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The Eye Is Made Up of THREE Layers
The Eye Is Made Up of THREE Layers
2. Choroidal Layer/ Uvea- choroid and iris and ciliary Receptor cells are the RODS and CONES
bodies
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
3. Nervous coat-retina
A. Rods
SCLERAE
Located peripherally
maintains eye shape Sensitive to dim light
Works for DIM vision
It is the "white of the eye" Black, white and gray vision
Peripheral vision
Located in the posterior portion of the eye
B. Cones
Connects to the cornea
Located in fovea Centralis
CHOROID For color vision
Red, green, blue receptors
Is packed with blood vessels and pigmented to For fine discrimination
absorb light
THE OPTIC NERVES
Prevents blurring of image
Cranial Nerve II
Forms the iris and lens in front
Nerve fibers from median half of each retina
Schlemm's Canal circles where cornea and iris cross at the OPTIC CHIASM and travel to
meet opposite sides of the brain
Iris-gives the eye fits color Nerve fibers from the lateral halves of the retina
remain uncrossed
Ciliary body made of smooth muscles; contracts
to reduce tension of suspensory ligament on lens When damaged, loss of vision becomes
permanent
Lens - converges light onto retina
THE OPTIC NERVES
RETINA
This is the collection of fibers from the cells in
The inner posterior layer of the eye the retina
Contains 4 layers: cells will reach the occipital lobe for visual
interpretation
o Pigmented epithelial
THE CHAMBERS
o Photoreceptor cells
1. Anterior
o Bipolar neuron
- the locus of intraocular pressure (IOP)
o Ganglion neuron
- filled with aqueous humor that circulates
THE EYE AND THE VISUAL PATHWAY through suspensory ligament, the pupil and the
cornea and exits through the CANAL of Visual cortex at the posterior (back) of the brain.
SCHLEMM
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS FOR THE EYE
- Enhances light refraction
DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
- Cleans and nourishes eye structures
A hand held instrument (ophthalmoscope) with
- Determines IOP (10-21 mmHg) various plus and minus lenses is used to examine
the eye. The lenses can be rotated to bring the
2. Posterior Chamber cornea, lens and retina into focus.
- located in front of the lens and the ciliary body During the exam, the room should be dark and
the patient's eye must be level with the
- The VITREOUS BODY examiner.
- filled with vitreous humor (gelatinous and clear) Allow patient to have a target to gaze and keep
that holds the retina in place. his eyes steady and open.
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
- Socket
- Eyelid
- Eyelashes
- Eyebrows
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal glands and ducts
- Oculomotor muscles
Light reception
Accommodation
Binocular Vision
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Light waves
/
Cornea (light waves are bent or converged)
/
pupil in the iris
/
crystalline lens
/
Nodal point (N) located immediately behind the back
surface of the lens.
(The image becomes reversed and inverted)
/
vitreous humor
/
retina (macula)
/
optic nerve
/