospect
    ivecandi
    dat
    es.

    4.Scr
    eeni
    ng:
     The scr
    eeni
    ng means t
    o shor
    tl
    istt
    he appl
    i
    cat
    ions oft
    he
    candi
    dat
    es f
    orf
    urt
    hersel
    ect
    ion pr
    ocess.Al
    though,t
    he scr
    eeni
    ng i
    s
    consi
    der
    ed as t
    he st
    art
    ing poi
    ntofsel
    ect
    ion buti
    sint
    egr
    alt
    othe
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocess.Thi
    sisbecauset
    hesel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocessbegi
    nsonl
    y
    af
    tert
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionsar
    escr
    uti
    nizedandshor
    tl
    ist
    edont
    hebasi
    sofj
    ob
    r
    equi
    rement
    s.The pur
    pose of 
    recr
    uit
    menther
    eist
    oremov
    ethose
    appl
    i
    cat
    ionsatanear
    lyst
    agewhi
    chcl
    ear
    lyseemst
    obeunqual
    i
    fiedf
    ort
    he
    j
    ob.
    5.Ev
    aluat
    ionand Cont
    rol
    : 
    Eval
    uat
    ionandcont
    roli
    sthel
    astst
    agei
    nthe
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocesswher
    eint
    hev
    ali
    dit
    yandef
    fect
    ivenessoft
    hepr
    ocess
    andt
    hemet
    hodsusedt
    her
    eini
    sassessed.Thi
    sst
    agei
    scr
    uci
    albecause
    t
    hef
    ir
    m hast
    ocheckt
    heout
    puti
    nter
    msoft
    hecosti
    ncur
    red.

    63
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Ther
    ecr
    uit
    menti
    sacost
    lypr
    ocessasi
    tincl
    udest
    hesal
    ari
    esofr
    ecr
    uit
    ers,
    t
    imespentbyt
    hemanagement
    ,costofadv
    ert
    isement
    ,costofsel
    ect
    ion,a
    pr
    icepai
    dfort
    heov
    ert
    imeandout
    sour
    cingi
    ncaset
    hev
    acancyr
    emai
    ns
    unf
    il
    led.Thus,af
    ir
    misr
    equi
    redt
    ogat
    heral
    ltheser
    elev
    anti
    nfor
    mat
    iont
    o
    ev
    aluat
    etheper
    for
    manceofar
    ecr
    uit
    mentpr
    ocessef
    fect
    ivel
    y.

    I
    nte
    rna
    lSour
    cesofRe
    crui
    t
    ment

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:
     The 
    Int
    ernalSour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    ment
     meanhi
    ri
    ngpeopl
    efr
    om
    wi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.I
    not
    herwor
    ds,seeki
    ng appl
    i
    cant
    sfort
    hej
    ob
    posi
    ti
    onsf
    rom t
    hosewhoar
    ecur
    rent
    lyempl
    oyedwi
    tht
    hef
    ir
    m.

    I
    nanyor
    gani
    zat
    ion,f
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    ethemostcommoni
    nter
    nalsour
    cesof
    r
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    :

    1.Tr
    ansf
    er:
     Tr
    ansf
    ermeansshi
    ft
    inganempl
    oyeef
    rom onej
    obt
    oanot
    her
    ,
    t
    ypi
    cal
    l
    yofsi
    mil
    arnat
    ure,
    wit
    houtanychangei
    nhi
    srankandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ty.
    Thepur
    poseofanempl
    oyeet
    ransf
    eri
    stoenabl
    ehi
    mtogetwel
    l
    -ver
    sed
    wi
    tht
    hebr
    oad-
    basedv
    iew oft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionwhi
    chi
    sessent
    ialf
    ort
    he
    pr
    omot
    ionsi
    nfut
    ure.

    2. Pr
    omot
    ion:
     Pr
    omot
    ions ar
    ethe most common f
    orm of i
    nter
    nal
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentwher
    eint
    heempl
    oyeesar
    emov
    edt
    otheupperl
    evel
    soft
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionwi
    thmor
    eresponsi
    bil
    i
    tyandpr
    est
    ige.Whent
    hehi
    gherl
    evel

    64
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    posi
    ti
    onsf
    allv
    acantcompani
    esr
    ecr
    uitf
    rom wi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ionsoas
    t
    ocapi
    tal
    i
    zeoneoft
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngbenef
    it
    s:

     Theempl
    oyeei
    sfami
    l
    iarwi
    tht
    hewor
    kingoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

     Lesscosti
    sincur
    redascompar
    edt
    ohi
    ri
    ngt
    heper
    sonf
    rom t
    he
    ext
    ernal
    sour
    ces.

     Thechancesofsel
    ect
    ionar
    ebr
    ightsi
    ncet
    heper
    for
    mancecar
    dof
    t
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    isr
    eadi
    l
    yav
    ail
    abl
    ewi
    tht
    hef
    ir
    m.

    I
    tboost
    sthemor
    aleoft
    heempl
    oyee.

     Theot
    her
    sint
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    sogetmot
    ivat
    edt
    owor
    khar
    dert
    o
    getpr
    omot
    edt
    othehi
    gherl
    evel
    soft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    3.Empl
    oyeeRef
    err
    als:
     Thepr
    esentempl
    oyeescanr
    efert
    hei
    rfr
    iends
    andf
    ami
    l
    ytot
    hej
    ob.Theyar
    ewel
    lawar
    eoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    cul
    tur
    e,wor
    kingcondi
    ti
    onsandj
    obr
    equi
    rement
    s.I
    ftheyf
    indt
    hei
    r
    f
    ri
    endsorf
    ami
    l
    ysui
    tabl
    eforsuchposi
    ti
    oncanr
    ecommendt
    hei
    r
    namest
    othemanagementf
    orr
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    .

    Theor
    gani
    zat
    ionsencour
    ageempl
    oyeer
    efer
    ral
    sast
    hecostand t
    ime
    coul
    dbesav
    edt
    hanf
    rom hi
    ri
    ngpeopl
    efr
    om t
    heext
    ernalsour
    ces.Some
    or
    gani
    zat
    ions,i
    nor
    dert
    omot
    ivat
    eempl
    oyeest
    opay
     “f
    inder
    sfees”
     i
    nthe
    f
    orm ofi
    ncent
    ivesf
    oreachsuccessf
    ulhi
    re.

    65
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Advant
    agesofI
    nter
    nalSour
    ces:

    TheFol
    lowi
    ngar
    eTheAdv
    ant
    agesofI
    nter
    nalSour
    ces:

    1.I
    mpr
    ovesmor
    ale:

    Whenanempl
    oyeef
    rom i
    nsi
    det
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    sgi
    vent
    hehi
    gherpost
    ,it
    hel
    psi
    nincr
    easi
    ngt
    hemor
    aleofal
    lempl
    oyees.Gener
    all
    yev
    eryempl
    oyee
    expect
    spr
    omot
    iont
    oahi
    gherpostcar
    ryi
    ngmor
    est
    atusandpay(
    ifhe
    f
    ulf
    il
    lst
    heot
    herr
    equi
    rement
    s).

    2.NoEr
    rori
    nSel
    ect
    ion:

    Whenanempl
    oyeei
    ssel
    ect
    edf
    rom i
    nsi
    de,t
    her
    eisal
    eastpossi
    bil
    i
    tyof
    er
    ror
    sinsel
    ect
    ionsi
    nceev
    erycompanymai
    ntai
    nscompl
    eter
    ecor
    dofi
    ts
    empl
    oyeesandcanj
    udget
    hem i
    nabet
    termanner
    .

    3.Pr
    omot
    esLoy
    alt
    y:

    I
    tpr
    omot
    esl
    oyal
    tyamongt
    heempl
    oyeesast
    heyf
    eelsecur
    edonaccount
    ofchancesofadv
    ancement
    .

    4.NoHast
    yDeci
    sion:

    Thechancesofhast
    ydeci
    sionsar
    ecompl
    etel
    yel
    i
    minat
    edast
    heex
    ist
    ing
    empl
    oyeesar
    ewel
    ltr
    iedandcanber
    eli
    edupon.

    66
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    5.Economyi
    nTr
    aini
    ngCost
    s:

    Theexi
    sti
    ngempl
    oyeesar
    eful
    l
    yawar
    eoft
    heoper
    ati
    ngpr
    ocedur
    esand
    pol
    i
    ciesoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Theexi
    sti
    ngempl
    oyeesr
    equi
    rel
    i
    ttl
    etr
    aini
    ng
    andi
    tbr
    ingseconomyi
    ntr
    aini
    ngcost
    s.

    6.Sel
    f-
    Dev
    elopment
    :

    I
    tencour
    agessel
    f-
    dev
    elopmentamongt
    heempl
    oyeesast
    heycanl
    ook
    f
    orwar
    dtooccupyhi
    gherpost
    s.

    Di
    sadvant
    agesofI
    nter
    nalSour
    ces:

    (
    i)I
    tdi
    scour
    agescapabl
    eper
    sonsf
    rom out
    sidet
    ojoi
    ntheconcer
    n.

    (
    ii
    )Iti
    s possi
    blet
    hatt
    he r
    equi
    sit
    e numberofper
    sons possessi
    ng
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ionsf
    ort
    hev
    acantpost
    smaynotbeav
    ail
    abl
    eint
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    (
    ii
    i)Forpost
    srequi
    ri
    ngi
    nnov
    ati
    onsandcr
    eat
    ivet
    hinki
    ng,t
    hismet
    hodof
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentcannotbef
    oll
    owed.

    (
    iv)I
    fonl
    yseni
    ori
    tyi
    sthecr
    it
    eri
    onf
    orpr
    omot
    ion,
    thent
    heper
    sonf
    il
    li
    ngt
    he
    v
    acantpostmaynotber
    eal
    l
    ycapabl
    e.

    I
    nspi
    te oft
    he di
    sadv
    ant
    ages,i
    tisf
    requent
    ly used as a sour
    ce of
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentf
    orl
    owerposi
    ti
    ons.I
    tmayl
    eadt
    onepot
    ism andf
    avour
    it
    ism.

    67
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Theempl
    oyeesmaybeempl
    oyedont
    hebasi
    soft
    hei
    rrecommendat
    ion
    andnotsui
    tabi
    l
    ity
    .

    Ex
    ter
    nal
    Sour
    cesofRe
    crui
    t
    ment

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:
     The 
    Ext
    ernalSour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    ment
     meanshi
    ri
    ngpeopl
    efr
    om
    out
    sidet
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.I
    not
    herwor
    ds,seeki
    ngappl
    i
    cant
    sfr
    om t
    hose
    whoar
    eext
    ernal
    tot
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Ther
    ear
    esev
    eralmet
    hodsf
    orext
    ernalr
    ecr
    uit
    ing.Thef
    ir
    m mustcar
    eful
    l
    y
    anal
    yzet
    hev
    acantposi
    ti
    onsandt
    henuset
    hemet
    hodwhi
    chbestf
    ulf
    il
    ls
    t
    her
    equi
    rement
    .Fol
    l
    owi
    ngar
    ethedi
    ff
    erentt
    ypesofext
    ernalsour
    cesof
    r
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    :

    1.Medi
    aAdv
    ert
    isement
    : 
    Theadv
    ert
    isementi
    sthemostcommonand
    pr
    efer
    red sour
    ce ofext
    ernalr
    ecr
    uit
    ing.The ads i
    n newspaper
    s,
    pr
    ofessi
    onal j
    our
    nal
    s,gi
    ve a compr
    ehensi
    ve det
    ailabout t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion,t
    ype,and nat
    ure of j
    ob posi
    ti
    on,ski
    l
    lsr
    equi
    red,
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ionandexper
    ienceexpect
    ed,
    etc.Thi
    shel
    psani
    ndi
    vi
    dualt
    o
    sel
    f-
    eval
    uat
    ehi
    msel
    fagai
    nstt
    hej
    obr
    equi
    rement
    sandappl
    yfort
    he
    j
    obswhi
    chbestsui
    tshi
    m.
    2.Empl
    oymentExchange:
     Theempl
    oymentexchangei
    stheof
    fi
    cer
    un
    byt
    hegov
    ernmentwher
    eint
    hedet
    ail
    saboutt
    hej
    obseeker
    ssuchas
    name,qual
    i
    ficat
    ion,exper
    ience,et
    c.i
    sst
    oredandi
    sgi
    vent
    othe

    68
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    empl
    oyer
    swho ar
    esear
    chi
    ng f
    ormenf
    ort
    hei
    ror
    gani
    zat
    ions.
    For
    cer
    tai
    njob v
    acanci
    es,i
    tis mandat
    oryf
    orev
    eryor
    gani
    zat
    ion t
    o
    pr
    ovi
    dedet
    ail
    sabouti
    ttot
    heempl
    oymentexchange.I
    tist
    hemost
    commonsour
    ceofext
    ernalr
    ecr
    uit
    mentt
    hatof
    fer
    sjobst
    ounski
    l
    led,
    semi
    -ski
    l
    ledandski
    l
    ledwor
    ker
    s.
    3.Di
    rectRecr
    uit
    ment
    : 
    Thedi
    rectr
    ecr
    uit
    mental
    socal
    l
    edasf
    act
    orygat
    e
    r
    ecr
    uit
    menti
    sani
    mpor
    tantsour
    ceofhi
    ri
    ng,especi
    all
    ytheunski
    l
    led
    wor
    ker
    sorbadl
    iwor
    ker
    swhoar
    epai
    donadai
    l
    y-wagebasi
    s.Her
    e,
    t
    hecompanyput
    supanot
    iceonanot
    iceboar
    doront
    hef
    act
    orygat
    e
    r
    egar
    dingt
    hej
    obsav
    ail
    abl
    e,sucht
    hatt
    heappl
    i
    cantseesi
    tandappl
    y
    f
    ort
    hej
    obdi
    rect
    ly.
    4.Casual Cal
    ler
    s: 
    The casual cal
    l
    ers,al
    so cal
    l
    ed as unsol
    i
    cit
    ed
    appl
    i
    cat
    ionsar
    ethej
    obseeker
    swhocomet
    othewel
    l
    -renowned
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionscasual
    l
    yandei
    thermai
    lordr
    opi
    nthei
    rjobappl
    i
    cat
    ions
    seeki
    ngt
    hej
    oboppor
    tuni
    ty.
    Thi
    scoul
    dbeconsi
    der
    edasani
    mpor
    tant
    sour
    ce of ext
    ernal r
    ecr
    uit
    ment as t
    he per
    sonnel depar
    tment
    mai
    ntai
    nst
    hef
    olderofunsol
    i
    cit
    edappl
    i
    cat
    ionsandcal
    lthosewho
    f
    ulf
    il
    lthej
    obr
    equi
    rement
    s,whenev
    ert
    hev
    acancyar
    ises.
    5.Educat
    ionalI
    nst
    it
    uti
    ons orCampus Pl
    acement
    : 
    Creat
    ing a cl
    ose
    l
    i
    aisonwi
    tht
    heeducat
    ionali
    nst
    it
    utesf
    ort
    her
    ecr
    uit
    mentofst
    udent
    s
    wi
    tht
    echni
    calandpr
    ofessi
    onalqual
    i
    ficat
    ionshasbecomeacommon
    pr
    act
    ice ofext
    ernalr
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    .Her
    e,t
    he compani
    es,v
    isi
    tthe

    69
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    echni
    cal
    ,managementand pr
    ofessi
    onalcol
    l
    eges t
    orecr
    uitt
    he
    st
    udent
    s di
    rect
    lyf
    or t
    he j
    ob posi
    ti
    ons.The r
    ecr
    uit
    ment f
    rom
    educat
    ional
    inst
    it
    uti
    onsi
    sal
    sot
    ermedascampusr
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    .
    6.LaborCont
    ract
    ors:
     Thi
    sist
    he mostcommon f
    orm ofext
    ernal
    r
    ecr
    uit
    mentwher
    eint
    hel
    aborcont
    ract
    orswhoar
    eei
    therempl
    oyed
    wi
    tht
    hef
    ir
    m orhav
    eanagr
    eementt
    osuppl
    ywor
    ker
    stot
    hef
    ir
    mfor
    t
    hecompl
    eti
    onofaspeci
    fi
    cty
    peofat
    ask.Thi
    smet
    hodi
    sagai
    nused
    f
    orhi
    ri
    ng t
    he unski
    l
    led and semi
    -ski
    l
    led wor
    ker
    s.The cont
    ract
    or
    keepsi
    ntouchwi
    tht
    hewor
    ker
    sandsendst
    hem t
    othepl
    aceswher
    e
    t
    hei
    rneedar
    ises.I
    ndoi
    ngso,
    thecont
    ract
    orsgett
    hecommi
    ssi
    onf
    or
    eachwor
    kersuppl
    i
    ed.
    7.Wal
    k-I
    ns:
     Thi
    sis agai
    n a di
    rectf
    orm ofr
    ecr
    uit
    mentwher
    eint
    he
    pr
    ospect
    ivecandi
    dat
    esar
    einv
    itedt
    hroughanadv
    ert
    isementt
    ocome
    andappl
    yfort
    hej
    obv
    acancy
    .Her
    e,t
    hespeci
    fi
    eddat
    e,v
    enue,and
    t
    imear
    ement
    ioned,andt
    hecandi
    dat
    esar
    erequest
    edt
    ocomeand
    gi
    vei
    nter
    views di
    rect
    ly wi
    thoutsubmi
    tt
    ing t
    hei
    rappl
    i
    cat
    ions i
    n
    adv
    ance.
    8.E-
    recr
    uit
    ing:
     The e-
    recr
    uit
    ing means sear
    chi
    ng and scr
    eeni
    ng t
    he
    pr
    ospect
    ivecandi
    dat
    esel
    ect
    roni
    cal
    l
    y.Ther
    ear
    esev
    eralonl
    i
    nej
    ob
    por
    tal
    sthatenabl
    ethej
    obseeker
    stoupl
    oadt
    hei
    rresumeonl
    i
    ne
    whi
    char
    ethenf
    orwar
    dedt
    othepot
    ent
    ialhi
    rer
    s.Suchasnaukr
    i.
    com,
    monst
    er.
    com,shi
    ne.
    com,et
    c.ar
    esomeoft
    hewel
    lrenownedonl
    i
    ne

    70
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    j
    obpor
    tal
    s.
    9.ManagementConsul
    tant
    s: 
    Ther
    e ar
    e sev
    eralpr
    ivat
    e management
    f
    ir
    mst
    hatactasami
    ddl
    emanbet
    weent
    her
    ecr
    uit
    erandt
    her
    ecr
    uit
    .
    Thesef
    ir
    mshel
    ptheor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    ohi
    repr
    ofessi
    onal
    ,techni
    caland
    manager
    ialper
    sonnel
    ,andt
    heyspeci
    ali
    zei
    nrecr
    uit
    ingmi
    ddl
    elev
    el
    andt
    opl
    evel
    execut
    ives.

    10. These f
    ir
    ms mai
    ntai
    n dat
    a ofal
    lthe j
    ob seeker
    s,such as
    educat
    ion,qual
    i
    ficat
    ion,exper
    ience,et
    c.andgi
    vet
    hei
    rdet
    ail
    stot
    he
    compani
    es who ar
    elooki
    ng f
    ormen.Nowaday
    s,t
    he engi
    neer
    s,
    account
    ant
    s,l
    awy
    ershel
    pthei
    rcount
    erpar
    tst
    ogetsui
    tabl
    ejobsi
    n
    i
    ndust
    ri
    alor
    gani
    zat
    ions.

    Thesear
    esomeoft
    hecommonl
    yusedmet
    hodsofext
    ernalr
    ecr
    uit
    ingt
    hat
    compani
    essel
    ectdependi
    ngont
    henat
    ureoft
    hej
    obposi
    ti
    onandt
    he
    numberandt
    ypeofcandi
    dat
    es 
    tober
    eachedout
    .

    Mer
    it
    sofExt
    ernalSour
    ces:

    1.Av
    ail
    abi
    li
    tyofSui
    tabl
    ePer
    sons:

    I
    nter
    nalsour
    ces,somet
    imes,maynotbeabl
    etosuppl
    ysui
    tabl
    eper
    sons
    f
    rom wi
    thi
    n.Ext
    ernalsour
    cesdogi
    veawi
    dechoi
    cet
    othemanagement
    .A
    l
    argenumberofappl
    i
    cant
    smaybewi
    l
    li
    ngt
    ojoi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Theywi
    l
    l

    71
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    al
    sobesui
    tabl
    easpert
    her
    equi
    rement
    sofski
    l
    l,t
    rai
    ningandeducat
    ion.

    2.Br
    ingsNewI
    deas:

    Thesel
    ect
    ionofper
    sonsf
    rom out
    sidesour
    ceswi
    l
    lhav
    ethebenef
    itofnew
    i
    deas.Theper
    sonshav
    ingexper
    iencei
    not
    herconcer
    nswi
    l
    lbeabl
    eto
    suggestnew t
    hingsandmet
    hods.Thi
    swi
    l
    lkeept
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    na
    compet
    it
    iveposi
    ti
    on.

    3.Economi
    cal
    :

    Thi
    smet
    hodofr
    ecr
    uit
    mentcanpr
    ovet
    obeeconomi
    calbecausenew
    empl
    oyeesar
    eal
    readyt
    rai
    nedandexper
    iencedanddonotr
    equi
    remuch
    t
    rai
    ningf
    ort
    hej
    obs.

    Demer
    it
    sofExt
    ernalSour
    ces:

    1.Demor
    ali
    sat
    ion:

    When new per


    sons f
    rom out
    side j
    oint
    he or
    gani
    sat
    ion t
    hen pr
    esent
    empl
    oyeesf
    eeldemor
    ali
    sedbecauset
    heseposi
    ti
    onsshoul
    dhav
    egonet
    o
    t
    hem.Ther
    e can be a hear
    tbur
    ning among ol
    d empl
    oyees.Some
    empl
    oyeesmayev
    enl
    eav
    etheent
    erpr
    iseandgof
    orbet
    terav
    enuesi
    n
    ot
    herconcer
    ns.

    2.LackofCo-
    Oper
    ati
    on:
    72
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    fi
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    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Theol
    dst
    affmaynotco-
    oper
    atewi
    tht
    henew empl
    oyeesbecauset
    hey
    f
    eelt
    hatt
    hei
    rri
    ghthasbeensnat
    chedawaybyt
    hem.Thi
    spr
    obl
    em wi
    l
    lbe
    acut
    eespeci
    all
    ywhen per
    sonsf
    orhi
    gherposi
    ti
    onsar
    erecr
    uit
    ed f
    rom
    out
    side.

    3.Expensi
    ve:

    Thepr
    ocessofr
    ecr
    uit
    ingf
    rom out
    sidei
    sver
    yexpensi
    ve.I
    tst
    art
    swi
    th
    i
    nser
    ti
    ngcost
    lyadv
    ert
    isement
    sint
    hemedi
    aandt
    henar
    rangi
    ngwr
    it
    ten
    t
    est
    sandconduct
    ingi
    nter
    views.I
    nspi
    teofal
    lthi
    sifsui
    tabl
    eper
    sonsar
    e
    notav
    ail
    abl
    e,t
    hent
    hewhol
    epr
    ocesswi
    l
    lhav
    etober
    epeat
    ed.

    4.Pr
    obl
    em ofMal
    adj
    ust
    ment
    :

    Ther
    emaybeapossi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    hatt
    henew ent
    rant
    shav
    enotbeenabl
    eto
    adj
    usti
    nthenewenv
    ironment
    .Theymaynott
    emper
    ament
    all
    yadj
    ustwi
    th
    t
    henewper
    sons.I
    nsuchcasesei
    thert
    heper
    sonsmayl
    eav
    ethemsel
    vesor
    managementmayhav
    etor
    epl
    acet
    hem.Theset
    hingshav
    eadv
    erseef
    fect
    ont
    hewor
    kingoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Sui
    tabi
    li
    tyofExt
    ernalSour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    ment
    :

    Ext
    ernalSour
    cesofRecr
    uit
    mentar
    eSui
    tabl
    eforTheFol
    lowi
    ngReasons:

    (
    i)Ther
    equi
    redqual
    i
    tiessuchaswi
    l
    l,ski
    l
    l,t
    alent
    ,knowl
    edgeet
    c.,ar
    e

    73
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    av
    ail
    abl
    efr
    om ext
    ernal
    sour
    ces.

    (
    ii
    )Itcan hel
    pin br
    ingi
    ng new i
    deas,bet
    tert
    echni
    quesand i
    mpr
    oved
    met
    hodst
    otheor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    (
    ii
    i)Thesel
    ect
    ionofcandi
    dat
    eswi
    l
    lbewi
    thoutpr
    econcei
    vednot
    ionsor
    r
    eser
    vat
    ions.

    (
    iv)Thecostofempl
    oyeeswi
    l
    lbemi
    nimum becausecandi
    dat
    essel
    ect
    ed
    i
    nthi
    smet
    hodwi
    l
    lbepl
    acedi
    nthemi
    nimum payscal
    e.

    (
    v)Theent
    ryofnewper
    sonswi
    thv
    ari
    edexper
    ienceandt
    alentwi
    l
    lhel
    pin
    humanr
    esour
    cemi
    x.

    (
    vi)Theexi
    sti
    ngempl
    oyeeswi
    l
    lal
    sobr
    oadent
    hei
    rper
    sonal
    i
    ty.

    (
    vii
    )Theent
    ryofqual
    i
    tat
    iveper
    sonsf
    rom out
    sidewi
    l
    lbei
    nthel
    ong-
    run
    i
    nter
    estoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Empl
    oyeeSel
    ect
    ionPr
    ocess

    Empl
    oyeeSel
    ect
    ioni
    sthepr
    ocessofput
    ti
    ngr
    ightmenonr
    ightj
    ob.I
    tisa
    pr
    ocedur
    eofmat
    chi
    ng or
    gani
    zat
    ionalr
    equi
    rement
    swi
    tht
    heski
    l
    lsand
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ionsofpeopl
    e.Ef
    fect
    ivesel
    ect
    ioncanbedoneonl
    ywhent
    her
    eis
    ef
    fect
    ivemat
    chi
    ng.Bysel
    ect
    ingbestcandi
    dat
    efort
    her
    equi
    redj
    ob,t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion wi
    l
    lget qual
    i
    ty per
    for
    mance of empl
    oyees. Mor
    eov
    er,

    74
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    zat
    ion wi
    l
    lface l
    ess of absent
    eei
    sm and empl
    oyee t
    urnov
    er
    pr
    obl
    ems.Bysel
    ect
    ingr
    ightcandi
    dat
    efort
    her
    equi
    redj
    ob,
    organi
    zat
    ionwi
    l
    l
    al
    sosav
    eti
    meandmoney
    .Pr
    operscr
    eeni
    ngofcandi
    dat
    est
    akespl
    ace
    dur
    ingsel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocedur
    e.Al
    lthepot
    ent
    ialcandi
    dat
    eswhoappl
    yfort
    he
    gi
    venj
    obar
    etest
    ed.

    Butsel
    ect
    ionmustbedi
    ff
    erent
    iat
    edf
    rom r
    ecr
    uit
    ment
    ,thought
    hesear
    e
    t
    wophasesofempl
    oymentpr
    ocess.Recr
    uit
    menti
    sconsi
    der
    edt
    obea
    posi
    ti
    vepr
    ocessasi
    tmot
    ivat
    esmor
    eofcandi
    dat
    est
    oappl
    yfort
    hej
    ob.I
    t
    cr
    eat
    esapoolofappl
    i
    cant
    s.I
    tisj
    ustsour
    cingofdat
    a.Whi
    l
    esel
    ect
    ioni
    sa
    negat
    ive pr
    ocess as t
    he i
    nappr
    opr
    iat
    e candi
    dat
    es ar
    erej
    ect
    ed her
    e.
    Recr
    uit
    mentpr
    ecedes sel
    ect
    ion i
    n st
    aff
    ing pr
    ocess.Sel
    ect
    ion i
    nvol
    ves
    choosi
    ngt
    hebestcandi
    dat
    ewi
    thbestabi
    l
    iti
    es,
    ski
    l
    lsandknowl
    edgef
    ort
    he
    r
    equi
    redj
    ob.

    The 
    Empl
    oyeesel
    ect
    ionPr
    ocess 
    takespl
    acei
    nfol
    lowi
    ngor
    der
    -

    1.Pr
    eli
    minar
    yInt
    erv
    iews-
     I
    tisusedt
    oel
    i
    minat
    ethosecandi
    dat
    eswho
    do notmeett
    he mi
    nimum el
    i
    gibl
    i
    ty cr
    it
    eri
    alai
    d down by t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion. The ski
    l
    ls, academi
    c and f
    ami
    l
    y backgr
    ound,
    compet
    enci
    esandi
    nter
    est
    soft
    hecandi
    dat
    ear
    eexami
    neddur
    ing
    pr
    eli
    minar
    yint
    erv
    iew.Pr
    eli
    minar
    yint
    erv
    iewsar
    elessf
    ormal
    i
    zedand
    pl
    annedt
    hant
    hef
    inali
    nter
    views.Thecandi
    dat
    esar
    egi
    venabr
    iefup
    aboutt
    hecompanyandt
    hej
    obpr
    ofi
    l
    e;andi
    tisal
    soexami
    nedhow

    75
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    prabhuJai
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    es
    &
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    much t
    he candi
    dat
    e knows about t
    he company
    . Pr
    eli
    minar
    y
    i
    nter
    viewsar
    eal
    socal
    l
    edscr
    eeni
    ngi
    nter
    views.

    2.Appl
    icat
    ion bl
    anks-
     The candi
    dat
    es who cl
    ear t
    he pr
    eli
    minar
    y
    i
    nter
    viewar
    erequi
    redt
    ofi
    l
    lappl
    i
    cat
    ionbl
    ank.I
    tcont
    ainsdat
    arecor
    d
    oft
    hecandi
    dat
    essuchasdet
    ail
    saboutage,
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ions,
    reasonf
    or
    l
    eav
    ingpr
    evi
    ousj
    ob,
    exper
    ience,
    etc.

    3.Wr
    it
    ten Test
    s- 
    Var
    ious wr
    it
    ten t
    est
    s conduct
    ed dur
    ing sel
    ect
    ion
    pr
    ocedur
    e ar
    e apt
    it
    ude t
    est
    ,int
    ell
    i
    gence t
    est
    ,reasoni
    ng t
    est
    ,
    per
    sonal
    i
    tyt
    est
    ,et
    c.Theset
    est
    sar
    eusedt
    oobj
    ect
    ivel
    yassesst
    he
    pot
    ent
    ial
    candi
    dat
    e.Theyshoul
    dnotbebi
    ased.

    4.Empl
    oymentI
    nter
    views-
     I
    tisaonet
    oonei
    nter
    act
    ionbet
    weent
    he
    i
    nter
    viewerandt
    hepot
    ent
    ialcandi
    dat
    e.I
    tisusedt
    ofi
    ndwhet
    hert
    he
    candi
    dat
    eis bestsui
    ted f
    ort
    he r
    equi
    red j
    ob ornot
    .Butsuch
    i
    nter
    views consume t
    ime and money bot
    h. Mor
    eov
    er t
    he
    compet
    enci
    esoft
    hecandi
    dat
    ecannotbej
    udged.Suchi
    nter
    views
    may be bi
    ased att
    imes.Such i
    nter
    views shoul
    d be conduct
    ed
    pr
    oper
    ly.Nodi
    str
    act
    ionsshoul
    dbet
    her
    einr
    oom.Ther
    eshoul
    dbean
    honestcommuni
    cat
    ionbet
    weencandi
    dat
    eandi
    nter
    viewer
    .

    5.Medi
    calexami
    nat
    ion-
     Medi
    cal
    test
    sar
    econduct
    edt
    oensur
    ephy
    sical
    f
    it
    ness oft
    he pot
    ent
    ialempl
    oyee.I
    twi
    l
    ldecr
    ease chances of
    empl
    oyeeabsent
    eei
    sm.
    76
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    prabhuJai
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    6.Appoi
    ntmentLet
    ter
    - 
    Aref
    erencechecki
    smadeaboutt
    hecandi
    dat
    e
    sel
    ect
    ed and t
    hen f
    inal
    l
    y he i
    s appoi
    nted by gi
    vi
    ng a f
    ormal
    appoi
    ntmentl
    ett
    er.

    Ty
    pesoft
    esti
    nsel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocess

    Jobseeker
    swhopasst
    hescr
    eeni
    ngandt
    hepr
    eli
    minar
    yint
    erv
    iew ar
    e
    cal
    l
    edf
    ort
    est
    s.Di
    ff
    erentt
    ypesoft
    est
    smaybeadmi
    nist
    ered,
    dependi
    ngon
    t
    he j
    ob and t
    he company
    .Gener
    all
    y,t
    est
    sar
    e used t
    o det
    ermi
    ne t
    he
    appl
    i
    cant
    ’sabi
    l
    ity
    ,apt
    it
    udeandper
    sonal
    i
    ty.

    Thef
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    ethet
    ypeoft
    est
    staken:

    1)
    . 
    Abi
    l
    ityt
    est
    s

    Assi
    sti
    ndet
    ermi
    ninghow wel
    lani
    ndi
    vi
    dualcanper
    for
    mtasksr
    elat
    edt
    o
    t
    hej
    ob.Anexcel
    l
    enti
    l
    lust
    rat
    ionoft
    hisi
    sthet
    ypi
    ng t
    est
    sgi
    vent
    oa
    pr
    ospect
    iveempl
    oyerf
    orsecr
    etar
    ialj
    ob.Al
    socal
    l
    edas‘
    ACHEI
    VEMENT
    TESTS’
    .Iti
    sconcer
    nedwi
    thwhatonehasaccompl
    i
    shed.Whenappl
    i
    cant
    cl
    aimst
    oknow somet
    hing,anachi
    evementt
    esti
    stakent
    omeasur
    ehow
    wel
    ltheyknow i
    t.Tr
    adet
    est
    sar
    ethemostcommont
    ypeofachi
    evement
    t
    estgi
    ven.Quest
    ionshav
    ebeenpr
    epar
    edandt
    est
    edf
    orsucht
    radesas
    asbest
    os wor
    ker
    ,punch-
    press oper
    ator
    s,el
    ect
    ri
    cians and machi
    nist
    s.
    Ther
    ear
    e,ofcour
    se,manyunst
    andar
    disedachi
    evementt
    est
    sgi
    veni
    n
    i
    ndust
    ri
    es,such as t
    ypi
    ng ordi
    ctat
    ion t
    est
    sforan appl
    i
    cantf
    ora

    77
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    gherSt
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    st
    enogr
    aphi
    cposi
    ti
    on.

    2)
    .Apt
    it
    udet
    est
    :

    Apt
    it
    udet
    est
    smeasur
    ewhet
    herani
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    shast
    hecapaci
    tyorl
    atent
    abi
    l
    ityt
    olear
    nagi
    venj
    obi
    fgi
    venadequat
    etr
    aini
    ng.Theuseofapt
    it
    ude
    t
    esti
    sadv
    isabl
    ewhenanappl
    i
    canthashadl
    i
    ttl
    eornoexper
    ienceal
    ongt
    he
    l
    i
    neoft
    hej
    obopeni
    ng.Apt
    it
    udest
    est
    shel
    pdet
    ermi
    neaper
    son’
    spot
    ent
    ial
    t
    olear
    nin a gi
    ven ar
    ea.An exampl
    e ofsuch t
    esti
    sthe gener
    al
    managementapt
    it
    udet
    est
    s(GMAT)
    ,whi
    chmanybusi
    nessst
    udent
    stake
    pr
    iort
    ogai
    ningadmi
    ssi
    ont
    oagr
    aduat
    ebusi
    nessschool
    progr
    amme.

    Apt
    it
    udet
    esti
    ndi
    cat
    est
    heabi
    l
    ityorf
    it
    nessofani
    ndi
    vi
    dualt
    oengage
    successf
    ull
    yinanynumberofspeci
    ali
    zedact
    ivi
    ti
    es.Theycov
    ersuchar
    eas
    cl
    eri
    calapt
    it
    ude,numer
    icalapt
    it
    ude,mechani
    calapt
    it
    ude,mot
    orco-
    or
    dinat
    ion,
    fingerdext
    eri
    tyandmanualdext
    eri
    ty.Theset
    est
    shel
    ptodet
    ect
    posi
    ti
    venegat
    ivepoi
    ntsi
    naper
    son’
    ssensor
    yori
    ntel
    l
    ect
    ualabi
    l
    ity
    .They
    f
    ocusat
    tent
    iononapar
    ti
    cul
    art
    ypeoft
    alentsuchasl
    ear
    ningorr
    easoni
    ng
    i
    nrespectofapar
    ti
    cul
    arf
    iel
    dofwor
    k.

    For
    msofapt
    it
    udet
    est
    :

    Ment
    alori
    ntel
    l
    igencet
    est
    s: 
    Theymeasur
    etheov
    eral
    lint
    ell
    ect
    ualabi
    l
    ityof
    aper
    sonandenabl
    etoknowwhet
    hert
    heper
    sonhast
    hement
    alabi
    l
    ityt
    o
    deal
    wit
    hcer
    tai
    npr
    obl
    ems.

    78
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Mechani
    calapt
    it
    udet
    est
    s: 
    Theymeasur
    etheabi
    l
    ityofaper
    sont
    olear
    na
    par
    ti
    cul
    art
    ype ofmechani
    calwor
    k.These t
    est
    s hel
    ps t
    o measur
    e
    speci
    ali
    zed t
    echni
    calknowl
    edge and pr
    obl
    em sol
    vi
    ng abi
    l
    iti
    es i
    fthe
    candi
    dat
    e.Theyar
    eusef
    uli
    nsel
    ect
    ionofmechani
    cs,
    mai
    ntenancewor
    ker
    s,
    et
    c.

    Psy
    chomot
    ororski
    l
    lst
    est
    s: 
    Theyar
    ethose,whi
    chmeasur
    eaper
    son’
    s
    abi
    l
    ityt
    odoaspeci
    fi
    cjob.Sucht
    est
    sar
    econduct
    edi
    nrespectofsemi
    -
    ski
    l
    ledandr
    epet
    it
    ivej
    obssuchaspacki
    ng,
    test
    ingandi
    nspect
    ion,
    etc.

    3)
    .Int
    ell
    i
    gencet
    est
    :

    Thi
    stesthel
    pst
    oev
    aluat
    etr
    ait
    sofi
    ntel
    l
    igence.Ment
    alabi
    l
    ity
    ,pr
    esenceof
    mi
    nd(
    aler
    tness)
    ,numer
    icalabi
    l
    ity
    ,memor
    yandsuchot
    heraspect
    scanbe
    measur
    ed.The i
    ntel
    l
    igence i
    s pr
    obabl
    ythe mostwi
    del
    y admi
    nist
    ered
    st
    andar
    dized t
    esti
    nindust
    ry.I
    tist
    aken t
    ojudge numer
    ical
    ,ski
    l
    ls,
    r
    easoni
    ng,
    memor
    yandsuchot
    herabi
    l
    iti
    es.

    4)
    .Int
    erestTest
    :

    Thi
    sisconduct
    edt
    ofi
    ndoutl
    i
    kesanddi
    sli
    kesofcandi
    dat
    est
    owar
    ds
    occupat
    ions,hobbi
    es,et
    c.sucht
    est
    sindi
    cat
    ewhi
    choccupat
    ionsar
    emor
    e
    i
    nli
    newi
    thaper
    son’
    sint
    erest
    .Sucht
    est
    sal
    soenabl
    ethecompanyt
    o
    pr
    ovi
    dev
    ocat
    ionalgui
    dancet
    othesel
    ect
    edcandi
    dat
    esandev
    ent
    othe
    exi
    sti
    ng empl
    oyees.These t
    est
    s ar
    e used t
    o measur
    e an i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    s

    79
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    act
    ivi
    ty pr
    efer
    ences.These t
    est
    s ar
    e par
    ti
    cul
    arl
    y usef
    ulf
    orst
    udent
    s
    consi
    der
    ingmanycar
    eer
    sorempl
    oyeesdeci
    dinguponcar
    eerchanges.

    5)
    .Per
    sonal
    i
    tyTest
    :

    Thei
    mpor
    tanceofper
    sonal
    i
    tyt
    ojob successi
    sundeni
    abl
    e.Of
    tenan
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dualwho possessest
    hei
    ntel
    l
    igence,apt
    it
    udeand exper
    iencef
    or
    cer
    tai
    nhasf
    ail
    edbecauseofi
    nabi
    l
    ityt
    ogetal
    ongwi
    thandmot
    ivat
    eot
    her
    peopl
    e.I
    tisconduct
    edt
    ojudgemat
    uri
    ty,soci
    alori
    nter
    per
    sonalski
    l
    ls,
    behav
    iorunderst
    ressandst
    rai
    n,et
    c.t
    hist
    esti
    sver
    ymuchessent
    ialon
    caseofsel
    ect
    ionofsal
    esf
    orce,
    publ
    i
    crel
    ati
    onst
    aff
    ,et
    c.wher
    eper
    sonal
    i
    ty
    pl
    aysani
    mpor
    tantr
    ole.Per
    sonal
    i
    tyt
    est
    sar
    esi
    mil
    art
    oint
    erestt
    est
    sint
    hat
    t
    hey
    ,al
    so,
    inv
    olv
    easer
    iouspr
    obl
    em ofobt
    aini
    nganhonestanswer
    .

    6)
    .Pr
    oject
    iveTest
    :

    Thi
    stestr
    equi
    resi
    nter
    pret
    ati
    onofpr
    obl
    emsorsi
    tuat
    ions.Forexampl
    e,a
    phot
    ogr
    aphorapi
    ctur
    ecanbeshownt
    othecandi
    dat
    esandt
    heyar
    easked
    t
    ogi
    vet
    hei
    rvi
    ews,
    andopi
    nionsaboutt
    hepi
    ctur
    e.

    7)
    .Gener
    alknowl
    edgeTest
    :

    Now day
    sG.
    K.Test
    sar
    ever
    ycommont
    ofi
    ndgener
    alawar
    enessoft
    he
    candi
    dat
    esi
    nthef
    iel
    dofspor
    ts,
    pol
    i
    tics,
    wor
    ldaf
    fai
    rs,
    cur
    rentaf
    fai
    rs.

    8)
    .Per
    cept
    ionTest

    80
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Att
    imesper
    cept
    iont
    est
    scanbeconduct
    edt
    ofi
    ndoutbel
    i
    efs,at
    ti
    tudes,
    andment
    alshar
    pness.
    etc.

    9)
    .Gr
    aphol
    ogyTest
    :

    I
    tisdesi
    gnedt
    oanal
    yzet
    hehandwr
    it
    ingofi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    .Ithasbeensai
    dthat
    ani
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    shandwr
    it
    ingcansuggestt
    hedegr
    eeofener
    gy,
    inhi
    bit
    ionand
    spont
    anei
    ty,
    aswel
    lasdi
    scl
    oset
    hei
    diosy
    ncr
    asi
    esandel
    ement
    sofbal
    ance
    and cont
    rol
    .Forexampl
    e,bi
    glet
    ter
    s and emphasi
    s on capi
    tall
    ett
    ers
    i
    ndi
    cat
    eat
    endencyt
    owar
    dsdomi
    nat
    ionandcompet
    it
    iveness.Asl
    antt
    o
    t
    her
    ight
    ,moder
    atepr
    essur
    eandgoodl
    egi
    bil
    i
    tyshowl
    eader
    shi
    ppot
    ent
    ial
    .

    10)
    .Pol
    ygr
    aphTest
    :

    Pol
    ygr
    aphi
    sal
    i
    edet
    ect
    or,whi
    chi
    sdesi
    gnedt
    oensur
    eaccur
    acyoft
    he
    i
    nfor
    mat
    iongi
    veni
    ntheappl
    i
    cat
    ions.Depar
    tmentst
    ore,banks,t
    reasur
    y
    of
    fi
    cesandj
    ewel
    l
    eryshops,t
    hati
    s,t
    hosehi
    ghl
    yvul
    ner
    abl
    etot
    hef
    tor
    swi
    ndl
    i
    ngmayf
    indpol
    ygr
    apht
    est
    susef
    ul.

    11)
    .Medi
    cal
    Test
    :

    I
    trev
    eal
    s phy
    sicalf
    it
    ness ofa candi
    dat
    e.Wi
    tht
    he dev
    elopmentof
    t
    echnol
    ogy
    ,medi
    calt
    est
    shav
    ebecomedi
    ver
    sif
    ied.Medi
    calser
    vici
    nghel
    ps
    measur
    eandmoni
    toracandi
    dat
    e’sphy
    sicalr
    esi
    l
    ienceuponexposur
    eto
    hazar
    douschemi
    cal
    s.

    81
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    PLACEMENTANDI
    NDUCTI
    ON 

    Whati
    spl
    acement
    ?

    Pl
    acementi
    sapr
    ocessofassi
    gni
    ngaspeci
    fi
    cjobt
    oeachoft
    hesel
    ect
    ed
    candi
    dat
    es.I
    tinv
    olv
    esassi
    gni
    ngaspeci
    fi
    crankandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    oan
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    .Iti
    mpl
    i
    es mat
    chi
    ng t
    he r
    equi
    rement
    s of a j
    ob wi
    tht
    he
    qual
    i
    ficat
    ionsoft
    hecandi
    dat
    e. 

    Si
    gni
    fi
    canceofpl
    acement

    Thesi
    gni
    fi
    cancesofpl
    acementar
    easf
    oll
    ows:
    -

    I
    . I
    timpr
    ovesempl
    oyeemor
    ale.

    I
    I. I
    thel
    psi
    nreduci
    ngempl
    oyeet
    urnov
    er.

    I
    II
    . I
    thel
    psi
    nreduci
    ngabsent
    eei
    sm.

    I
    V. I
    thel
    psi
    nreduci
    ngacci
    dentr
    ates.

    V. I
    tav
    oidsmi
    sfi
    tbet
    weent
    hecandi
    dat
    eandt
    hej
    ob.

    VI
    . I
    thel
    pst
    hecandi
    dat
    etowor
    kaspert
    hepr
    edet
    ermi
    nedobj
    ect
    ivesof
    t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Whati
    sinduct
    ion?

    Once an empl
    oyee i
    ssel
    ect
    ed and pl
    aced on an appr
    opr
    iat
    ejob,t
    he

    82
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    pr
    ocessoff
    ami
    l
    iar
    izi
    nghi
    m wi
    tht
    hej
    obandt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    sknownas
    i
    nduct
    ion.

    I
    nduct
    ioni
    sthepr
    ocessofr
    ecei
    vi
    ngandwel
    comi
    nganempl
    oyeewhenhe
    f
    ir
    stj
    oinst
    hecompanyandgi
    vi
    nghi
    m basi
    cinf
    ormat
    ionheneedst
    oset
    tl
    e
    downqui
    ckl
    yandhappi
    l
    yandst
    arswor
    k. 

    Obj
    ect
    ivesofi
    nduct
    ion

    I
    nduct
    ioni
    sdesi
    gnedt
    oachi
    evef
    oll
    owi
    ngobj
    ect
    ives:
    -

    I
    . Tohel
    pthenew comert
    oov
    ercomehi
    sshy
    nessandov
    ercomehi
    s
    shy
    nessner
    vousnessi
    nmeet
    ingnewpeopl
    einanewenv
    ironment
    .

    I
    I. Togi
    venewcomernecessar
    yinf
    ormat
    ionsuchasl
    ocat
    ionofacaf
    é,
    r
    estper
    iodet
    c.

    I
    II
    . Tobui
    l
    dnewempl
    oyeeconf
    idencei
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    V. I
    thel
    psi
    nreduci
    ngl
    abort
    urnov
    erandabsent
    eei
    sm.

    V. I
    treduces conf
    usi
    on and dev
    elops heal
    thy r
    elat
    ions i
    n t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    VI
    . Toensur
    ethatt
    henew comerdonotf
    ormf
    alsei
    mpr
    essi
    onand
    negat
    iveat
    ti
    tudet
    owar
    dst
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    VI
    I. Todev
    elopamongt
    henewcomerasenseofbel
    ongi
    ngandl
    oyal
    tyt
    o

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    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Adv
    ant
    agesoff
    ormali
    nduct
    ion

    Theadv
    ant
    agesoff
    ormal
    induct
    ionar
    e:-

    I
    . I
    nduct
    ionhel
    pst
    obui
    l
    dupat
    wo-
    waychannelofcommuni
    cat
    ion
    bet
    weenmanagementandwor
    ker
    s.

    I
    I. Pr
    operi
    nduct
    ionf
    aci
    l
    itat
    esi
    nfor
    malr
    elat
    ionandt
    eam wor
    kamong
    empl
    oyee.

    I
    II
    . Ef
    fect
    ivei
    nduct
    ion hel
    pst
    oint
    egr
    atet
    henew empl
    oyeei
    ntot
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionandt
    odev
    elopasenseofbel
    ongi
    ng.

    I
    V. I
    nduct
    ionhel
    pst
    odev
    elopgoodr
    elat
    ion.

    V. A f
    ormali
    nduct
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammepr
    ovest
    hatt
    hecompanyi
    staki
    ng
    i
    nter
    esti
    nget
    ti
    nghi
    m of
    ftogoodst
    art
    .

    VI
    . Pr
    operi
    nduct
    ion r
    educes empl
    oyee gr
    iev
    ances,absent
    eei
    sm and
    l
    abort
    urnov
    er.

    VI
    I. I
    nduct
    ion i
    s hel
    pful i
    n suppl
    yi
    ng i
    nfor
    mat
    ion concer
    ning t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion,
    thej
    obandempl
    oyeewel
    far
    efaci
    l
    iti
    es.

    Cont
    ent
    sofi
    nduct
    ionpr
    ogr
    amme

    Af
    ormal
    induct
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammeshoul
    dpr
    ovi
    def
    oll
    owi
    ngi
    nfor
    mat
    ion:
    -

    84
    Chander
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    . Br
    iefhi
    stor
    yandoper
    ati
    onsoft
    hecompany
    .

    I
    I. Thecompany
    ’sor
    gani
    zat
    ionst
    ruct
    ure.

    I
    II
    . Pol
    i
    ciesandpr
    ocedur
    eoft
    hecompany
    .

    I
    V. Pr
    oduct
    sandser
    vicesoft
    hecompany
    .

    V. Locat
    ionofdepar
    tmentandempl
    oyeef
    aci
    l
    iti
    es.

    VI
    . Saf
    etymeasur
    es.

    VI
    I. Gr
    iev
    ancespr
    ocedur
    es.

    VI
    II
    . Benef
    it
    sandser
    vicesofempl
    oyee.

    I
    X. St
    andi
    ngor
    der
    sanddi
    sci
    pli
    nar
    ypr
    ocedur
    es.

    X. Oppor
    tuni
    ti
    esf
    ort
    rai
    ning,
    promot
    ions,
    transf
    eret
    c.

    XI
    . Suggest
    ionschemes.

    XI
    I. Rul
    esandr
    egul
    ati
    ons.

    JobChanges

     
    Mobi
    l
    ityofempl
    oyeesf
    rom onej
    obt
    oanot
    hert
    hrought
    ransf
    er,
    promot
    ion
    and demot
    ion i
    sint
    ernalmobi
    l
    ity and some empl
    oyees l
    eav
    ethe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion due t
    oresi
    gnat
    ion,r
    eti
    rementand t
    ermi
    nat
    ion i
    s cal
    l
    ed
    ext
    ernal
    mobi
    l
    ity
    .Taki
    ngi
    nter
    nal
    andext
    ernal
    toget
    hermakesj
    obchange.
     

    85
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    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Whyj
    obchangesemer
    ge?
    Mobi
    l
    ityandf
    lexi
    bil
    i
    tyi
    nthewor
    kfor
    cear
    enecessar
    ytocopewi
    tht
    he
    changi
    ngr
    equi
    rementofanor
    gani
    zat
    ion.Thesechangesemer
    geoutof
    :-
    *Changesi
    nthest
    ruct
    ureoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    nvol
    vi
    ngj
    obr
    edesi
    gn,
    job
    r
    egr
    oupi
    nget
    c.
    *Changesi
    ntechnol
    ogy
    .
    *Changesi
    npol
    i
    tical
    env
    ironment
    .
    *Changesi
    nlegal
    pol
    i
    cies.
    *Fl
    uct
    uat
    ioni
    nvol
    umeofwor
    kduet
    oexpansi
    on,
    div
    ersi
    fi
    cat
    ionet
    c.
    *Changesi
    ndemandoft
    radeuni
    on.
    *Changesi
    ntheknowl
    edge,
    ski
    l
    lsandv
    aluesofempl
    oyees.

    Whatar
    ethepur
    posesofj
    obchange?
    Jobchangesser
    vef
    oll
    owi
    ngusef
    ulpur
    poses:
    -
    *Tomaxi
    mizeempl
    oyeeef
    fi
    ciency
    .
    *Toi
    mpr
    oveor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    eff
    ect
    iveness.
    *Toensur
    edi
    sci
    pli
    ne.
    *Tocopewi
    thchangesi
    noper
    ati
    ons.

    Tr
    ansf
    er

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:

    86
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    At
    ransf
    err
    efer
    stol
    ater
    almov
    ementofempl
    oyeeswi
    thi
    nthesamegr
    ade,
    f
    rom onej
    obt
    oanot
    her
    .Accor
    dingt
    oFl
    i
    ppo“
    atr
    ansf
    eri
    sachangei
    nthe
    j
    ob(
    accompani
    edbyachangei
    nthepl
    aceoft
    hej
    ob)ofanempl
    oyee
    wi
    thoutachangei
    nresponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesorr
    emuner
    ati
    on”
    .

    Tr
    ansf
    erdi
    ff
    ersf
    rom pr
    omot
    ioni
    nthesenset
    hatt
    hel
    att
    eri
    nvol
    vesa
    change of j
    ob i
    nvol
    vi
    ng i
    ncr
    ease i
    n sal
    ary
    ,aut
    hor
    it
    y,st
    atus and
    r
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ty,whi
    l
    eal
    ltheser
    emai
    nunchanged/
    stagnanti
    nthecaseof
    f
    ormer
    .Al
    so,t
    ransf
    ersar
    efr
    equentandr
    egul
    arwher
    easpr
    omot
    ionsar
    e
    i
    nfr
    equent
    ,ifnoti
    rr
    egul
    ar.

    Tr
    ansf
    ermaybe i
    nit
    iat
    ed ei
    therbyt
    he companyort
    he empl
    oyee.I
    n
    pr
    act
    ice,t
    hecompanymayt
    ransf
    ert
    heempl
    oyeet
    othepl
    acewher
    e
    he/
    she can pr
    ove mor
    e usef
    uland ef
    fect
    ive.Si
    mil
    arl
    y,empl
    oyee may
    i
    nit
    iat
    etr
    ansf
    ert
    oal
    ocat
    ion wher
    e he/
    she i
    sli
    kel
    yto enj
    oygr
    eat
    er
    sat
    isf
    act
    ion.

    Tr
    ansf
    ercoul
    dbeper
    manent
    ,tempor
    aryoradhoct
    omeetemer
    genci
    es.
    Usual
    l
    y,per
    manentt
    ransf
    ersar
    emadeduet
    ochangesi
    nwor
    kloador
    deat
    h,r
    eti
    rement
    ,resi
    gnat
    ion,et
    c.of some empl
    oyee.As r
    egar
    ds
    t
    empor
    aryt
    ransf
    er,i
    tar
    isesmai
    nlyduet
    oil
    lheal
    th,absent
    eei
    sm,et
    c.of
    someempl
    oyee.

    Tr
    ansf
    erdeci
    sionsmaybeper
    cei
    vedasnegat
    iveorposi
    ti
    vedependi
    ng
    upon an i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    s per
    sonalpr
    efer
    ences,needs and aspi
    rat
    ions.For
    87
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    exampl
    e,anor
    gani
    sat
    ionmayconsi
    dert
    ransf
    erf
    rom Guwahat
    iregi
    onal
    of
    fi
    cet
    oDel
    hi-
    headof
    fi
    ceasposi
    ti
    veandr
    ewar
    dbecausei
    twi
    l
    lenabl
    ethe
    empl
    oyeet
    o br
    oaden hi
    s/herknowl
    edgeand wor
    kexper
    ience.On t
    he
    cont
    rar
    y,t
    heempl
    oyeemayl
    ookdownuponi
    tasi
    tbr
    eakst
    ieswi
    thhi
    s
    peopl
    eandcommuni
    tyi
    nGuwahat
    i.

    Somet
    imes,t
    ransf
    ers ar
    e used as an i
    nst
    rumentf
    orv
    ict
    imi
    zi
    ng t
    he
    empl
    oyees by management
    . Real
    i
    zing i
    t,pr
    ovi
    sions ar
    e made by
    const
    it
    uti
    ng l
    abour cour
    tst
    o set asi
    de t
    ransf
    er or
    der
    s pr
    oved as
    managementst
    rat
    egyt
    ovi
    cti
    mizeempl
    oyees.I
    nor
    dert
    omaket
    ransf
    ers
    usef
    ulf
    orempl
    oyeeand t
    hecompany
    ,someor
    gani
    sat
    ionshav
    ecl
    ear
    agr
    eement
    swi
    tht
    radeuni
    onsf
    ort
    het
    ransf
    erofuni
    oni
    zedst
    affespeci
    all
    y
    onpr
    omot
    ions.

    Ther
    e ar
    e some publ
    i
    c sect
    oror
    gani
    sat
    ions l
    i
    ke Mi
    ner
    als and Met
    als
    Tr
    adi
    ng Cor
    por
    ati
    on (
    MMTC)who hav
    e ent
    ered i
    nto agr
    eement
    s,wi
    th
    empl
    oyeesf
    orcr
    eat
    ingt
    wocadr
    esofof
    fi
    cer
    s,namel
    y.LocalOf
    fi
    cer
    sand
    Al
    lIndi
    aOf
    fi
    cer
    swher
    einpr
    omot
    ionst
    oandwi
    thi
    nthef
    ormerar
    eless
    accel
    erat
    edt
    hani
    nthel
    att
    er,
    butdonotent
    ail
    transf
    er.

    Need:
    Theneedf
    ormaki
    ngt
    ransf
    eri
    slef
    tforv
    ari
    ousr
    easonsasl
    i
    sted
    bel
    ow:

    1.
     ToMeetOr
    gani
    sat
    ional
    Needs:

    88
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Changesi
    ntechnol
    ogy
    ,vol
    umeofpr
    oduct
    ion,
    product
    ionschedul
    e,pr
    oduct
    l
    i
    ne,qual
    i
    ty ofpr
    oduct
    s,or
    gani
    sat
    ionalst
    ruct
    ure,et
    c.necessi
    tat
    e an
    or
    gani
    sat
    iont
    oreassi
    gnj
    obsamongempl
    oyeessot
    hatr
    ightempl
    oyeei
    s
    pl
    acedont
    her
    ightj
    ob.

    2.
     ToSat
    isf
    yEmpl
    oyeeNeeds:

    Empl
    oyeesmayr
    equestf
    ort
    ransf
    eri
    nor
    dert
    osat
    isf
    ythei
    rdesi
    ret
    owor
    k
    i
    n a par
    ti
    cul
    ardepar
    tment
    ,pl
    ace and undersome super
    ior
    .Per
    sonal
    pr
    obl
    emsofempl
    oyeel
    i
    keheal
    th,f
    ami
    l
    yci
    rcumst
    ances,andi
    nter
    per
    sonal
    conf
    li
    ctsmayal
    sonecessi
    tat
    etr
    ansf
    er.

    3.
     ToBet
    terUt
    il
    izeEmpl
    oyee:

    When an empl
    oyee i
    s notper
    for
    ming sat
    isf
    act
    ori
    l
    y on one j
    ob and
    managementt
    hinks t
    hathi
    s/hercapabi
    l
    iti
    es woul
    d be ut
    il
    ized bet
    ter
    el
    sewher
    e,he/
    shemaybet
    ransf
    err
    edt
    oot
    herj
    ob.

    4.
     ToMaket
    heEmpl
    oyeeMor
    eVer
    sat
    il
    e:

    I
    nsomeor
    gani
    sat
    ionsl
    i
    kebanks,empl
    oyeesaf
    terwor
    kingonaj
    obf
    ora
    speci
    fi
    edper
    iodar
    etr
    ansf
    err
    edt
    oot
    herj
    obwi
    thav
    iew t
    owi
    dent
    hei
    r
    knowl
    edgeandski
    l
    landal
    sor
    educemonot
    ony
    .Thi
    sisal
    socal
    l
    ed‘
    j
    ob
    r
    otat
    ion.

    5.
     ToAdj
    ustt
    heWor
    kfor
    ce:

    89
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    udi
    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Wor
    kfor
    cecanbet
    ransf
    err
    edf
    rom t
    hedepar
    tment
    s/pl
    ant
    swher
    ether
    eis
    l
    esswor
    ktot
    hedepar
    tment
    s/pl
    ant
    swher
    emor
    ewor
    kis.

    6.
     ToPr
    ovi
    deRel
    i
    ef:

    Tr
    ansf
    ers may be made t
    o gi
    ver
    eli
    ef t
    othe empl
    oyees who ar
    e
    ov
    erbur
    denedordoi
    nghazar
    douswor
    kforl
    ongper
    iod.

    7.
     ToPuni
    shEmpl
    oyee:

    Managementmayuset
    ransf
    erasani
    nst
    rumentt
    openal
    i
    zeempl
    oyees
    who ar
    eindul
    ged i
    n undesi
    rabl
    e act
    ivi
    ti
    es.As a di
    sci
    pli
    nar
    y act
    ion,
    empl
    oyeesar
    etr
    ansf
    err
    edt
    oremot
    eandf
    ar-
    fl
    ungar
    eas.

    Seper
    ati
    on

    “
    Separ
    ati
    onofempl
    oyment
    ”ref
    ersbr
    oadl
    ytot
    hepr
    ocessofmanagi
    ngt
    he
    t
    ermi
    nat
    ionofempl
    oyment
    ,whet
    heri
    nvol
    unt
    ary(
    suchasdi
    schar
    ge,l
    ayof
    f,
    pl
    antcl
    osur
    e,di
    sabi
    l
    ityordeat
    h)orv
    olunt
    ary(
    suchasr
    esi
    gnat
    ion,j
    ob
    abandonment or r
    eti
    rement
    ). See 
    What i
    s consi
    der
    ed j
    ob
    abandonment
    ?, 
    Leav
    ingi
    naHuf
    f,and 
    UseandManagementofDownsi
    zi
    ng
    asaCor
    por
    ateSt
    rat
    egy
    .

    Ther
    ear
    enumer
    ousr
    easonsf
    oranor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    ohandl
    eter
    minat
    ionsi
    n
    anet
    hical
    ,rat
    ionalandconsi
    stentf
    ashi
    on.Ter
    minat
    ionaf
    fect
    srecr
    uit
    ing,
    r
    etent
    ion,empl
    oyeer
    elat
    ions,mor
    aleandpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.SeeI
    ntr
    oduct
    iont
    o

    90
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    heHumanResour
    cesDi
    sci
    pli
    neofSt
    aff
    ingManagement
    .

    I
    naddi
    ti
    ont
    othebusi
    nessr
    easonsf
    oref
    fect
    ivet
    ermi
    nat
    ionpr
    act
    ices,
    numer
    ousl
    egalr
    isksar
    isewhenev
    eranempl
    oyerf
    ir
    esanempl
    oyee.Ther
    e
    ar
    edi
    ff
    eri
    ngpr
    act
    icalandl
    egalconsi
    der
    ati
    onsdependi
    ngont
    het
    ypeof
    t
    ermi
    nat
    ion.Dependi
    ngont
    hepar
    ti
    cul
    arci
    rcumst
    ances,anempl
    oyeewho
    i
    sinv
    olunt
    ari
    l
    yter
    minat
    edmayt
    akel
    egalact
    ionagai
    nstt
    heempl
    oyer
    ,
    manager
    sinv
    olv
    ed i
    nthe deci
    sion ort
    he di
    schar
    ged empl
    oyee’
    s co-
    wor
    ker
    s.Ther
    ear
    eapl
    ethor
    aofpot
    ent
    ialcausesofact
    ionagai
    nstt
    he
    empl
    oyeri
    ninv
    olunt
    aryt
    ermi
    nat
    ions,so empl
    oyer
    s shoul
    d pl
    an and
    i
    mpl
    ementt
    heset
    ypesoft
    ermi
    nat
    ionwi
    tht
    heut
    mostcar
    e.See 
    Inv
    olunt
    ary
    Ter
    minat
    ion of Empl
    oyment i
    nthe Uni
    ted St
    ates 
    and 
    Desi
    gni
    ng and
    Admi
    nist
    eri
    ngSev
    erancePayPl
    ans.

    Thepol
    i
    cybel
    owdescr
    ibesv
    ari
    oust
    ypesofsepar
    ati
    onsandset
    sfor
    thout
    -
    pr
    ocessi
    ngpr
    ocedur
    esandar
    ehi
    repol
    i
    cyt
    hatanor
    gani
    zat
    ionmi
    ghtadopt
    .
    Forexampl
    esofpol
    i
    ciesdeal
    i
    ngwi
    thspeci
    fi
    cty
    pesoft
    ermi
    nat
    ions,
    see:

     Resi
    gnat
    ionPol
    i
    cy

     JobAbandonmentPol
    i
    cy

     Lay
    offandRecal
    lPol
    i
    cy

     Reduct
    ioni
    nFor
    ceSel
    ect
    ionandSev
    erancePayPol
    i
    cy

    91
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Separ
    ati
    onofempl
    oymentwi
    thi
    nanor
    gani
    zat
    ioncanoccurf
    orsev
    eral
    di
    ff
    erentr
    easons.Empl
    oymentmay end as a r
    esul
    tofr
    esi
    gnat
    ion,
    r
    eti
    rement
    ,rel
    ease(
    endofseasonorassi
    gnment
    ),r
    educt
    ioni
    nwor
    kfor
    ce
    ort
    ermi
    nat
    ion.Whenanempl
    oyeesepar
    atesf
    rom [
    CompanyName]
    ,hi
    sor
    hersuper
    visormustcont
    actt
    he human r
    esour
    ce (
    HR)depar
    tmentt
    o
    schedul
    eanexi
    tint
    erv
    iew,t
    ypi
    cal
    l
    ytot
    akepl
    aceont
    heempl
    oyee’
    slast
    wor
    kday
    .

    Ty
    pesofSepar
    ati
    on

    Resi
    gnat
    ion

    Resi
    gnat
    ioni
    sav
    olunt
    aryacti
    nit
    iat
    edbyt
    heempl
    oyeet
    oendempl
    oyment
    wi
    th[
    Company Name]
    .Iti
    srequest
    ed t
    hatt
    he empl
    oyee pr
    ovi
    de a
    mi
    nimum oft
    wo weeks’not
    ice pr
    iort
    othe empl
    oyee’
    slastday at
    [
    CompanyName]
    .Ifanempl
    oyeedoesnotpr
    ovi
    deadv
    ancenot
    iceorf
    ail
    s
    t
    oact
    ual
    l
    ywor
    kther
    emai
    ningt
    woweeks,t
    heempl
    oyeewi
    l
    lbei
    nel
    i
    gibl
    e
    f
    orr
    ehi
    reandwi
    l
    lnotr
    ecei
    veaccr
    uedbenef
    it
    s.Ther
    esi
    gnat
    iondat
    emust
    notf
    all
    ont
    hedayaf
    terahol
    i
    day
    .

    Ret
    ir
    ement

    An empl
    oyeewho wi
    shest
    oret
    ir
    emustnot
    if
    yhi
    sorherdepar
    tment
    di
    rect
    orand t
    heHR depar
    tmenti
    n wr
    it
    ing atl
    eastonemont
    h bef
    ore
    pl
    annedr
    eti
    rementdat
    e.

    92
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    tist
    he pr
    act
    ice of[
    Company Name]t
    o gi
    ve speci
    alr
    ecogni
    ti
    on t
    o
    empl
    oyeesatt
    het
    imeoft
    hei
    rret
    ir
    ement
    .Ther
    eci
    pientmustbeempl
    oyed
    wi
    th[
    CompanyName]f
    orf
    ivey
    ear
    stobeel
    i
    gibl
    eforar
    eti
    rementgi
    ft
    .The
    amountpr
    ovi
    dedf
    ort
    hegi
    fti
    s$100pery
    ear
    ,basedont
    heempl
    oyee’
    s
    uni
    nter
    rupt
    edf
    ull
    -t
    imeser
    vice.Thedepar
    tmentdi
    rect
    orshoul
    dcont
    actt
    he
    HRdepar
    tmentt
    opur
    chaseagi
    ftoragi
    ftcar
    d.Depar
    tment
    alf
    undsmay
    notbeusedt
    oaugmentt
    hegi
    ft
    .

    Jobabandonment

    Anempl
    oyeewhof
    ail
    stor
    epor
    ttowor
    korcont
    acthi
    sorhersuper
    visorf
    or
    t
    hreeconsecut
    ivewor
    kday
    swi
    l
    lbeconsi
    der
    edt
    ohav
    eabandonedt
    hej
    ob
    wi
    thoutnot
    ice,ef
    fect
    iveatt
    heendoft
    heempl
    oyee’
    snor
    malshi
    ftont
    he
    t
    hir
    dday
    .Thesuper
    visorshoul
    dnot
    if
    ytheHRdepar
    tmentatt
    heexpi
    rat
    ion
    oft
    he second wor
    kday and i
    nit
    iat
    ethe paper
    wor
    ktot
    ermi
    nat
    ethe
    empl
    oyee.Empl
    oyeeswho ar
    esepar
    atedduet
    ojobabandonmentar
    e
    i
    nel
    i
    gibl
    etor
    ecei
    veaccr
    uedbenef
    it
    sandar
    einel
    i
    gibl
    eforr
    ehi
    re.

    Ter
    minat
    ion

    Empl
    oyeesof[
    CompanyName]ar
    eempl
    oyedonanat
    -wi
    l
    lbasi
    s,andt
    he
    companyr
    etai
    nst
    her
    ightt
    oter
    minat
    eanempl
    oyeeatanyt
    ime.

    Reduct
    ioni
    nwor
    kfor
    ce

    Anempl
    oyeemaybel
    aidof
    fbecauseofchangesi
    ndut
    ies,or
    gani
    zat
    ional

    93
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    changes,
    lackoff
    undsorl
    ackofwor
    k.Empl
    oyeeswhoar
    elai
    dof
    fmaynot
    appeal
    thel
    ayof
    fdeci
    siont
    hrought
    heappeal
    process.

    Rel
    ease

    Rel
    easei
    stheendoft
    empor
    aryorseasonal
    empl
    oyment
    .

    Exi
    tint
    erv
    iew

    Thesepar
    ati
    ngempl
    oyeemustcont
    actt
    heHR depar
    tmentassoonas
    not
    icei
    sgi
    vent
    oschedul
    eanexi
    tint
    erv
    iew.Thei
    nter
    view wi
    l
    lbeont
    he
    empl
    oyee’
    slastdayofwor
    korot
    herday
    ,asmut
    ual
    l
    yagr
    eedon.

    Ter
    minat
    ionofBenef
    it
    s

    Anempl
    oyeesepar
    ati
    ngf
    rom [
    CompanyName]i
    sel
    i
    gibl
    etor
    ecei
    veal
    lof
    t
    hebenef
    it
    sdescr
    ibedbel
    owasr
    equi
    redbyl
    aworasl
    ongast
    heempl
    oyee
    f
    oll
    owst
    hepr
    ocedur
    esdescr
    ibedi
    nthi
    spol
    i
    cy.

    94
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Uni
    t:2

    TRAI
    NINGANDDEVELOPMENT

    Meani
    ngofTr
    aini
    ng:

    “
    Trai
    ning r
    efer
    stot
    he pr
    ocess ofeducat
    ing and dev
    elopi
    ng sel
    ect
    ed
    empl
    oyees so t
    hat t
    hey hav
    ethe knowl
    edge,ski
    l
    ls,at
    ti
    tudes and
    under
    standi
    ngneededt
    omanagei
    nfut
    ureposi
    ti
    on.
    ”

    Tr
    aini
    ngasdef
    inedbysomeexper
    tsoft
    hemanagementas:

    I
    nthewor
    dsofDal
    e,I
    .Beach,
    “Tr
    aini
    ngi
    stheor
    gani
    sedpr
    ocedur
    einwhi
    ch
    95
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    peopl
    elear
    nknowl
    edgeand/
    orski
    l
    lfordef
    ini
    tepur
    pose.
    ”

    Accor
    dingt
    oJuci
    us,
     
    “Thet
    ermt
    rai
    ningi
    susedher
    etoi
    ndi
    cat
    eonl
    ythe
    pr
    ocessbywhi
    cht
    heapt
    it
    udes,ski
    l
    landabi
    l
    ityofempl
    oyeet
    oper
    for
    m
    speci
    fi
    cjobsi
    sincr
    eased.
    ”

    Edwi
    nB.Fl
    i
    ppodef
    ined,“
    Trai
    ningi
    stheactofi
    ncr
    easi
    ngt
    heknowl
    edge
    andski
    l
    lofanempl
    oyeef
    ordoi
    ngapar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    ob.
    ”Iti
    sashor
    t-
    ter
    m
    pr
    ocessut
    il
    izi
    ng asy
    stemat
    icandor
    gani
    zed pr
    ocedur
    ebywhi
    chnon-
    manager
    ialper
    sonnell
    ear
    ntechni
    calknowl
    edgeandski
    l
    lsf
    oradef
    ini
    te
    pur
    pose.

    Needf
    orTr
    aini
    ng:

    Ev
    eryor
    gani
    zat
    ionshoul
    dpr
    ovi
    det
    rai
    ningt
    oal
    ltheempl
    oyeesi
    rr
    espect
    ive
    oft
    hei
    rqual
    i
    ficat
    ionsandski
    l
    ls.

    Speci
    fi
    cal
    l
    ytheneedf
    ort
    rai
    ningar
    isesbecauseoff
    oll
    owi
    ngr
    easons:

    1.Env
    ironment
    alchanges:

    Mechani
    zat
    ion,comput
    eri
    zat
    ion,andaut
    omat
    ionhav
    eresul
    tedi
    nmany
    changes t
    hat r
    equi
    re t
    rai
    ned st
    aff possessi
    ng enough ski
    l
    ls. The
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionshoul
    dtr
    aint
    heempl
    oyeest
    oenr
    icht
    hem wi
    tht
    hel
    atest
    t
    echnol
    ogyandknowl
    edge.

    2.Or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    compl
    exi
    ty:

    96
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Wi
    thmoder
    ninv
    ent
    ions,t
    echnol
    ogi
    calupgr
    adat
    ion,and di
    ver
    ¬si
    fi
    cat
    ion
    mostoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionshav
    ebecomev
    erycompl
    ex.Thi
    shasaggr
    avat
    ed
    t
    hepr
    obl
    emsofcoor
    dinat
    ion.So,
    inor
    dert
    ocopeupwi
    tht
    hecompl
    exi
    ti
    es,
    t
    rai
    ninghasbecomemandat
    ory
    .

    3.Humanr
    elat
    ions:

    Ev
    erymanagementhast
    omai
    ntai
    nver
    ygoodhumanr
    elat
    ions,andt
    his
    hasmadet
    rai
    ningasoneoft
    hebasi
    ccondi
    ti
    onst
    odealwi
    thhuman
    pr
    obl
    ems.

    4.To mat
    ch empl
    oyee speci
    fi
    cat
    ions wi
    tht
    he j
    ob r
    equi
    rement
    s and
    or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    needs:

    Anempl
    oyee’
    sspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionmaynotexact
    lysui
    ttot
    her
    equi
    rement
    soft
    he
    j
    obandt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion,
    irr
    espect
    iveofpastexper
    ienceandski
    l
    ls.Ther
    eis
    al
    way
    s a gap bet
    ween an empl
    oyee’
    s pr
    esentspeci
    fi
    cat
    ions and t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    srequi
    rement
    s.Forf
    il
    li
    ngt
    hisgapt
    rai
    ningi
    srequi
    red.

    5.Changei
    nthej
    obassi
    gnment
    :

    Tr
    aini
    ngi
    sal
    sonecessar
    ywhent
    heexi
    sti
    ngempl
    oyeei
    spr
    o¬mot
    edt
    othe
    hi
    gherl
    evelort
    ransf
    err
    edt
    oanot
    herdepar
    tment
    .Tr
    aini
    ngi
    sal
    sor
    equi
    red
    t
    oequi
    ptheol
    dempl
    oyeeswi
    thnewt
    echni
    quesandt
    echnol
    ogi
    es.

    I
    mpor
    tanceofTr
    aini
    ng:

    97
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Thei
    mpor
    tanceoft
    rai
    ningi
    semphasi
    zedbyt
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngf
    act
    ors:

    1.I
    ncr
    easedPr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty:

    I
    timpr
    oves per
    for
    mance.Bet
    terski
    l
    led wor
    ker
    sincr
    ease quant
    it
    yand
    i
    mpr
    ovequal
    i
    tyofout
    put
    .Wast
    agesar
    ereduced.I
    treducest
    hel
    ear
    ning
    t
    imewi
    tht
    her
    esul
    tantpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.

    2.I
    mpr
    ovementi
    nEmpl
    oyeeMor
    ale:

    Tr
    aini
    ngi
    mpr
    ovesneededski
    l
    ls,
    whi
    chbui
    l
    dupconf
    idenceandsat
    isf
    act
    ion.
    Thi
    s,i
    ntur
    n,dev
    elopsent
    husi
    asm andpr
    ide,whi
    char
    eindi
    cat
    iveofhi
    gh
    mor
    ale.

    3.Bet
    terSaf
    ety
    :

    Mor
    eacci
    dent
    sar
    ecausedbydef
    ici
    enci
    esi
    npeopl
    ethanbydef
    ici
    enci
    esi
    n
    equi
    pmentand wor
    king condi
    ti
    on.Pr
    opert
    rai
    ning wi
    themphasi
    supon
    sel
    ect
    edsaf
    etypoi
    ntsr
    educesacci
    dent
    s.

    4.ReducedSuper
    visi
    on:

    Unt
    rai
    ned per
    sonnelar
    easour
    ceofconst
    antwor
    ryt
    othei
    mmedi
    ate
    super
    visor
    .Onceheacqui
    rest
    her
    equi
    sit
    eski
    l
    lhei
    sent
    it
    ledt
    olessercl
    ose
    super
    visi
    on.

    5.Per
    sonal
    Growt
    h:

    98
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Thet
    rai
    ningpr
    ogr
    ammesgi
    vet
    hepar
    ti
    cipant
    sawi
    derawar
    eness,asense
    ofsel
    f-
    sat
    isf
    act
    ionandf
    ulf
    il
    ment
    ,anenl
    i
    ght
    enedphi
    l
    osophyandav
    alue
    sy
    stem t
    hatar
    etheapext
    otheper
    sonal
    growt
    h.

    6.Ensur
    ebet
    terPl
    acement
    :

    Tr
    aini
    nghel
    psi
    nspot
    ti
    ngoutpr
    omi
    singmenandi
    nlocat
    ingmi
    stakesi
    n
    sel
    ect
    ion. Pr
    omi
    sing t
    rai
    nee wi
    l
    l be di
    scov
    ered f
    rom hi
    s qui
    ck
    under
    standi
    ngofi
    nst
    ruct
    ions.

    7.Or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    Stabi
    l
    ity
    :

    Tr
    aini
    nganddev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammesf
    ost
    ert
    hei
    nit
    iat
    iveandcr
    eat
    ivi
    tyof
    empl
    oyees,whi
    ch i
    ncr
    eases a sense of bel
    ongi
    ng,t
    hus pr
    event
    ing
    manpowerobsol
    escence.Ther
    eisnogr
    eat
    eror
    gani
    zat
    ionalassett
    han
    t
    hatoft
    rai
    nedandmot
    ivat
    edper
    sonnel
    .

    Ty
    pesofTr
    ai
    ni
    ng

    I
    nduct
    ion orOr
    ient
    ati
    on Tr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Int
    roduci
    ng a new empl
    oyee t
    othe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion’
    s env
    ironmentcompr
    isi
    ng ofa day t
    o day f
    unct
    ioni
    ng,
    pr
    oduct
    s,ser
    vices,r
    ules and r
    egul
    ati
    ons ar
    eter
    med as I
    nduct
    ion or
    or
    ient
    ati
    on t
    rai
    ning.The pur
    pose ofsuch t
    rai
    ning i
    stor
    educe t
    he
    ner
    vousnessofanew j
    oinee,bymaki
    nghi
    m accust
    om t
    othewor
    king
    env
    ironment
    .I
    tisal
    socal
    l
    edasanor
    ient
    ati
    ont
    rai
    ning,whi
    chmeansgi
    vi
    ng
    af
    airi
    deat
    othenew empl
    oyeeabout
    ,whathei
    ssupposedt
    odoi
    nthe

    99
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    JobTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Thi
    str
    aini
    ngi
    sjobspeci
    fi
    candi
    sgi
    vent
    otheempl
    oyeewho
    hast
    oper
    for
    mthatj
    ob.Undert
    hist
    rai
    ning,t
    hei
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutt
    he
    machi
    ne,t
    he pr
    ocess ofpr
    oduct
    ion,met
    hods t
    o be used,t
    he saf
    ety
    measur
    est
    obeunder
    taken,et
    c.ar
    eexpl
    ained.
    Thr
    ought
    hist
    rai
    ning,t
    he
    empl
    oyeedev
    elopst
    heconf
    idenceandt
    henecessar
    yski
    l
    ls,t
    hatenabl
    es
    hi
    mtoper
    for
    m hi
    sjobef
    fect
    ivel
    yandef
    fi
    cient
    ly.

    Saf
    etyTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Thesaf
    etyt
    rai
    ningi
    sgi
    vent
    otheempl
    oyeessoast
    o
    mi
    nimi
    zet
    henumberofacci
    dent
    scausedduet
    othehandl
    i
    ngofmachi
    nes
    orot
    herequi
    pment
    .Undert
    hist
    rai
    ning,
    theempl
    oyeesar
    egi
    vent
    hesaf
    ety
    i
    nst
    ruct
    ionsont
    heusageofmachi
    ner
    yandt
    heot
    herdanger
    ousdev
    ices.

    Appr
    ent
    iceshi
    pTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Undert
    hist
    rai
    ning,
    thewor
    kerear
    nswhi
    l
    elear
    ning.
    Thi
    str
    aini
    ngi
    sgener
    all
    ygi
    vent
    othet
    echni
    calst
    aff
    ,cr
    aft
    smen,pl
    umber
    ,
    et
    c.whoar
    erequi
    redt
    owor
    kundert
    hesuper
    iorf
    orar
    elat
    ivel
    ylonger
    per
    iod,
    unt
    ilhegai
    nst
    heexper
    ti
    sei
    nthatpar
    ti
    cul
    arf
    iel
    d.

    I
    nter
    nshi
    pTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Undert
    hist
    ype,
    theeducat
    ionalorv
    ocat
    ionali
    nst
    it
    utes
    hav
    ean ar
    rangementwi
    tht
    hei
    ndust
    ri
    ali
    nst
    it
    utest
    o pr
    ovi
    depr
    act
    ical
    knowl
    edget
    oit
    sst
    udent
    s.Somet
    imes,t
    hecompani
    esal
    soof
    fert
    hepr
    e-
    pl
    acementof
    fer
    stot
    het
    rai
    neesont
    hebasi
    soft
    hei
    rper
    for
    mancedur
    ing
    t
    hei
    rint
    ernshi
    ppr
    ogr
    am.

    100
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Ref
    resherTr
    aini
    ngorRet
    rai
    ning:
     
    Ast
    henamei
    mpl
    i
    es,t
    her
    etr
    aini
    ngor
    r
    efr
    eshert
    rai
    ning i
    s gi
    ven t
    othe ol
    d empl
    oyees wi
    tht
    he pur
    pose of
    i
    mpr
    ovi
    ngt
    hei
    ref
    fi
    cienci
    es.Theyar
    eint
    roducedt
    othenew met
    hodsand
    t
    echnol
    ogi
    est
    hatwoul
    dresul
    tint
    hei
    ncr
    easedpr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyandr
    educes
    t
    hemonot
    onyi
    nthei
    rdai
    l
    ywor
    k.

    Pr
    omot
    ionalTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Thi
    str
    aini
    ngi
    sgi
    vent
    othepot
    ent
    ialempl
    oyees,
    who
    can be pr
    omot
    ed t
    othe seni
    or posi
    ti
    on i
    nthe or
    gani
    zat
    ion.The
    pr
    omot
    ional t
    rai
    ning i
    s gi
    ven i
    n adv
    ance so t
    hat empl
    oyee get
    s
    accust
    omedt
    othenewr
    olesandr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesanddonotgetner
    vousat
    t
    het
    imeofpr
    omot
    ion.

    Remedi
    alTr
    aini
    ng:
     
    Thi
    str
    aini
    ng i
    s gi
    ven i
    n or
    der t
    o ov
    ercome t
    he
    shor
    tcomi
    ngsi
    nthebehav
    iorandper
    for
    manceofol
    dempl
    oyees.Duet
    o
    t
    hei
    nvent
    ionoft
    echnol
    ogy
    ,theempl
    oyeesmayr
    esi
    stt
    oacceptt
    hechange
    andcauseadi
    stur
    bancei
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.
    Ther
    efor
    e,sucht
    rai
    ningi
    s
    gi
    vent
    omaket
    hem under
    standt
    hei
    mpor
    tanceofchangeandi
    tsnecessi
    ty
    i
    nthe oper
    ati
    ons ofbusi
    ness.Thi
    str
    aini
    ng i
    s gener
    all
    ygi
    ven byt
    he
    psy
    chol
    ogi
    cal
    exper
    t.

    Thus,di
    ff
    erentki
    ndsoft
    rai
    ningar
    eimpar
    tedt
    otheempl
    oyeesdependi
    ng
    ont
    hei
    rjobposi
    ti
    onandt
    heski
    l
    lsr
    equi
    redt
    oper
    for
    m apar
    ti
    cul
    arki
    ndofa
    t
    ask.

    Met
    hodsofTr
    aini
    ng:
    101
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Ther
    ear
    evar
    iousmet
    hodsoft
    rai
    ning.Thechoi
    ceofanyoft
    hemet
    hods
    dependsuponsev
    eralf
    act
    orsl
    i
    kecostoft
    rai
    ning,numberofwor
    ker
    s,
    dept
    hknowl
    edger
    equi
    red,backgr
    oundoft
    het
    rai
    nees,pur
    poseoft
    rai
    ning
    andsoon.

    1.On-
    The-
    JobTr
    aini
    ng:

    Ont
    hej
    obt
    rai
    ningi
    sconcer
    nedwi
    thdev
    elopi
    ngempl
    oyeesi
    nthepr
    esent
    j
    ob.I
    tinv
    olv
    esassi
    gnmentoft
    henew empl
    oyeet
    oaspeci
    fi
    cjobata
    machi
    neorwor
    kpl
    acei
    ntheshop,of
    fi
    ce,orl
    abor
    ator
    y.Thewor
    keri
    s
    t
    rai
    nedwhi
    l
    ehei
    sengagedi
    nthewor
    kbyut
    il
    izi
    ngt
    heact
    ual
    wor
    ksi
    tuat
    ion
    f
    ort
    hepur
    pose.

    Hei
    str
    ainedbyanexper
    iencedempl
    oyee,
    speci
    ali
    nst
    ruct
    ororhi
    ssuper
    ior
    .
    Wi
    thcompet
    enti
    nst
    ruct
    ors,
    thi
    sty
    peoft
    rai
    ningmaybemostef
    fect
    ive,
    for
    r
    api
    dtr
    aini
    ngofl
    argenumberofunski
    l
    ledandsemi
    -ski
    l
    ledwor
    ker
    s.I
    tisa

    102
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    si
    mpl
    emet
    hod,si
    ncet
    her
    eisnodi
    vi
    sionofr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tybet
    weent
    he
    t
    rai
    ningdepar
    tmentandt
    hel
    i
    nesuper
    visor
    s.

    a.Vest
    ibul
    eTr
    aini
    ng:

    New wor
    ker
    s ar
    etr
    ained f
    orspeci
    fi
    cjobs and speci
    almachi
    nes or
    equi
    pmentar
    epr
    ovi
    dedi
    nasepar
    atel
    ocat
    ion,neart
    heact
    ualpl
    aceof
    wor
    kunderpr
    act
    icalwor
    ksi
    tuat
    ion.Her
    emor
    eemphasi
    sisont
    eachi
    ng
    t
    hebestmet
    hodt
    hanonpr
    oduct
    ion.Tr
    aineeshav
    eanoppor
    tuni
    tyt
    oget
    accust
    omedt
    owor
    krout
    ineandr
    ecov
    erf
    rom t
    hei
    rini
    ti
    alner
    vousness
    bef
    oregoi
    ngont
    otheact
    ual
    job.

    b.Appr
    ent
    iceshi
    pTr
    aini
    ng:

    Thi
    smet
    hodi
    sfol
    l
    owedi
    nthoset
    rades,
    craf
    tsandt
    echni
    cal
    fiel
    dsi
    nwhi
    ch
    l
    ong per
    iod i
    srequi
    red f
    orgai
    ning pr
    ofi
    ciency
    .Itai
    ms atpr
    ovi
    ding
    necessar
    ybackgr
    ound,pr
    act
    icalknowl
    edgeandnecessar
    yexper
    iencet
    o
    t
    hewor
    ker
    .

    I
    tcombi
    nescl
    assr
    oom i
    nst
    ruct
    ions,
    demonst
    rat
    ionsandon-
    the-
    jobt
    rai
    ning.
    At
    rai
    neehast
    owor
    kindi
    rectassoci
    ati
    onandundert
    hedi
    rectsuper
    visi
    on
    ofhi
    smast
    ers.Lear
    ningi
    sbyi
    mit
    ati
    onandexper
    ience.

    c.Coachi
    ngTr
    aini
    ngbySuper
    visor
    s:

    Thef
    reshempl
    oyeei
    str
    ainedbyt
    hesuper
    visor
    ,whof
    ami
    l
    iar
    iseshi
    m wi
    th

    103
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    he i
    nputand out
    put
    s oft
    he wor
    k and t
    echni
    ques ofoper
    ati
    on of
    equi
    pmentet
    c.The super
    visorgui
    des and i
    nst
    ruct
    s orsuper
    vise t
    he
    empl
    oyee,
    whenev
    erneeded.

    Theempl
    oyeehasal
    so oppor
    tuni
    tyofr
    emai
    ning doubt
    s.Themet
    hod
    dev
    elopsgoodr
    elat
    ionshi
    pbet
    weenwor
    kerandsuper
    visor
    .Themet
    hod
    pr
    ovet
    obei
    nef
    fect
    ive,i
    fthesuper
    visori
    sincompet
    entanddoesnott
    ake
    i
    nter
    esti
    nthet
    rai
    ning.

    d.Or
    ient
    ati
    onorI
    nduct
    ionMet
    hod:

    Thet
    rai
    ningi
    simpar
    tedbyacompet
    entandexper
    iencedexecut
    ive,who
    pr
    ovi
    desknowl
    edge aboutt
    he wor
    k;t
    ool
    s,equi
    pment
    ,techni
    quesand
    si
    tuat
    ionalpr
    obl
    ems.Theobj
    ectoft
    het
    rai
    ningi
    stomaket
    heempl
    oyee
    awar
    eandbel
    i
    evei
    nthei
    deol
    ogi
    esoft
    hewor
    king.

    e.UnderSt
    udyMet
    hod:

    I
    tisanot
    hermet
    hodof‘
    ont
    hej
    obt
    rai
    ning.
    ’Undert
    hismet
    hod,t
    hewor
    ker
    ort
    henew empl
    oyeei
    simpar
    tedt
    rai
    ningbyseni
    orandexper
    ienced.The
    met
    hodt
    eachesmot
    ivat
    ion,
    becauset
    heempl
    oyeehast
    ocont
    inuet
    rai
    ning
    f
    oral
    ongper
    iod.

    f
    .JobRot
    ati
    onMet
    hod:

    I
    tisbr
    oad-
    basedt
    rai
    ning,
    wher
    eint
    heempl
    oyeehast
    orot
    atef
    rom onej
    ob

    104
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    oot
    her
    ,fr
    om onedepar
    tmentt
    oot
    herdepar
    tment
    ,fr
    om ar
    ewor
    ktoot
    her
    wor
    k,orf
    rom onesect
    iont
    o ot
    hersect
    ion,so t
    hathemayl
    ear
    nthe
    wor
    kingofv
    ari
    ousdepar
    tment
    s.

    g.Assi
    stancet
    oTr
    aini
    ngMet
    hod:

    Undert
    hismet
    hodt
    het
    rai
    neei
    spl
    acedasanassi
    stantt
    otheseni
    or
    execut
    iveoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.I
    tear
    li
    erst
    age,t
    heseni
    orexecut
    ivet
    rai
    ns
    hi
    m wi
    tht
    hewor
    kingj
    obsandgui
    deshi
    mtoper
    for
    mthej
    ob.Fi
    nal
    l
    y,he
    dev
    elopshi
    shandl
    i
    ngoft
    hej
    oboft
    heseni
    orexecut
    ivei
    nhi
    sabsence.

    h.Teachi
    ngMachi
    neMet
    hod:

    Undert
    his,met
    hodsl
    i
    desandt
    apesr
    egar
    dingwor
    kar
    epr
    epar
    ed.Wor
    ker
    s
    ar
    eshownpi
    ctur
    esandt
    oldt
    her
    ightt
    echni
    queofoper
    ati
    ngequi
    pment
    s.I
    f
    anypr
    ocessi
    stough,
    itmaybecont
    inuedef
    fect
    ivel
    y.

    Sy
    stemsofOn-
    The-
    JobTr
    aini
    ng:

    Undert
    hismet
    hodf
    oll
    owi
    ngsy
    stemsmaybei
    ncl
    uded:

    (
    i)Tr
    aini
    ngbySuper
    visor
    :

    Super
    visori
    n-char
    gei
    sresponsi
    blef
    ort
    het
    rai
    ningt
    otheoper
    ati
    vest
    aff
    undert
    hissy
    stem.Thesuper
    visorsuper
    visesandi
    nst
    ruct
    stheempl
    oyee
    whi
    l
    eonwor
    k.Somet
    imes,hedemonst
    rat
    est
    hesy
    stem ofwor
    kingt
    othe
    empl
    oyee.I
    tenabl
    est
    hesuper
    visorandt
    heempl
    oyeet
    ounder
    standeach

    105
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    ot
    herbet
    ter
    .

    (
    ii
    )Under
    -St
    udySy
    stem:

    Undert
    hissy
    stem,seni
    orandexper
    iencedwor
    kmani
    sassi
    gnedt
    hej
    obof
    t
    eachi
    ngt
    henew empl
    oyeeashi
    sunder
    -st
    udy
    .Thet
    rai
    neeundert
    his
    sy
    stem l
    oseshi
    smot
    ivat
    ionandmor
    ale,becauset
    heper
    sonunderwhom
    hei
    swor
    kingdoesnott
    akei
    nter
    esti
    nhi
    m.

    Acommonv
    ersi
    onofsucht
    rai
    ningi
    s“t
    hreeposi
    ti
    onpl
    an”
    .Underi
    t,aman
    l
    ear
    nsf
    rom t
    hemanabov
    ehi
    m andt
    eachest
    hemanbel
    ow hi
    m.Thi
    s
    sy
    stem i
    smor
    esui
    tabl
    einci
    rcumst
    anceswher
    ethet
    rai
    nerr
    equi
    resan
    assi
    stant
    .

    (
    ii
    i)Posi
    ti
    onRot
    ati
    on

    Undert
    hissy
    stem,t
    heempl
    oyeei
    sper
    iodi
    cal
    l
    yrot
    atedf
    rom onej
    obt
    o
    anot
    heri
    nst
    ead ofst
    icki
    ng t
    o one j
    ob j
    ustt
    o acqui
    ret
    he gener
    al
    backgr
    ound and knowl
    edge oft
    he f
    unct
    ioni
    ng oft
    he j
    ob.I
    ts maj
    or
    obj
    ect
    ivei
    stobr
    oadent
    hebackgr
    oundoft
    het
    rai
    neei
    nvar
    iousposi
    ti
    onsof
    t
    hej
    ob.

    2.Of
    f-The-JobTr
    aini
    ng:

    1.Conf
    erence/
    Lect
    ureandSemi
    narMet
    hod:

    Thet
    opl
    evelofmanagementhol
    dsconf
    erenceandshowshi
    svi
    ewswi
    th

    106
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    heempl
    oyees.Hei
    nfor
    mst
    otheempl
    oyeeaboutt
    hef
    utur
    edev
    elopment
    i
    ntheFi
    eldandnewi
    deas.Heal
    sogi
    vest
    hei
    dealmeasur
    etosol
    veal
    lthe
    pr
    obl
    ems.Thi
    sisaneasymet
    hodandi
    sadopt
    edatl
    evel
    soft
    rai
    ning.

    2.I
    nter
    nshi
    pTr
    aini
    ng:

    Her
    ethet
    echni
    cali
    nst
    it
    uti
    onsand busi
    nesshousesco¬oper
    ate.Such
    t
    rai
    ningwi
    l
    lbr
    ingaboutabal
    ancebet
    weent
    heor
    yandpr
    act
    ice.St
    udent
    s
    maybesentt
    ofact
    ori
    esf
    orpr
    act
    icalt
    rai
    ningundert
    hissy
    stem.Reput
    ed
    t
    rai
    ningi
    nst
    it
    utespr
    ovi
    demeani
    ngf
    ult
    rai
    ning.

    3.Cl
    assr
    oom Met
    hod:

    Wher
    econcept
    s,at
    ti
    tudes,t
    heor
    iesandpr
    obl
    em-
    sol
    vi
    ngabi
    l
    iti
    esar
    etobe
    l
    ear
    nt,
    thecl
    assr
    oom i
    nst
    ruct
    ioni
    sthemostusef
    uldev
    ice.I
    not
    herwor
    dsi
    t
    i
    smor
    eassoci
    atedwi
    thknowl
    edger
    athert
    hanski
    l
    l.Or
    ient
    ati
    onabout
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion;saf
    etyt
    rai
    ning orr
    efr
    eshert
    rai
    ning canbeaccompl
    i
    shed
    mostef
    fect
    ivel
    yint
    hecl
    assr
    oom.

    Ther
    emaybedi
    ff
    erentmet
    hodsofi
    nst
    ruct
    ionsuchas:

    (
    i)For
    mal
    Lect
    ure:

    For
    malLect
    uresar
    ear
    rangedbyt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionanddel
    i
    ver
    edbyt
    he
    l
    ect
    urerpr
    esumedt
    obeamast
    eroft
    hesubj
    ectathand.Thel
    ect
    ure
    met
    hodmaybeusedf
    oral
    argegr
    oupandt
    her
    efor
    e,costpert
    rai
    neei
    slow.

    107
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Tr
    aineeshoul
    dbeper
    mit
    tedt
    oaskquest
    ions.

    (
    ii
    )Conf
    erenceandSemi
    nar
    :

    Thesemi
    nar
    sandconf
    erencemaybear
    rangedt
    oachi
    evet
    het
    rai
    ning
    pur
    pose.Undert
    hismet
    hod,apar
    ti
    cul
    art
    opi
    cisf
    oll
    owedbydi
    scussi
    on
    andexchangeofv
    iew underachai
    rman,whosumsupt
    hedi
    scussi
    onby
    hi
    sfr
    uit
    ful
    adv
    icesandcomment
    s.

    (
    ii
    i)CaseSt
    udy
    :

    I
    tisapr
    act
    icalpr
    obl
    em f
    acedbyani
    ndust
    ri
    aluni
    twhi
    chi
    sdi
    scussedat
    l
    argei
    nthegr
    oup,possi
    blyt
    ofi
    ndanopt
    imum sol
    uti
    on.Thesuper
    visor
    r
    evi
    ewst
    hesol
    uti
    onsanddi
    scussesi
    twi
    tht
    het
    rai
    nees.

    (
    iv)Rol
    e-pl
    ayi
    ng:

    Undert
    hissy
    stem,t
    het
    rai
    neespl
    ayt
    hei
    rassi
    gnedr
    oleunderani
    nst
    ruct
    or
    whopr
    epar
    est
    hem andassi
    gnsdi
    ff
    erentr
    ulesf
    ort
    hepl
    ay.

    4.CaseSt
    udyMet
    hod:

    I
    nor
    dert
    osol
    vemanypr
    obl
    emsi
    nthemanagementt
    hesoci
    al,economi
    c
    andt
    echni
    calaspect
    soft
    hepr
    obl
    em i
    stobest
    udi
    ed.I
    fthewor
    keri
    s
    st
    ruggl
    i
    ngwi
    tht
    hepr
    obl
    em,hemustbebr
    ief
    edabouti
    tandi
    thast
    obe
    r
    ect
    if
    iedwi
    tht
    hesol
    uti
    on.

    5.Rol
    ePl
    ayi
    ng:
    108
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Undert
    hismet
    hodoft
    rai
    ningpr
    act
    icalKnowl
    edgeoft
    hewor
    kisi
    mpar
    ted
    t
    hroughassi
    gni
    ngnot
    esofmanager
    ,super
    visor
    ,wor
    ker
    ,cust
    omeret
    c.The
    empl
    oyeel
    ear
    nshowt
    odealwi
    tht
    hecompl
    exi
    ti
    esofi
    nter
    dependenceand
    i
    nter
    act
    ioni
    nvol
    vedi
    ndi
    ff
    erentr
    oles.

    6.ManagementI
    nst
    it
    uti
    ons:

    Tr
    aini
    ng i
    s ar
    ranged i
    n di
    ff
    erent t
    rai
    ning col
    l
    eges,uni
    ver
    sit
    ies and
    managementi
    nst
    it
    uti
    ons.Desi
    rouscandi
    dat
    esandempl
    oyeesofbusi
    ness
    est
    abl
    i
    shment
    ,Joi
    nthesecour
    sesandgai
    nKnowl
    edgei
    nthespeci
    fi
    cFi
    eld.

    7.Br
    ainSt
    ormi
    ng:

    Thr
    oughcol
    l
    ect
    iveanal
    ysi
    spr
    ocesswecansol
    veal
    lthebusi
    nesspr
    obl
    em.
    Agr
    oupofpeopl
    efr
    om v
    ari
    ousf
    iel
    dsar
    einv
    itedt
    oputf
    orwar
    dthei
    rideas,
    Knowl
    edge,andexper
    ience.I
    not
    herwor
    ds,t
    het
    rai
    ningi
    simpor
    tedby
    pool
    i
    ngofcol
    l
    ect
    iveKnowl
    edgeandexper
    ienceoft
    rai
    nees.

    8.Sensi
    ti
    vi
    tyTr
    aini
    ng:

    I
    tist
    o encour
    age t
    he t
    rai
    nees t
    o actas a gr
    oup and obser
    vet
    hei
    r
    i
    nter
    act
    ionski
    l
    ls.

    Thev
    ari
    ousot
    hermet
    hodsoft
    rai
    ningar
    e:

    (
    i)On-
    the-
    jobt
    rai
    ning.

    (
    ii
    )Vest
    ibul
    etr
    aini
    ng.
    109
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    (
    ii
    i)Cl
    assr
    oom met
    hod

    (
    iv)Appr
    ent
    iceshi
    ptr
    aini
    ng.

    (
    v)I
    nter
    nshi
    ptr
    aini
    ng.

    Tr
    aini
    ngPr
    ogr
    am Fr
    amewor
    kDev
    elopment

    Whendev
    elopi
    ngy
    ourt
    rai
    ningpl
    an,t
    her
    ear
    eanumberofconsi
    der
    ati
    ons.
    Tr
    aini
    ngi
    ssomet
    hingt
    hatshoul
    dbepl
    annedanddev
    elopedi
    nadv
    ance.

    NeedsAssessment

    110
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Thef
    ir
    stst
    epi
    ndev
    elopi
    ngat
    rai
    ningpr
    ogr
    am i
    stodet
    ermi
    newhatt
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionneedsi
    nter
    msoft
    rai
    ning.Ther
    ear
    ethr
    eel
    evel
    soft
    rai
    ning
    needs assessment
    : 
    organi
    zat
    ional assessment
    , 
    occupat
    ional (
    task)
    assessment
    ,and 
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    assessment
    :

    Or
    gani
    zat
    ionalassessment
    . 
    Int
    hist
    ypeofneedsassessment
    ,wecan
    det
    ermi
    net
    heski
    l
    ls,knowl
    edge,andabi
    l
    iti
    esacompanyneedst
    omeeti
    ts
    st
    rat
    egi
    cobj
    ect
    ives.Thi
    sty
    peofassessmentconsi
    der
    sthi
    ngssuchas
    changi
    ng demogr
    aphi
    csand t
    echnol
    ogi
    calt
    rends.Ov
    eral
    l
    ,thi
    sty
    peof
    assessmentl
    ooksathow t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionasawhol
    ecanhandl
    eit
    s
    weaknesseswhi
    l
    epr
    omot
    ingst
    rengt
    hs.

    Occupat
    ional(
    task)assessment
    . 
    Thi
    sty
    peofassessmentl
    ooksatt
    he
    speci
    fi
    ctasks,ski
    l
    lsknowl
    edge,andabi
    l
    iti
    esr
    equi
    redt
    odoj
    obswi
    thi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    I
    ndi
    vi
    dualassessment
    . 
    Ani
    ndi
    vi
    dualassessmentl
    ooksatt
    heper
    for
    mance
    ofan i
    ndi
    vi
    dualempl
    oyee and det
    ermi
    nes whatt
    rai
    ning shoul
    d be
    accompl
    i
    shedf
    ort
    hati
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    .

    Lear
    ningObj
    ect
    ives

    Af
    tery
    ouhav
    edet
    ermi
    nedwhatt
    ypeoft
    rai
    ningshoul
    doccur
    ,lear
    ning
    obj
    ect
    ivesf
    ort
    het
    rai
    ningshoul
    dbeset
    .A 
    l
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ive 
    i
    swhaty
    ou
    wantt
    hel
    ear
    nert
    obeabl
    etodo,
    expl
    ain,ordemonst
    rat
    eatt
    heendoft
    he

    111
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    rai
    ningper
    iod.Goodl
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ivesar
    eper
    for
    mancebasedandcl
    ear
    ,
    andt
    heendr
    esul
    toft
    hel
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ivecanbeobser
    vabl
    eormeasur
    ed
    i
    nsomeway
    .Exampl
    esofl
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ivesmi
    ghti
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng:

    Beabl
    etoexpl
    aint
    hecompanypol
    i
    cyonsexualhar
    assmentandgi
    ve
    exampl
    esofsexual
    har
    assment
    .

    Beabl
    etoshowt
    hepr
    operwayt
    otakeacust
    omer
    ’sor
    der
    .

    Per
    for
    m av
    ari
    etyofcust
    omerneedsanal
    ysesusi
    ngcompanysof
    twar
    e.

    Under
    standandut
    il
    izet
    henewexpense-
    tr
    acki
    ngsof
    twar
    e.

    Expl
    aint
    hesaf
    etypr
    ocedur
    einhandl
    i
    ngchemi
    cal
    s.

    Beabl
    etoexpl
    aint
    het
    ypesofcommuni
    cat
    ionst
    ylesandst
    rat
    egi
    est
    o
    ef
    fect
    ivel
    ydeal
    wit
    heachst
    yle.

    Demonst
    rat
    eet
    hicswhenhandl
    i
    ngcust
    omercompl
    aint
    s.

    Beabl
    etoef
    fect
    ivel
    ydel
    egat
    etoempl
    oyees.

    Oncewehav
    esetourl
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ives,wecanut
    il
    izei
    nfor
    mat
    ionon
    l
    ear
    ningst
    ylest
    othendet
    ermi
    net
    hebestdel
    i
    ver
    ymodef
    orourt
    rai
    ning.

    Lear
    ningSt
    yles

    Under
    standi
    ngl
    ear
    ningst
    ylesi
    sani
    mpor
    tantcomponentt
    oanyt
    rai
    ning
    pr
    ogr
    am.Forourpur
    poses,wewi
    l
    lut
    il
    izeawi
    del
    yaccept
    edl
    ear
    ningst
    yle

    112
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    model
    .Recentr
    esear
    chhasshownt
    hatcl
    assi
    fyi
    ngpeopl
    eint
    olear
    ning
    st
    ylesmaynotbet
    hebestwayt
    odet
    ermi
    neast
    yle,
    andmostpeopl
    ehav
    e
    adi
    ff
    erentst
    yledependi
    ngont
    hei
    nfor
    mat
    ionbei
    ngt
    aught
    .Inast
    udyby
    Pashl
    eretal
    .,t
    heaut
    hor
    slookatapt
    it
    udeandper
    sonal
    i
    tyaskeyt
    rai
    ts
    whenl
    ear
    ning,
    asopposedt
    ocl
    assi
    fyi
    ngpeopl
    eint
    ocat
    egor
    iesofl
    ear
    ning
    st
    yles.Bear
    ing t
    hisi
    n mi
    nd,we wi
    l
    laddr
    essa common appr
    oach t
    o
    l
    ear
    ningst
    ylesnext
    .

    Del
    iv
    eryMode

    Dependi
    ngont
    het
    ypeoft
    rai
    ningt
    hatneedst
    obedel
    i
    ver
    ed,y
    ouwi
    l
    lli
    kel
    y
    chooseadi
    ff
    erentmodet
    odel
    i
    vert
    het
    rai
    ning.Anor
    ient
    ati
    onmi
    ghtl
    end
    i
    tsel
    fbestt
    ovest
    ibul
    etr
    aini
    ng,whi
    l
    esexualhar
    assmentt
    rai
    ningmaybe
    bet
    terf
    orweb-
    based t
    rai
    ning.When choosi
    ng a del
    i
    ver
    y mode,i
    tis
    i
    mpor
    tantt
    oconsi
    dert
    heaudi
    enceandbudgetconst
    ri
    cti
    ons.Forexampl
    e,
    OakwoodWor
    ldwi
    de,apr
    ovi
    deroft
    empor
    aryhousi
    ng,r
    ecent
    lywont
    he
    Top125Tr
    aini
    ngAwar
    dfori
    tst
    rai
    ninganddev
    elopmentpr ams2.I
    ogr t
    of
    fer
    sin-
    classandonl
    i
    necl
    assesf
    oral
    lassoci
    atesandconst
    ant
    lyaddt
    o
    i
    tscour
    secat
    alog.Thi
    sisamaj
    orr
    ecr
    uit
    mentaswel
    lasr
    etent
    iont
    oolf
    or
    i
    tsempl
    oyees.I
    nfact
    ,thecompanycr
    edi
    tst
    hispr
    ogr
    am f
    orr
    etai
    ning25
    per
    centofi
    tswor
    kfor
    cef
    ort
    eny
    ear
    sormor
    e. 
    Tabl
    e8.
    1“Ty
    pesofTr
    aini
    ng
    and Del
    i
    ver
    y” 
    l
    ooks ateach oft
    he t
    ypes of t
    rai
    ning and suggest
    s
    appr
    opr
    iat
    eopt
    ionsf
    ordel
    i
    ver
    ymodes.

    113
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Budget

    Howmuchmoneydoy
    out
    hinkt
    het
    rai
    ningwi
    l
    lcost
    ?Thet
    ypeoft
    rai
    ning
    per
    for
    medwi
    l
    ldependgr
    eat
    lyont
    hebudget
    .Ify
    oudeci
    det
    hatweb-
    based
    t
    rai
    ningi
    sther
    ightdel
    i
    ver
    ymode,
    buty
    oudon’
    thav
    ethebudgett
    opayt
    he
    userf
    eef
    ort
    hepl
    atf
    orm,t
    hiswoul
    dn’
    tbet
    hebestopt
    ion.Besi
    dest
    he
    act
    ualcostoft
    rai
    ning,anot
    hercostconsi
    der
    ati
    on i
    speopl
    e’
    sti
    me.I
    f
    empl
    oyeesar
    eint
    rai
    ningf
    ort
    wohour
    s,whati
    sthecostt
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    whi
    l
    etheyar
    enotabl
    etoper
    for
    mthei
    rjob?A spr
    eadsheetshoul
    dbe
    dev
    elopedt
    hatl
    i
    stst
    heact
    ualcostf
    ormat
    eri
    als,snacks,andot
    herdi
    rect
    cost
    s,butal
    sot
    hei
    ndi
    rectcost
    s,suchaspeopl
    e’
    sti
    me.

    Del
    iv
    erySt
    yle

    Taki
    ngi
    ntoconsi
    der
    ati
    ont
    hedel
    i
    ver
    ymet
    hod,whati
    sthebestst
    ylet
    o
    del
    i
    vert
    hist
    rai
    ning?I
    t’
    sal
    soi
    mpor
    tantt
    okeepi
    nmi
    ndt
    hatmostpeopl
    e
    don’
    tlear
    nthr
    ough“
    deat
    hbyPower
    Poi
    nt”
    ;theyl
    ear
    ninav
    ari
    etyofway
    s,
    suchasaudi
    tor
    y,ki
    nest
    het
    ic,orv
    isual
    .Consi
    der
    ingt
    his,whatki
    ndsofi
    ce
    br
    eaker
    s,br
    eakoutdi
    scussi
    ons,
    andact
    ivi
    ti
    escany
    oui
    ncor
    por
    atet
    omake
    t
    het
    rai
    ningasi
    nter
    act
    iveaspossi
    ble?Rol
    epl
    aysandot
    hergamescan
    make t
    he t
    rai
    ning f
    un f
    orempl
    oyees.Manyt
    rai
    ner
    simpl
    ementonl
    i
    ne
    v
    ideos,podcast
    s,andot
    heri
    nter
    act
    ivemedi
    aint
    hei
    rtr
    aini
    ngsessi
    ons.
    Thi
    sensur
    esdi
    ff
    erentl
    ear
    ningst
    ylesar
    emetandal
    somakest
    het
    rai
    ning
    mor
    eint
    erest
    ing.

    114
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Audi
    ence

    Consi
    der
    ingy
    ouraudi
    encei
    sani
    mpor
    tantaspectt
    otr
    aini
    ng.How l
    ong
    hav
    etheybeenwi
    tht
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion,orar
    etheynew empl
    oyees?What
    depar
    tment
    sdot
    heywor
    kin?Knowi
    ngt
    heanswer
    stot
    hesequest
    ionscan
    hel
    pyoudev
    elopar
    elev
    antdel
    i
    ver
    yst
    ylet
    hatmakesf
    orbet
    tert
    rai
    ning.For
    exampl
    e,i
    fyouknowt
    hatal
    lthepeopl
    eat
    tendi
    ngt
    het
    rai
    ningar
    efr
    om t
    he
    account
    ing depar
    tment
    ,exampl
    es y
    ou pr
    ovi
    de i
    nthe t
    rai
    ning can be
    f
    ocusedont
    hist
    ypeofj
    ob.I
    fyouhav
    eami
    xedgr
    oup,exampl
    esand
    di
    scussi
    onscant
    ouchonav
    ari
    etyofdi
    sci
    pli
    nes.

    Cont
    entDev
    elopment

    Thecont
    enty
    ouwantt
    odel
    i
    veri
    sper
    hapsoneoft
    hemosti
    mpor
    tantpar
    ts
    i
    ntr
    aini
    ngandoneoft
    hemostt
    ime-
    consumi
    ngt
    odev
    elop.Dev
    elopmentof
    l
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ivesort
    hoset
    hingsy
    ouwanty
    ourl
    ear
    ner
    stoknowaf
    tert
    he
    t
    rai
    ningmakesf
    oramor
    efocusedt
    rai
    ning.Thi
    nkofl
    ear
    ningobj
    ect
    ivesas
    goal
    s—whatshoul
    dsomeoneknowaf
    tercompl
    eti
    ngt
    hist
    rai
    ning?Her
    ear
    e
    somesampl
    elear
    ningobj
    ect
    ives:

    Beabl
    etodef
    ineandexpl
    aint
    hehandl
    i
    ngofhazar
    dousmat
    eri
    alsi
    nthe
    wor
    kpl
    ace.

    Beabl
    etout
    il
    izet
    het
    eam deci
    sionpr
    ocessmodel
    .

    Under
    standt
    hedef
    ini
    ti
    onofsexualhar
    assmentandbeabl
    etor
    ecogni
    ze

    115
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    sexual
    har
    assmenti
    nthewor
    kpl
    ace.

    Under
    standandbeabl
    etoexpl
    aint
    hecompanypol
    i
    ciesandst
    ruct
    ure.

    Af
    tery
    ou hav
    edev
    eloped t
    heobj
    ect
    ivesand goal
    s,y
    ou can begi
    nto
    dev
    elopt
    hecont
    entoft
    het
    rai
    ning.Consi
    der
    ati
    onoft
    hel
    ear
    ningmet
    hods
    y
    ouwi
    l
    luse,suchasdi
    scussi
    onandr
    olepl
    ayi
    ng,wi
    l
    lbeout
    li
    nedi
    nyour
    cont
    entar
    ea.

    Dev
    elopmentofcont
    entusual
    l
    yrequi
    res a dev
    elopmentofl
    ear
    ning
    obj
    ect
    ivesandt
    henabr
    iefout
    li
    neoft
    hemaj
    ort
    opi
    csy
    ouwi
    sht
    ocov
    er.
    Wi
    tht
    hatout
    li
    ne,y
    oucan“
    fi
    lli
    n”t
    hemaj
    ort
    opi
    cswi
    thi
    nfor
    mat
    ion.Based
    on t
    hisi
    nfor
    mat
    ion,y
    ou can dev
    elop modul
    es orPower
    Poi
    ntsl
    i
    des,
    act
    ivi
    ti
    es,
    discussi
    onquest
    ions,
    andot
    herl
    ear
    ningt
    echni
    ques.

    Ti
    mel
    ines

    Forsomet
    ypesoft
    rai
    ning,t
    imel
    i
    nesmayber
    equi
    red t
    o ensur
    ethe
    t
    rai
    ninghasbeendone.Thi
    sisof
    tent
    hecasef
    orsaf
    etyt
    rai
    ning;usual
    l
    y
    t
    het
    rai
    ningshoul
    dbedonebef
    oret
    heempl
    oyeest
    art
    s.I
    not
    herwor
    ds,i
    n
    whatt
    imef
    rameshoul
    danempl
    oyeecompl
    etet
    het
    rai
    ning?

    Anot
    herconsi
    der
    ati
    onr
    egar
    dingt
    imel
    i
    nesi
    showmucht
    imey
    out
    hinky
    ou
    needt
    ogi
    vet
    het
    rai
    ning.Per
    hapsonehourwi
    l
    lbeenough,
    butsomet
    imes,
    t
    rai
    ningmayt
    akeadayorev
    enaweek.Af
    tery
    ouhav
    edev
    elopedy
    our
    t
    rai
    ningcont
    ent
    ,youwi
    l
    lli
    kel
    yhav
    eagoodi
    deaast
    ohowl
    ongi
    twi
    l
    ltake

    116
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    t
    odel
    i
    veri
    t.Consi
    dert
    hef
    actt
    hatmostpeopl
    edonothav
    eal
    otoft
    imef
    or
    t
    rai
    ningandkeept
    het
    rai
    ningt
    imer
    eal
    i
    sti
    candconci
    se.

    Fr
    om a l
    ong-
    ter
    m appr
    oach,i
    tmaynotbe costef
    fect
    ivet
    o of
    feran
    or
    ient
    ati
    oneacht
    imesomeonenewi
    shi
    red.Oneconsi
    der
    ati
    onmi
    ghtbet
    o
    of
    feror
    ient
    ati
    ont
    rai
    ningoncepermont
    hsot
    hatal
    lempl
    oyeeshi
    redwi
    thi
    n
    t
    hatmont
    har
    etr
    ainedatt
    hesamet
    ime.

    Dev
    elopmentofadependabl
    eschedul
    efort
    rai
    ningmi
    ghtbei
    deal
    ,asi
    nthe
    f
    oll
    owi
    ngexampl
    e:

    Or
    ient
    ati
    oni
    sof
    fer
    edont
    hef
    ir
    stThur
    sdayofev
    erymont
    h.

    The second and t


    hir
    d Tuesday wi
    l
    lconsi
    stofv
    est
    ibul
    etr
    aini
    ng on
    managementski
    l
    lsandcommuni
    cat
    ion.

    Twi
    cey
    ear
    ly,i
    nAugustandMar
    ch,saf
    etyandsexualhar
    assmentt
    rai
    ning
    wi
    l
    lbegi
    vent
    omeett
    hel
    egal
    companyr
    equi
    rement
    s.

    Dev
    elopi
    ng a dependabl
    e t
    rai
    ning schedul
    e al
    l
    ows f
    or bet
    ter
    communi
    cat
    ion t
    oyourst
    aff
    ,resul
    tsi
    nfewercommuni
    cat
    ion i
    ssues
    sur
    roundi
    ngt
    rai
    ning,andal
    l
    owsal
    lempl
    oyeest
    opl
    anaheadt
    oat
    tend
    t
    rai
    ning.

    Communi
    cat
    ion

    Oncey
    ouhav
    edev
    elopedy
    ourt
    rai
    ning,
    yournextconsi
    der
    ati
    oni
    showy
    ou

    117
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    wi
    l
    lcommuni
    cat
    etheav
    ail
    abl
    etr
    aini
    ngt
    oempl
    oyees.I
    nasi
    tuat
    ionsuchas
    an or
    ient
    ati
    on,y
    ou wi
    l
    lneed t
    o communi
    cat
    eto manager
    s,st
    aff
    ,and
    any
    onei
    nvol
    vedi
    nthet
    rai
    ningt
    het
    imi
    ngandconf
    ir
    mthati
    tfi
    tswi
    thi
    nthei
    r
    schedul
    e.I
    fiti
    sani
    nfor
    malt
    rai
    ning,suchasabr
    ownbagl
    unchon401(
    k)
    pl
    ans,t
    hismi
    ghti
    nvol
    vedet
    ermi
    ningt
    heday
    sandt
    imest
    hatmostpeopl
    e
    ar
    eint
    heof
    fi
    ceandmi
    ghtbeabl
    etopar
    ti
    cipat
    e.Becauseempl
    oyeesuse
    Monday
    sandFr
    iday
    s,r
    espect
    ivel
    y,t
    ocat
    chupandf
    ini
    shupwor
    kfort
    he
    week,
    theseday
    stendt
    obet
    hewor
    stf
    ort
    rai
    ning.

    Consi
    derut
    il
    izi
    ngy
    ourcompany
    ’si
    ntr
    anet
    ,e-
    mai
    l
    ,andev
    enol
    d-f
    ashi
    oned
    post
    erst
    ocommuni
    cat
    ethet
    rai
    ning.Manycompani
    eshav
    eLi
    stser
    vst
    hat
    canr
    elayt
    hemessaget
    oonl
    ycer
    tai
    ngr
    oups,
    ifneedbe.

    Measur
    ingEf
    fect
    iveness

    Af
    terwehav
    ecompl
    etedt
    het
    rai
    ning,wewantt
    omakesur
    eourt
    rai
    ning
    obj
    ect
    iveswer
    emet
    .Onemodelt
    omeasur
    eef
    fect
    ivenessoft
    rai
    ningi
    sthe
    Ki
    rkpat
    ri
    ckmodel(
    Kir
    kpat
    ri
    ck,2006)
    ,dev
    elopedi
    nthe1950s.Hi
    smodel
    hasf
    ourl
    evel
    s:

    React
    ion:
    Howdi
    dthepar
    ti
    cipant
    sreactt
    othet
    rai
    ningpr
    ogr
    am?

    Lear
    ning:
    Towhatext
    entdi
    dpar
    ti
    cipant
    simpr
    oveknowl
    edgeandski
    l
    ls?

    Behav
    ior
    :Di
    dbehav
    iorchangeasar
    esul
    toft
    het
    rai
    ning?

    118
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Resul
    ts:
    Whatbenef
    it
    stot
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionr
    esul
    tedf
    rom t
    het
    rai
    ning?

    Execut
    iveDev
    elopment
     

    Concept
    s

    Whi
    l
    e dr
    awi
    ng a di
    sti
    nct
    ion bet
    ween t
    rai
    ning and dev
    elopment
    ,we
    i
    ntr
    oduced,
    inbr
    ief
    ,theconceptofdev
    elopment
    .Basedont
    hatconcept
    ,we
    cannowel
    abor
    atei
    tinmor
    edet
    ail
    .Thet
    erm‘
    dev
    elopment
    ’impl
    i
    esov
    eral
    l
    dev
    elopmenti
    naper
    son.Accor
    dingl
    y,execut
    ivedev
    elopmentmeansnot
    onl
    yimpr
    ovementi
    njobper
    for
    mance,
    butal
    soi
    mpr
    ovementi
    nknowl
    ¬edge,
    per
    sonal
    i
    ty,
    att
    it
    ude,
    behav
    iour
    ism ofanexecut
    ive,
    etc.

    I
    tmeanst
    hatexecut
    ivedev
    elop¬mentf
    ocusesmor
    eont
    heexecut
    ive’
    s
    per
    sonalgr
    owt
    h.Thus,execut
    ivedev
    elopmentconsi
    stsofal
    lthemeans
    t
    hati
    mpr
    ovehi
    s/herper
    for
    manceandbehav
    iour
    .Execut
    ivedev
    elopment
    hel
    ps under
    stand cause and ef
    fect r
    elat
    ionshi
    p,sy
    nthesi
    zes f
    rom
    exper
    ience,v
    isual
    i
    zesr
    elat
    ionshi
    psort
    hinksl
    ogi
    cal
    l
    y.Thati
    swhysome
    behav
    iour
    alsci
    ent
    ist
    s suggest t
    hat t
    he execut
    ive dev
    elop¬ment i
    s
    pr
    edomi
    nant
    lyaneducat
    ional
    processr
    athert
    hanat
    rai
    ningpr
    ocess.

    Fl
    i
    ppohasv
    iewedt
    hat“
    execut
    ive/
    managementdev
    elopmenti
    ncl
    udest
    he
    pr
    ocessbywhi
    chmanager
    sandexecut
    ivesacqui
    renotonl
    yski
    l
    lsand
    compet
    ency i
    nthei
    r pr
    esent j
    obs but al
    so capa¬bi
    l
    iti
    es f
    or f
    utur
    e
    manager
    ial
    tasksofi
    ncr
    easi
    ngdi
    ff
    icul
    tyandscope”
    .

    119
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Accor
    ding t
    o S.
    B.Budhi
    raj
    a,f
    ormerManagi
    ng Di
    rect
    orofI
    ndi
    an Oi
    l
    Cor
    por
    ati
    on.“
    Anyact
    ivi
    tydesi
    gnedt
    oimpr
    ovet
    heper
    for
    manceofexi
    sti
    ng
    manager
    sandt
    opr
    ovi
    def
    orapl
    annedgr
    owt
    hofmanager
    stomeetf
    utur
    e
    or
    gani
    sat
    ionalr
    equi
    rement
    siscal
    l
    edmanagementdev
    elopment
    ”.I
    tisnow
    cl
    earf
    rom t
    heabov
    edef
    ini
    ti
    onsofexecut
    ive/
    managementdev
    elopment
    t
    hati
    tisbasedoncer
    tai
    nassumpt
    ions.

    Obj
    ect
    ivesofExecut
    iveDev
    elopment
    :

    Themai
    nobj
    ect
    ivesofanypr
    ogr
    ammeofexecut
    ivedev
    elopmentar
    eto:

    1.I
    mpr
    ovet
    heper
    for
    manceofmanager
    satal
    ll
    evel
    s.

    2.I
    dent
    if
    ytheper
    sonsi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ionwi
    tht
    her
    equi
    redpot
    ent
    ialand
    pr
    epar
    ethem f
    orhi
    gherposi
    ti
    onsi
    nfut
    ure.

    3.Ensur
    e av
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity ofr
    equi
    red numberofexecut
    ives / manager
    s
    successi
    onwhocant
    akeov
    eri
    ncaseofcont
    ingenci
    esasandwhent
    hese
    ar
    isei
    nfut
    ure.

    4.Pr
    eventobsol
    escenceofexecut
    ivesbyexposi
    ngt
    hem t
    othel
    atest
    concept
    sandt
    echni
    quesi
    nthei
    rrespect
    ivear
    easofspeci
    ali
    sat
    ion.

    5.Repl
    aceel
    der
    lyexecut
    iveswhohav
    eri
    senf
    rom t
    her
    anksbyhi
    ghl
    y
    compet
    entandacademi
    ¬cal
    l
    yqual
    i
    fiedpr
    ofessi
    onal
    s.

    6.I
    mpr
    ovet
    het
    houghtpr
    ocessesandanal
    yti
    cal
    abi
    l
    iti
    es.

    120
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    7.Pr
    ovi
    deoppor
    tuni
    ti
    est
    oexecut
    ivest
    oful
    fi
    ll
    thei
    rcar
    eeraspi
    rat
    ions.

    8.Under
    stand t
    he pr
    obl
    ems ofhuman r
    elat
    ions and i
    mpr
    ove human
    r
    elat
    ionski
    l
    ls.

    Thepr
    ocess:

    Li
    ke any l
    ear
    ning pr
    ogr
    amme,execut
    ive dev
    elopmental
    so i
    nvol
    ves a
    pr
    ocessconsi
    sti
    ng o)cer
    tai
    nst
    eps.Thoughsequenci
    ng t
    hesev
    ari
    ous
    st
    epsi
    nachr
    onol
    ogi
    calor
    deri
    sdi
    ff
    icul
    t,behav
    iour
    alsci
    ent
    ist
    shav
    etr
    ied
    t
    oli
    standsequencet
    hem i
    nsi
    xst
    epsasshowni
    nfi
    gur
    e11.
    1

    Thesest
    eps,al
    socal
    l
    edt
    hecomponent
    soft
    heexecut
    ivedev
    elopment
    pr
    ogr
    amme,
    hav
    ebeen-di
    scussedi
    nthesucceedi
    ngpar
    agr
    aphs.

    I
    dent
    if
    yingDev
    elopmentNeeds:

    Oncet
    hel
    aunchi
    ng ofanexecut
    ivedev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    amme(
    EDP)i
    s
    deci
    ded,i
    tsi
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    on begi
    ns wi
    thi
    dent
    if
    ying t
    he dev
    elopment
    al
    needsoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ionconcer
    n.Fort
    his,f
    ir
    stofal
    l
    ,thepr
    esentand

    121
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    f
    utur
    e dev
    elopment
    alneeds f
    orexecut
    ives/manager
    s ascer
    tai
    ned by
    i
    dent
    if
    yinghow manyandwhatt
    ypeofexecut
    iveswi
    l
    lber
    equi
    redi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    sat
    ionatpr
    esentandi
    nfut
    ure.

    Thi
    sneedst
    obeseeni
    nthecont
    extofor
    gani
    sat
    ionalaswel
    lasi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ,
    i
    .e.managerneeds.Whi
    l
    e or
    gani
    sat
    ionalneeds maybe i
    dent
    if
    ied by
    maki
    ng or
    gani
    sat
    ionalanal
    ysi
    sint
    ermsofor
    gani
    sat
    ion’
    sgr
    owt
    h pl
    an,
    st
    rat
    egi
    es,compet
    it
    iveenv
    ironment
    ,et
    c.,i
    ndi
    vi
    dualneedst
    obei
    dent
    if
    ied
    byt
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngandappr
    aisal
    .

    Appr
    aisalofPr
    esentManager
    ialTal
    ent
    :

    Thesecondst
    epi
    sanappr
    aisaloft
    hepr
    esentmanager
    ialt
    alentf
    ort
    he
    or
    gani
    sat
    ion.Fort
    hispur
    pose,aqual
    i
    tat
    iveassessmentoft
    heex
    ist
    ing
    execut
    ives/
    manager
    sint
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    smade.Then,t
    heper
    for
    mance
    ofev
    eryexecut
    ivei
    scompar
    edwi
    tht
    hest
    andar
    dexpect
    edofhi
    m.

    I
    nvent
    oryofExecut
    iveManpower
    :

    Based on i
    nfor
    mat
    ion gat
    her
    ed f
    rom human r
    esour
    ce pl
    anni
    ng,an
    i
    nvent
    oryi
    spr
    epar
    edt
    ohav
    ecompl
    etei
    nfor
    mat
    ionabouteachexecut
    ivei
    n
    eachposi
    ti
    on.I
    nfor
    mat
    ionont
    heexecut
    ive’
    sage,educat
    ion,exper
    ience,
    heal
    thr
    ecor
    d,psy
    chol
    ogi
    calt
    estr
    esul
    ts,per
    for
    manceappr
    aisaldat
    a,et
    c.
    i
    scol
    l
    ect
    edandt
    hesamei
    smai
    ntai
    nedoncar
    dsandr
    epl
    acementt
    abl
    es.

    Ananal
    ysi
    sofsuchi
    nvent
    oryshowst
    hest
    rengt
    hsandal
    sodi
    scl
    osest
    he

    122
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    def
    ici
    enci
    esandweaknessesoft
    heexecut
    ivesi
    ncer
    tai
    nfunct
    ionsr
    elat
    ive
    t
    othe f
    utur
    e needs oft
    he concer
    n or
    gani
    sat
    ion.Fr
    om t
    his execut
    ive
    i
    nvent
    ory
    ,we can begi
    nthe f
    our
    th st
    ep i
    nvol
    ved i
    nthe execut
    ive
    dev
    elopmentpr
    ocess.

    Dev
    elopi
    ngDev
    elopmentPr
    ogr
    ammes:

    Hav
    ing del
    i
    neat
    ed st
    rengt
    hs and weaknesses ofeach execut
    ive,t
    he
    dev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammes ar
    etai
    l
    ored t
    ofi
    l
    lint
    he def
    ici
    enci
    es of
    execut
    ives.Such t
    ail
    ormade pr
    ogr
    ammes of dev
    elopment f
    ocus on
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dualneeds such as ski
    l
    ldev
    elopment
    ,changi
    ng at
    ti
    tudes,and
    knowl
    edgeacqui
    sit
    ion.

    Conduct
    ingDev
    elopmentPr
    ogr
    ammes:

    At t
    his st
    age, t
    he manager act
    ual
    l
    y par
    ti
    cipat
    es i
    n dev
    elopment
    pr
    ogr
    ammes. I
    tis wor
    th ment
    ion¬i
    ng t
    hat no si
    ngl
    e dev
    elopment
    pr
    ogr
    ammecanbeadequat
    eforal
    lmanager
    s.Ther
    easoni
    sthateach
    manager has a uni
    que set of phy
    sical
    ,int
    ell
    ect
    ualand emot
    ional
    char
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs.

    Assuch,t
    her
    ecanbedi
    ff
    erentdev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammest
    ouni
    quel
    ysui
    t
    t
    otheneedsofanexecut
    ive/manager
    .Thesedev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammes
    maybe on-
    the-
    job orof
    f-
    the-
    job pr
    ogr
    ammes or
    gani
    sed ei
    therbyt
    he
    or
    gani
    sat
    ioni
    tsel
    forbysomeout
    sideagenci
    es.

    123
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Ev
    aluat
    ingDev
    elopmentPr
    ogr
    ammes:

    Just as wi
    th empl
    oyee t
    rai
    ning pr
    ogr
    amme,execut
    ive dev
    elopment
    pr
    ogr
    amme i
    s ev
    aluat
    ed t
    o see changes i
    n behav
    iourand execut
    ive
    per
    for
    mance.Ev
    aluat
    ionofpr
    ogr
    ammeenabl
    est
    oappr
    aisepr
    ogr
    amme’
    s
    ef
    fect
    iveness,hi
    ghl
    i
    ghti
    tsweaknessesandai
    dst
    odet
    ermi
    newhet
    hert
    he
    dev
    elopmentshoul
    dbecont
    inuedorhowi
    tcanbei
    mpr
    oved.

    Met
    hods:

    Si
    ncenosi
    ngl
    edev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammecanbeadequat
    eformanager
    s,i
    t
    i
    sunder
    takeni
    nav
    ari
    etyofmet
    hods.Var
    iousmet
    hods/t
    echni
    quesof
    execut
    ive/
    managementdev
    elopmentmaybe cl
    assi
    fi
    ed i
    ntot
    wo br
    oad
    cat
    egor
    ies;

    i
    .On-
    the-
    jobt
    echni
    ques:Thesemet
    hodscompr
    iseof

    (
    a)Thecoachi
    ngmet
    hod,

    (
    b)Under
    studymet
    hod,

    (
    c)Jobr
    otat
    ion,

    (
    d)Speci
    alpr
    oject
    s,

    (
    e)Commi
    tt
    eeassi
    gnment
    s,and

    (
    f)Sel
    ect
    ive

    124
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    i.Of
    f-t
    hej
    obmet
    hodsThesemet
    hodsi
    ncl
    ude:

    (
    a)Casest
    udi
    es,

    (
    b)Rol
    epl
    ayi
    ng,

    (
    c)I
    n-basketmet
    hods,

    (
    d)Busi
    nessgames,

    (
    e)Sensi
    ti
    vi
    tyt
    rai
    ning,

    (
    f)Si
    mul
    ati
    on,

    (
    g)I
    nci
    dentmet
    hod,

    (
    h)Conf
    erences,

    (
    i)Lect
    ures,
    and

    (
    j)Sy
    ndi
    cat
    emet
    hod.

    Let us br
    ief
    ly di
    scuss t
    hese met
    hods of br
    ingi
    ng about execut
    ive
    dev
    elopment
    .

    I
    .On-
    the-
    jobt
    echni
    ques:

    On-
    the-
    jobmet
    hodsar
    emostpopul
    arf
    ordev
    elopi
    ngexecut
    ivet
    alent
    .Her
    e,
    bot
    hthet
    rai
    neeexecut
    iveandt
    rai
    nerar
    enotf
    reef
    rom t
    hei
    rdai
    l
    ychor
    es
    and t
    he pr
    essur
    e oft
    hei
    rexecut
    iver
    out
    ine j
    obs.Some oft
    he most

    125
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    commonl
    ytechni
    ques ofexecut
    ive dev
    elopmentwhi
    ch f
    allundert
    he
    cat
    egor
    yofon-
    the-
    jobt
    echni
    quesar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

    (
    a)Coachi
    ngmet
    hod:

    Coachi
    ngi
    sagai
    non-
    the-
    jobt
    rai
    ningofi
    ndi
    vi
    dualbyt
    hesuper
    visori
    nthe
    ar
    eaofspeci
    fi
    cal
    l
    ydef
    inedt
    asks.Thi
    stechni
    quei
    smor
    eappr
    opr
    iat
    efor
    or
    ient
    ati
    onofnew empl
    oyeeandf
    orhel
    pingdi
    sadv
    ant
    agedempl
    oyeest
    o
    l
    ear
    nspeci
    fi
    cjobs.

    The super
    visormusthav
    eint
    erper
    sonalcompet
    ence and be abl
    eto
    est
    abl
    i
    shhel
    pingr
    elat
    ionshi
    pwi
    tht
    het
    rai
    nee.Sol
    vi
    ngt
    her
    ealpr
    obl
    em i
    n
    t
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.JI
    Tisunst
    ruct
    uredpr
    ogr
    ammeri
    tisusef
    ulf
    oronl
    yshal
    l
    gr
    oundoft
    rai
    nees.

    Thecoachi
    ngmet
    hodenj
    oyst
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngmer
    it
    s:

    (
    I)Thecoachi
    ngmet
    hodi
    saki
    ntol
    ear
    ningbydoi
    ng.

    (
    ii
    )Coachi
    ngmet
    hodr
    equi
    rest
    hel
    eastcent
    ral
    i
    zedco-
    ordi
    nat
    ionf
    rom st
    aff
    becauseev
    erysuper
    iorcancoachhi
    ssubor
    dinat
    esev
    enwi
    thoutaf
    ormal
    managementdev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    amme.

    (
    ii
    i)I
    mmedi
    atef
    eedback and per
    iodi
    c ev
    aluat
    ion enabl
    ethe t
    rai
    nee
    execut
    ivest
    olear
    nthej
    obeasi
    l
    yandwi
    thoutmi
    stakes.

    Thechi
    efdemer
    it
    soft
    hecoachi
    ngmet
    hodsar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

    126
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    (
    I)Thet
    rai
    nermayi
    mposeupont
    het
    rai
    neeshi
    swor
    khabi
    ts,
    ideas,
    bel
    i
    efs,
    and met
    hods ofdoi
    ng t
    he wor
    k.Coachi
    ng met
    hod,t
    her
    efor
    e,has a
    t
    endencyt
    o per
    pet
    uat
    ethe cur
    rentmanagementst
    yles and pr
    act
    ices
    r
    athert
    hanpr
    omot
    ingi
    nnov
    ati
    vest
    yles.

    (
    ii
    )Theef
    fect
    ivenessofcoachi
    ngmet
    hodsdependsont
    heabi
    l
    ityoft
    he
    t
    rai
    ner
    .Ift
    het
    rai
    neri
    sinexper
    ienced,possessespseudo-
    knowl
    edge,and
    f
    oll
    owsdogmat
    icpr
    inci
    ples,t
    her
    ewoul
    dnotbeanyuseofcoachi
    ngt
    he
    t
    rai
    neeexecut
    ives.

    Coachi
    ng met
    hod woul
    d be ef
    fect
    ivei
    fthesuper
    iorhasext
    raor
    dinar
    y
    communi
    cat
    ive ski
    l
    ls,and i
    f he pr
    ovi
    des a common pl
    atf
    orm f
    or
    exchangi
    ngt
    hei
    deaswi
    tht
    het
    rai
    neeexecut
    iveswi
    thoutbecomi
    ngt
    oo
    comment
    ,andi
    fhehast
    hecapaci
    tyt
    ost
    imul
    atet
    heexecut
    ivest
    olear
    n
    andpr
    act
    icet
    hewor
    k.

    (
    b)Under
    studyMet
    hod:

    Al
    soknownasat
    tachmentmet
    hod,undert
    hissy
    stem,aper
    soni
    spi
    cked
    upandsubj
    ect
    edt
    otr
    aini
    ngsot
    hathei
    nfut
    ure,assumest
    hef
    ulldut
    ies
    andr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesoft
    heposi
    ti
    oncur
    rent
    lyhel
    dbyi
    ssuper
    ior
    .

    I
    tisnecessar
    yto ensur
    eaf
    ull
    y-
    tr
    ained per
    son t
    orepl
    aceamanager
    (
    super
    ior
    )dur
    inghi
    slongabsenceori
    l
    lnessoronhi
    sret
    ir
    ement
    ,tr
    ansf
    eror
    pr
    omot
    ion.‘
    Under
    study
    ’met
    hodi
    sai
    medatpr
    ovi
    dingaper
    sonwhoi
    s

    127
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    &
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    AnISO9001:
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    goi
    ngt
    orepl
    acet
    heexi
    sti
    ngsuper
    ior
    .

    Thechi
    efmer
    it
    sofunder
    studymet
    hodar
    easunder
    :

    (
    I)The‘
    under
    study
    ’met
    hodensur
    escont
    inui
    tyofmanager
    ialt
    alentev
    en
    when t
    he super
    iorl
    eav
    es (
    ret
    ir
    es,t
    ransf
    ers,orget
    s pr
    omot
    ion)t
    he
    depar
    tmentoror
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    (
    ii
    )Thel
    eader
    shi
    pqual
    i
    tiesoft
    rai
    neewoul
    dbedev
    elopedbecausehemay
    beaskedt
    osuper
    viseandgui
    deanumberofsubor
    dinat
    esatwor
    k.

    (
    ii
    i)
    Thi
    sisper
    hapst
    hebet
    termet
    hodoft
    rai
    ningsubor
    dinat
    est
    oassume
    hi
    gherr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesi
    nfut
    ure.

    (
    iv)The‘
    under
    study
    ’met
    hodi
    snotacost
    lyaf
    fai
    rbecausei
    tiscomi
    ng
    wi
    thi
    nthepur
    viewof‘
    on-
    the-
    jobt
    rai
    ningpr
    ogr
    amme’
    .

    Ont
    henegat
    ivesi
    deoft
    hecoi
    n,t
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    ethechi
    efdemer
    it
    sof
    under
    study
    ’met
    hod:

    (
    I)I
    fawr
    ongper
    soni
    ssel
    ect
    edas‘
    under
    study
    ’(duet
    ofav
    our
    it
    ism orany
    ot
    herf
    act
    or)t
    her
    ear
    eoppor
    tuni
    ti
    esf
    orsi
    zabl
    eer
    ror
    swhi
    chmayt
    urnout
    t
    obecost
    lyt
    otheent
    ir
    eor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    (
    ii
    )Theunder
    studymaybepi
    ckedupbyt
    hesuper
    iorandi
    nthi
    spr
    ocess
    t
    he may exhi
    bitf
    avour
    it
    ism;t
    his may pr
    omot
    ethe t
    endenci
    es of
    sy
    cophancyandper
    pet
    uat
    ionoft
    heexi
    sti
    ngpr
    act
    icesofi
    n-br
    eedi
    ng.

    128
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    (
    c)Jobr
    otat
    ionmet
    hod:

    ‘
    Jobr
    otat
    ion’i
    sal
    soknownast
    heChannelMet
    hod.Undert
    hej
    obr
    otat
    ion
    met
    hod,t
    hespeci
    ali
    stsar
    etr
    ansl
    ated i
    nto gener
    ali
    ses’oral
    l
    -rounder
    ’s
    becauset
    heexecut
    ivesar
    emov
    ed f
    rom onej
    ob t
    o anot
    heronsome
    pl
    anned basi
    sin or
    dert
    olear
    n and dev
    elop al
    l
    -round knowl
    edge.As
    poi
    ntedoutbyH.Bedr
    osl
    an,“
    Jobr
    otat
    ioni
    sdesi
    gnedf
    orbegi
    nni
    ngl
    evel
    manager
    swhi
    l
    epl
    anned pr
    ogr
    essi
    oni
    smor
    eli
    kel
    yto occurathi
    gher
    manager
    ial
    lev
    els.
    ”

    Themer
    it
    sofj
    obr
    otat
    ionar
    easunder
    :

    (
    I)Jobr
    otat
    ionr
    oot
    soutt
    hepossi
    bil
    i
    tyofmonot
    onyandbor
    edom of
    execut
    ives.

    (
    ii
    )Thei
    nnov
    ati
    vei
    deasofexecut
    iveswhoar
    eonr
    otat
    ionar
    einf
    usedi
    nto
    depar
    tment
    alper
    sonnel
    andt
    hendi
    ff
    usedt
    hroughoutt
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    (
    ii
    i)
    Jobr
    otat
    iongi
    vesequalchancef
    oral
    ltheexecut
    ivesf
    ordev
    elopment
    andpr
    omot
    ion.

    (
    iv)
    Eachexecut
    ive’
    stal
    ent
    s,i
    ntel
    l
    igence,abi
    l
    iti
    es,andbehav
    iourar
    etest
    ed
    atsev
    eral
    placesast
    heymov
    eonf
    rom onej
    obt
    oanot
    her
    .

    (
    v)Execut
    ivest
    akeabr
    oad,company
    -pomt
    -6r
    -vi
    ew,r
    athert
    hannar
    row,
    depar
    tment
    al-
    view,
    andhencet
    akef
    rui
    tf
    uldeci
    sions.

    129
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Jobr
    otat
    ionsuf
    fer
    sfr
    om t
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngdef
    ect
    s:

    (
    I) Job r
    otat
    ion may r
    esul
    tin ov
    er-
    cent
    ral
    i
    sat
    ion; i
    nfl
    exi
    bil
    i
    ty and
    i
    nef
    fi
    ciency
    .

    (
    ii
    )Jobr
    otat
    ionhast
    hedi
    sadv
    ant
    agesofa‘
    musi
    calchai
    rsgame’because
    i
    tleav
    esbehi
    ndsomeexecut
    iveswhoar
    enotatal
    lrot
    atedandsomear
    e
    const
    ant
    lyr
    otat
    edei
    therbyv
    irt
    ueoft
    hei
    rcl
    eannesst
    othei
    rbossesorby
    t
    hei
    rint
    ell
    i
    gence.Thi
    smayl
    eadt
    ocl
    ass-
    str
    uggl
    esbet
    weent
    heexecut
    ives
    whoar
    erot
    atedandt
    hosewhoar
    enot
    .

    (
    ii
    i)
    Job r
    otat
    ion may i
    nvol
    vef
    requentt
    ransf
    ers whi
    ch may upsett
    he
    execut
    ive’
    sor
    gani
    sat
    ional
    ,fami
    l
    y,andhomel
    i
    fe.

    (
    iv)Jobr
    otat
    ionmayal
    sor
    esul
    tincer
    tai
    ndy
    sfunct
    ionalbehav
    iour
    sin
    t
    erms of j
    eal
    ousy
    , cl
    eav
    age, non-
    cooper
    ati
    on, f
    ri
    cti
    on wi
    thi
    n t
    he
    depar
    tment
    s,et
    c.

    Tomakej
    obr
    otat
    ionef
    fect
    ive,
    execut
    iveswhoar
    erot
    atedor
    .di
    ff
    erentj
    obs
    shoul
    dbeeducat
    edt
    ovi
    ew t
    hechangeasanoppor
    tuni
    tyf
    orgenui
    ne
    l
    ear
    ningandexper
    ience.

    (
    d) 
    Speci
    alpr
    oject
    s:

    Undert
    his met
    hod,a t
    rai
    nee execut
    ivei
    s assi
    gned a speci
    alpr
    oject
    i
    nvol
    vi
    ngheav
    yresponsi
    bil
    i
    ty.Thet
    rai
    neei
    ssupposedt
    ost
    udyt
    hepr
    oject
    ,

    130
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    under
    standt
    hepr
    obl
    em i
    ssues,andpr
    escr
    ibeappr
    opr
    iat
    esol
    uti
    ons,and
    makear
    ecommendat
    ionont
    hev
    iabi
    l
    ityoft
    hepr
    oject
    .

    (
    e) 
    Commi
    tt
    eeassi
    gnment
    s:

    Thi
    sissi
    mil
    art
    othespeci
    alpr
    ojectmet
    hod.Her
    ethet
    rai
    neeexecut
    ives
    become member
    s ofspeci
    alcommi
    tt
    ees desi
    gned t
    o sol
    ve speci
    fi
    c
    pr
    obl
    ems.Thr
    oughcommi
    tt
    eeassi
    gnment
    ssol
    vedi
    ff
    erentpr
    obl
    ems;t
    hey
    maynowbeef
    fect
    ivei
    nbr
    ingi
    ngr
    api
    dexecut
    ivedev
    elopment
    .

    (
    f) 
    Sel
    ect
    iver
    eadi
    ngs:

    Someor
    gani
    sat
    ionsmai
    ntai
    nhugel
    i
    brar
    iesi
    nvol
    vi
    ngal
    argecol
    l
    ect
    ionof
    usef
    ulmat
    eri
    alont
    hesubj
    ect
    sofi
    nter
    estt
    otheent
    erpr
    ise.Theexecut
    ives
    go t
    hrough t
    he books,j
    our
    nal
    s,ar
    ti
    cles,not
    es,and magazi
    nes and
    assi
    mil
    ateknowl
    edge.Theexecut
    ives,dur
    ingt
    hei
    rlei
    sur
    ehour
    s,t
    ryt
    o
    exchanget
    hei
    rvi
    ewswi
    thot
    her
    sandi
    nthi
    spr
    ocessl
    ear
    nnew way
    sto
    l
    ooki
    ngatt
    hings.

    I
    I.Of
    f-t
    he-
    jobmet
    hods:

    On-
    the-
    jobmet
    hodsofexecut
    ivedev
    elopmentj
    ustdi
    scussedabov
    emay
    notbeadequat
    ebecauseoft
    hecompl
    exi
    ti
    esofmanagementpr
    ocessand
    i
    nadequat
    efaci
    l
    iti
    es,
    env
    ironmentandt
    eachi
    ngexper
    ience,
    cal
    l
    ingf
    ormor
    e
    sophi
    sti
    cat
    edandcompr
    ehensi
    vemet
    hodsofdev
    elopment
    .

    131
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Of
    f-
    the-
    job t
    rai
    ning met
    hodsai
    m atpl
    aci
    ng t
    heexecut
    ivesi
    n ahi
    ghl
    y
    maneuv
    eredandst
    imul
    atedat
    mospher
    esot
    hatt
    heyar
    eexposedt
    onew
    i
    deas,newway
    sofanal
    ysi
    sandar
    einaposi
    ti
    ont
    oint
    rospectt
    hemsel
    ves
    byst
    udy
    ingt
    hei
    rownbehav
    iour
    .

    Ther
    eisaweal
    thofof
    f-
    the-j
    obexecut
    ivedev
    elopmentt
    echni
    quesandl
    et
    usdi
    scusssomeoft
    hemosti
    mpor
    tantoft
    heset
    echni
    quesher
    eunder
    .

    a.Casest
    udy
    :

    Thecasest
    udymet
    hodi
    nvol
    vesdi
    agnost
    icandpr
    obl
    em sol
    vi
    ngst
    udyof
    usual
    l
    yawr
    it
    tendescr
    ipt
    ionofsomeev
    entorsetofci
    rcumst
    anceson
    or
    gani
    sat
    ional
    probl
    emspr
    ovi
    dingr
    elev
    antdet
    ail
    s.

    Themet
    hodi
    sappr
    opr
    iat
    efordev
    elopi
    nganal
    yti
    calandpr
    obl
    em sol
    vi
    ng
    or
    ient
    ati
    onandski
    l
    l,pr
    ovi
    dingpr
    act
    icei
    nappl
    yi
    ngmanagementconcept
    s,
    t
    ool
    s and t
    echni
    ques and enhanci
    ng awar
    eness oft
    he management
    concept
    s and pr
    ocesses.The met
    hod i
    srel
    evantf
    ordev
    elopi
    ng o-
    gener
    ati
    onal
    ,concept
    ualandf
    unct
    ionalski
    l
    lsamongt
    opandseni
    orl
    evel
    execut
    ives.

    b.Rol
    epl
    ayi
    ng:

    Rol
    e pl
    ayi
    ng i
    s used i
    n hel
    ping t
    rai
    nees t
    o di
    agnose human r
    elat
    ions
    pr
    obl
    ems,
    todev
    elopi
    nsi
    ghtt
    hroughi
    n-dept
    hanal
    ysi
    sofpr
    obl
    emsr
    elat
    ing
    t
    ohumani
    nter
    act
    ionandt
    oacqui
    reski
    l
    lsi
    nint
    erper
    sonalcommuni
    cat
    ion

    132
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    wi
    thpar
    ti
    cul
    aremphasi
    sonempat
    hyandl
    i
    steni
    ng.

    Asi
    mul
    atedsi
    tuat
    ioni
    scr
    eat
    edi
    nwhi
    cht
    rai
    neesactoutt
    het
    hought
    sand
    behav
    iourofper
    sonsi
    npar
    ti
    cul
    arr
    olesi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Rol
    esar
    eof
    ten
    pl
    ayedspont
    aneousl
    yandunr
    ehear
    sed.

    c.I
    n-basketmet
    hod:

    I
    n-BasketonI
    n-Tr
    ayt
    echni
    quei
    nvol
    vessi
    mul
    ati
    onofaser
    iesofdeci
    sions
    at
    rai
    neemi
    ghthav
    etomakei
    nreall
    i
    fe.Thet
    rai
    neei
    spr
    esent
    edwi
    thpack
    ofpaper
    sandf
    il
    esi
    nat
    raycont
    aini
    ngadmi
    nist
    rat
    ivepr
    obl
    emsandi
    s
    askedt
    otakedeci
    sionswi
    thi
    nspeci
    fi
    edt
    imel
    i
    mit
    .

    Thedeci
    sionst
    akenbysev
    eralt
    rai
    neesar
    erecor
    dedandcompar
    edwi
    th
    oneanot
    her
    .Lear
    ningoccur
    sast
    rai
    neesr
    efl
    ectandev
    aluat
    ethedeci
    sions
    t
    akenonpr
    ior
    it
    ies,cust
    omer
    ’scompl
    aint
    ,super
    ior
    ’sdemand,i
    rr
    elev
    ant
    i
    nfor
    mat
    ionandt
    hel
    i
    ke.

    The i
    n basketmet
    hod ofexecut
    ive dev
    elopmentof
    fer
    sthe f
    oll
    owi
    ng
    adv
    ant
    ages:

    (
    I)t
    hrough i
    n-basketmet
    hod ofexecut
    ive dev
    elopment
    ,the ef
    fi
    ciency
    pl
    anni
    ngandsy
    stemat
    icappr
    oach,heef
    fi
    ciencyofl
    ong-
    ter
    m obj
    ect
    ives
    andpl
    anni
    ngcanbedemonst
    rat
    ed.

    (
    II
    )(i
    i
    )Inst
    antf
    eedbackpr
    ovi
    desan oppor
    tuni
    tyf
    ort
    heexecut
    ivest
    o

    133
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    dent
    if
    ythei
    rloophol
    esandr
    ect
    if
    ythem.

    (
    ii
    i)Thedeci
    sion-
    maki
    ngi
    squi
    ck,
    rapi
    dandef
    fect
    ive.

    (
    iv)Deci
    sionsar
    etakenbyagr
    oupofpeopl
    efr
    om di
    ff
    erentdepar
    tment
    s
    andhenceeachexecut
    iveget
    saf
    airchanceofpar
    ti
    cipat
    ingi
    nthedeci
    sion
    -
    maki
    ng.

    Thechi
    efdi
    sadv
    ant
    agesoft
    hei
    n-basketmet
    hodar
    e:

    (
    I)Thei
    n-basketmet
    hodmaydi
    scour
    ageor
    igi
    nali
    deasbecauset
    hei
    deas
    ofanexecut
    ivemaybet
    urneddownbyt
    hegr
    oupawhol
    e.

    (
    ii
    )The sol
    uti
    ons pr
    escr
    ibed byt
    he gr
    oup ofexecut
    ives maynotbe
    accept
    ed byt
    he t
    op managementand hencet
    he ent
    ir
    e exer
    cisemay
    becomer
    edundantandunnecessar
    y.

    d.Busi
    nessgames:

    Al
    sot
    ermedas‘
    managementgames’
    ,thesegamesr
    efert
    othecl
    assr
    oom
    si
    mul
    ati
    on exer
    cises i
    n whi
    ch di
    ff
    erentt
    eams consi
    sti
    ng ofi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    execut
    ivesar
    erequi
    redt
    ocompet
    ewi
    thoneanot
    heri
    nor
    dert
    oachi
    evea
    gi
    venobj
    ect
    ive.Her
    e,anar
    ti
    fi
    ci
    alat
    mospher
    ecl
    oset
    other
    eall
    i
    fesi
    tuat
    ion
    i
    scr
    eat
    edi
    nwhi
    cht
    hepar
    ti
    cipantexecut
    ivespl
    ayady
    nami
    crol
    eand
    enr
    icht
    hei
    rski
    l
    lst
    hroughi
    nvol
    vementandsi
    mul
    atedexper
    ience.

    Thet
    eamsusual
    l
    yconsi
    stoft
    wot
    osi
    xmember
    sandeacht
    eam t
    akes

    134
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    deci
    sions on pr
    oduct
    ion,pr
    ices,r
    esear
    ch expendi
    tur
    e,adv
    ert
    isement
    expendi
    tur
    e,mar
    ket
    ing,and t
    he amount of expect
    ed pr
    ofi
    ts under
    hy
    pot
    het
    ical
    condi
    ti
    ons.

    Managementgamesar
    eai
    medatt
    eachi
    ngt
    heexecut
    iveshow t
    otake
    usef
    ulandpr
    ofi
    tabl
    emanager
    ialdeci
    sionsandmaket
    heexecut
    ivesawar
    e
    oft
    heexi
    stenceofv
    ari
    ousgr
    ouppr
    ocesses,
    conf
    li
    cts,
    leader
    shi
    ppr
    obl
    ems,
    andway
    sofmai
    ntai
    ningt
    iesoff
    ri
    endshi
    pwi
    thpeer
    sinot
    herdepar
    tment
    s
    orf
    unct
    ional
    areas.

    Thepossi
    blepay
    -of
    fsofmanagementgamescanbel
    i
    stedt
    hus:

    (
    I)I
    tisv
    eryi
    nter
    est
    ingf
    ort
    hedy
    nami
    cex
    ecut
    ivest
    opl
    aygamesandl
    ear
    n,
    i
    nthi
    spr
    ocess,
    thear
    tofmaki
    ngdeci
    sions,
    dev
    elopi
    ngt
    hepr
    obl
    em-
    sol
    vi
    ng
    ski
    l
    ls,
    under
    standt
    hei
    mpor
    tanceofpl
    anni
    ngi
    nmanagement
    .

    (
    ii
    )Execut
    ivecananal
    ysesandsel
    ectt
    her
    elev
    antdat
    afr
    om t
    heav
    ail
    abl
    e
    massofi
    nfor
    mat
    ionandwoul
    dbeabl
    etodeci
    deaboutt
    hei
    mpor
    tant
    aspect
    sev
    enwi
    thi
    ncompl
    etei
    nfor
    mat
    ionbyf
    il
    ingupt
    hegaps.

    Thechi
    efl
    i
    mit
    ati
    onsoft
    hemanagementgamesasamet
    hodofexecut
    ive
    dev
    elopmentcanbel
    i
    stedt
    hus:

    (
    I)Gamesar
    eexpensi
    vet
    odev
    elopandadmi
    nist
    erandsmal
    lor
    gani
    sat
    ions
    cannotaf
    frontt
    omanaget
    hem.

    135
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    (
    ii
    )Aspoi
    ntedoutbyTay
    lorandLi
    ppet
    t,“
    Execut
    ivesar
    efor
    cedt
    ochoose
    f
    rom amongt
    hecl
    osedl
    i
    stofal
    ter
    nat
    iveswher
    eas,i
    nreall
    i
    fe,manager
    s
    i
    ndul
    gei
    ncr
    eat
    ingbet
    teral
    ter
    nat
    ivesandgetampl
    erewar
    dfordev
    elopi
    ng
    f
    rui
    tf
    ulal
    ter
    nat
    ivesandappr
    opr
    iat
    esel
    ect
    ionofanal
    ter
    nat
    ivef
    rom t
    he
    av
    ail
    abl
    eones”

    (
    ii
    i)Gamesr
    epr
    esentmer
    elysi
    mul
    ati
    onswhi
    chmayonebev
    erycl
    oset
    o
    r
    eal
    i
    tyand,t
    her
    efor
    e,i
    twoul
    d be wr
    ong t
    oinf
    ert
    hatt
    hose who ar
    e
    successf
    uli
    nmanagementgameswoul
    dal
    sobesuccessf
    uli
    nreal
    jobs.

    e.Sensi
    ti
    vi
    tyt
    rai
    ning:

    Or
    igi
    nal
    l
    ydev
    elopedbyabehav
    iour
    alsci
    ent
    istKur
    tLewi
    nandpopul
    ari
    sed
    byt
    he Nat
    ionalTr
    aini
    ng Labor
    ator
    ies,U.
    S.A.
    ,sensi
    ti
    vi
    tyt
    rai
    ning (
    also
    knownasT-
    groupt
    rai
    ning)i
    sa“
    groupexper
    iencedesi
    gnedt
    opr
    ovi
    de
    maxi
    mum possi
    bleoppor
    tuni
    tyf
    ort
    hei
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    stoexposet
    hei
    rbehav
    iour
    ,
    gi
    veandr
    ecei
    vef
    eedback,exper
    imentwi
    thnew behav
    iouranddev
    elop
    awar
    enessofsel
    fandofot
    her
    s,”(
    Chr
    isAr
    gyr
    is)
    .

    Thef
    undament
    alobj
    ect
    ivesofsensi
    ti
    vi
    tyt
    rai
    ningar
    e:

    (
    i)To hel
    pthe execut
    ivesi
    nimpr
    ovi
    ng t
    hei
    runder
    standi
    ng ofhuman
    behav
    iourandt
    hei
    rabi
    l
    ityt
    oreadot
    her
    sandpr
    edi
    ctact
    ionsoff
    ell
    ow-
    col
    l
    eagues.

    (
    ii
    )Toi
    ncr
    easet
    hepar
    ti
    cipant
    ’sawar
    enessoft
    hei
    mpr
    essi
    onscr
    eat
    edby

    136
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    hi
    m onot
    her
    s.

    (
    ii
    i)Tohi
    ghl
    i
    ghtt
    hei
    nsensi
    ti
    vi
    tyofot
    herexecut
    ivesf
    ort
    heact
    ionsand
    f
    eel
    i
    ngs(
    opi
    nions)ofhi
    m.

    (
    iv) To i
    ncr
    ease per
    sonalsat
    isf
    act
    ion f
    rom r
    elat
    ionshi
    p wi
    th ot
    her
    execut
    ives.

    (
    v)Toachi
    evegr
    eat
    erbehav
    iour
    alef
    fect
    ivenessi
    ntr
    ansact
    ionswi
    thone’
    s
    v
    ari
    ousenv
    ironment
    s.

    (
    vi)Todev
    elopconcept
    sandt
    heor
    eti
    cali
    nsi
    ght
    sthatwi
    l
    lser
    veast
    ool
    sin
    l
    i
    nki
    ngper
    sonalv
    alues,
    goal
    sandi
    ntent
    ionst
    oact
    ionst
    hatar
    eaconsi
    stent
    wi
    tht
    hesei
    nnerf
    act
    orsandwi
    tht
    her
    equi
    rement
    soft
    hesi
    tuat
    ionunder
    quest
    ion.

    AT-
    groupi
    sasmal
    lgr
    oupconsi
    sti
    ngoft
    ent
    ofi
    ft
    eenexecut
    iveswhomeet
    wi
    thno f
    ormalagendaand di
    scussoni
    mpor
    tantpr
    obl
    ems.Thi
    sisa
    l
    eader
    lessgr
    oupandt
    heessenceofT-
    groupt
    rai
    ningi
    sael
    f-exami
    nat
    ion
    andi
    ntr
    ospect
    ionoft
    hebehav
    iourofonesel
    fandal
    sot
    her
    e.Thi
    sisaki
    nd
    ofbehav
    iour
    alt
    rai
    ning t
    hati
    s ai
    med atbr
    ingi
    ng aboutor
    gani
    sat
    ional
    dev
    elopment
    .

    f
    .Si
    mul
    ati
    on:

    Si
    mul
    ati
    on i
    s a speci
    alt
    rai
    ning t
    echni
    que conduct
    ed one a dupl
    i
    cat
    e

    137
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    env
    ironmentwhi
    chi
    samockupofar
    eall
    i
    feenv
    ironment
    .Undert
    he
    si
    mul
    ati
    onmet
    hodasi
    ngl
    ehourmaybeequat
    edf
    oramont
    h,oraquar
    ter
    ofamont
    hinr
    eall
    i
    fe.Li
    ket
    his,sev
    eralev
    ent
    smaybeexper
    iencedi
    na
    r
    elat
    ivel
    yshor
    tspanoft
    ime.

    Si
    mul
    ati
    oni
    sausef
    ult
    echni
    queofexecut
    ivedev
    elopmentbecauset
    he
    deci
    sionst
    akenar
    erev
    ersi
    ble(
    ifwr
    ongdeci
    sionsar
    etaken)andl
    ess
    cost
    lyo t
    heent
    erpr
    ise.Onel
    ong-
    standi
    ngdef
    ici
    encyoft
    hesi
    mul
    ati
    on
    t
    echni
    quei
    sthati
    tisdi
    ff
    icul
    ttodupl
    i
    cat
    ether
    eal
    i
    ty(
    speci
    all
    ythepr
    esses
    andpr
    obl
    ems)ofact
    ualdeci
    sion-
    maki
    ngonj
    obs.Qui
    tet
    rul
    y,i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    s
    mi
    ghtactdi
    ff
    erent
    lyi
    nreall
    i
    fesi
    tuat
    ionst
    hant
    he,act
    ionsm si
    mul
    ati
    on
    exer
    cises.

    g.I
    nci
    dentmet
    hod:

    Thi
    smet
    hodcombi
    nesi
    ntel
    l
    ect
    ualabi
    l
    itypr
    act
    icalj
    udgment
    ,andsoci
    al
    awar
    enessoft
    heexecut
    ives.Thegr
    oupmember
    sar
    erequi
    redt
    oaddr
    ess
    quest
    ions t
    othe di
    scussi
    on l
    eader
    .The pr
    ocedur
    eist
    o ask gener
    al
    quest
    ionsl
    i
    kewhat
    ,when,wher
    eandhow oft
    hesi
    tuat
    ioni
    nwhi
    chan
    i
    nci
    dentdev
    elopedandwhowaspr
    esentatt
    hatt
    ime.

    Fi
    nal
    l
    y,t
    heexecut
    ivesr
    eactwhyoft
    hebehav
    iour
    .Af
    terhav
    ingsubj
    ect
    ed
    t
    hrought
    hismet
    hodt
    heexecut
    iveswoul
    dbei
    naposi
    ti
    ont
    oincr
    easet
    hei
    r
    powert
    othi
    nkcl
    ear
    ly,i
    nci
    siv
    elyandr
    easonabl
    yaboutspeci
    fi
    cfact
    sand
    al
    soaboutabst
    ract
    ions.
    138
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Theexecut
    ives’
    capaci
    tyt
    omodi
    fyconcl
    usi
    onsar
    ri
    vedati
    ntel
    l
    ect
    ual
    l
    yal
    so
    woul
    dgoup.Fi
    nal
    l
    y,t
    heexecut
    iveswoul
    dbei
    naposi
    ti
    ont
    oappr
    eci
    atet
    he
    f
    orceofot
    herexecut
    ive’
    sfeel
    i
    ng.andwi
    l
    li
    ngt
    oadj
    ustori
    mpl
    ementa
    deci
    sionwi
    thusef
    ulmodi
    fi
    cat
    ions.

    h.Conf
    erence:

    The conf
    erence met
    hod i
    s used t
    o hel
    p empl
    oyees dev
    elop pr
    obl
    em-
    sol
    vi
    ng ski
    l
    ls.Gr
    oup di
    scussi
    ons and Meet
    ings ar
    ethe t
    wo common
    t
    echni
    quesof
    tenmadeuseofi
    nor
    gani
    zat
    ions.Thechai
    rmanort
    het
    t
    rai
    nerl
    eadsdi
    scussi
    on,i
    nvol
    vest
    rai
    neesi
    nat
    tempt
    ingt
    osol
    vepr
    obl
    ems
    andi
    nar
    ri
    vi
    ngatdeci
    sions.

    Theconf
    erencel
    eadermusthav
    ethenecessar
    yski
    l
    ltol
    eadt
    hedi
    scussi
    on
    i
    n a meani
    ngf
    ulwaywi
    thoutl
    osi
    ng si
    ghtoft
    he t
    opi
    cort
    heme.The
    conf
    erencemet
    hodorgr
    oupdi
    scussi
    onef
    fect
    schangesi
    nthepar
    ti
    cipant
    s
    t
    hroughmodi
    fi
    cat
    ionoft
    hei
    rexper
    iencesduet
    oshar
    ingandr
    eshapi
    ngof
    t
    hei
    rvi
    ews,
    thi
    nki
    ngandat
    ti
    tudes.

    i
    .Pr
    ogr
    ammedLear
    ning:

    Af
    orm ofi
    ndi
    vi
    dualst
    udy
    ,thepr
    ogr
    ammedl
    ear
    ningi
    smor
    esui
    tedt
    o
    meet
    ingt
    hebehav
    iour
    alobj
    ect
    ivesandwhennon-
    mot
    orski
    l
    lorknowl
    edge
    i
    stobel
    ear
    nedbyal
    argenumberoft
    rai
    nees.Thet
    rai
    nermoni
    tor
    str
    ainees’
    i
    ndependentpr
    ogr
    esst
    hrought
    hepr
    ogr
    ammer
    .Thi
    smet
    hodi
    sgov
    erned

    139
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    byt
    hepr
    inci
    pleofposi
    ti
    ver
    einf
    orcementdev
    elopedbyBFSki
    nnerand
    al
    l
    owst
    het
    rai
    neet
    olear
    nthr
    oughaser
    iesofsmal
    lst
    epsi
    nphasesandat
    hi
    sownpace.

    Car
    eerPl
    anni
    ngdev
    elopment

    Def
    ini
    ti
    onsCar
    eerPl
    anni
    ng:

    1.Acar
    eermaybedef
    inedas‘asequenceofj
    obst
    hatconst
    it
    utewhata
    per
    sondoesf
    oral
    i
    ving’
    .

    2.Accor
    dingt
    oScher
    mer
    bor
    n,Hunt
    ,andOsbor
    n,‘
    Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngi
    sa
    pr
    ocessofsy
    stemat
    ical
    l
    ymat
    chi
    ngcar
    eergoal
    sandi
    ndi
    vi
    dualcapabi
    l
    iti
    es
    wi
    thoppor
    tuni
    ti
    esf
    ort
    hei
    rful
    fi
    ll
    ment
    ’.

    3.Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngi
    sthepr
    ocessofenhanci
    nganempl
    oyee’
    sfut
    urev
    alue.

    4.Acar
    eerpl
    ani
    sani
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    ’
    schoi
    ceofoccupat
    ion,or
    gani
    zat
    ionand
    car
    eerpat
    h.

    Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngencour
    agesi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    stoexpl
    oreandgat
    heri
    nfor
    mat
    ion,
    whi
    chenabl
    est
    hem t
    osy
    n¬t
    hesi
    ze,gai
    ncompet
    enci
    es,makedeci
    si
    ons,
    setgoal
    s and t
    ake act
    ion.I
    tis a cr
    uci
    alphase ofhuman r
    esour
    ce
    dev
    elopmentt
    hathel
    pst
    heempl
    oyeesi
    nmaki
    ngst
    rat
    egyf
    orwor
    k-l
    i
    fe
    bal
    ance.

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on:Car
    eerDev
    elopment

    140
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Car
    eerdev
    elopmenti
    stheser
    iesofact
    ivi
    ti
    esort
    heon-
    goi
    ng/
    li
    fel
    ong
    pr
    ocessofdev
    elopi
    ngone’
    scar
    eer
    .Car
    eerdev
    elopmentusual
    l
    yref
    erst
    o
    managi
    ng one’
    scar
    eeri
    n an i
    ntr
    a-or
    gani
    zat
    ionalori
    nter
    -or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    scenar
    io.I
    tinv
    olv
    es t
    rai
    ning on new ski
    l
    ls,mov
    ing t
    o hi
    gher j
    ob
    r
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ties,maki
    ng acar
    eerchangewi
    thi
    nthesameor
    gani
    zat
    ion,
    mov
    ingt
    oadi
    ff
    erentor
    gani
    zat
    ionorst
    art
    ingone’
    sownbusi
    ness.

    Car
    eerdev
    elopmenti
    sdi
    rect
    lyl
    i
    nkedt
    othegoal
    sandobj
    ect
    ivessetbyan
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    .Itst
    art
    swi
    thsel
    f-
    act
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionandsel
    f-
    assessmentofone’
    s
    i
    nter
    est
    sandcapabi
    l
    iti
    es.Thei
    nter
    est
    sar
    ethenmat
    chedwi
    tht
    heav
    ail
    abl
    e
    opt
    ions.Thei
    ndi
    vi
    dualneedst
    otr
    ainhi
    msel
    ftoacqui
    ret
    heski
    l
    lsneeded
    f
    ort
    heopt
    ionorcar
    eerpat
    hchosenbyhi
    m.Fi
    nal
    l
    y,af
    teracqui
    ri
    ngt
    he
    desi
    redcompet
    ency
    ,hehast
    oper
    for
    mtoachi
    evet
    hegoal
    sandt
    arget
    sset
    byhi
    m.

    141
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Feat
    uresofCar
    eerPl
    anni
    ngandCar
    eerDev
    elopment
    :

    1.I
    tisanongoi
    ngpr
    ocess.

    2.I
    thel
    psi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    sdev
    elopski
    l
    lsr
    equi
    redt
    oful
    fi
    ll
    dif
    fer
    entcar
    eerr
    oles.

    3.I
    tst
    rengt
    henswor
    k-r
    elat
    edact
    ivi
    ti
    esi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    4.I
    tdef
    inesl
    i
    fe,
    car
    eer
    ,abi
    l
    iti
    es,
    andi
    nter
    est
    soft
    heempl
    oyees.

    5.I
    tcanal
    sogi
    vepr
    ofessi
    onal
    dir
    ect
    ions,
    ast
    heyr
    elat
    etocar
    eergoal
    s.

    Obj
    ect
    ivesofCar
    eerPl
    anni
    ng:

    Themaj
    orobj
    ect
    ivesofcar
    eerpl
    anni
    ngar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

    1.Toi
    dent
    if
    yposi
    ti
    vechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csoft
    heempl
    oyees.

    142
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    2.Todev
    elopawar
    enessabouteachempl
    oyee’
    suni
    queness.

    3.Tor
    espectf
    eel
    i
    ngsofot
    herempl
    oyees.

    4.Toat
    tractt
    alent
    edempl
    oyeest
    otheor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    5.Tot
    rai
    nempl
    oyeest
    owar
    dst
    eam-
    bui
    l
    dingski
    l
    ls.

    6.Tocr
    eat
    eheal
    thyway
    sofdeal
    i
    ngwi
    thconf
    li
    cts,
    emot
    ions,
    andst
    ress.

    Benef
    it
    sofCar
    eerPl
    anni
    ng:

    1.Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngensur
    esaconst
    antsuppl
    yofpr
    omot
    abl
    eempl
    oyees.

    2.I
    thel
    psi
    nimpr
    ovi
    ngt
    hel
    oyal
    tyofempl
    oyees.

    3.Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngencour
    agesanempl
    oyee’
    sgr
    owt
    handdev
    elopment
    .

    4.I
    tdi
    scour
    agest
    henegat
    iveat
    ti
    tudeofsuper
    ior
    swhoar
    eint
    erest
    edi
    n
    suppr
    essi
    ngt
    hegr
    owt
    hoft
    hesubor
    dinat
    es.

    5.I
    tensur
    est
    hatseni
    ormanagementknowsaboutt
    hecal
    i
    breandcapaci
    ty
    oft
    heempl
    oyeeswhocanmov
    eupwar
    ds.

    6.I
    tcanal
    way
    scr
    eat
    eat
    eam ofempl
    oyeespr
    epar
    edenought
    omeetany
    cont
    ingency
    .

    7.Car
    eerpl
    anni
    ngr
    educesl
    abourt
    urnov
    er.

    8.Ev
    eryor
    gani
    zat
    ionpr
    epar
    essuccessi
    onpl
    anni
    ngt
    owar
    dswhi
    chcar
    eer

    143
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    pl
    anni
    ngi
    sthef
    ir
    stst
    ep.

    UNI
    T:3

    Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisal

     Per
    for
    mance Appr
    aisal i
    s t
    he sy
    stemat
    ic ev
    aluat
    ion of t
    he
    per
    for
    mance ofempl
    oyees and t
    o under
    stand t
    he abi
    l
    iti
    es ofa
    per
    sonf
    orf
    urt
    hergr
    owt
    handdev
    elopment
    .Per
    for
    manceappr
    aisali
    s
    gener
    all
    ydonei
    nsy
    stemat
    icway
    swhi
    char
    easf
    oll
    ows:

     Thesuper
    visor
    smeasur
    ethepayofempl
    oyeesandcompar
    eitwi
    th
    t
    arget
    sandpl
    ans.

    144
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

     Thesuper
    visoranal
    ysest
    hef
    act
    orsbehi
    ndwor
    kper
    for
    mancesof
    empl
    oyees.

     Theempl
    oyer
    sar
    einposi
    ti
    ont
    ogui
    det
    heempl
    oyeesf
    orabet
    ter
    per
    for
    mance.

    Obj
    ect
    ivesofPer
    for
    manceAppr
    aisal
    :

    Gener
    all
    y,t
    heai
    msofaper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    aret
    o:

    a.Topr
    ovi
    deempl
    oyeesf
    eedbackont
    hei
    rper
    for
    mance.

    b.I
    dent
    if
    yempl
    oyeet
    rai
    ningneeds.

    c.Documentcr
    it
    eri
    ausedt
    oal
    l
    ocat
    eor
    gani
    sat
    ional
    rewar
    ds.

    d.A basi
    sfor deci
    sions r
    elat
    ing t
    o sal
    aryi
    ncr
    eases,pr
    omot
    ions,
    di
    sci
    pli
    nar
    yact
    ions,
    bonuses,
    etc.

    e.Pr
    ovi
    det
    heoppor
    tuni
    tyf
    oror
    gani
    sat
    ional
    diagnosi
    sanddev
    elopment
    .

    f
    .Faci
    l
    itat
    ecommuni
    cat
    ionbet
    weenempl
    oyeeandempl
    oyer
    .

    g.Val
    i
    dat
    esel
    ect
    iont
    echni
    quesand humanr
    esour
    cepol
    i
    ciest
    o meet
    r
    egul
    ator
    yrequi
    rement
    s.

    h.Toi
    mpr
    oveper
    for
    mancet
    hroughcounsel
    i
    ng,
    coachi
    nganddev
    elopment
    .

    i
    .Tomot
    ivat
    eempl
    oyeest
    hroughr
    ecogni
    ti
    onandsuppor
    t.

    145
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    prabhuJai
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Adv
    ant
    agesofPer
    for
    manceAppr
    aisal

    I
    tis sai
    dthatper
    for
    mance appr
    aisali
    s an i
    nvest
    mentf
    ort
    he
    companywhi
    chcanbej
    ust
    if
    iedbyf
    oll
    owi
    ngadv
    ant
    ages:

     Pr
    omot
    ion:
     
    Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisalhel
    pst
    hesuper
    visor
    stochal
    kout
    t
    hepr
    omot
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammesf
    oref
    fi
    cientempl
    oyees.I
    nthi
    sregar
    ds,
    i
    nef
    fi
    cientwor
    ker
    scanbedi
    smi
    ssedordemot
    edi
    ncase.

     Compensat
    ion:
     
    Per
    for
    mance Appr
    aisal hel
    ps i
    n chal
    ki
    ng out
    compensat
    ion packages f
    orempl
    oyees.Mer
    itr
    ati
    ng i
    s possi
    ble
    t
    hroughper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    .Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisalt
    ri
    est
    ogi
    ve
    wor
    tht
    o aper
    for
    mance.Compensat
    ionpackageswhi
    chi
    ncl
    udes
    bonus,
    highsal
    aryr
    ates,
    ext
    rabenef
    it
    s,al
    l
    owancesandpr
    e-r
    equi
    si
    tes
    ar
    edependentonper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    .Thecr
    it
    eri
    ashoul
    dbemer
    it
    r
    athert
    hanseni
    ori
    ty.

     Empl
    oyeesDev
    elopment
    : 
    Thesy
    stemat
    icpr
    ocedur
    eofper
    for
    mance
    appr
    aisalhel
    ps t
    he super
    visor
    stof
    rame t
    rai
    ning pol
    i
    cies and
    pr
    ogr
    ammes.I
    thel
    ps t
    o anal
    yse st
    rengt
    hs and weaknesses of
    empl
    oyeessot
    hatnewj
    obscanbedesi
    gnedf
    oref
    fi
    cientempl
    oyees.
    I
    tal
    sohel
    psi
    nfr
    ami
    ngf
    utur
    edev
    elopmentpr
    ogr
    ammes.

     Sel
    ect
    ionVal
    i
    dat
    ion:
     
    Per
    for
    manceAppr
    aisalhel
    pst
    hesuper
    visor
    sto
    under
    standt
    hev
    ali
    dit
    yandi
    mpor
    tanceoft
    hesel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocedur
    e.

    146
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    prabhuJai
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Thesuper
    visor
    scomet
    oknowt
    hev
    ali
    dit
    yandt
    her
    ebyt
    hest
    rengt
    hs
    andweaknessesofsel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocedur
    e.Fut
    urechangesi
    nsel
    ect
    ion
    met
    hodscanbemadei
    nthi
    sregar
    d.

     Communi
    cat
    ion:
     
    For an or
    gani
    zat
    ion, ef
    fect
    ive communi
    cat
    ion
    bet
    ween empl
    oyees and empl
    oyer
    sisv
    eryi
    mpor
    tant
    .Thr
    ough
    per
    for
    mance appr
    aisal
    ,communi
    cat
    ion can be soughtf
    ori
    nthe
    f
    oll
    owi
    ngway
    s:

     Thr
    oughper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    ,theempl
    oyer
    scanunder
    standand
    acceptski
    l
    lsofsubor
    dinat
    es.

     The subor
    dinat
    es can al
    so under
    stand and cr
    eat
    eat
    rustand
    conf
    idencei
    nsuper
    ior
    s.

    I
    tal
    sohel
    psi
    nmai
    ntai
    ningcor
    dialandcongeni
    all
    abourmanagement
    r
    elat
    ionshi
    p.

    I
    tdev
    elopst
    hespi
    ri
    tofwor
    kandboost
    sthemor
    aleofempl
    oyees.

     Mot
    ivat
    ion:
     
    Per
    for
    mance appr
    aisalser
    ves as a mot
    ivat
    ion t
    ool
    .
    Thr
    oughev
    aluat
    ingper
    for
    manceofempl
    oyees,aper
    son’
    sef
    fi
    ciency
    can be det
    ermi
    ned i
    fthe t
    arget
    s ar
    e achi
    eved.Thi
    sver
    y wel
    l
    mot
    ivat
    esaper
    son f
    orbet
    terj
    ob and hel
    pshi
    m t
    oimpr
    ovehi
    s
    per
    for
    mancei
    nthef
    utur
    e.

    147
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Met
    hods

    Ther
    ear
    enumer
    ousmet
    hodsi
    nuset
    oappr
    aiseempl
    oyeeper
    for
    mance
    dependi
    ng upon t
    hesi
    zeand nat
    ureoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ions.A common
    appr
    oacht
    oassessper
    for
    mancei
    stouseanumer
    icalorscal
    arr
    ati
    ng
    sy
    stem wher
    ebymanager
    sar
    easked t
    o scor
    eani
    ndi
    vi
    dualagai
    nsta
    numberofobj
    ect
    ives/
    att
    ri
    but
    es.

    I
    nsomecompani
    es,empl
    oyeesr
    ecei
    veassessment
    sfr
    om t
    hei
    rmanager
    ,
    peer
    s,subor
    dinat
    es,and cust
    omer
    s,whi
    l
    e al
    so per
    for
    ming a sel
    f
    assessment
    .Themostpopul
    armet
    hodsusedi
    ntheper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    pr
    ocesscanbedi
    vi
    dedi
    ntwocat
    egor
    ies:

    Thesemet
    hodsi
    ncl
    udeRanki
    ngmet
    hods,Gr
    aphi
    cRat
    ingScal
    emet
    hod,
    Cr
    it
    icalI
    nci
    dent
    s Met
    hod,Checkl
    i
    stMet
    hods,EssayMet
    hod and Fi
    eld
    Rev
    iewMet
    hod.

    Moder
    n Appr
    aisalmet
    hodsi
    ncl
    ude ManagementbyObj
    ect
    ives,360 –
    Degr
    ee Feedback Appr
    aisal
    , Behav
    iour
    all
    y Anchor
    ed Rat
    ing Scal
    es,
    AssessmentGenr
    e,HumanResour
    ceAccount
    ing,
    andBal
    ancedScor
    ecar
    d.

    Tr
    adi
    ti
    onalTr
    aitAppr
    aisalMet
    hods:

    1.Ranki
    ngMet
    hods:

    Ranki
    ngcanbebasedont
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngs:

    148
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    (
    а)St
    rai
    ghtRanki
    ngMet
    hod:

    Thi
    sisoneoft
    heol
    destandsi
    mpl
    estt
    echni
    quesofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    .
    I
    nthi
    smet
    hod,t
    heappr
    aiserorev
    aluat
    orr
    ankst
    heempl
    oyeesf
    rom t
    he
    bestt
    othepoor
    estont
    hebasi
    soft
    hei
    rov
    eral
    lper
    for
    mance.I
    tisv
    ery
    usef
    ulf
    oracompar
    ati
    veev
    aluat
    ion.

    (
    b)Pai
    redCompar
    isonMet
    hod:

    I
    tisabet
    terwayofcompar
    isont
    hant
    hest
    rai
    ghtr
    anki
    ngmet
    hod.I
    nthi
    s
    met
    hodeachempl
    oyeei
    scompar
    edwi
    thal
    lot
    her
    sonaone-t
    o-onebasi
    s,
    andt
    henr
    anked.

    (
    c)For
    cedDi
    str
    ibut
    ionMet
    hod:

    I
    tisamet
    hodofappr
    aisi
    ngempl
    oyeesont
    hebasi
    sofapr
    edet
    ermi
    ned
    di
    str
    ibut
    ionscal
    e.Theev
    aluat
    ori
    saskedt
    orank10% empl
    oyeesi
    nthe
    bestcat
    egor
    y,20%i
    nthenextcat
    egor
    y,40%i
    nthemi
    ddl
    ecat
    egor
    y,20%i
    n
    bef
    oret
    hel
    ow,
    and10%i
    nthel
    owestbr
    acket
    s.

    2.Gr
    aphi
    cRat
    ingScal
    eMet
    hod:

    I
    nthi
    smet
    hod,
    anempl
    oyee’
    squal
    i
    tyandquant
    it
    yofwor
    kisassessedi
    na
    gr
    aphi
    cscal
    eindi
    cat
    ingdi
    ff
    erentdegr
    eesofapar
    ti
    cul
    art
    rai
    t,i
    .e.
    ,behav
    ior
    orchar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csast
    heyr
    elat
    etowor
    kper
    for
    mance.

    Forexampl
    eat
    rai
    tli
    keJobknowl
    edgemaybej
    udgedont
    her
    angeof

    149
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    av
    erage,abov
    eav
    erage,out
    standi
    ngorunsat
    isf
    act
    oryoront
    hebasi
    sof
    number
    s(1,
    2,
    3,
    4,5,andsoon)
    .Thel
    i
    stoff
    act
    orst
    obeappr
    aisedi
    s
    dependentupont
    hecompanyr
    equi
    rement
    s.

    3.Cr
    it
    icalI
    nci
    dent
    sMet
    hods:

    I
    nthi
    smet
    hod,t
    heev
    aluat
    orr
    atest
    heempl
    oyeeont
    hebasi
    sofcr
    it
    ical
    ev
    ent
    sandhow t
    heempl
    oyeebehav
    eddur
    ingt
    hosei
    nci
    dent
    s.I
    tincl
    udes
    bot
    hnegat
    iveandposi
    ti
    vepoi
    nts.Thenegat
    ivepoi
    nti
    nci
    dentmi
    ghtbe
    damaget
    omachi
    ner
    ybecauseofnotf
    oll
    owi
    ngsaf
    etymeasur
    es.

    Posi
    ti
    vepoi
    nti
    nci
    dentmaybest
    ayi
    ngbey
    ondwor
    kinghour
    stor
    epai
    ra
    machi
    ne.Thedr
    awbackoft
    hismet
    hodi
    sthatt
    hesuper
    visorhast
    onot
    e
    downt
    hecr
    it
    icali
    nci
    dent
    sandt
    heempl
    oyeebehav
    iorasandwhent
    hey
    occur
    .

    4.Checkl
    istMet
    hods:

    Theappr
    aiseri
    sgi
    venacheckl
    i
    stofsev
    eralbehav
    iour
    s,t
    rai
    ts,orj
    ob
    char
    act
    eri
    sti
    csoft
    heempl
    oyeesonj
    ob.Thecheckl
    i
    stcont
    ainsal
    i
    stof
    st
    atement
    sont
    hebasi
    sofwhi
    cht
    heev
    aluat
    ordescr
    ibest
    heont
    hej
    ob
    per
    for
    manceoft
    heempl
    oyees.I
    fther
    aterbel
    i
    evest
    hatempl
    oyeedoes
    hav
    eapar
    ti
    cul
    arl
    i
    stedt
    rai
    titi
    smar
    kedasposi
    ti
    vecheck,ot
    her
    wiset
    he
    i
    tem i
    slef
    tbl
    ank.

    Thecompanyhasachoi
    cet
    ochooseei
    therWei
    ght
    edCheckl
    i
    stMet
    hodor

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    prabhuJai
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    For
    cedCheckl
    i
    stMet
    hod.

    5.EssayAppr
    aisalMet
    hod:

    I
    tisal
    soknownas“
    FreeFor
    m Met
    hod”
    .Iti
    nvol
    vesadescr
    ipt
    ionoft
    he
    per
    for
    mancei
    nanumberofbr
    oadper
    for
    mancecr
    it
    eri
    aofani
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    empl
    oyeebyhi
    ssuper
    iorbased on t
    hef
    act
    sand of
    ten suppor
    ted by
    exampl
    esandev
    idences.Amaj
    ordr
    awbackoft
    hemet
    hodi
    showt
    okeep
    t
    hebi
    asoft
    heev
    aluat
    oraway
    .

    6.Fi
    eldRev
    iewMet
    hod:

    I
    nthi
    smet
    hod,ar
    epr
    esent
    ati
    veoft
    heHRdepar
    tmentorat
    rai
    ningof
    fi
    cer
    di
    scusses and i
    nter
    views t
    he super
    visor
    sto ev
    aluat
    e and r
    atet
    hei
    r
    r
    espect
    ivesubor
    dinat
    es.Thi
    smet
    hodi
    sver
    yti
    meconsumi
    ngmet
    hod.
    Howev
    er,
    thi
    smet
    hodhel
    pst
    oreducet
    hesuper
    ior
    s’per
    sonal
    bias.

    Att
    hisst
    agei
    twoul
    dnotbeoutofcont
    extt
    o ment
    ionsomeoft
    he
    l
    i
    mit
    ati
    onsassoci
    atedwi
    tht
    rai
    t-
    basedmet
    hodsofper
    for
    manceev
    aluat
    ion.
    Fi
    rst
    ,thet
    rai
    t-
    based met
    hodsar
    ebased upont
    rai
    ts(
    li
    kei
    ntegr
    it
    yand
    consci
    ousness)whi
    ch may notbe di
    rect
    lyr
    elat
    ed t
    o successf
    ulj
    ob
    per
    for
    mance.Anempl
    oyeecanchangebehav
    iour
    ,butnotper
    sonal
    i
    ty.

    Anempl
    oyeewhoi
    sdi
    shonest
    ,mayst
    opst
    eal
    i
    ng,
    buti
    sli
    kel
    ytoi
    nvol
    vet
    he
    momenthef
    eel
    sthet
    hreatofbei
    ngcaughti
    sgone.Second,t
    rai
    t-
    based
    met
    hodsar
    eeasi
    l
    yinf
    luencedby‘
    off
    icepol
    i
    tics’
    andi
    sthus,
    lessr
    eli
    abl
    e.

    151
    Chander
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Moder
    nAppr
    aisalMet
    hods:

    Thesemet
    hodsar
    edescr
    ibedasunder
    :

    1.ManagementbyObj
    ect
    ives:

    Theconceptof‘
    ManagementbyObj
    ect
    ives’(
    MBO)wasgi
    venbyPet
    erF.
    Dr
    uckeri
    n1954.I
    tcanbeexpr
    essedasapr
    ocesswher
    ebyt
    heempl
    oyees
    and t
    he super
    ior
    s come t
    oget
    hert
    oident
    if
    y common goal
    s– t
    he
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionalgoal
    saswel
    lasi
    ndi
    vi
    dualgoal
    s,t
    hest
    andar
    dst
    obet
    aken
    ast
    hecr
    it
    eri
    aformeasur
    ementoft
    hei
    rper
    for
    manceandcont
    ri
    but
    ionand
    deci
    dingt
    hecour
    seofact
    iont
    obef
    oll
    owed.

    Thus,t
    heessenceofMBOi
    spar
    ti
    cipat
    ivegoalset
    ti
    ng,choosi
    ngcour
    seof
    act
    ionsanddeci
    sionmaki
    ng.I
    deal
    l
    y,whenempl
    oyeest
    hemsel
    veshav
    e
    beeni
    nvol
    vedwi
    tht
    hegoalset
    ti
    ngandt
    hechoosi
    ngt
    hecour
    seofact
    ion
    t
    oachi
    evet
    hem,
    theyar
    emor
    ecommi
    tt
    ed.

    152
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    es
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    i
    tyInsti
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    2.360-
    Degr
    eeFeedbackAppr
    aisalMet
    hod:

    360-
    degr
    eef
    eedback,al
    soknownas‘
    mul
    ti
    -r
    aterf
    eedback’
    ,ist
    hemost
    compr
    ehensi
    ve appr
    aisalwher
    ethe f
    eedback aboutt
    he empl
    oyees’
    per
    for
    mancecomesf
    rom al
    lthesour
    cest
    hatcomei
    ncont
    actwi
    tht
    he
    empl
    oyeeonhi
    sjob.

    These sour
    ces i
    ncl
    ude super
    ior
    s,subor
    dinat
    es,peer
    s,t
    eam member
    s,
    cust
    omer
    s,andsuppl
    i
    ersapar
    tfr
    om t
    heempl
    oyeehi
    msel
    f(seeFi
    gur
    e
    18.
    10)
    ,whocanpr
    ovi
    def
    eedbackont
    heempl
    oyee’
    sjobper
    for
    mance.

    153
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    es
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Sel
    fappr
    aisalgi
    vesachancet
    otheempl
    oyeet
    olookathi
    s/herst
    rengt
    hs
    andweaknesses,hi
    sachi
    evement
    s,andj
    udgehi
    sownper
    for
    mance(
    in
    Uni
    ver
    sit
    yofDel
    hi’
    sMast
    er’
    sinI
    nter
    nat
    ionalBusi
    ness,f
    acul
    tymemberi
    s
    notonl
    yev
    aluat
    edbyt
    heheadofdepar
    tmentbutal
    sobyst
    udent
    s).

    Subor
    dinat
    es(
    par
    tofi
    nter
    nalcust
    omer
    s)ev
    aluat
    iongi
    vesanoppor
    tuni
    ty
    t
    orat
    etheempl
    oyeeont
    hepar
    amet
    ersl
    i
    kecommuni
    cat
    ionandmot
    ivat
    ing
    abi
    l
    iti
    es,
    super
    ior
    ’sabi
    l
    ityt
    odel
    egat
    ethewor
    k,l
    eader
    shi
    pqual
    i
    tieset
    c.

    Ev
    aluat
    ionbypeer
    scanhel
    ptof
    indempl
    oyees’
    abi
    l
    iti
    est
    owor
    kinat
    eam,
    co¬oper
    ati
    onandsensi
    ti
    vi
    tyt
    owar
    dsot
    her
    s.Thusanev
    aluat
    ionbyoneand
    al
    lisa360-
    degr
    eer
    evi
    ewandt
    hef
    eedbacki
    sconsi
    der
    edt
    obeoneoft
    he
    mostcr
    edi
    ble.Someoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ionsusi
    ngt
    hismet
    hodi
    ncl
    udeWi
    pro,
    I
    nfosy
    s,andRel
    i
    anceI
    ndust
    ri
    eset
    c.

    154
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    gherSt
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    es
    &
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    3.Behav
    iour
    all
    yAnchor
    edRat
    ingScal
    es:

    Behav
    iour
    all
    yAnchor
    edRat
    ingScal
    es(
    BARS)i
    samoder
    ntechni
    quewhi
    ch
    i
    sacombi
    nat
    ionoft
    hegr
    aphi
    crat
    ingscal
    eandcr
    it
    ical
    inci
    dent
    smet
    hod.I
    t
    compr
    isespr
    edet
    ermi
    ned cr
    it
    icalar
    easofj
    ob per
    for
    manceorset
    sof
    behav
    ior
    alst
    atement
    sdescr
    ibi
    ngi
    mpor
    tantj
    obper
    for
    mancequal
    i
    tiesas
    good orbad (
    li
    ke t
    he qual
    i
    ties such as i
    nter
    -per
    sonalr
    elat
    ionshi
    ps,
    adapt
    abi
    l
    ityandr
    eli
    abi
    l
    ity
    ,jobknowl
    edgeet
    c.)
    .

    Thet
    ypi
    cal
    BARSi
    ncl
    udessev
    enorei
    ghtper
    for
    mancebehav
    iour
    seachone
    measur
    edbyasev
    en-
    or-
    ninepoi
    ntscal
    e.Thesest
    atement
    sar
    edev
    eloped
    f
    rom cr
    it
    ical
    inci
    dent
    s.

    I
    nthi
    smet
    hod,anempl
    oyee’
    sact
    ualj
    obbehav
    iouri
    sjudgedagai
    nstt
    he
    desi
    red behav
    iourt
    hrough r
    ecor
    ding and compar
    ing t
    he behav
    iorwi
    th
    BARS.Dev
    elopi
    ngandpr
    act
    ici
    ngBARSneedsexper
    tknowl
    edge.

    4.AssessmentCent
    res:

    Assessmentcent
    resar
    eacont
    ri
    but
    ionofGer
    manpsy
    chol
    ogi
    sts.Themai
    n
    f
    eat
    ureofassessmentcent
    resi
    sthatt
    heypr
    ocess.AssessmentCent
    res
    consi
    stofmanymul
    ti
    ples.

    a.Mul
    ti
    plecompet
    enci
    est
    obeev
    aluat
    edf
    ori
    nacandi
    dat
    e.

    b.Mul
    ti
    pleobser
    ver
    stoel
    i
    minat
    ethesubj
    ect
    ivi
    tyandi
    ncr
    easeobj
    ect
    ivi
    ty

    155
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    prabhuJai
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    nvol
    vedi
    nthepr
    ocess.

    c.Mul
    ti
    plepar
    ti
    cipant
    s:18– 21i
    ncaseofTMTC (
    Tat
    aManagement
    Tr
    aini
    ngCent
    re)
    .

    d.Mul
    ti
    pleexer
    cises:
    Exer
    cisesl
    i
    ker
    olepl
    ays,
    caseanal
    ysi
    s,pr
    esent
    ati
    ons,
    gr
    oupdi
    scussi
    onset
    c.

    e.Mul
    ti
    plesi
    mul
    ati
    ons:Thesecoul
    dbecr
    eat
    ive,cr
    isi
    sorexpl
    oit
    ati
    vet
    ype
    ofsi
    mul
    ati
    ons.

    f
    .Mul
    ti
    pleobser
    vat
    ions:Eachobser
    vat
    ioni
    sobser
    vedatl
    eastt
    wice.Ther
    e
    ar
    efi
    vemai
    nway
    sinwhi
    chev
    aluat
    ioni
    smade.Agr
    oupofpar
    ti
    cipant
    s
    t
    akespar
    tinav
    ari
    etyofexer
    cisesobser
    vedbyat
    eam oft
    rai
    nedassessor
    s
    whoev
    aluat
    eeachpar
    ti
    cipantagai
    nstanumberofpr
    edet
    ermi
    ned,j
    ob
    r
    elat
    edbehav
    iour
    s.Deci
    sionsar
    ethenmadebypool
    i
    ng.

    5.HumanResour
    ceAccount
    ingMet
    hod:

    Human r
    esour
    ces ar
    eval
    uabl
    e asset
    sforev
    ery or
    gani
    zat
    ion.Human
    r
    esour
    ceaccount
    ingmet
    hodv
    aluest
    her
    elat
    ivewor
    thoft
    heseasset
    sin
    t
    het
    ermsofmoney
    .Int
    hismet
    hodt
    hev
    aluat
    ionoft
    heempl
    oyeesi
    s
    cal
    cul
    atedi
    nter
    msofcostandcont
    ri
    but
    iont
    otheempl
    oyer
    s.

    Thecostofempl
    oyeesi
    ncl
    udesal
    ltheexpensesi
    ncur
    redont
    hem ,v
    iz.
    ,
    t
    hei
    rcompensat
    ion,
    recr
    uit
    mentandsel
    ect
    ioncost
    s,i
    nduct
    ionandt
    rai
    ning

    156
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    cost
    set
    c.,wher
    east
    hei
    rcont
    ri
    but
    ioni
    ncl
    udest
    het
    otalv
    alueadded(
    in
    monet
    aryt
    erms)
    .

    The di
    ff
    erence bet
    ween t
    he cost and t
    he cont
    ri
    but
    ion wi
    l
    lbe t
    he
    per
    for
    manceoft
    heempl
    oyees.I
    deal
    l
    y,t
    hecont
    ri
    but
    ionoft
    heempl
    oyees
    shoul
    dbegr
    eat
    ert
    hant
    hecosti
    ncur
    redont
    hem.

    6.Bal
    ancedScor
    eCar
    d:

    I
    twasdev
    elopedbyRober
    tKapl
    anandDav
    idNor
    toni
    n1990s.Thepur
    pose
    ofbal
    anced scor
    ecar
    dist
    o ev
    aluat
    etheor
    gani
    zat
    ionaland empl
    oyee
    per
    for
    mance i
    n per
    for
    mance appr
    aisalmanagement pr
    ocesses.The
    conv
    ent
    ional appr
    oach measur
    es t
    he per
    for
    mance onl
    y on a f
    ew
    par
    amet
    ersl
    i
    ket
    heact
    ionpr
    ocesses,r
    esul
    tsachi
    evedort
    hef
    inanci
    al
    measur
    eset
    c.

    TheBal
    ancedscor
    ecar
    dpr
    ovi
    desaf
    ramewor
    kofdi
    ff
    erentmeasur
    est
    o
    ensur
    ethe compl
    ete and bal
    anced v
    iew oft
    he per
    for
    mance oft
    he
    empl
    oyees.Bal
    anced scor
    ecar
    dfocuses on t
    he measur
    es t
    hatdr
    ive
    per
    for
    mance.

    Thebal
    ancedscor
    ecar
    dhast
    wobasi
    cchar
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs–abal
    ancedsetof
    measur
    esbasedonf
    ourmeasur
    es(
    fi
    nanci
    al–pr
    ofi
    ts,mar
    ketshar
    e,ROI
    ;
    cust
    omer–per
    spect
    iveaboutor
    gani
    zat
    ionl
    oyal
    tyt
    ofi
    rm,acqui
    sit
    ionof
    new cust
    omer
    s; i
    nter
    nal busi
    ness measur
    es – i
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure,

    157
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    i
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    (
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    sat
    ional pr
    ocesses and sy
    stems,human r
    esour
    ces;and t
    he
    i
    nnov
    ati
    onandl
    ear
    ningper
    spect
    ive–abi
    l
    ityt
    olear
    n,i
    nnov
    ateandi
    mpr
    ove)
    andl
    i
    nki
    ngt
    hesemeasur
    est
    oempl
    oyeeper
    for
    mance.Seni
    ormanager
    s
    ar
    eal
    l
    ocat
    edr
    ewar
    dsbasedont
    hei
    rsuccessatmeet
    ingorexceedi
    ngt
    he
    per
    for
    mancemeasur
    es.

    Li
    mit
    ati
    onsofPer
    for
    manceAppr
    aisalMet
    hods 

    Someoft
    hemaj
    orl
    i
    mit
    ati
    onsofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisalar
    e:1.Bi
    asof
    Appr
    aiser2.Ambi
    gui
    tyi
    nSt
    andar
    ds3.I
    nsuf
    fi
    cientEv
    idence4.Sev
    eral
    Qual
    i
    tiesRemai
    nWi
    thoutAppr
    aisal5.Leni
    encyorSt
    ri
    ctnessTenancy6.
    Av
    erageRat
    ingPr
    obl
    em 7.I
    nfl
    uenceofMan’
    sJoband8.Si
    mil
    ari
    tyEr
    ror
    .

    1.Bi
    asofAppr
    aiser
    :

    Thepr
    esenceof‘
    Hal
    oEf
    fect
    ’inev
    aluat
    ionofempl
    oyeesi
    sthebi
    ggest
    weaknessoft
    hismet
    hod.A hi
    ghr
    atei
    sgi
    vent
    ofav
    our
    edempl
    oyees
    wher
    easunf
    ri
    endl
    yempl
    oyeesar
    erat
    edl
    ow.

    2.Ambi
    gui
    tyi
    nSt
    andar
    ds:

    I
    fthe st
    andar
    ds ar
    e notcl
    ear
    ,the super
    visor
    s may f
    oll
    ow di
    ff
    erent
    st
    andar
    dsf
    ordi
    ff
    erentempl
    oyees.

    3.I
    nsuf
    fi
    cientEv
    idence:

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    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
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    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Anempl
    oyeewhocani
    mpr
    esst
    hebossmaygetaposi
    ti
    veev
    aluat
    ion
    t
    houghhi
    simpr
    essi
    oni
    nhi
    sowndepar
    tmentmaybev
    erypoor
    .Insuch
    cases,
    theper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    wil
    lbesuper
    fl
    uous.

    4.Sev
    eralQual
    it
    iesRemai
    nWi
    thoutAppr
    aisal
    :

    Thr
    oughper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    ,onl
    yfew qual
    i
    tiesofempl
    oyeescanbe
    measur
    ed.Al
    lindi
    vi
    dual
    sdi
    ff
    erf
    rom eachot
    heri
    nter
    msofbackgr
    ound,
    v
    aluesandbehav
    iour
    .

    5.Leni
    encyorSt
    ri
    ctnessTenancy
    :

    Ev
    eryev
    aluat
    orhashi
    sownv
    aluat
    ionpr
    ocedur
    ewhi
    chi
    sregar
    dedashi
    s
    ownst
    andar
    dforev
    aluat
    ion.Forexampl
    e,somet
    eacher
    sar
    est
    ri
    cti
    n
    ev
    aluat
    ion ofanswerbooks wher
    eas ot
    her
    s ar
    eleni
    ent
    .The l
    eni
    ent
    t
    endencyi
    sknownas‘
    Posi
    ti
    veLeni
    encyEr
    ror
    ’wher
    easst
    ri
    ctt
    endencyi
    s
    cal
    l
    ed as ‘
    Negat
    ive Leni
    ency Er
    ror
    ’.The r
    ati
    ng may be hi
    gh orl
    ow
    dependi
    ngupont
    henat
    ureofev
    aluat
    ors.

    6.Av
    erageRat
    ingPr
    obl
    em:

    I
    nor
    dert
    ogi
    vev
    eryl
    oworv
    eryhi
    ghr
    ati
    ng,t
    het
    opmanager
    sar
    erequi
    red
    t
    ogi
    ver
    easonst
    ojust
    if
    yther
    ati
    ng.Themostcommoner
    rorcommi
    tt
    edi
    n
    per
    for
    manceappr
    aisali
    stogi
    veav
    erager
    ati
    ngt
    oal
    lempl
    oyees.Mor
    eov
    er,
    l
    owr
    ati
    ngant
    agoni
    zest
    hesubor
    dinat
    es.

    159
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    7.I
    nfl
    uenceofMan’
    sJob:

    Ther
    eisat
    endencyt
    ogi
    veahi
    ghr
    ati
    ngt
    ohi
    ghl
    ypai
    djobs.Soaseni
    or
    empl
    oyeemaygetahi
    gherr
    ati
    ngt
    hanaj
    uni
    orempl
    oyee.

    8.Si
    mil
    ari
    tyEr
    ror
    :

    Theev
    aluat
    ort
    ri
    est
    olookt
    hosequal
    i
    tiesi
    nsubor
    dinat
    eswhi
    chhehi
    msel
    f
    possesses.Thosewhoshowt
    hesi
    mil
    archar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csar
    erat
    edhi
    gh.

    360Degr
    eeAppr
    aisal

    Meani
    ng

    An appr
    aisalmade by t
    op management
    ,immedi
    ate super
    ior
    ,peer
    s,
    subor
    dinat
    es,sel
    fandcust
    omer
    siscal
    l
    ed 
    360Degr
    eeAppr
    aisal
    .Her
    e,t
    he
    per
    for
    manceoft
    heempl
    oyeeormanageri
    sev
    aluat
    ed bysi
    xpar
    ti
    es,
    i
    ncl
    udi
    nghi
    msel
    f.So,
    heget
    saf
    eedbackofhi
    sper
    for
    mancef
    rom ev
    ery
    one
    ar
    oundhi
    m.Thi
    smet
    hodi
    sver
    yrel
    i
    abl
    ebecauseev
    aluat
    ioni
    sdoneby
    manydi
    ff
    erentpar
    ti
    es.Thesepar
    ti
    esar
    eint
    hebestposi
    ti
    ont
    oev
    aluat
    e
    t
    heempl
    oyeeormanagerbecauset
    heyar
    econt
    inuousl
    yint
    eract
    ingand
    wor
    kingwi
    thhi
    m.Thi
    smet
    hodi
    smost
    lyusedt
    oev
    aluat
    etheper
    for
    mance
    oft
    heempl
    oyees.Howev
    er,i
    tisal
    sousedt
    oev
    aluat
    eot
    herqual
    i
    tiessuch
    ast
    alent
    s,behav
    iour
    ,val
    ues,
    ethi
    cal
    standar
    ds,
    temper
    s,l
    oyal
    ty,
    etc.

    160
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    360degr
    eeappr
    aisalwasf
    ir
    stdev
    elopedbyGener
    alEl
    ect
    ri
    c(GE)
    ,USAi
    n
    1992.Todayi
    tisusedbyal
    lmaj
    oror
    gani
    sat
    ions.I
    nIndi
    a,i
    tisusedby
    Cr
    ompt
    onGr
    eav
    es,
    Wipr
    o,I
    nfosy
    s,Rel
    i
    anceI
    ndust
    ri
    es,
    etc.

    Si
    xPar
    ti
    esI
    n360Degr
    eeAppr
    aisal

    The 
    six 
    par
    ti
    esi
    nvol
    vedi
    n360degr
    eeappr
    aisal
    are:
    -

    1.TopManagement

    161
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    The t
    op managementnor
    mal
    l
    y ev
    aluat
    es t
    he mi
    ddl
    elev
    elmanager
    s.
    Howev
    er,
    inasmal
    lor
    gani
    sat
    ion,
    theyal
    soev
    aluat
    etheper
    for
    manceoft
    he
    l
    owerl
    evel
    manager
    sandseni
    orempl
    oyees.

    2.I
    mmedi
    ateSuper
    ior

    The i
    mmedi
    ate super
    iori
    sinav
    ery good posi
    ti
    on t
    o ev
    aluat
    ethe
    per
    for
    manceofhi
    ssubor
    dinat
    es.Thi
    sisbecauset
    heyhav
    edi
    rectand
    accur
    atei
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutt
    hewor
    kper
    for
    manceoft
    hei
    rsubor
    dinat
    es.

    3.Peer
    s/Co-
    wor
    ker
    s

    Peerorcol
    l
    eaguesal
    soev
    aluat
    eeachot
    her
    'sper
    for
    mance.Theywor
    k
    cont
    inuousl
    ywi
    theachot
    her
    ,andt
    heyknow eachot
    her
    'sper
    for
    mance.
    Peerev
    aluat
    ioni
    susedmost
    lyi
    ncaseswher
    eteam wor
    kisi
    mpor
    tant
    .

    4.Subor
    dinat
    es

    TheSubor
    dinat
    escanal
    soev
    aluat
    etheper
    for
    manceofhi
    ssuper
    ior
    .Now-
    a
    -
    day
    sst
    udent
    sar
    easkedt
    oev
    aluat
    etheper
    for
    manceoft
    hei
    rteacher
    s.

    5.Sel
    fAppr
    aisal

    I
    nthesel
    f-
    appr
    aisal
    ,aper
    sonev
    aluat
    eshi
    sownper
    for
    mance.Heshoul
    d
    behonestwhi
    l
    eev
    aluat
    inghi
    msel
    f.Thi
    sresul
    tsi
    nsel
    f-
    dev
    elopment
    .

    6.Cust
    omer
    s

    162
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Cust
    omer
    scan al
    so ev
    aluat
    ethe per
    for
    mance oft
    he empl
    oyeeswho
    i
    nter
    act
    swi
    tht
    hem.Thi
    sev
    aluat
    ioni
    sbestbecausei
    tisobj
    ect
    ive.I
    tisal
    so
    gi
    venal
    otofi
    mpor
    tancebecauset
    hecust
    omeri
    sthemosti
    mpor
    tant
    per
    sonf
    ort
    hebusi
    ness.Or
    gani
    sat
    ionsusecust
    omerappr
    aisal
    stoi
    mpr
    ove
    t
    hest
    rengt
    hsandr
    emov
    etheweaknessesoft
    hei
    rempl
    oyees.

     Adv
    ant
    agesof360degr
    eeappr
    aisal
     
    Of
    feramor
    ecompr
    ehensi
    vev
    iewt
    owar
    dst
    heper
    for
    manceof
    empl
    oyees.

    I
    mpr
    ovecr
    edi
    bil
    i
    tyofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    .

     Suchcol
    l
    eague’
    sfeedbackwi
    l
    lhel
    pst
    rengt
    hensel
    f-
    dev
    elopment
    .

    I
    ncr
    easesr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesofempl
    oyeest
    othei
    rcust
    omer
    s.

     Themi
    xofi
    deascangi
    veamor
    eaccur
    ateassessment
    .

     Opi
    nionsgat
    her
    edf
    rom l
    otsofst
    affar
    esur
    etobemor
    eper
    suasi
    ve.

     Not onl
    y manager shoul
    d make assessment
    s on i
    ts st
    aff
    per
    for
    mancebutot
    hercol
    l
    eaguesshoul
    ddo,
    too.

     Peopl
    ewhounder
    val
    uet
    hemsel
    vesar
    eof
    tenmot
    ivat
    edbyf
    eedback
    f
    rom ot
    her
    s.

    I
    fmor
    est
    afft
    akespar
    tint
    hepr
    ocessofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    ,the

    163
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    zat
    ional
    cul
    tur
    eoft
    hecompanywi
    l
    lbecomemor
    ehonest
    .

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesof360degr
    eeappr
    aisal

     Taki
    ngal
    otoft
    ime,
    andbei
    ngcompl
    exi
    nadmi
    nist
    rat
    ion

     Ext
    ensi
    onofex
    changef
    eedbackcancauset
    roubl
    esandt
    ensi
    onst
    o
    sev
    eral
    staf
    f.

     Ther
    eisr
    equi
    rementf
    ort
    rai
    ningandi
    mpor
    tantef
    for
    tinor
    dert
    o
    achi
    eveef
    fi
    cientwor
    king.

    I
    twi
    l
    lbev
    eryhar
    dtof
    igur
    eoutt
    her
    esul
    ts.

     Feedbackcanbeusel
    essi
    fiti
    snotcar
    eful
    l
    yandsmoot
    hlydeal
    t.

     Cani
    mposeanenv
    ironmentofsuspi
    cioni
    fthei
    nfor
    mat
    ioni
    snot
    openl
    yandhonest
    lymanaged.

    ManagementByObj
    ect
    ives(
    MBO)

    MBO(
    managementbyobj
    ect
    ives)met
    hodsofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    are
    r
    esul
    ts-
    ori
    ent
    ed.Thati
    s,t
    heyseekt
    omeasur
    eempl
    oyeeper
    for
    manceby
    exami
    ningt
    heext
    entt
    owhi
    chpr
    edet
    ermi
    nedwor
    kobj
    ect
    iveshav
    ebeen
    met
    .

    Usual
    l
    ytheobj
    ect
    ivesar
    eest
    abl
    i
    shedj
    oint
    lybyt
    hesuper
    visorand
    subor
    dinat
    e.Anexampl
    eofanobj
    ect
    ivef
    orasal
    esmanagermi
    ghtbe:

    164
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    ncr
    easet
    hegr
    ossmont
    hlysal
    esv
    olumet
    o$250,
    000by30June.

    Onceanobj
    ect
    ivei
    sagr
    eed,
    theempl
    oyeei
    susual
    l
    yexpect
    edt
    osel
    f-
    audi
    t;
    t
    hati
    s,t
    oident
    if
    ytheski
    l
    lsneededt
    oachi
    evet
    heobj
    ect
    ive.Ty
    pical
    l
    ythey
    donotr
    elyonot
    her
    stol
    ocat
    eandspeci
    fyt
    hei
    rst
    rengt
    hsandweaknesses.
    Theyar
    eexpect
    edt
    omoni
    tort
    hei
    rowndev
    elopmentandpr
    ogr
    ess.

    Adv
    ant
    ages

     TheMBOappr
    oachov
    ercomessomeoft
    hepr
    obl
    emst
    hatar
    iseasa
    r
    esul
    tofassumi
    ngt
    hatt
    heempl
    oyeet
    rai
    tsneededf
    orj
    obsuccess
    canber
    eli
    abl
    yident
    if
    iedandmeasur
    ed.

    I
    nst
    eadofassumi
    ngt
    rai
    ts,
    theMBOmet
    hodconcent
    rat
    esonact
    ual
    out
    comes.

    I
    ftheempl
    oyeemeet
    sorexceedst
    hesetobj
    ect
    ives,
    thenheorshe
    hasdemonst
    rat
    edanaccept
    abl
    elev
    elofj
    obper
    for
    mance.
    Empl
    oyeesar
    ejudgedaccor
    dingt
    oreal
    out
    comes,
    andnotont
    hei
    r
    pot
    ent
    ial
    forsuccess,
    oronsomeone'
    ssubj
    ect
    iveopi
    nionoft
    hei
    r
    abi
    l
    iti
    es.

     Thegui
    dingpr
    inci
    pleoft
    heMBOappr
    oachi
    sthatdi
    rectr
    esul
    tscan
    beobser
    ved,
    wher
    east
    het
    rai
    tsandat
    tri
    but
    esofempl
    oyees(
    whi
    ch
    mayormaynotcont
    ri
    but
    etoper
    for
    mance)mustbeguessedator

    165
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    nfer
    red.

    TheMBOmet
    hodr
    ecogni
    zest
    hef
    actt
    hati
    tisdi
    ff
    icul
    ttoneat
    lydi
    ssectal
    l
    t
    hecompl
    exandv
    ari
    edel
    ement
    sthatgot
    omakeupempl
    oyee
    per
    for
    mance.

     MBOadv
    ocat
    escl
    aimt
    hatt
    heper
    for
    manceofempl
    oyeescannotbe
    br
    okenupi
    ntosomanyconst
    it
    uentpar
    ts-asonemi
    ghtt
    akeapar
    tan
    engi
    net
    ost
    udyi
    t.Butputal
    lthepar
    tst
    oget
    herandt
    heper
    for
    mance
    maybedi
    rect
    lyobser
    vedandmeasur
    ed.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    ages
    MBOmet
    hodsofper
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    cangi
    veempl
    oyeesa
    sat
    isf
    yingsenseofaut
    onomyandachi
    evement
    .Butont
    hedownsi
    de,
    t
    heycanl
    eadt
    ounr
    eal
    i
    sti
    cexpect
    ati
    onsaboutwhatcanandcannot
    ber
    easonabl
    yaccompl
    i
    shed.

     Super
    visor
    sandsubor
    dinat
    esmusthav
    ever
    ygood"
    real
    i
    tychecki
    ng"
    ski
    l
    lst
    ouseMBOappr
    aisal
    met
    hods.Theywi
    l
    lneedt
    heseski
    l
    ls
    dur
    ingt
    hei
    nit
    ial
    stageofobj
    ect
    iveset
    ti
    ng,
    andf
    ort
    hepur
    posesof
    sel
    f-
    audi
    ti
    ngandsel
    f-
    moni
    tor
    ing.

     Unf
    ort
    unat
    ely
    ,resear
    chst
    udi
    eshav
    eshownr
    epeat
    edl
    ythathuman
    bei
    ngst
    endt
    olackt
    heski
    l
    lsneededt
    odot
    hei
    rown"
    real
    i
    tychecki
    ng"
    .

    166
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Norar
    etheseski
    l
    lseasi
    l
    yconv
    eyedbyt
    rai
    ning.Real
    i
    tyi
    tsel
    fisan
    i
    ntensel
    yper
    sonal
    exper
    ience,
    pronet
    oal
    lfor
    msofper
    cept
    ual
    bias.

     Oneoft
    hest
    rengt
    hsoft
    heMBOmet
    hodi
    sthecl
    ari
    tyofpur
    poset
    hat
    f
    lowsf
    rom asetofwel
    l
    -ar
    ti
    cul
    atedobj
    ect
    ives.Butt
    hiscanbea
    sour
    ceofweaknessal
    so.I
    thasbecomev
    eryappar
    entt
    hatt
    he
    moder
    nor
    gani
    zat
    ionmustbef
    lexi
    blet
    osur
    viv
    e.Obj
    ect
    ives,
    byt
    hei
    r
    v
    erynat
    ure,
    tendt
    oimposeacer
    tai
    nri
    gidi
    ty.

     Ofcour
    se,
    theobv
    iousansweri
    stomaket
    heobj
    ect
    ivesmor
    efl
    uid
    andy
    iel
    ding.Butt
    hepenal
    tyf
    orf
    lui
    dit
    yisl
    ossofcl
    ari
    ty.Var
    iabl
    e
    obj
    ect
    ivesmaycauseempl
    oyeeconf
    usi
    on.I
    tisal
    sopossi
    blet
    hat
    f
    lui
    dobj
    ect
    ivesmaybedi
    stor
    tedt
    odi
    sgui
    seorj
    ust
    if
    yfai
    l
    uresi
    n
    per
    for
    mance.

    167
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
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    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    168
    Chander
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    nCol
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    es
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Uni
    t:4

    Whati
    scompensat
    ion?

    Compensat
    ioni
    sthet
    otalcashandnon-
    cashpay
    ment
    sthaty
    ougi
    vet
    oan
    empl
    oyeei
    nexchangef
    ort
    hewor
    ktheydof
    ory
    ourbusi
    ness.I
    tist
    ypi
    cal
    l
    y
    one of t
    he bi
    ggest expenses f
    or busi
    nesses wi
    th empl
    oyees.
    Compensat
    ioni
    smor
    ethananempl
    oyee’
    sregul
    arpai
    dwages.I
    tal
    so
    i
    ncl
    udesmanyot
    hert
    ypesofwagesandbenef
    it
    s.

    Ty
    pesofcompensat
    ioni
    ncl
    ude:

    Basepay(
    hour
    lyorsal
    arywages)

    Sal
    es 
    commi
    ssi
    on

    Ov
    ert
    imewages

    Ti
    pincome

    Bonuspay

    Recogni
    ti
    onormer
    itpay

    Benef
    it
    s(i
    nsur
    ances,
     
    standar
    dvacat
    ionpol
    i
    cy,
    ret
    ir
    ement
    )

    169
    Chander
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
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    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    St
    ockopt
    ions

    Ot
    hernon-
    cashbenef
    it
    s

    JobEv
    aluat
    ion

    Conceptofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion:

    I
    nsi
    mpl
    ewor
    ds,
    jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    sther
    ati
    ngofj
    obsi
    nanor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Thi
    s
    i
    sthepr
    ocessofest
    abl
    i
    shi
    ngt
    hev
    alueorwor
    thofj
    obsi
    naj
    obhi
    erar
    chy
    .It
    at
    tempt
    stocompar
    ether
    elat
    ivei
    ntr
    insi
    cval
    ueorwor
    thofj
    obswi
    thi
    nan

    170
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    sat
    ion.Thus,
    jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    sacompar
    ati
    vepr
    ocess.

    Bel
    owar
    egi
    vensomei
    mpor
    tantdef
    ini
    ti
    onsofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion:

    Accor
    dingt
    otheI
    nter
    nat
    ionalLabourOf
    fi
    ce(
    ILO)“
    Jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    san
    at
    temptt
    o det
    ermi
    ne and compar
    ethe demands whi
    ch t
    he nor
    mal
    per
    for
    manceofapar
    ti
    cul
    arj
    obmakesonnor
    malwor
    ker
    s,wi
    thoutt
    aki
    ng
    i
    nto accountt
    he i
    ndi
    vi
    dualabi
    l
    iti
    es orper
    for
    mance oft
    he wor
    ker
    s
    concer
    ned”
    .

    TheBr
    it
    ishI
    nst
    it
    uteofManagementdef
    inesj
    obev
    aluat
    ionas“
    thepr
    ocess
    ofanal
    ysi
    sandassessmentofj
    obst
    oascer
    tai
    nrel
    i
    abl
    ythei
    rnegat
    ive
    wor
    thusi
    ngt
    heassessmentast
    hebasi
    sforabal
    ancedwagest
    ruct
    ure”
    .In
    t
    hewor
    dsofKi
    mbal
    landKi
    mbal
    l“Jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    sanef
    for
    ttodet
    ermi
    ne
    t
    her
    elat
    ivev
    alueofev
    eryj
    obi
    napl
    antt
    odet
    ermi
    newhatt
    hef
    airbasi
    c
    wagef
    orsuchaj
    obshoul
    dbe”
    .

    Wendel
    lFr
    enchdef
    inesj
    obev
    aluat
    ionas“
    apr
    ocessofdet
    ermi
    ningt
    he
    r
    elat
    ive wor
    th of t
    he v
    ari
    ous j
    obs wi
    thi
    nthe or
    gani
    sat
    ion,so t
    hat
    di
    ff
    erent
    ialwagesmaybepai
    dtoj
    obsofdi
    ff
    erentwor
    th.Ther
    elat
    ivewor
    th
    ofaj
    obmeansr
    elat
    ivev
    aluepr
    oduced.Thev
    ari
    abl
    eswhi
    char
    eassumed
    t
    ober
    elat
    edt
    oval
    uepr
    oducedar
    esuchf
    act
    orsasr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    ty,ski
    l
    l,
    ef
    for
    tandwor
    kingcondi
    ti
    ons”
    .

    Now,wemaydef
    inej
    obev
    aluat
    ionasapr
    ocessusedt
    oest
    abl
    i
    sht
    he

    171
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    r
    elat
    ivewor
    thofj
    obsi
    naj
    obhi
    erar
    chy
    .Thi
    sisi
    mpor
    tantt
    onot
    ethatj
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ioni
    sranki
    ngofj
    ob,notj
    obhol
    der
    .Jobhol
    der
    sar
    erat
    edt
    hrough
    per
    for
    manceappr
    aisal
    .Jobev
    aluat
    ionassumesnor
    malper
    for
    manceof
    t
    hej
    obbyawor
    ker
    .Thus,
    thepr
    ocessi
    gnor
    esi
    ndi
    vi
    dualabi
    l
    iti
    esoft
    hej
    ob
    hol
    der
    .

    Jobev
    aluat
    ionpr
    ovi
    desbasi
    sfordev
    elopi
    ngj
    obhi
    erar
    chyandf
    ixi
    ngapay
    st
    ruct
    ure.I
    tmustber
    emember
    edt
    hatj
    obev
    aluat
    ioni
    saboutr
    elat
    ionshi
    ps
    and notabsol
    utes.Thati
    s why j
    ob ev
    aluat
    ion cannotbe t
    he sol
    e
    det
    ermi
    ningf
    act
    orf
    ordeci
    dingpayst
    ruct
    ures.

    Ext
    ernalf
    act
    orsl
    i
    kel
    abourmar
    ketcondi
    ti
    ons,col
    l
    ect
    ivebar
    gai
    ningand
    i
    ndi
    vi
    dualdi
    ff
    erencesdoal
    soaf
    fectt
    hel
    evel
    sofwagesi
    t,or
    gani
    sat
    ions.
    Nonet
    hel
    ess,j
    obev
    aluat
    ioncancer
    tai
    nlypr
    ovi
    deanobj
    ect
    ivest
    andar
    d
    f
    rom whi
    chmodi
    fi
    cat
    ionscanbemadei
    nfi
    xi
    ngwagest
    ruct
    ure.

    Thest
    art
    ingpoi
    ntt
    ojobev
    aluat
    ioni
    sjobanal
    ysi
    s.Noj
    obcanbeev
    aluat
    ed
    unl
    essandunt
    ili
    tisanal
    ysed.How j
    obev
    aluat
    ioni
    sdi
    ff
    erentf
    rom j
    ob
    anal
    ysi
    s,j
    obdescr
    ipt
    ionandj
    obspeci
    fi
    cat
    ioni
    sgi
    veni
    nthef
    oll
    owi
    ng
    Tabl
    e

    172
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Theobj
    ect
    ivesofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion,
    toputi
    namor
    eor
    der
    lymannerar
    eto:

    1.Pr
    ovi
    deast
    andar
    dpr
    ocedur
    efordet
    ermi
    ningt
    her
    elat
    ivewor
    thofeach
    j
    obi
    napl
    ant
    .

    2.Det
    ermi
    neequi
    tabl
    ewagedi
    ff
    erent
    ial
    sbet
    weendi
    ff
    erentj
    obsi
    nthe
    or
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    3.El
    i
    minat
    ewagei
    nequal
    i
    ties.

    4.Ensur
    ethatl
    i
    kewagesar
    epai
    dtoal
    lqual
    i
    fiedempl
    oyeesf
    orl
    i
    kewor
    k.

    5.For
    m abasi
    sforf
    ixi
    ngi
    ncent
    ivesanddi
    ff
    erentbonuspl
    ans.

    6.Ser
    veasausef
    ulr
    efer
    encef
    orset
    ti
    ngi
    ndi
    vi
    dualgr
    iev
    ancesr
    egar
    ding
    wager
    ates.

    7.Pr
    ovi
    de i
    nfor
    mat
    ion f
    or wor
    k or
    gani
    sat
    ion,empl
    oyees’sel
    ect
    ion,
    pl
    acement
    ,tr
    aini
    ngandnumer
    ousot
    hersi
    mil
    arpr
    obl
    ems.
    173
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    8.Pr
    ovi
    deabenchmar
    kformaki
    ngcar
    eerpl
    anni
    ngf
    ort
    heempl
    oyeesi
    n
    t
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Pr
    ocedur
    eofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion:

    Thought
    hecommonobj
    ect
    iveofj
    obev
    aluat
    ioni
    stoest
    abl
    i
    sht
    her
    elat
    ive
    wor
    thofj
    obsi
    naj
    obhi
    erar
    chy
    ,ther
    eisnocommonpr
    ocedur
    eofj
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ionf
    oll
    owedbyal
    lor
    gani
    sat
    ions.Assuch,t
    hepr
    ocedur
    eofj
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ionv
    ari
    esf
    rom or
    gani
    sat
    iont
    oor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Forexampl
    e,aj
    obe
    v
    aluat
    ionpr
    ocedur
    emayconsi
    stoft
    heei
    ghtst
    agesasdel
    i
    neat
    edi
    nFi
    gur
    e
    14.
    1.

    1.Pr
    eli
    minar
    ySt
    age:

    Thi
    sist
    hest
    ageset
    ti
    ngf
    orj
    obev
    aluat
    ionpr
    ogr
    amme.I
    nthi
    sst
    age,t
    he
    r
    equi
    redi
    nfor
    mat
    ion’
    sobt
    ainedaboutpr
    esentar
    rangement
    s,deci
    sionsar
    e
    madeont
    heneedf
    oranewpr
    ogr
    ammeorr
    evi
    sionofanexi
    sti
    ngoneand
    acl
    earcutchoi
    cei
    smadeoft
    het
    ypeofpr
    ogr
    ammei
    stobeusedbyt
    he
    or
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    174
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    2.
     Pl
    anni
    ngSt
    age:

    I
    nthi
    sst
    age,
    theev
    aluat
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammei
    sdr
    awnupandt
    hej
    obhol
    der
    sto
    beaf
    fect
    edar
    einf
    ormed.Duear
    rangement
    sar
    emadef
    orset
    ti
    ngupj
    oint
    wor
    kingpar
    ti
    esandt
    hesampl
    eofj
    obst
    obeev
    aluat
    edi
    ssel
    ect
    ed.

    3.
     Anal
    ysi
    sSt
    age:

    Thi
    sist
    hest
    agewhenr
    equi
    redi
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutt
    hesampl
    eofj
    obsi
    s
    col
    l
    ect
    ed.Thi
    sinf
    ormat
    ionser
    vesasabasi
    sfort
    hei
    nter
    nalandext
    ernal
    ev
    aluat
    ionofj
    obs.

    4.
     I
    nter
    nal
    Eval
    uat
    ionSt
    age:

    Nextt
    oanal
    ysi
    sst
    agei
    sint
    ernal
    eval
    uat
    ionst
    age.I
    nthei
    nter
    nalev
    aluat
    ion
    st
    age,t
    hesampl
    eofbench-
    mar
    kjobsar
    erankedbymeansoft
    hechosen
    175
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    es
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    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    ev
    aluat
    ion schemeasdr
    awnup att
    hepl
    anni
    ng st
    age.Jobsar
    ethen
    gr
    adedont
    hebasi
    sofdat
    apendi
    ngt
    hecol
    l
    ect
    ionofmar
    ketr
    atedat
    a.
    Rel
    ati
    vewor
    thofj
    obsi
    sascer
    tai
    nedbycompar
    inggr
    adesbet
    weent
    he
    j
    obs.

    5.
     Ext
    ernal
    Eval
    uat
    ionSt
    age:

    I
    nthi
    sst
    age,
    inf
    ormat
    ioni
    scol
    l
    ect
    edonmar
    ketr
    atesatt
    hatt
    ime.

    6.
     Desi
    gnSt
    age:

    Hav
    ingascer
    tai
    nedgr
    adesf
    orj
    obs,sal
    aryst
    ruct
    urei
    sdesi
    gnedi
    nthi
    s
    st
    age.

    7.
     Gr
    adi
    ngSt
    age:

    Thi
    sist
    hest
    agei
    nwhi
    chdi
    ff
    erentj
    obsar
    esl
    ott
    edi
    ntot
    hesal
    aryst
    ruct
    ure
    asdesi
    gnedi
    nthepr
    ecedi
    ngst
    age6.

    8.
     Dev
    elopi
    ngandMai
    ntai
    ningSt
    age:

    Thi
    sist
    he f
    inalst
    age i
    naj
    ob ev
    aluat
    ion pr
    ogr
    amme.I
    nthi
    s st
    age,
    pr
    ocedur
    esf
    ormai
    ntai
    ningt
    hesal
    aryst
    ruct
    urear
    edev
    elopedwi
    thav
    iew
    t
    oaccommodat
    einf
    lat
    ionar
    ypr
    essur
    esi
    nthesal
    aryl
    evel
    s,gr
    adi
    ngnew
    j
    obsi
    ntot
    hest
    ruct
    ureand r
    egar
    ding t
    heexi
    sti
    ng j
    obsi
    nthel
    i
    ghtof
    changesi
    nthei
    rresponsi
    bil
    i
    tiesandmar
    ketr
    ates.

    Adv
    ant
    agesofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion:
    176
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    1.Jobev
    aluat
    ionbei
    ngal
    ogi
    calpr
    ocessandobj
    ect
    ivet
    echni
    quehel
    psi
    n
    dev
    elopi
    nganequi
    ¬tabl
    eandconsi
    stentwageandsal
    aryst
    ruct
    urebased
    ont
    her
    elat
    ivewor
    thofj
    obsi
    nanor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    2.Byel
    i
    minat
    ingwagedi
    ff
    erent
    ial
    swi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ion,j
    obev
    aluat
    ion
    hel
    psi
    nmi
    nimi
    zi
    ngconf
    li
    ctbet
    weenl
    abouruni
    onsandmanagementand,
    i
    ntur
    n,hel
    psi
    npr
    omot
    inghar
    moni
    ¬ousr
    elat
    ionsbet
    weent
    hem.

    3.Jobev
    aluat
    ionsi
    mpl
    i
    fieswageadmi
    nist
    rat
    ionbyest
    abl
    i
    shi
    nguni
    for
    mit
    y
    i
    nwager
    ates.

    4.I
    tpr
    ovi
    des a l
    ogi
    calbasi
    sforwage negot
    iat
    ions and col
    l
    ect
    ive
    bar
    gai
    ning.

    5.I
    nthecaseofnewj
    obs,j
    obev
    aluat
    ionf
    aci
    l
    itat
    esspot
    ti
    ngt
    hem i
    ntot
    he
    exi
    sti
    ngwageandsal
    aryst
    ruct
    ure.

    6.I
    nthemodem t
    imesofmechani
    sat
    ion,per
    for
    mancedependsmuchon
    t
    he machi
    nes t
    han on t
    he wor
    kerhi
    msel
    f/her
    sel
    f.I
    n such cases,j
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ionpr
    ovi
    dest
    her
    eal
    i
    sti
    cbasi
    sfordet
    ermi
    nat
    ionofwages.

    7.Thei
    nfor
    mat
    ion gener
    ated byj
    ob ev
    aluat
    ion mayal
    so beused f
    or
    i
    mpr
    ovementofsel
    ect
    ion,t
    ransf
    erandpr
    omot
    ionpr
    ocedur
    esont
    hebasi
    s
    ofcompar
    ati
    vej
    obr
    equi
    rement
    s.

    8.Jobev
    aluat
    ionr
    atest
    hej
    ob,nott
    hewor
    ker
    s.Or
    gani
    sat
    ionshav
    elar
    ge

    177
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    numberofj
    obswi
    thspeci
    ali
    sat
    ions.I
    tisj
    obev
    aluat
    ionher
    eagai
    nwhi
    ch
    hel
    psi
    nrat
    ingal
    lthesej
    obsanddet
    ermi
    ningt
    hewagesandsal
    aryand
    al
    sor
    emov
    ingambi
    gui
    tyi
    nthem.

    Dr
    awbacksofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion:

    1.Jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    ssuscept
    ibl
    ebecauseofhumaner
    rorandsubj
    ect
    ive
    j
    udgment
    .Whi
    l
    ether
    eisnost
    andar
    dli
    stoff
    act
    orst
    obeconsi
    der
    edf
    orj
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ion,
    ther
    ear
    esomef
    act
    orst
    hatcannotbemeasur
    edaccur
    atel
    y.

    2.Ther
    eisav
    ari
    ati
    onbet
    weenwagesf
    ixedt
    hroughj
    obev
    aluat
    ionand
    mar
    ketf
    orces.SayKer
    randFi
    sher
    ,thej
    obswhi
    cht
    endt
    orat
    ehi
    ghas
    compar
    edwi
    tht
    hemar
    ketar
    ethoseofj
    uni
    or,nur
    seandt
    ypi
    st,whi
    l
    ecr
    aft
    r
    atesar
    erel
    ati
    vel
    ylow.Weakergr
    oupsar
    ebet
    terser
    vedbyanev
    aluat
    ion
    pl
    ant
    hanbyt
    hemar
    ket
    ,thef
    ormerpl
    acest
    heemphasi
    snotonf
    orcebut
    onequi
    ty”
    .

    3.Whenj
    obev
    aluat
    ioni
    sappl
    i
    edf
    ort
    hef
    ir
    stt
    imei
    nanor
    gani
    sat
    ion,i
    t
    cr
    eat
    esdoubt
    sint
    hemi
    ndsofwor
    ker
    swhosej
    obsar
    eev
    aluat
    edandt
    rade
    uni
    onst
    hati
    tmaydoawaywi
    thcol
    l
    ect
    ivebar
    gai
    ningf
    orf
    ixi
    ngwager
    ates.

    4.Jobev
    aluat
    ionmet
    hodsbei
    ngl
    acki
    ngi
    nsci
    ent
    if
    icbasi
    sar
    eof
    tenl
    ooked
    uponassuspi
    ciousaboutt
    heef
    fi
    cacyofmet
    hodsofj
    obev
    aluat
    ion.

    5.Job ev
    aluat
    ion i
    sat
    ime-
    consumi
    ng pr
    ocess r
    equi
    ri
    ng speci
    ali
    sed
    t
    echni
    cal
    per
    sonnel
    tounder
    takei
    tand,
    thus,
    isl
    i
    kel
    ytobecost
    lyal
    so.

    178
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    6.Jobev
    aluat
    ioni
    snotf
    oundsui
    tabl
    eforest
    abl
    i
    shi
    ngt
    her
    elat
    ivewor
    thof
    t
    hemanager
    ialj
    obswhi
    char
    eski
    l
    l-or
    ient
    ed.But
    ,theseski
    l
    lscannotbe
    measur
    edi
    nquant
    it
    ati
    vet
    erms.

    7.Gi
    ven t
    he changes i
    njob cont
    ent
    s and wor
    k condi
    ti
    ons,f
    requent
    ev
    aluat
    ionofj
    obsi
    sessent
    ial
    .Thi
    sisnotal
    way
    ssoeasyandsi
    mpl
    e.

    8.Jobev
    aluat
    ionl
    eadst
    ofr
    equentandsubst
    ant
    ialchangesi
    nwageand
    sal
    aryst
    ruct
    ures.Thi
    s,i
    ntur
    n,cr
    eat
    esf
    inanci
    albur
    denonor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Component
    sofEmpl
    oyeeCompensat
    ion:

    Component
    s of empl
    oyee compensat
    ion coul
    d be di
    vi
    ded i
    ntot
    wo
    cat
    egor
    ies v
    iz.basi
    c compensat
    ion and suppl
    ement
    arycompensat
    ion.
    Agai
    nsuppl
    ement
    arycompensat
    ioncompr
    isesal
    l
    owancesandper
    qui
    sit
    es
    orper
    ks.

    179
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Letusdescr
    ibet
    hev
    ari
    ouscomponent
    sofempl
    oyeecompensat
    ion:

    (
    a)Basi
    cCompensat
    ion:

    Basi
    ccompensat
    ion r
    efer
    stot
    hebasi
    cpayofanempl
    oyeewhi
    ch i
    s
    usual
    l
    yexpr
    essedi
    nter
    msofapayscal
    ee.
    g.5,
    000-
    200-
    10,
    000-500-
    20000et
    c.Thi
    spayscal
    eimpl
    i
    est
    hatanempl
    oyeewi
    l
    lgetabasi
    cpayof
    Rs.5000permont
    honj
    oini
    ngt
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ion.

    Theempl
    oyeewi
    l
    lgetani
    ncr
    ementofRs.200pery
    eart
    il
    lhe/sher
    eaches
    t
    hebasi
    cpayofRs.10,
    000andaf
    terwar
    dswi
    l
    lbeent
    it
    ledt
    oani
    ncr
    ement
    ofRs.
    500pery
    eart
    il
    lhe/sher
    eachest
    hepayofRs.20,
    000permont
    hand
    soon.Basi
    cpayf
    oraj
    obi
    sdeci
    dedt
    houghapr
    ocessofsy
    stemat
    icj
    ob
    ev
    aluat
    ion.I
    n manycases,Gov
    ernmentf
    ixed payscal
    es appl
    ywhi
    ch
    empl
    oyer
    shav
    etoacceptandi
    mpl
    ement
    .

    (
    b)Suppl
    ement
    aryCompensat
    ion:

    Suppl
    ement
    ary compensat
    ion r
    efer
    sto pay
    ment of al
    l
    owances and
    pr
    ovi
    sionofper
    ksorper
    qui
    si
    tes.Al
    l
    owancesr
    efer
    stoamount
    sofmoney
    whi
    char
    egi
    vent
    oempl
    oyeesr
    egul
    arl
    yforpar
    ti
    cul
    arpur
    poses;whi
    l
    eper
    ks
    r
    efert
    opr
    ivi
    l
    egesenj
    oyedbyaper
    sonbecauseofhi
    s/heror
    gani
    zat
    ional
    st
    atusandpai
    d/pr
    ovi
    dedi
    naddi
    ti
    ont
    owages/sal
    ari
    es.

    180
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
    &
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Fol
    l
    owi
    ngi
    sanaccountofpopul
    art
    ypesofal
    l
    owancesandper
    ks:

    Al
    lowances:

    (
    i)HouseRentAl
    l
    owances(
    HRA)
    :

    HRAi
    sgi
    venbyt
    heempl
    oyer
    stot
    heempl
    oyeet
    omeett
    heexpensesi
    n
    connect
    ionwi
    tht
    her
    entoft
    heaccommodat
    ion,
    whi
    cht
    heempl
    oyeemi
    ght
    hav
    etot
    ake.

    (
    ii
    ) 
    Dear
    nessAl
    l
    owances(
    DA)
    :

    DAi
    spai
    dtoempl
    oyeest
    ocompensat
    ethem,
    atl
    eastpar
    ti
    all
    y,agai
    nstt
    he
    phenomenonofr
    isi
    ngpr
    ices.DA i
    sdeci
    dedasperanagr
    eedf
    ormul
    a,
    t
    aki
    ngi
    ntoaccountt
    hei
    ncr
    ease,
    int
    hecostofl
    i
    ving.

    (
    ii
    i)
     Ci
    tyCompensat
    oryAl
    l
    owance(
    CCA)
    :

    CCAi
    spai
    dtoempl
    oyeest
    ocompensat
    ethem par
    tl
    yforhi
    ghercostof
    l
    i
    vingi
    nci
    ti
    es,
    whi
    chdi
    ff
    ersf
    rom onet
    ypeofci
    tyt
    oanot
    her
    .

    (
    iv)
     Conv
    eyanceAl
    l
    owance:

    Conv
    eyanceal
    l
    owancei
    sanal
    l
    owancegr
    ant
    edt
    oempl
    oyeest
    omeett
    he
    expendi
    tur
    eincur
    redonconv
    eyancei
    nper
    for
    manceofdut
    iesofj
    ob;when
    f
    reeconv
    eyancei
    snotpr
    ovi
    dedbyt
    heempl
    oyer
    .

    (
    v) 
    Uni
    for
    m Al
    l
    owance:

    181
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    prabhuJai
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    I
    tisanal
    l
    owancewhi
    chi
    sgr
    ant
    edt
    omeett
    heexpendi
    tur
    eincur
    redont
    he
    pur
    chaseormai
    ntenanceofuni
    for
    mforweardur
    ingt
    heper
    for
    manceof
    dut
    iesofj
    ob.

    (
    vi)
     Chi
    l
    drenEducat
    ionAl
    l
    owance:

    Amountpai
    datt
    her
    ateofcer
    tai
    namountperchi
    l
    dtomeett
    hecostof
    educat
    ionofchi
    l
    dren(
    subj
    ectt
    oamaxi
    mum oft
    wochi
    l
    drenormor
    easper
    r
    ulesoft
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion)i
    scal
    l
    edchi
    l
    dreneducat
    ional
    l
    owance.
    ,

    (
    vii
    ) 
    Under
    groundAl
    l
    owance:

    Thi
    sal
    l
    owancei
    sgr
    ant
    edt
    oanempl
    oyeewhoi
    swor
    kingi
    nuncongeni
    al,
    unnat
    ural
    cli
    mat
    einunder
    groundcoal
    mines.

    (
    vii
    i
    ) Mi
    scel
    l
    aneousAl
    l
    owances:

    Someot
    heral
    l
    owancespay
    abl
    etoempl
    oyeesmaybe:

    1.Medi
    cal
    all
    owance

    2.Lunch/Ti
    ff
    inal
    l
    owance

    3.Ov
    ert
    imeal
    l
    owance

    4.Non-
    pract
    ici
    ngal
    l
    owance(
    incaseofdoct
    ors)

    5.Ser
    vantal
    l
    owanceet
    c.

    182
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
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    es
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Per
    qui
    sit
    es/
    Per
    ks:

    (
    i)Rentf
    reeaccommodat
    ionoraccommodat
    ionpr
    ovi
    dedt
    oempl
    oyeesat
    concessi
    onal
    rat
    e.Theaccommodat
    ionmaybef
    urni
    shedorunf
    urni
    shed.

    (
    ii
    )Gas,
    elect
    ri
    cit
    ybi
    l
    lofempl
    oyeespai
    dorr
    eimbur
    sed.

    (
    ii
    i)I
    nter
    estf
    reeorconcessi
    onal
    loanst
    oempl
    oyees.

    (
    iv)Leav
    eTr
    avel
    Concessi
    on(
    LTC)t
    oempl
    oyees.

    (
    v)Fr
    eemeal
    s,t
    eaandsnacks,
    prov
    idedt
    oempl
    oyees.

    (
    vi)Pay
    mentorr
    eimbur
    sementbyt
    heempl
    oyerofcl
    ubmember
    shi
    poft
    he
    empl
    oyeeandexpensesi
    ncur
    redi
    nacl
    ubbyt
    heempl
    oyee.

    (
    vii
    )Use ofl
    apt
    ops and comput
    ers by empl
    oyees,bel
    ongi
    ng t
    othe
    empl
    oyer
    .

    (
    vii
    i
    )Mot
    orcar
    /ot
    herv
    ehi
    cles,pr
    ovi
    ded byt
    heempl
    oyert
    o speci
    fi
    ed
    empl
    oyees.

    (
    ix)Pr
    ovi
    sionbyt
    heempl
    oyerofser
    vicesofasweeper
    ,agar
    dener
    ,a
    wat
    chmanoraper
    sonal
    att
    endantt
    ospeci
    fi
    edempl
    oyees.

    (
    x)Re-
    imbur
    sementofmedi
    calt
    reat
    mentexpenses,i
    ncur
    redonempl
    oyee
    ormember
    sofhi
    s/herf
    ami
    l
    y.

    (
    xi)Cont
    ri
    but
    ionbyt
    heempl
    oyert
    orecogni
    sedpr
    ovi
    dentf
    und,
    keptf
    ort
    he

    183
    Chander
    prabhuJai
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    udi
    es
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    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    benef
    itofempl
    oyees.

    Mai
    ntenance

    Empl
    oyeeMai
    ntenancer
    efer
    stot
    hemai
    ntenanceofempl
    oyeemast
    erdat
    a.
    ]
    po[ al
    l
    ows t
    he management of empl
    oyee dat
    a such as cont
    act
    i
    nfor
    mat
    ion,costi
    nvol
    ved and shar
    eofcompoundcost
    s.Thesum of
    mont
    hlycost
    sforani
    nter
    nal
    resour
    cewi
    l
    lbebr
    okendownt
    oanhour
    lyr
    ate
    t
    hati
    susedt
    ocal
    cul
    atecost
    sonact
    ivi
    ti
    es(
    proj
    ectt
    asks,RFC'
    s,i
    nci
    dent
    s,
    et
    c.)
      

    Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    e

    Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    emeans“
    theef
    for
    tst
    omakel
    i
    fewor
    thl
    i
    vingf
    orwor
    kmen.
    ”
    Accor
    dingt
    oTodd“
    empl
    oyeewel
    far
    emeansany
    thi
    ngdonef
    ort
    hecomf
    ort
    andi
    mpr
    ovement
    ,int
    ell
    ect
    ualorsoci
    al,oft
    heempl
    oyeesov
    erandabov
    e
    t
    hewagespai
    dwhi
    chi
    snotanecessi
    tyoft
    hei
    ndust
    ry.
    ”

    Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    eisa compr
    ehensi
    vet
    erm i
    ncl
    udi
    ng v
    ari
    ousser
    vices,
    f
    aci
    l
    iti
    esand ameni
    ti
    espr
    ovi
    ded t
    o empl
    oyeesf
    ort
    hei
    rbet
    ter
    ment
    .It
    gener
    all
    yincl
    udest
    hosei
    temsofwel
    far
    ethati
    spr
    ovi
    dedbyst
    atut
    ory
    pr
    ovi
    sionsorr
    equi
    redbyt
    hecust
    omsoft
    hei
    ndust
    ryort
    heexpect
    ati
    onsof
    empl
    oyeesf
    rom t
    hecont
    ractofser
    vicef
    rom t
    heempl
    oyer
    s.Thebasi
    c
    pur
    pose i
    stoi
    mpr
    ovet
    he l
    i
    fe oft
    he wor
    king cl
    ass.The pur
    pose of
    pr
    ovi
    dingwel
    far
    eameni
    ti
    esi
    stobr
    ingaboutt
    hedev
    elopmentoft
    hewhol
    e

    184
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    prabhuJai
    nCol
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    gherSt
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    es
    &
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    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    per
    sonal
    i
    ty oft
    he wor
    ker
    -hi
    s soci
    al,psy
    chol
    ogi
    cal
    ,economi
    c,mor
    al,
    cul
    tur
    alandi
    ntel
    l
    ect
    ualdev
    elopmentt
    omakehi
    m agoodwor
    ker
    ,agood
    ci
    ti
    zenandagoodmemberoft
    hef
    ami
    l
    y.Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    eisady
    nami
    c
    concept
    .Thesef
    aci
    l
    iti
    esmaybepr
    ovi
    dedv
    olunt
    ari
    l
    ybypr
    ogr
    essi
    veand
    enl
    i
    ght
    enedent
    repr
    eneur
    sfr
    om t
    hei
    rownsi
    deoutoft
    hei
    rreal
    i
    zat
    ionof
    soci
    alr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    owar
    dsl
    abour
    ,orst
    atut
    orypr
    ovi
    sionsmaycompel
    t
    hem t
    omaket
    hesef
    aci
    l
    iti
    esav
    ail
    abl
    e;ort
    hesemaybeunder
    takenbyt
    he
    gov
    ernmentort
    radeuni
    ons,i
    ftheyhav
    ethenecessar
    yfundsf
    ort
    he
    pur
    pose.Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    emeasur
    esar
    eal
    soknownasf
    ri
    ngebenef
    it
    s
    andser
    vices.‘
    LabourWel
    far
    e’i
    sav
    erybr
    oadt
    erm,
    cov
    eri
    ngsoci
    alsecur
    it
    y
    andsuchot
    heract
    ivi
    ti
    esasmedi
    calai
    d,cr
    èches,cant
    eens,r
    ecr
    eat
    ion,
    housi
    ng,adul
    teducat
    ion,ar
    rangement
    sfort
    het
    ranspor
    tofl
    abourt
    oand
    f
    rom t
    hewor
    kpl
    ace.

    Obj
    ect
    ivesofempl
    oyeewel
    far
    e

    Empl
    oyeewel
    far
    eisi
    nthei
    nter
    estoft
    heempl
    oyee,t
    heempl
    oyerandt
    he
    soci
    etyasawhol
    e.Thel
    abour
    /empl
    oyeewel
    far
    ewor
    kai
    msatpr
    ovi
    ding
    such ser
    vice f
    aci
    l
    iti
    es and ameni
    ti
    es as woul
    d enabl
    ethe wor
    ker
    s
    empl
    oyedi
    nthei
    ndust
    ri
    es/
    fact
    ori
    est
    oper
    for
    mthei
    rwor
    kinheal
    thyand
    f
    avour
    abl
    esur
    roundi
    ngsconduci
    vet
    ogoodheal
    thandhi
    ghmor
    ale.I
    tis
    par
    tl
    yhumani
    sti
    c,f
    ori
    tenabl
    est
    hewor
    ker
    stoenj
    oyaf
    ull
    erandr
    icherl
    i
    fe.

    I
    tispar
    tl
    yeconomi
    casi
    timpr
    ovest
    heef
    fi
    ciencyoft
    hewor
    kerandkeeps

    185
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    hi
    m cont
    ended and sat
    isf
    ied.I
    tther
    efor
    emi
    nimi
    zest
    hedesi
    reoft
    he
    wor
    ker
    stof
    orm uni
    onsandt
    oresor
    ttost
    ri
    kes.Theai
    mispar
    tl
    yci
    vi
    c
    becausei
    tdev
    elopsasenseofr
    esponsi
    bil
    i
    tyanddi
    gni
    tyamongstt
    he
    wor
    ker
    sandt
    husmakest
    hem goodci
    ti
    zensoft
    henat
    ion.

    Wor
    kpl
    aceSaf
    ety

    Empl
    oyeeshav
    ether
    ightt
    oasaf
    ewor
    kpl
    acef
    reeofknowndanger
    sto
    t
    hemsel
    ves and t
    hei
    rco-
    wor
    ker
    s.The 
    Occupat
    ionalSaf
    etyand Heal
    th
    Admi
    nist
    rat
    ion 
    (OSHA)i
    sthe gov
    ernmentagencyi
    n char
    ge ofset
    ti
    ng
    st
    andar
    ds,
    prov
    idi
    ngi
    nfor
    mat
    ionandt
    rai
    ningt
    oempl
    oyeesandempl
    oyer
    s,
    andgener
    all
    ymaki
    ngsur
    ethatAmer
    ica'
    swor
    kfor
    cest
    aysheal
    thyandsaf
    e.

    Empl
    oyeeRi
    ght
    s

    Thepr
    imar
    ylaw cov
    eri
    ngwor
    kersaf
    etyi
    stheOccupat
    ionalSaf
    etyand
    Heal
    th(
    OSH)Actof1970.The pr
    imar
    ygoaloft
    hisl
    aw i
    sto 
    reduce
    wor
    kpl
    acehazar
    ds 
    andi
    mpl
    ementsaf
    etyandheal
    thpr
    ogr
    amsf
    orbot
    h
    empl
    oyer
    sandt
    hei
    rempl
    oyees.Tot
    hisend,t
    heOSH Actandr
    elat
    ed
    r
    egul
    ati
    onsf
    rom OSHAgi
    veempl
    oyeesanumberofr
    ight
    s,i
    ncl
    udi
    ngt
    he
    r
    ight
    sto:

     getcl
    eart
    rai
    ningandi
    nfor
    mat
    ioni
    nlay
    man'
    ster
    msont
    hehazar
    dsof
    t
    hei
    rwor
    kpl
    ace,way
    stoav
    oidhar
    m,andappl
    i
    cabl
    eOSHAst
    andar
    ds
    andl
    aws;

    186
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

     obt
    ain and r
    evi
    ew document
    ati
    on on wor
    k-r
    elat
    ed i
    l
    lnesses and
    i
    njur
    iesatt
    hej
    obsi
    te;
     conf
    ident
    ial
    l
    ymakeacompl
    aintwi
    thOSHAt
    ohav
    eani
    nspect
    ionof
    t
    hewor
    kpl
    ace;
     i
    fdesi
    red,accompanyandt
    akepar
    tinar
    equest
    edOSHAi
    nspect
    ion
    oft
    hewor
    kpl
    ace;
     getcopi
    esofanyt
    est
    sdonet
    omeasur
    ewor
    kpl
    acehazar
    ds(
    e.g.
    chemi
    cal
    ,ai
    r,andsi
    mil
    art
    est
    ing)
    ;
     notbe 
    discr
    imi
    nat
    edorr
    etal
    i
    ated 
    agai
    nstf
    ormaki
    ngOSHA-
    rel
    ated
    compl
    aint
    sori
    nqui
    ri
    es.

    Empl
    oyer
    s'Obl
    i
    gat
    ions

    I
    naddi
    ti
    ont
    o,ori
    nconnect
    ionwi
    th,t
    heempl
    oyeer
    ight
    sout
    li
    nedabov
    e,
    undert
    heOSHActandOSHAgui
    del
    i
    nes,
    empl
    oyer
    shav
    etheobl
    i
    gat
    ionst
    o:

     f
    ir
    standf
    oremost
    ,pr
    ovi
    deasaf
    ewor
    kpl
    acef
    reeofser
    ioushazar
    ds;
     f
    indheal
    thandsaf
    etyhazar
    ds;
     i
    fhazar
    dsexi
    st,
    eli
    minat
    eormi
    nimi
    zet
    hem;
     i
    fwor
    kpl
    acehazar
    dscannotbeel
    i
    minat
    ed,pr
    ovi
    deempl
    oyeeswi
    th
    adequat
    esaf
    eguar
    dsandpr
    otect
    ivegearatnocostt
    othem;
     not
    if
    yempl
    oyeesofanyhazar
    dsandpr
    ovi
    det
    het
    rai
    ningnecessar
    y
    t
    oaddr
    esst
    hem;
     postal
    i
    stofOSHAi
    njur
    iesandci
    tat
    ions,pl
    ust
    he 
    OSHApost
    er 
    i
    na
    187
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    pl
    acewher
    eempl
    oyeeswi
    l
    lseet
    hem;
     mai
    ntai
    nrecor
    dsofwor
    k-r
    elat
    edi
    njur
    ies.

    Soci
    alSecur
    it
    ySy
    stem i
    nIndi
    a

    I
    ndi
    a’
    ssoci
    alsecur
    it
    ysy
    stem i
    scomposedofanumberofschemesand
    pr
    ogr
    amsspr
    eadt
    hroughoutav
    ari
    etyofl
    awsandr
    egul
    ati
    ons.Keepi
    n
    mi
    nd,howev
    er,t
    hatt
    hegov
    ernment
    -cont
    rol
    l
    edsoci
    alsecur
    it
    ysy
    stem i
    n
    I
    ndi
    aappl
    i
    est
    oonl
    yasmal
    lpor
    ti
    onoft
    hepopul
    ati
    on.

    Fur
    ther
    mor
    e,t
    he soci
    alsecur
    it
    ysy
    stem i
    nIndi
    aincl
    udes notj
    ustan
    i
    nsur
    ancepay
    mentofpr
    emi
    umsi
    ntogov
    ernmentf
    unds(
    li
    kei
    nChi
    na)
    ,but
    al
    sol
    umpsum empl
    oyerobl
    i
    gat
    ions.

    Gener
    all
    y,I
    ndi
    a’
    ssoci
    alsecur
    it
    yschemescov
    ert
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngt
    ypesof
    soci
    ali
    nsur
    ances:

     Pensi
    on
     Heal
    thI
    nsur
    anceandMedi
    cal
    Benef
    it
     Di
    sabi
    l
    ityBenef
    it
     Mat
    erni
    tyBenef
    it
     Gr
    atui
    ty

    Pensi
    onorEmpl
    oyees’
    Prov
    identFund

    188
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    TheEmpl
    oyees’Pr
    ovi
    dentFundOr
    gani
    zat
    ion,undert
    heMi
    nist
    ryofLabor
    andEmpl
    oyment
    ,ensur
    essuper
    annuat
    ionpensi
    onandf
    ami
    l
    ypensi
    oni
    n
    caseofdeat
    hdur
    ingser
    vice.Pr
    esent
    ly,
    onl
    yabout35mi
    l
    li
    onoutofal
    abor
    f
    orceof400mi
    l
    li
    onhav
    eaccesst
    ofor
    malsoci
    alsecur
    it
    yint
    hef
    orm ofol
    d
    -
    agei
    ncomepr
    otect
    ioni
    nIndi
    a.Outoft
    hese35mi
    l
    li
    on,26mi
    l
    li
    onwor
    ker
    s
    ar
    e member
    s oft
    he Empl
    oyees’Pr
    ovi
    dentFund Or
    gani
    zat
    ion,whi
    ch
    compr
    isespr
    ivat
    esect
    orwor
    ker
    s,ci
    vi
    lser
    vant
    s,mi
    l
    itar
    yper
    sonnel
    ,and
    empl
    oyeesofSt
    atePubl
    i
    cSect
    orUnder
    taki
    ngs(
    PSUs)
    .

    Theschemesundert
    heEmpl
    oyees’Pr
    ovi
    dentFundOr
    gani
    zat
    ionappl
    yto
    busi
    nesseswi
    thatl
    east20empl
    oyees.Cont
    ri
    but
    ionst
    otheEmpl
    oyees’
    Pr
    ovi
    dentFund Scheme ar
    eobl
    i
    gat
    oryf
    orbot
    htheempl
    oyerand t
    he
    empl
    oyeewhent
    heempl
    oyeei
    sear
    ningupt
    oRs15,
    000(
    US$220)per
    mont
    h,andv
    olunt
    ary
    ,whent
    heempl
    oyeeear
    nsmor
    ethant
    hisamount
    .If
    t
    hepayofanyempl
    oyeeexceedst
    hisamount
    ,thecont
    ri
    but
    ionpay
    abl
    eby
    t
    heempl
    oyerwi
    l
    lbel
    i
    mit
    edt
    otheamountpay
    abl
    eont
    hef
    ir
    stRs15,
    000
    (
    US$220)onl
    y.
     

    TheEmpl
    oyees’
    Prov
    identFundOr
    gani
    zat
    ioni
    ncl
    udest
    hreeschemes:

     TheEmpl
    oyees’
    Prov
    identFundScheme,
    1952;
     TheEmpl
    oyees’
    Pensi
    onScheme,
    1995;
    and,
     TheEmpl
    oyees’
    Deposi
    tLi
    nkedI
    nsur
    anceScheme,
    1976.

    189
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    TheEmpl
    oyees’Pr
    ovi
    dentFund(
    EPF)Schemei
    scont
    ri
    but
    edt
    obyt
    he
    empl
    oyer(
    1.67-
    3.67per
    cent
    )andt
    heempl
    oyee(
    10-
    12per
    cent
    ).

    TheEmpl
    oyeePensi
    onScheme(
    EPS)i
    scont
    ri
    but
    edt
    obyt
    heempl
    oyer
    (
    8.33per
    cent
    )andt
    hegov
    ernment(
    1.16per
    cent
    ),butnott
    heempl
    oyee.

    Fi
    nal
    l
    y,t
    he Empl
    oyees’Deposi
    t Li
    nked I
    nsur
    ance (
    EDLI
    ) Scheme i
    s
    cont
    ri
    but
    edt
    obyt
    heempl
    oyer(
    0.5per
    cent
    )onl
    y.

    Fourmai
    nty
    pesofpensi
    on(
    all
    mont
    hly
    )ar
    eof
    fer
    ed:

     Pensi
    onuponsuper
    annuat
    ionordi
    sabi
    l
    ity
    ;
     Wi
    dows’
    pensi
    onf
    ordeat
    hwhi
    l
    einser
    vice;
     Chi
    l
    dren’
    spensi
    on;
    and,
     Or
    phan’
    spensi
    on.

    I
    naddi
    ti
    on,t
    her
    ear
    esepar
    atepensi
    onf
    undsf
    orci
    vi
    lser
    vant
    s,wor
    ker
    s
    empl
    oyedi
    ncoalmi
    nesandt
    eapl
    ant
    ati
    onsi
    nthest
    ateofAssam,andf
    or
    seamen.

    Heal
    thI
    nsur
    anceandMedi
    calBenef
    it

    I
    ndi
    ahasanat
    ionalheal
    thser
    vice,butt
    hisdoesnoti
    ncl
    udef
    reemedi
    cal
    car
    efort
    hewhol
    epopul
    ati
    on.TheEmpl
    oyees’St
    ateI
    nsur
    ance(
    ESI
    )Act

    190
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    cr
    eat
    esaf
    undt
    opr
    ovi
    demedi
    calcar
    eto 
    empl
    oyeesandt
    hei
    rfami
    l
    ies,as
    wel
    las cash benef
    it
    s dur
    ing si
    ckness and mat
    erni
    ty,and mont
    hly
    pay
    ment
    sincaseofdeat
    hordi
    sabl
    ementf
    ort
    hosewor
    kingi
    nfact
    ori
    es
    andest
    abl
    i
    shment
    swi
    th10ormor
    eempl
    oyees.

    The 
    ESI(
    Cent
    ral
    )AmendmentRul
    es,
    2016–not
    if
    iedonDecember22,
    2016
    – 
    expandedcov
    eraget
    oincl
    ude 
    empl
    oyeesear
    ningRs21,
    000(
    US$313.
    53)
    orl
    essi
    namont
    hfr
    om Januar
    y1,2017;pr
    evi
    ousl
    y,
     t
    hewagel
    i
    mitf
    orESI
    subscr
    iber
    s was Rs 15,
    000 (
    US$223.
    95) per mont
    h.
    Subsequent
    ly,
     
    the 
    Empl
    oyees’St
    ateI
    nsur
    ance(
    Cent
    ral
    )AmendmentRul
    es,
    2017 
    wasnot
    if
    ied on Januar
    y20,det
    ail
    i
    ng new mat
    erni
    tybenef
    it
    sfor
    womenwhohav
    einsur
    ance.

    Si
    cknessbenef
    itunderESIcov
    eragei
    s70per
    centoft
    heav
    eragedai
    l
    y
    wageandi
    spay
    abl
    efor91day
    sdur
    ingt
    woconsecut
    ivebenef
    itper
    iods.
     

    Di
    sabi
    li
    tyBenef
    it

    The Empl
    oyee’
    s Compensat
    ion Act
    ,1923,f
    ormer
    ly known as t
    he
    ‘
    Wor
    kmen’
    s Compensat
    ion Act
    ,1923’
    ,requi
    res t
    he empl
    oyert
    o pay
    compensat
    ion t
    o empl
    oyeesort
    hei
    rfami
    l
    iesi
    n casesofempl
    oyment
    r
    elat
    edi
    njur
    iest
    hatr
    esul
    tindeat
    hordi
    sabi
    l
    ity
    .

    I
    naddi
    ti
    on,wor
    ker
    sempl
    oyedi
    ncer
    tai
    nty
    pesofoccupat
    ionsar
    eexposed
    191
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
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    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
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    t
    other
    iskofcont
    ract
    ingcer
    tai
    ndi
    seases,whi
    char
    epecul
    i
    arandi
    nher
    ent
    t
    othoseoccupat
    ions.A wor
    kercont
    ract
    inganoccupat
    ionaldi
    seasei
    s
    deemed t
    o hav
    e suf
    fer
    ed an acci
    dentoutofand i
    nthe cour
    se of
    empl
    oyment
    ,and t
    he empl
    oyeri
    sli
    abl
    eto paycompensat
    ion f
    ort
    he
    same.
     I
    njur
    iesr
    esul
    ti
    ng i
    n per
    manentt
    otaland par
    ti
    aldi
    sabl
    ementar
    e
    l
    i
    stedi
    npar
    tsIandI
    IofSchedul
    eIoft
    heEmpl
    oyee’
    sCompensat
    ionAct
    ,
    whi
    l
    eoccupat
    ionaldi
    seaseshav
    ebeendef
    inedi
    npar
    tsA,B,andC of
    Schedul
    eII
    Ioft
    heEmpl
    oyee’
    sCompensat
    ionAct
    . 

    Compensat
    ion cal
    cul
    ati
    on depends on t
    he si
    tuat
    ion ofoccupat
    ional
    di
    sabi
    l
    ity
    :

    (
    a)Deat
    h50per
    cent
     oft
    hemont
    hlywagemul
    ti
    pli
    edbyt
    her
    elev
    antf
    act
    or
    (
    age)oranamountofRs80,
    000(
    US$1,
    246.
    20)
    ,whi
    chev
    eri
    smor
    e.

    (
    b)Tot
    alper
    manentdi
    sabl
    ement
    60per
    cent
     oft
    hemont
    hlywagemul
    ti
    pli
    edbyt
    her
    elev
    antf
    act
    or(
    age)oran
    amountofRs90,
    000(
    US$1,
    401.
    98)
    ,whi
    chev
    eri
    smor
    e.

    Mat
    erni
    tyBenef
    it

    The 
    Mat
    erni
    tyBenef
    it(
    Amendment
    )Act
    ,2017 
    camei
    ntof
    orceonApr
    il1,
    2017,and i
    ncr
    eases some oft
    he key benef
    it
    s mandat
    ed undert
    he
    pr
    evi
    ous 
    Mat
    erni
    tyBenef
    itActof1961.Theamendedl
    awpr
    ovi
    des 
    women
    192
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    ntheor
    gani
    zedsect
    or 
    wit
    hpai
    dmat
    erni
    tyl
    eav
    eof26weeks,upf
    rom 12
    weeks,f
    ort
    hef
    ir
    stt
    wochi
    l
    dren.Fort
    het
    hir
    dchi
    l
    d,t
    hemat
    erni
    tyl
    eav
    e
    ent
    it
    ledwi
    l
    lbe12weeks.I
    ndi
    anow hast
    het
    hir
    dmostmat
    erni
    tyl
    eav
    ein
    t
    hewor
    ld,
    fol
    l
    owi
    ngCanada(
    50weeks)andNor
    way(
    44weeks)
    . 

    TheAct
     al
    sosecur
    es12weeksofmat
    erni
    tyl
    eav
    eformot
    her
    sadopt
    inga
    chi
    l
    dbel
    owt
    heageoft
    hreemont
    hsaswel
    last
    ocommi
    ssi
    oni
    ngmot
    her
    s
    (
    biol
    ogi
    calmot
    her
    s)whooptf
    orsur
    rogacy
    .The12-
    weekper
    iodi
    nthese
    caseswi
    l
    lbecal
    cul
    atedf
    rom t
    hedat
    ethechi
    l
    dishandedov
    ert
    othe
    adopt
    iveorcommi
    ssi
    oni
    ngmot
    her
    .

    I
    not
    herpr
    ovi
    sions,
    thel
    awmandat
    est
    hatev
    eryest
    abl
    i
    shmentwi
    thov
    er50
    empl
    oyeesmustpr
    ovi
    decr
    èchef
    aci
    l
    iti
    eswi
    thi
    neasydi
    stance,whi
    cht
    he
    mot
    hercan v
    isi
    tup t
    ofourt
    imes a day
    .Forcompl
    i
    ance pur
    poses,
    compani
    esshoul
    dnot
    ethatt
    hispar
    ti
    cul
    arpr
    ovi
    sionwi
    l
    lcomei
    ntoef
    fect
    f
    rom Jul
    y1,
    2017.

    Empl
    oyeeGr
    iev
    ancePr
    ocedur
    e

    St
    epsI
    nvol
    vedi
    nEmpl
    oyeeGr
    iev
    ancePr
    ocedur
    e!
    Gr
    iev
    ances ar
    e butnat
    urali
    n or
    gani
    sat
    ions.Howev
    erl
    i
    ke di
    sci
    pli
    nar
    y
    pr
    obl
    ems,
    gri
    evancesal
    sobenef
    itnone.Hence,
    ther
    eisaneedf
    orhandl
    i
    ng
    orr
    edr
    essi
    nggr
    iev
    ances.Fort
    his,mostl
    argeor
    gani
    sat
    ionsi
    nIndi
    ahav
    e,
    t
    her
    efor
    e,ev
    olv
    ed a f
    ormalgr
    iev
    ance pr
    ocedur
    e whi
    ch enabl
    es an

    193
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    or
    gani
    sat
    iont
    ohandl
    egr
    iev
    ancessat
    isf
    act
    ori
    l
    y.Asamat
    teroff
    act
    ,ther
    e
    ar
    esev
    eralsubst
    ant
    iver
    easonsf
    orhav
    ingaf
    ormalgr
    iev
    ancepr
    ocedur
    ein
    anor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    Thei
    mpor
    tantonesar
    eli
    stedasf
    oll
    ows:
    (
    i)I
    tpr
    ovi
    desanest
    abl
    i
    shedandknownmet
    hodofpr
    ocessi
    nggr
    iev
    ances
    andkeepst
    hisopen.

    (
    ii
    )Itbr
    ingsgr
    iev
    ancet
    otheknowl
    edgeofmanagementsot
    hati
    tcanknow
    andunder
    standt
    hem t
    otakenecessar
    yact
    ionf
    ort
    hei
    rset
    tl
    ement
    .

    (
    ii
    i)I
    tgi
    vesanassur
    ancet
    otheempl
    oyeet
    hatt
    her
    eisamechani
    sm
    av
    ail
    abl
    etoconsi
    derhi
    sorhergr
    iev
    ancei
    nadi
    spassi
    onat
    eanddet
    ached
    manner
    .

    (
    iv)Vent
    inghi
    sgr
    iev
    anceandbei
    nghear
    dgi
    vest
    heempl
    oyeeaf
    eel
    i
    ngof
    bei
    ngcar
    edf
    or.Thi
    snotonl
    yget
    sitof
    fhi
    schest
    ”,butal
    sohel
    pshi
    m
    i
    mpr
    ovehi
    smor
    aleandpr
    oduct
    ivi
    ty.

    (
    v)I
    nvol
    vi
    ng sev
    erall
    evel
    sofor
    gani
    sat
    ion i
    nthegr
    iev
    ancepr
    ocedur
    e
    pr
    ovi
    deshel
    pont
    wodi
    mensi
    ons.Fi
    rst
    ly,t
    hesuper
    visorwhoi
    sthef
    ir
    st
    l
    evel
    int
    hegr
    iev
    ancepr
    ocesscannotbeby
    -passedbyt
    hewor
    ker
    .Secondl
    y,
    i
    nvol
    vementofsev
    eralhi
    erar
    chi
    call
    evel
    sint
    he gr
    iev
    ance machi
    ner
    y
    r
    eleasesexcl
    usi
    ver
    eli
    anceont
    hesuper
    visorwho can’
    tjeopar
    dizet
    he

    194
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    i
    nter
    estoft
    heempl
    oyee.Thesuper
    visorknowshi
    sisapl
    acat
    oryr
    ole.

    (
    vi)I
    nvol
    vementofv
    ari
    ousl
    evel
    smakest
    hem know t
    heki
    ndsofi
    ssues
    t
    hatconcer
    nwor
    ker
    sandmanager
    s.

    (
    vii
    )Last
    ly,
    itcheckst
    hemanager
    sfr
    om t
    aki
    ngar
    bit
    rar
    yandbi
    asedact
    ions
    agai
    nstt
    hewor
    ker
    sast
    heyknowt
    hatt
    hei
    ract
    ionsar
    esubj
    ectt
    ochal
    l
    enge.

    The pr
    ocedur
    ethe managementappl
    i
    es t
    o dealwi
    tht
    he empl
    oyees
    gr
    iev
    ancescanbest
    atedasf
    oll
    ows:
    1.
     Ti
    mel
    yAct
    ion:
    Thef
    ir
    standf
    oremostr
    equi
    si
    tei
    ngr
    iev
    ancehandl
    i
    ngi
    stoset
    tl
    ethem
    i
    mmedi
    atel
    yasandwhent
    heyar
    ise.Orsay
    ,gr
    iev
    ancesneedt
    obeni
    pped
    i
    nthebud.Soonert
    hegr
    iev
    ancei
    sset
    tl
    ed,l
    esserwi
    l
    lbei
    tsef
    fect
    son
    empl
    oyees’per
    for
    mance.Thi
    srequi
    rest
    hef
    ir
    stl
    i
    nesuper
    visor
    sbet
    rai
    ned
    i
    nrecogni
    zi
    ngandhandl
    i
    ngagr
    iev
    ancepr
    oper
    lyandpr
    ompt
    ly.

    2.
     Accept
    ingt
    heGr
    iev
    ance:
    Thesuper
    visorshoul
    dtr
    ytor
    ecogni
    zeandacceptt
    heempl
    oyeegr
    iev
    ance
    asandwheni
    tisexpr
    essed.I
    tmustbenot
    edt
    hataccept
    ancedoesnot
    necessar
    il
    y mean agr
    eei
    ng wi
    tht
    he gr
    iev
    ance,i
    tsi
    mpl
    y shows t
    he
    wi
    l
    li
    ngnessoft
    hesuper
    visort
    olooki
    ntot
    hecompl
    aintobj
    ect
    ivel
    yand
    di
    spassi
    onat
    elyt
    odealwi
    tht
    hegr
    iev
    ance.Ev
    idencessuggestt
    hatmor
    e
    t
    hesuper
    visorshowshi
    sorherconcer
    nfort
    heempl
    oyees,l
    esseri
    sthe

    195
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    numberofgr
    iev
    ancesr
    aisedbyt
    heempl
    oyees.

    3.
     I
    dent
    if
    yingt
    hePr
    obl
    em:
    The gr
    iev
    ance expr
    essed by t
    he empl
    oyee may
    be att
    imes si
    mpl
    y
    emot
    ional
    l
    y,ov
    er-
    toned,i
    magi
    nar
    yorv
    ague.The super
    visor
    ,ther
    efor
    e,
    needst
    oident
    if
    yordi
    agnoset
    hepr
    obl
    em st
    atedbyt
    heempl
    oyee.

    4.
     Col
    l
    ect
    ingt
    heFact
    s:
    Oncet
    hepr
    obl
    em i
    sident
    if
    iedasar
    ealpr
    obl
    em,t
    hesuper
    visorshoul
    d,
    t
    hen,col
    l
    ectal
    lther
    elev
    antf
    act
    sandpr
    oof
    srel
    ati
    ngt
    othegr
    iev
    ance.The
    f
    act
    ssocol
    l
    ect
    edneedt
    obesepar
    atedf
    rom t
    heopi
    nionsandf
    eel
    i
    ngst
    o
    av
    oiddi
    stor
    ti
    onsoft
    hef
    act
    s.I
    tisusef
    ult
    omai
    ntai
    nthef
    act
    sforf
    utur
    e
    usesasandwhent
    hesear
    erequi
    red.

    5.
     Anal
    ysi
    ngt
    hecauseoft
    heGr
    iev
    ance:
    Hav
    ingcol
    l
    ect
    edal
    lthef
    act
    sandf
    igur
    esr
    elat
    ingt
    othegr
    iev
    ance,
    thenext
    st
    epi
    nvol
    vedi
    nthegr
    iev
    ancepr
    ocedur
    eist
    oest
    abl
    i
    shandanal
    yset
    he
    causet
    hatl
    edt
    ogr
    iev
    ance.Theanal
    ysi
    soft
    hecausewi
    l
    linv
    olv
    est
    udy
    ing
    v
    ari
    ousaspect
    soft
    hegr
    iev
    ancesuchast
    heempl
    oyeespasthi
    stor
    y,
    f
    requencyoft
    heoccur
    rence,managementpr
    act
    ices,uni
    onpr
    act
    ices,et
    c..
    I
    dent
    if
    icat
    ionoft
    hecauseoft
    hegr
    iev
    ancehel
    pst
    hemanagementt
    ake
    cor
    rect
    ive measur
    es t
    o set
    tl
    ethe gr
    iev
    ance and al
    so t
    o pr
    eventi
    ts
    r
    ecur
    rence.

    196
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    6.
     Taki
    ngDeci
    sion:
    I
    nor
    dert
    otaket
    hebestdeci
    siont
    o handl
    ethegr
    iev
    ance,al
    ter
    nat
    ive
    cour
    sesofact
    ionsar
    ewor
    kedout
    .Thesear
    e,t
    hen,ev
    aluat
    edi
    nvi
    ew of
    t
    hei
    rconsequences on t
    he aggr
    iev
    ed empl
    oyee,t
    he uni
    on and t
    he
    management
    .Fi
    nal
    l
    y,adeci
    sioni
    stakenwhi
    chi
    sbestsui
    tedt
    othegi
    ven
    si
    tuat
    ioni
    ntheor
    gani
    sat
    ion.Suchdeci
    sionshoul
    dser
    veasapr
    ecedent
    bot
    hwi
    thi
    nthedepar
    tmentandt
    heor
    gani
    sat
    ion.

    7.
     I
    mpl
    ement
    ingt
    heDeci
    sion:
    Thedeci
    sion,what
    soev
    ert
    aken,mustbei
    mmedi
    atel
    ycommuni
    cat
    edt
    o
    t
    he empl
    oyee and al
    so i
    mpl
    ement
    ed by t
    he compet
    ent aut
    hor
    it
    y.
    McGr
    egor
    ’s “
    Hot
    - st
    ove Rul
    e” shoul
    d be st
    ri
    ctl
    y f
    oll
    owed whi
    l
    e
    i
    mpl
    ement
    ingt
    hedeci
    sion.Thedeci
    sion,
    thus,
    impl
    ement
    edshoul
    dal
    sobe
    r
    evi
    ewedt
    oknowwhet
    hert
    hegr
    iev
    ancehasbeensat
    isf
    act
    ori
    l
    yresol
    vedor
    not
    .

    I
    ncase,i
    tisnotr
    esol
    ved,t
    hesuper
    visoronceagai
    nneedst
    ogobackt
    o
    t
    hewhol
    epr
    ocedur
    est
    epbyst
    ept
    ofi
    ndoutanappr
    opr
    iat
    edeci
    sionor
    sol
    uti
    ont
    oresol
    vet
    hegr
    iev
    ance.

    Howev
    er,
    ift
    hegr
    iev
    ancei
    snotr
    esol
    vedatt
    hei
    nter
    nall
    evel
    ,thegr
    iev
    ance
    i
    s,t
    hen,
    ref
    err
    edt
    oanar
    bit
    rat
    orwhoi
    saccept
    abl
    etot
    heempl
    oyeeaswel
    l
    ast
    hemanagement
    .Thear
    bit
    rat
    orf
    oll
    owsaquasi
    -j
    udi
    cialpr
    ocesswher
    e
    bot
    hthepar
    ti
    espr
    esentev
    idence.
    197
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Basedont
    heev
    idencessopr
    oduced,t
    hemat
    teri
    scr
    oss-
    exami
    nedi
    n
    t
    hread-
    bar
    e.Thear
    bit
    rat
    ort
    hent
    hinks,appl
    i
    eshi
    smi
    ndandar
    ri
    vesata
    deci
    sion.Thedeci
    siont
    akenbyar
    bit
    rat
    ori
    sfi
    nalandbi
    ndi
    ngonbot
    hthe
    par
    ti
    es.

    The I
    ndi
    an I
    nst
    it
    ute ofPer
    sonnelManagement
    ,Kol
    kat
    a hasl
    i
    sted t
    he
    f
    oll
    owi
    ngf
    ivest
    epscont
    ainedi
    nagr
    iev
    ancepr
    ocedur
    e:
    1.Theempl
    oyeeshoul
    drai
    sehi
    sorhergr
    iev
    ancewi
    tht
    hei
    mmedi
    ate
    super
    visor
    .

    2.I
    fthedeci
    siont
    akenbyt
    hesuper
    visori
    snotaccept
    abl
    etot
    heaggr
    iev
    ed
    empl
    oyee,
    heorsheshoul
    dbemadeknownt
    owhom nexti
    ntheechel
    onof
    management
    ,heorsheshoul
    dref
    ert
    hegr
    iev
    ance.

    3.Thegr
    iev
    anceshoul
    dbehandl
    edpr
    ompt
    lyanddi
    spassi
    onat
    ely
    .

    4.Onl
    ythe gr
    iev
    ance r
    aised byt
    he empl
    oyee hav
    ing under
    stood t
    he
    i
    nst
    ruct
    ionsi
    ssuedt
    ohi
    m orherempl
    oyerwi
    l
    lregi
    stert
    hepr
    otestandset
    t
    hegr
    iev
    ancehandl
    i
    ngpr
    ocedur
    einmot
    ion.

    5.I
    ftheaggr
    iev
    edempl
    oyeest
    il
    lremai
    nsdi
    ssat
    isf
    ied,t
    her
    ewi
    l
    lbeno
    di
    rectact
    ionbyt
    heei
    therpar
    tywhi
    chmi
    ghtpr
    ejudi
    cet
    hecaseorr
    aise
    doubt
    swhi
    l
    ethegr
    iev
    ancei
    sbei
    ngi
    nvest
    igat
    ed.

    198
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
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    es
    &
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    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Emot
    ionalquot
    ient
     

    Emot
    ional i
    ntel
    l
    igence 
    (EI
    ), al
    so known as 
    Emot
    ional quot
    ient
     (
    EQ)
    and 
    Emot
    ionalI
    ntel
    l
    igenceQuot
    ient
     (
    EIQ)
    ,ist
    hecapabi
    l
    ityofi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    sto
    r
    ecogni
    zet
    hei
    r own 
    emot
    ions 
    and t
    hose of ot
    her
    s,di
    scer
    n bet
    ween
    di
    ff
    erentf
    eel
    i
    ngsandl
    abelt
    hem appr
    opr
    iat
    ely
    ,useemot
    ionali
    nfor
    mat
    ion
    t
    ogui
    det
    hinki
    ngandbehav
    ior
    ,andmanageand/
    oradj
    ustemot
    ionst
    o
    adaptt
    oenv
    ironment
    sorachi
    eveone'
    sgoal
    .

    Ment
    ori
    ng

    Ment
    ori
    ng 
    i
    stheEmpl
    oyeet
    rai
    ningsy
    stem underwhi
    chaseni
    orormor
    e
    exper
    ienced per
    son (
    the 
    ment
    or)i
    s assi
    gned t
    o actas an adv
    isor
    ,
    counsel
    or,orgui
    det
    oaj
    uni
    orort
    rai
    nee.The 
    ment
    or 
    i
    sresponsi
    blef
    or
    pr
    ovi
    dingsuppor
    tto,
    andf
    eedbackon,
    theper
    soni
    nhi
    sorherchar
    ge.

    199
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    Qual
    it
    yCi
    rcl
    e

    A 
    qual
    i
    tyci
    rcl
    e or
     qual
    i
    tycont
    rolci
    rcl
    e i
    sagr
    oupof
     wor
    ker
    s whodot
    he
    sameorsi
    mil
    arwor
    k,whomeetr
    egul
    arl
    ytoi
    dent
    if
    y,anal
    yzeandsol
    ve
    wor
    k-r
    elat
    edpr
    obl
    ems.
     Nor
    mal
    l
    ysmal
    linsi
    ze,
    thegr
    oupi
    susual
    l
    yledbya
    super
    visorormanagerandpr
    esent
    sit
    ssol
    uti
    onst
    o management
    ;wher
    e
    possi
    ble,wor
    ker
    simpl
    ementt
    hesol
    uti
    onst
    hemsel
    vesi
    nor
    dert
    oimpr
    ove
    t
    heper
    for
    manceoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionandmot
    ivat
    eempl
    oyees.

    Kai
    zen

    • Kai
    zen,al
    so known as cont
    inuous i
    mpr
    ovement
    ,isal
    ong-
    ter
    m
    appr
    oach t
    o wor
    kthatsy
    stemat
    ical
    l
    y seeks t
    o achi
    eve smal
    l
    ,
    i
    ncr
    ement
    alchangesi
    npr
    ocessesi
    nor
    dert
    oimpr
    oveef
    fi
    ciencyand
    qual
    i
    ty.

    • Goodpr
    ocessesbr
    inggoodr
    esul
    ts

    • Goseef
    ory
    our
    sel
    ftogr
    aspt
    hecur
    rentsi
    tuat
    ion

    • Speakwi
    thdat
    a,managebyf
    act
    s

    • Takeact
    iont
    ocont
    ainandcor
    rectr
    ootcausesofpr
    obl
    ems

    200
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    • Wor
    kasat
    eam

    • Kai
    zeni
    sev
    ery
    body
    ’sbusi
    ness

    Fl
    ext
    ime

    Fl
    ext
    imeorFl
    exi
    ti
    mei
    sanon-
    tr
    adi
    ti
    onalappr
    oacht
    owor
    khourschedul
    i
    ng.
    Thi
    sal
    l
    owsempl
    oyeest
    osel
    ectt
    hei
    rwor
    kinghour
    sont
    hei
    rown.Ther
    eis,
    howev
    er,apar
    ti
    cul
    arcor
    eti
    meper
    iodf
    orwhi
    chal
    lempl
    oyeeshav
    etobe
    pr
    esentatwor
    k.Ther
    estoft
    hewor
    khour
    scanbeadj
    ust
    edaspert
    he
    empl
    oyee’
    sconv
    eni
    ence.Fl
    ext
    ime i
    saf
    lexi
    blehour
    s schedul
    e t
    hatal
    l
    ows
    wor
    ker
    stoal
    terwor
    kdayst
    artandf
    ini
    sht
    imes.f
    lext
    imet
    ypi
    cal
    l
    yinv
    olv
    esa
    "
    cor
    e"per
    iodoft
    hedaydur
    ingwhi
    chempl
    oyeesar
    erequi
    redt
    obeatwor
    k
    (
    e.g.
    ,bet
    ween11a.
    m.and3p.
    m.)
    ,anda"
    bandwi
    dth"per
    iodwi
    thi
    nwhi
    ch
    al
    lrequi
    redhour
    smustbewor
    ked(
    e.g.
    ,bet
    ween5:
    30 
    a.m.and7:
    30 
    p.m.
    )

    ESOP:Empl
    oyeeSt
    ockOwner
    shi
    pPl
    an(
    ESOP)
    An ESOP i
    s a def
    ined cont
    ri
    but
    ion empl
    oyee benef
    itpl
    an t
    hatal
    l
    ows
    empl
    oyeest
    obecomeowner
    sofst
    ocki
    nthecompanyt
    heywor
    kfor
    .Iti
    s
    anequi
    tybaseddef
    err
    edcompensat
    ionpl
    an.Sev
    eral
    feat
    uresmakeESOPs

    201
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    uni
    queascompar
    edt
    oot
    herempl
    oyeebenef
    itpl
    ans.Fi
    rst
    ,onl
    yanESOPi
    s
    r
    equi
    red byl
    aw t
    oinv
    estpr
    imar
    il
    yint
    hesecur
    it
    iesoft
    hesponsor
    ing
    empl
    oyer
    .Second,anESOPi
    suni
    queamongqual
    i
    fiedempl
    oyeebenef
    it
    pl
    ansi
    nit
    sabi
    l
    ityt
    obor
    rowmoney
    .Asar
    esul
    t,"
    lev
    eragedESOPs"maybe
    usedasat
    echni
    queofcor
    por
    atef
    inance.

    Tot
    alQual
    it
    yManagement
     (
    TQM)

    TQM descr
    ibesamanagementappr
    oacht
    olong–t
    erm successt
    hrough
    cust
    omersat
    isf
    act
    ion.I
    naTQM ef
    for
    t,al
    lmember
    sofanor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    par
    ti
    cipat
    eini
    mpr
    ovi
    ngpr
    ocesses,pr
    oduct
    s,ser
    vices,andt
    hecul
    tur
    ein
    whi
    cht
    heywor
    k.Tot
    alqual
    i
    tymanagement
     (
    TQM)consi
    stsofor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    -
    wide ef
    for
    tst
    o i
    nst
    alland make per
    manent a cl
    i
    mat
    ein whi
    ch
    an 
    organi
    zat
    ion 
    cont
    inuousl
    yimpr
    oves 
    i
    ts abi
    l
    ityt
    o del
    i
    verhi
    gh-
    qual
    i
    ty
    pr
    oduct
    sandser
    vicest
    ocust
    omer
    s. 

    Si
    xSi
    gma

    Si
    xSi
    gma 
    (6σ)i
    sasetoft
    echni
    quesandt
    ool
    sforpr
    ocessi
    mpr
    ovement
    .It
    was i
    ntr
    oduced by engi
    neer
     Bi
    l
    l Smi
    th 
    whi
    l
    e wor
    king at
     Mot
    orol
    a i
    n
    [
    1986. JackWel
    chmadei
    tcent
    ralt
    o hi
    sbusi
    nessst
    rat
    egyat
     Gener
    al
    El
    ect
    ri
    c i
    n1995.

    I
    tseekst
    oimpr
    ovet
    hequal
    i
    tyoft
    heout
    putofapr
    ocessbyi
    dent
    if
    yingand

    202
    Chander
    prabhuJai
    nCol
    legeofHi
    gherSt
    udi
    es
    &
    SchoolofLaw
    AnISO9001:
    2008Certi
    fi
    edQual
    i
    tyInsti
    tute
    (
    Recogni
    zedbyGov
    t.ofNCTofDel
    hi,
    Aff
    il
    iat
    edtoGGSIndraprasthaUni
    ver
    sit
    y,Del
    hi)

    r
    emov
    ing t
    he causes of def
    ect
    s and
    mi
    nimi
    zi
    ng 
    var
    iabi
    l
    ity
     i
    n manuf
    act
    uri
    ng 
    andbusi
    nesspr
    ocesses.I
    tusesa
    set of
     qual
    i
    ty management
     met
    hods,mai
    nly
     st
    ati
    sti
    cal met
    hods,and
    cr
    eat
    esaspeci
    ali
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureofpeopl
    ewi
    thi
    ntheor
    gani
    zat
    ionwhoar
    e
    exper
    tsi
    nthesemet
    hods.

    203

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