Ag© Ms Vi I Cöwzms Vi Av 'VJB: G BDWB Ui CVV JV N "Q

4
ag© ms¯‹vi I cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb

ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c a‡g©i bv‡g mvaviY gvbyl‡K †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi hveZxq eë¯’v
Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡Zv| wMR©v iv‡óªi ¶gZv‡K eënv‡ii gva¨‡g a‡g©i bv‡g wbh©vZb Ki‡Zv|
wLª÷ a‡g©i G me evovevwoi d‡j Rbg‡b †¶vf I nZvkv e„w× cvq| GK †kªYxi hvRK
ag©‡K eënvi K‡i †fvMevw`Zvq gË n‡q gvbeZv we‡ivax Av‡`k Rvwi‡Z wjß _v‡K|
cÂ`k- ‡lvok kZvãxi †ek K‡qKRb gvbeZvev`x ag©hvRK I mvaK K¨v_wjK a‡g©i
G me evovevwoi cÖwZev` K‡ib, wLª÷a‡g©i bZzb bZzb ms¯‹vi‡Yi Av‡›`vjb M‡o
†Zv‡jb| BD‡iv‡c ag©‡¶‡Î G me Av‡›`vjb Av_©- mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †h me
cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m Zv my`~icÖmvix Ae`vb iv‡L| GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~‡n ag©ms¯‹vi I
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj†bi KviY, wewfbœ aviv, Gi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : Rvgv©wb I gvwU©b jy_vi
 cvV - 2 : K¨vjwfb I ms®‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi wewfbœ aviv
 cvV - 3 : ag© ms®‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj
 cvV - 4 : cÖwZms®‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi weKvk
 cvV - 5 : cÖwZms®‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve I Zvrch©
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cvV - 1
Rvg©vwb I gvwU©b jy_vi

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 gvwU©b jy_vi †Kb †iv‡gi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn Ki‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rvg©vwb‡Z †Kb ms¯‹vi ev widi‡gkb Av‡›`vjb `vbv †eu‡a DVj Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rvg©vb ivRbëM© †Kb jy_vi‡K mg_©b w`‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ag© ms¯‹vi I cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb

†lvok kZvãx‡Z GKw`‡K †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi hLb BD‡iv‡ci w`MšÍ‡K cÖmvwiZ KiwQj
wVK ZLwb BD‡ivc ag©xq wemsev` I Kj‡n c‡o wef³ nw”Qj| GB mgq ch©šÍ hwÌ
wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ wKQyUv ¯^vZš¿¨ †`Lv hvw”Qj, Z_vwc †cv‡ci †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU ¯^Zš¿¨
wLª÷vb RM‡Zi Aw¯ÍZ¡ BD‡ivce¨vcx wQj| GKRb ågYKvix BD‡iv‡ci †hLv‡b †h‡Zv
†m me©ÎB GKB cÖv_©bv m½xZ, GK †cvc KZ©„K wbhy³ hvR‡Ki Avkx©ev`, GKB wLª÷vb
ag©`x¶v `vb, Drme, GKB Abymv‡i we‡q Ges GKB iKg ag©xq Drm‡ei gy‡LvgywL
n‡Zv| wKš‘ GKw`‡K BD‡ivc hLb c„w_exi KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY KiwQj Aciw`‡K Zvi agx©q
msnwZ nvivw”Qj| BD‡iv‡ci RvwZMZ HK¨ fv½vi ‡cQ‡b †hwU KvR K‡iwQ‡jv Zv n‡”Q
wid‡gkb ev ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb|
†cvc wbqwš¿Z ga¨hyMxq PvP©‡K `zbx©wZgy³ Kivi Rb¨ widi‡gkb Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ
nq| cÖPwjZ ag©xq ixwZ‡K evB‡e‡ji g~jbxwZ Abyhvqx ms¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ GB
Av‡›`vjb‡K widi‡gkb ev ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ejv nq| g~jZ GwU GKwU ag©xq
Av‡›`vjb n‡jI Gi m‡½ A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK KviY RwoZ n‡q Av‡›`vjbwU AviI
†eMevb nq| d‡j ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuv‡mi avivevwnKZvq e¨vcK
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK cwieZ©‡b gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nq|
ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqvq AviI GKwU ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq BD‡iv‡c|

GwU‡K cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ejv nq| ag©ms¯‹viev`x‡ì Avµg‡Yi gy‡L †ivgvb PvP©
KwZcq ms¯‹vi Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i| hvRK‡ì‡K Z¥ïw× I Ava¨vwZ¥Kfv‡e kw³kvjx K‡i
†ivgvb PvP©‡K mvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨
wQj| †gvUK_v ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i †ivgvb Pv‡P©i KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv wQj
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi j¶¨| cZ©ywMR Ges †¯úbxq bvweKiv hLb mgy‡`ªi DËvj Zi‡½
bZzb evwYwR¨K c_ LyuRwQ‡jb, ZLb GK ag©hvRK gvwU©b jy_vi Z¥vi gyw³i c_
LyuRwQ‡jb| Zvui Avwe®‹v‡ii †Póv wQj `~i †`‡ki Dò AvenvIqvq bq eis mbœ¨vmxi GK
Avkª‡g| Gi djvdj wKš‘ †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii djvd‡ji †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg wQj
AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 73

Gm Gm GBP Gj
bv| Rvg©vb GB mbœ¨vmx †ivg‡K AvµgY Kivi m‡½ m‡½ BD‡iv‡c Ggb NUbv cÖevn
ïiæ n‡jv hvi d‡j K¨v_wjK ag© †_‡K DËi BD‡iv‡ci weivU GjvKv c„_K n‡q †M‡jv,
j¶ j¶ gvby‡li ag©xq Rxeb Gi cÖfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _vK‡jv|
†iv‡gi weiæ‡× jy_v‡iiwe †`ªv‡ni KviY

a‡g©i bv‡g Aag© I Kzms¯‹vi
jy_vi-c~e©eZ©x mg‡q BD‡ivcxq‡ì ag©Rxeb wQj KiæY| hviv ag© eyS‡Zb Zv‡ì Rb¨
Ae¯’vUv wQj weeªZKi| †ivM‡kv‡K wech©¯Í Ges AwbðqZvi mgy‡`ª Wz‡e Amnvq gvbyl
A‡jŠwKKZv Ges Kzms¯‹vi‡K LoKzUvi g‡Zv a‡i c„w_ex‡Z Pjvi Ges ciKv‡ji gyw³i
c_ LyuR‡Zv| A‡bK Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ e¨w³ wek¦vm Ki‡Zv †h mKvj †ejv wLª‡÷i Dcvmbv-
Drme Ae‡jvKb Ki‡j mviv w`b †m g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K i¶v cv‡e| A‡b‡K ag© Drm‡ei
Lvevi bv †L‡q Rgv †i‡L w`‡Zv GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h Gi d‡j Ki‡j `yókw³i nvZ †_‡K
i¶v cvIqv hv‡e A_ev †ivM‡kvK †_‡K gyw³ cvIqv hv‡e| A‡b‡K cweÎ Lvevi ¸‡ov
K‡i dm‡ji Rwg‡Z Qwo‡q w`‡Zv, Zv‡ì wek¦vm wQ‡jv G‡Z K‡i dmj fv‡jv n‡e|
wLª÷vb mbœ¨vmx‡ì A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv‡K hv`y ev gvqvi mgch©v‡q aiv n‡Zv| cÖ‡Z¨K
mbœ¨vmxi Avjv`v Avjv`v we‡klZ¡ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| †hgb †m›U K¬v‡i P¶zi,
†m›U G¨v‡cvwj‡b ùv‡Zi, †m‡›U Rj em‡šÍi Ges †m›U A¨v_v‡Z ¯Í‡bi Amy‡Li wbivg‡qi
Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv n‡Zv| whïwLª÷ Ges mbœ¨vmx‡ì †`‡ni ev Zv‡ì eëüZ wRwblc‡Îi
†ivM wbivg‡q wb`k©‡b hv`y kw³i ¶gZv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ges G¸‡jvi igigv
evRvi Pvjy wQj|
wb¯‹…wZcÎ (Indulgence) weµq

jy_v‡ii g‡Zv †jvK‡ì Am‡šÍv‡li KviY wQj wLª÷a‡g©i Kzms¯‹vi Ges AÜwek¦vm,
wKš‘ Zvi †P‡q ‡ewk Amnbxq wQj A‡_©i wewbg‡q wMR©vi AbygwZ Ges AvwZ¥K gyw³i
cÖwZkÖæwZ jvf Kiv| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wbwl× PvPv‡Zv ev gvgv‡Zv †evb we‡q Ki‡Z PvB‡j
UvKvi wewbg‡q wMR©vi m¤§wZ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| wLª÷ a‡g© ZvjvK wbwl× _vK‡jI
UvKvi wewbg‡q we‡q evwZ‡ji AbygwZ µq Kiv †hZ| mePvB‡Z AvcwËRbK AbvPvi
wQj Z¥vi gyw³i Rb¨ BbWvj‡RÝ bvgK GKcÖKvi Qvoc‡Îi †Kbv‡ePv| K¨v_wjK
ag©Z‡Ë¡ BbWvj‡RÝ n‡”Q †cvcKZ©„K Bmy¨K…Z GK ai‡bi gyw³cÎ hvi Øviv cvwci m¤ú~Y©
A_ev AvswkK cvc c„w_ex‡Z A_ev ciKv‡j wg‡U hvq-Ggb Avk¦v‡mi QvocÎ, A_©vr
cvc †gvP‡bi wb®‹…wZcÎ| GKv`k kZvãx‡Z †cvc RbMY‡K µz‡m‡W AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨
DØy× Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖ_v Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb| Av‡M †hLv‡b AmvaviY Kg© Ki‡j †cvc
BbWvj‡RÝ Bmy¨ Ki‡Zb †mLv‡b Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í A‡_©i wewbg‡q GUv wewµ ïiæ nq| 1476
wLª÷v‡ã †cvc PZz_© wm·Uvm (sixtus IV) †NvlYv K‡ib †h, BbWvj‡R‡Ýi myweav GLb
RxweZ Ges g„Z Df‡q jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Gi A_© `vuov‡jv BbWvj‡RÝ †Kej RxweZ
e¨w³‡KB Zvi cvc †_‡K gyw³ †`‡e bv, Dciš‘ Zvi Z¥xq ¯^Rb‡KI ciKv‡ji KwVb
hš¿Yv †_‡K gyw³ †`‡e| BbWvj‡R‡Ýi Aceënvi †iv‡gi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn Ki‡Z
jy_vi‡K DØy× K‡i|
BDwbU - 4 c„ôv - 74
gvwU©b jy_vi (1483 - 1546 wLª.)

gvwU©b jy_vi wQ‡jb j¶ j¶ gvby‡li †cÖiYvi Drm| wZwb Rvg©vwbi mvK&mwb AÂ‡ji
GBm‡j‡eb (Eisleben) kn‡i 1483 wLª. Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wKš‘ cÖ_g Rxe‡b Zvui
evevi nZvkvi cvÎ wQ‡jb| K…lK †_‡K mdj eëmvqx evev Lwb BRviv w`‡q cÖPzi we‡Ëi
gvwjK n‡qwQ‡jb| evev †P‡qwQ‡jb Zvui †Q‡j evevi eëmvUv Av‡iv GwM‡q wb‡q hvK|
wZwb jy_vi‡K BidvU© wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb kv¯¿ Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ cvVvb| 1505 wLª÷v‡ã
†mLv‡b _vKvKv‡j wcZvi mg¯Í D”Pvkv‡K cyÎ gvwU©b RjvÄwj w`‡q mvay e‡b hv‡e|
m¤¢eZ wcZvi Pvwc‡q †`qv Rxeb Q‡Ki weiæ‡× Ae‡PZbfv‡e GKUv we‡`ªvn Zvi g‡b
`vbv †eu‡a D‡VwQ‡jv, Ges Gi ewntcÖKvk ZLb N‡UwQj| jy_vi Zvi g‡b nIqv m‡Zï
gy‡LvgywL n‡jb bvUKxqfv‡e| bvbv cÖPwjZ Dcv‡q wZwb Z¥vi wbe©vY cvIqvi †Póv Pvwj‡q
hvw”Q‡jb| Dcevm, cÖv_©bv Ges cvc ¯^xKvi KiwQ‡jb G‡Zv Nb Nb †h cvc kªeYKvix
cy‡ivwnZ GKevi VvÆv K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi Aciva Zz”Q, hw` mwZ¨B eo ai‡bi
cvc¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvI Zvn‡j †Zvgvi DwPZ n‡e evBi n‡q e¨wfPvi KivÕ| ZviciI
jy_vi Ava¨vwZ¥K kvwšÍ †c‡jb bv, KviY Zvi fq nw”Q‡jv fv‡jv KvR m‡Ë¡I wZwb KLbB
†µvavwš^Z Ck¦‡ii K…cv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| 1513 mv‡j Zvui Kv‡Q GK bZzb wPšÍvi
D‡`ªK n‡jv, Avi GUv cwiZ©b K‡i w`‡jv Zvui Rxe‡bi MwZ‡K|
K‡qK eQi hveZ wZwb GB †f‡e Aw¯’iZv †eva KiwQ‡jb †h Ck¦i gvby‡li cÖwZ Ab¨vq
Ki‡Qb| †Kbbv Zvui Av‡`k-wb‡la Avm‡j gvby‡li c‡¶ cvjb Kiv m¤¢e bq| A_P
G¸‡jv cvjb bv Ki‡j gvbyl‡K Ck¦i cÖ`Ë kvw¯Íi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡e| DB‡UbevM©
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbvi mgq evB‡ej co‡Z wM‡q GB mgm¨vi mgvavb wZwb Lyu‡R cvb|
Zvui Kv‡Q g‡b n‡jv Ck¦‡ii K‡Vvi kvmb ev kvw¯Íi fq Øviv gvby‡li Z¥vi gyw³ wgj‡e
bv| Ck¦‡ii `qv‡ZB gvby‡li †gv¶ jvf Kiv m¤¢e| jy_vi wb‡RB wjL‡jb ÒAe‡k‡l
Ck¦‡ii Acvi KiæYvq Avwg eyS‡Z ïiæ Kijvg Zvui b¨vqwePvi, Avi Zv n‡jv Ck¦i
Avgv‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi `qv Ges Avgv‡ì wek¦&v‡mi Kvi‡Y b¨vqwePvi K‡ib....... Avgvi Kv‡Q
g‡b n‡jv Avwg c~Y©Rb¥ jvf K‡iwQ Ges †Lvjv ìRv w`‡q ¯^‡M© cÖ‡ek K‡iwQÕÕ|
GB bZzb †PZbv jvf Kivi ci ciB jy_vi †iv‡gi weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡ni wPšÍv K‡ib wb|
wZwb Z‡Ë¡i wewfbœ wel‡q e³…Zv w`‡q PjwQ‡jb| 1517 mv‡j Ggb GK NUbv NUj †h
wZwb cÖPwjZ a‡g©i Ici Av¯’v nvwi‡q Gi weiæ‡× cÖKvk¨ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Ki‡jb| GB
mgq †cvc `kg wjI Ges Rvg©vwbi †gBb‡Ri AvP©wekc AvjevU© †hŠ_fv‡e A_© †Zvjvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ BbWvj‡RÝ wewµ ïiæ K‡ib| †UU‡Rj bvgK GK hvRK GB AbygwZ DËi
Rvg©vwb‡Z wewµ ïiæ K‡ib| †UU‡Rj B”QvK…Zfv‡e Ggb GKUv aviYv w`w”Q‡jb †h
BbWvj‡RÝ µq Ki‡j cv‡ci Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv QvovB †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wb‡R ev Zvi g„Z Z¥xq
¯^‡M© †h‡Z cvi‡e| †UU‡R‡ji GB ai‡bi cÖPviYv jy_v‡ii c‡¶ mn¨ Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv bv|
†Kbbv ZL‡bv ch©šÍ wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb gvby‡li gyw³i c_ KvR bq, wek¦vm| 1517
wLª÷v‡ã 31 A‡±vei DB‡Ubev‡M©i wMR©vi ìRvq wZwb AbygwZ cÎ wewµi weiæ‡×

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q 95 `dv m¤^wjZ GKwU cÖwZev`cÎ †c‡iK w`‡q ‡m‡U w`‡jb| GB
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wZwb m~Pbv Ki‡jb cÖwZev`x wLª÷ ag© ev †cÖv‡U÷vwbR‡gi|
jy_vi wKš‘ Zuvi cÖwZev`c‡Î †UU‡R‡ji mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib wb, wZwb cÖwZev` cÎwU
j¨vwU‡bi cwie‡Z© Rvg©vb fvlvq wj‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb DB‡UbevM© wek¦we`¨vj‡q
GKwU a‡g©i ZË¡MZ Av‡jvPbv ‡nvK| wKš‘ wKQy e¨w³ jy_v‡ii e³e¨ Abyev` K‡i evB‡i
cÖKvk K‡i †`q| GKRb AL¨vZ mvay †_‡K jy_vi kxNªB GKRb Av‡jvwPZ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e
me©Î cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| †UU‡Rj Ges Zvi mg_©K‡ì cÖ‡ivPbvq jy_vi‡K Zvi e³e¨
cÖZ¨vnvi A_ev Z¥c¶ mg_©b Ki‡Z †W‡K cvVv‡bv nq| wcQy nVvi cwie‡Z© jy_vi Av‡iv
mvnmx n‡q D‡Vb| 1519 wLª÷v‡ã wjcwR‡Mi GK mgv‡e‡k wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, †cvc
Ges hvRKiv †KDB fz‡ji D‡aŸ© bb| hvRKiv bq, ag©MÖš’B gvbyl‡K mwVK c‡_i wb‡`©kbv
†`‡e| †cvc `kg wjI gvwU©b jy_vi‡K ag©‡`ªvnx †NvlYv w`‡jb| GAe¯’vq †ivg †_‡K
wew”Qbœ nIqv Qvov jy_v‡ii Avi †Kv‡bv MZ¨šÍi wQj bv|
jy_v‡ii ag©ZË¡
jy_vi AMv÷bxq ag©g‡Zi Abymvix wQ‡jb| Pvik kZvãx‡Z †m›U AMvw÷b gZ cÖKvk
K‡ib †h Ck¦iB gvby‡li gyw³i GKgvÎ wm×všÍKvix, Kv‡K wZwb ciKv‡j gyw³ ‡`‡eb,
Kv‡K ‡`‡eb bv †mUv Ck¦i Av‡M †_‡K w¯’i K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| gvby‡li Kv‡Ri Ici Zvi
cvi‡jŠwKK gyw³ wbf©i K‡i bv| GB gZev` gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv I `vwqZ¡‡K niY K‡i
e‡j ga¨hy‡M _gvm GKzBbvm I †m›U wcUvi †jv¤^vW© cvëv a¨vb-aviYv cÖPvi K‡ib|
Zv‡ì g‡Z Ck¦‡ii ¶gv mevB‡K †eób Ki‡Z Pvq, wKš‘ gvbyl Zv cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi ¶gZv
iv‡L| gvby‡li Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii ¶gv cvIqvi iv¯Ív mnR K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i ‡Kej gvÎ
cy‡ivwnZ|
jy_vi †m›U AMvw÷‡bi gZ mg_©b K‡i ej‡jb †h gvbyl AmsL¨ fv‡jv KvR Ges a‡g©i
AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi Øviv i¶v †c‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvui g‡Z, hv‡ì g‡a¨ wek¦vm i‡q‡Q Zviv
fvj KvR Ki‡eB, ZvB wek¦v‡mi ¯’vb me©v‡MÖ| jy_v‡ii e³e¨ bZzb wKQy bq| c~‡e©B
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m›U AMvw÷‡bi wbqwZev`x (predestinarism) aviYv‡K wZwb
bZzbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb ag©xq †cÖ¶vc‡U Zuvi e³e¨ wQj bZzb
Ges mgmvgwqK ag©xq KvVv‡gv †f‡½ †`qvi Rb¨ h‡_ó| jy_v‡ii wØZxq e³e¨ wQj Pv‡P©i
AvPvi Abyôvb ev HwZ‡nï †P‡q evB‡e‡ji Av¶wiK A_©‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Zvui
Z…Zxq e³e¨ n‡”Q mKj wek¦vmx e¨w³B Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa (hvRK)| Av‡M †hLv‡b g‡b
Kiv n‡Zv hvRKivB ïay Ck¦‡ii `~Z, jy_vi ej‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi e¨w³MZ gyw³i Rb¨
`vwqZ¡cÖvß|
jy_v‡ii Gme e³‡eï d‡j ev¯Íe a‡g© A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡jv| †h‡nZz jy_vi †jŠwKKZv
ev AvPvi cvj‡bi AvwZkh¨‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡ib wb| ZvB cÖPwjZ Dcevm, Zx_©hvÎv,
¯§viK wP‡ýi cÖwZ kª×v BZ¨vw` jy_vi cÖewZ©Z a‡g© evwZj n‡jv| wkï Rb¥ MÖnY Kivi ci
Zvi cvcgyw³i Abyôvb ev e¨vcwURg Ges iæwU I g` cÖv_©bvi ci A‡jŠwKKfv‡e whïi
gvsm I i‡³ cwiYZ nq A_©vr BDLvwi÷ bv‡g cwiwPZ GB `ywU AvPv‡i Ggb ‡Kv‡bv
A‡jŠwKKZ¡ †bB hv Ck¦i †_‡K `qv Avb‡Z cv‡i| jy_vi j¨vwU‡bi cwie‡Z© Rvg©vb
fvlv‡K wMR©vi Abyôv‡bi fvlv wn‡m‡e †bIqvi civgk© w`‡jb| jy_vi Av‡iv cÖ¯Íve
Ki‡jb hvRK‡ì †h‡nZz A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv †bB ZvB Zviv Ava¨vwZœK Dc‡`óv gvÎ,
Ck¦‡ii `~Z bb| †cvc ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv nv‡Z ¯^‡M©i Pvwe †bB| gVZš¿ ev mb¨vmev‡ìI
†Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| †h‡nZy mvaviY gvbyl Avi hvRK‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK cÖ‡f`
†bB| ZvB jy_v‡ii g‡Z wMR©vi Ava¨vwZ¥K Dc‡`óviv B‡”Q Ki‡j we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wZwb wb‡R 1525 wLª÷v‡ã GKRb ¯¿x MÖnY Ki‡jb|
Rvg©vwb‡Z jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi RbwcÖqZvi KviY

QvcvLvbv Avwe®‹v‡ii e‡`Šj‡Z jy_v‡ii wk¶v e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvwiZ n‡q Rvg©vwb‡Z GK
Av‡jvob m„wó Kij| Rvgv©wb‡Z jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vjb mvov RvMv‡bvi K‡qKwU KviY wQj|
Rvg©vwb‡Z A‡b‡K ga¨hyM n‡Z wMR©vi †K›`ªxqKiY A_©vr ¯’vbxq ag©xq Kvh©vejx‡Z we‡`kx
†cv‡ci n¯Í‡¶c mgv‡jvPbv K‡i AvmwQ‡jv| ag©xq K‡ii bv‡g Rvg©vwbi UvKv cqmv
BZvwj‡Z cvPvi nIqvI A‡b‡K cQ›` KiwQ‡jv bv| ZvQvov Rvg©vwbi RbMY †`LwQ‡jv
a‡g©i m‡½ †cv‡ci m¤úK© m½wZc~Y© bq| cvw_©e †fvMwejvm I Bw›`ªq civqYZvq A‡bK
†cvcB wbgw¾Z wQj| †cvc lô Av‡jKRvÛvi KvwW©bvj‡ì‡K Nyl w`‡q †cv‡ci c‡`
AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb| cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z wZwb GK RuvKRgKc~Y© Abyôvb K‡i wecyj A_©
msMÖn K‡ib| c‡i Zuvi cyÎ wmRv‡ii mvgwiK Awfhv‡b H A_© jvwM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvui
cieZ©x †cvc wØZxq Rywjqvm mvgwiK kw³ w`‡q Zvi iv‡Rï mxgvbv evwo‡qwQ‡jb|
Rvg©vb†ì Am‡šÍvl µ‡gB evowQ‡jv| KviY Zv‡ì A‡_© †cvciv ivRbxwZ I †`‡ki
mxgvbv evwo‡q wbw”Qj, Avi wejvmeûj ìevi evwb‡qwQ‡jb| BZvwji †cvcmsµvšÍ
ivRbxwZ‡Z Rvg©vwbi †Kv‡bv cÖfve wQjbv, KvwW©bvj‡ì †hmfv †cvc wbe©vPb KiZ
†mLv‡b divwm I †¯úbxq‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡jI Rvg©vb‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj Lye Kg|
wLª÷vb wnDg¨vwb÷‡ì cÖPviYv Ges Rvg©vwb‡Z wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Afz¨`q jy_v‡ii

Av‡›`vjb‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx K‡iwQ‡jv| wnDg¨vwb÷iv cy‡iv wMR©v eë¯’v‡K ms¯‹vi
Ki‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvw”Q‡jb| cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z A‡b‡K fwel¨ZØvYx KiwQ‡jb †h,
GKw`b Rvg©vwb‡Z Ggb GK weRqx mgªv‡Ui Avwe©fve n‡e whwb †cv‡ci `dZi †ivg
†_‡K ivBbj¨v‡Û wb‡q Avm‡eb| †Wwm‡Wwiqvm Bivmgvm bvgK GKRb wnDg¨vwb÷
Rvg©vwb‡Z e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| 1511 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zvi eûj cÖPwjZ
†cÖBR Ae dwj (Praise of Folly) ev ÔµwU wePz¨wZi cÖksmv bvgK MÖ‡š’ †iv‡gi cÖwZ
†Kv‡bv mnvbyf‚wZ bv †`wL‡q wZwb mgmvgwqK a‡g©i Kzms¯‹vi I KjylZv cvV‡Ki mvg‡b
Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi Av‡iK MÖš’ ÒRywjqvm GKmK¬y‡WWÕÕ (Julius Excluded) MÖ‡š’
†`wL‡q‡Qb, †m›U wcUvi †cvc wØZxq Rywjqvm‡K ¯^M© †_‡K G‡b ew›` K‡i †i‡L‡Qb,
†Kbbv wZwb mxgv jsNb K‡i‡Qb| Rvg©vwb‡Z GK mgq wek¦we`¨vjq wQ‡jv Lye Kg,
wKš‘ 1450 †_‡K 1517 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †ek wKQy wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| †h †Kv‡bv
wecø‡ei †K›`ªxq `dZ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Avi ga¨hy‡Mi µvwšÍKv‡j ag©xq we‡`ªvn¸‡jvi †K›`ªxq
`dZ‡ii Afve c~iY K‡i‡Q wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv| wkw¶Z I ZiæYiv mn‡RB Zv‡ì
Av`k©MZ Ae¯’vb my`„pfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i wewfbœ mg‡q gyn~‡Z©i Wv‡K wecøex Bk‡Znvi †ei

Gm Gm GBP Gj
K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡KB `vb K‡iwQ‡jv ga¨hy‡Mi we‡`ªvn¸‡jvi †bZ…Z¡| DB‡Ubev‡M©i

wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq 1502 mv‡j| wKš‘ kxNªB GwU jy_v‡ii ag©g‡Zi mg_©‡bi
†K›`ª¯’j wn‡m‡e iƒc jvf K‡i|
jy_v‡ii m‡½ K¨v_wjK kw³i ‡gvKvwejv

1521 wLª÷v‡ã †cvc `kg wjIi B”Qvbymv‡i Z`vwbšÍb †nvwj †ivgvb mgªvU cÂg Pvj©m
Iqvg©m bvgK ¯’v‡b Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ jy_vi‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| jy_vi Dcw¯’Z n‡q Zvui
Ae¯’v‡bi Ici wbðj iB‡jb| GUv wbwðZ g‡b n‡jv ïay †ivgvb wMR©vB bq, ivóª ¶gZv
w`‡q Zuv‡K kvw¯Í †Ìqv n‡e| GB mgq m¨v·wbi B‡j±i †d«WvwiL, jy_v‡ii ïfvbya¨vqx
wn‡m‡e GwM‡q Av‡mb| wZwb jy_vi‡K AcniY K‡i IqvU©ev‡M©i `y‡M© jywK‡q iv‡Lb|
†mLv‡b wZwb GK eQi wQ‡jb|
Iqvg©‡mi mfvq jy_vi‡K GKRb ewn®‹…Z e¨w³ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq, wKš‘ mfvi
wm×všÍmg~n jy_v‡ii AeZ©gv‡b Kvh©Kix nqwb| cÂg Pvj©m‡K Rvg©vwb Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq|
KviY wZwb d«v‡Ýi m‡½ hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡ob| 1522 wL«÷v‡ã wZwb hLb IqvU©evM© †_‡K
DB‡Ubev‡M© wd‡i Avmb ZLb †`‡Lb Zvui mv_xiv †¯^”Qvq †mLvbKvi wMR©vi cÖkvmb
eë¯’v Ges AvPvi-Abyôv‡b wZwb †hgb cwieZ©b †P‡qwQ‡jb †miKg cwieZ©b G‡b
†d‡j‡Qb| kxNªB wZwb Rvg©vb ivRbë‡M©i mg_©b jvf Ki‡jb| GB me ivRv Zvui
Abymvix n‡q jy_vivb gZev‡` `xw¶Z nb| 1530 wLª÷vã bvMv` Rvg©vwbi wekvj GjvKv
bZzb ag©gZ MÖnY K‡i|
ivRv‡ì mg_©‡bi KviY

mvaviY gvbyl †hgb †iv‡g A_©Kwo cvVv‡bv‡K fvj †Pv‡L †`LZ bv, †Zgwb ivRvivI
GUv‡K weiw³i m‡½ mn¨ KiwQ‡jv| 1500 wLª÷v‡ã Rvg©vb ivRbëM© Wv‡qU Ae
A·ev‡M©i mfvq wgwjZ n‡q a‡g©i bv‡g †hme A_©Kwo †iv‡g cvwV‡q Rvg©vwb‡K A_©k~b¨
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv †diZ †Ìqv `vwe Rvbvb| hwÌ G `vwei cÖwZ †KD KY©cvZ Kij bv,
Z_vwc A‡bK ivRv eyS‡Z cvij jy_viev`‡K MÖnY K‡i AcQ›`bxq we‡`kx‡ì‡K UvKv
cvVv‡Z n‡e bv| GB mgq BD‡iv‡ci ivR‰bwZK MwZcÖK…wZ wQj ivóª‡K me©‡¶‡Î
m‡e©me©v Kiv, Zv ag©xq ev ag©wbi‡c¶ †h †Kv‡bv welq nDK| ivóª cÖavbiv Zv‡ì
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ask wn‡m‡e wMR©vi wewfbœ c‡` Zv‡ì cQ›` Abyhvqx †jvK
g‡bvbqb Ges wMR©vi wePvivj‡qi ¯^vaxb ¶gZv Le© Ki‡Z PvB‡jb| jy_v‡ii Drmvn
ivRbëM©‡K AbycÖvwYZ Kij| wZwb ey‡SwQ‡jb ivRv‡ì kw³ Qvov wZwb bZzb ag©gZ
ùvo Kiv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Pv‡P©i m¤úwËi cÖwZ nvZ evov‡bvi Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q wZwb
ivRv‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡jb|
K…lK we‡`ªvn
jy_vi hLb Zuvi gZev`‡K ivRv‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq †gvUgywU cÖwZôv K‡ib ZLb Rvg©vwb‡Z
K…lK we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| Rvg©vwb‡Z K…lKiv wQj bvbvfv‡e wbM„nxZ I Kifv‡i RR©wiZ|
hLb jy_vi Rvg©vb ivRv‡ì‡K wMR©vi m¤úwË `Lj Ki‡Z Ges A‰bwZKZvi weiæ‡×
RvMi‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbvb K…lKivI ZLb Zv‡ì wbR¯^ c‡_ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i|
wKš‘ jy_vi K…lK we‡`ªvn mg_©b K‡ib wb, wZwb mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK e¨vcv‡i i¶Ykxj
g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq †`b| wZwb ej‡jb kvmK‡ì‡K Aek¨B gvb‡Z n‡e, kvmK hw`
LvivcI nq ZeyI Zvi Aeva¨ nIqv hv‡e bv, AZ¨vPvi‡K †gvKv‡ejv bq mn¨ Ki‡Z
n‡e| ivRviv Ges jy_v‡ii Abymvixiv GKwÎZ n‡q K…lK we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i| GB
we‡`ªv‡ni ci Rvg©vwb‡Z wb¤œ‡kªYxi Avi †Kv‡bv we‡`ªvn nq wb|
AMmev‡M©i ¯^xKv‡ivw³
d«v‡Ýi m‡½ hy× †k‡l Pvj©m AMm&evM© bM‡i jy_vicš’x I K¨v_wjK‡ì GK mfv AvnŸvb
K‡ib| jy_vicš’xiv AMmev‡M©i ¯^xKv‡ivw³ bv‡g GKwU `wjj DÌvcb K‡ib| mfv
GUv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i| wKš‘ H `wjj jy_vivb ag©Z‡Ë¡i g~j welq wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq|
Pvj©m jy_v‡ii weiæ‡× kvw¯Ígj
~ K eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| jy_vi mg_©K Rvg©vb
ivRviv GKwÎZ n‡q Gi †gvKv‡ejvi wm×všÍ †bq| 1543 †_‡K 1555 wLª÷v‡ã ch©šÍ
Rvg©vwb‡Z K¨v_wjK Ges †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì g‡a¨ M„nhy× ïiæ nq| BwZg‡a¨ 1546 wLª÷v‡ã
jy_vi ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Gi ci `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ 1555 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU kvwšÍ Pzw³
¯^v¶wiZ nq| GUv‡K AM&mev‡M©i mwÜ ejv nq| Gi kZ© Abyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨K Rvg©vb ivRv
Zvui RbM‡Yi ag© wba©viY Ki‡e| cÖ‡U÷v›Uiv 1552 wLª÷v‡ãi c~e© ch©šÍ wMR©vi †h
m¤úwË `Lj K‡iwQ‡jv Zv ivLvi AbygwZ cvq| jy_vivb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †cªv‡U÷v›U
gZ‡K ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡e bv|
mvims‡¶c
gvwU©b jy_vi cÖPwjZ a‡g©i g‡a¨ AbvPvi Ges Kzms¯‹vi †`‡L cÖwZev`gyLi n‡qwQ‡jb|
wKš‘ wZwb K¨v_wjK ag©‡K ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z Pvb wb| jy_v‡ii A‡bK mgmvgwqK wnDg¨vwb÷ ev
gvbeZvev`xI ag© ms¯‹vi †P‡q‡Qb, wKš‘ †KD †iv‡gi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡ib wb| ga¨hyMxq
wLª÷vb ZË¡‡K †f‡½ w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb jy_vi, wLª÷vb ag©‡K ï× Ki‡Z Pvbwb| jy_vi Rvg©vwb‡Z
mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib, KviY RbMY Ges ivRviv A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y Zvu‡K mg_©b
w`‡qwQ‡jb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| BbWvj‡RÝ gvbyl µq Ki‡Zv
(K) ciKv‡ji gyw³i Rb¨ (L) †cv‡ci †Pv‡L fv‡jv nIqvi Rb¨
(M) †UU‡Rj‡K mš‘ó Kivi Rb¨ (N) wMR©vI nvmcvZvj wbg©v‡Y A_© mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨
2| gvwU©b jy_v‡ii g‡Z a‡g©i g~j n‡”Q

(K) Pv‡P© ixwZg‡Zv nvwRiv †Ìqv (L) mvay mb¨vmx‡ì cÖwZ fvjevmv †cvlY
(M) Ck¦‡ii cÖwZ wek¦vm (N) fv‡jv KvR Kiv|
3| jy_v‡ii g‡Z
(K) hvRKiv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa (L) Ck¦i I gvby‡li g‡a¨ ga¨¯ÍZvKvix
(M) Ck¦‡ii `~Z (N) Ava¨vwZ¥K Dc‡`óv
4| Rvg©vb ivRviv jy_vi‡K mg_©b w`‡jb| †Kbbv -

(K) Zvuiv jy_vi‡K fvjevm‡Zb (L) Zviv jy_v‡ii gZev`‡K mwVK g‡b Ki‡Zb
(M) Zv‡ì mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wMR©vi Dci cÖwZôv (N) Zv‡ì fq wQj wMR©vi m¤úwË Zviv nviv‡eb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| jy_vi wMR©vi Kzms¯‹vi †_‡KI †ewk K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi weiæ‡× wQ‡jb- we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| Rvg©vwbi RbMY I ivRviv jy_vi‡K †Kb mg_©b Ki‡jb|
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (K), 2| (M), 3| (N), 4| (M)|
msw¶ß cªkœ
1| jy_vi BbWvj‡Rb‡mi we‡ivwaZv †Kb K‡iwQ‡jb ?
2| jy_vi Rvg©vwbi K…lK we‡`ªvn‡K †Kb mg_©b K‡ib wb?
cvV - 2
K¨vjwfb I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi wewfbœ aviv

 K¨vjwf‡bi ag©xq ms¯‹vi, jy_v‡ii m‡½ Zvi e³‡eï cv_©K¨ Ges Zvui ag©ivR¨
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 myBRvij¨v‡Ûi `yBwU ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb RyBswjev` I G¨vbve¨vcwUev` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 K¨v_wjK I †cÖv‡U÷v›Uev‡ì gaëZ©x GKwU ag©gZ G¨v½wjKvbev` wKfv‡e Bsj¨v‡Û
cÖwZwôZ n‡jv Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gvwU©b jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vjb Rvg©vwbi evB‡i mvgvb¨ GjvKvq cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj|
1520 wLª÷vã bvMv` ïaygvÎ †WbgvK©, biI‡q Ges myB‡W‡b jy_v‡ii gZev`‡K ivóªxq
ag© wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡qwQ‡jv| ¯‹¨vb‡W‡bwfqvi GB ivóª¸‡jv‡Z AvRI jy_v‡ii
gZev` ag© wn‡m‡e weivRgvb| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b †cÖv‡U÷v›U Av‡›`vjb cÖfve
we¯Ívi Ki‡jI Zv wQ‡jv jy_v‡ii gZv`‡k©i ‡P‡q Avjv`v| †Kv_vI g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q
jy_v‡ii e³e¨ LyeB Pigcš’x, †hgb Bsj¨v‡Û G¨v½wjKvwbRg bv‡g hv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQ‡jv
Zv wQj †cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev` I K¨v_wjK gZev‡ì mgš^‡q gaëZx© GKwU ag©gZ| †Kv_vI
Avevi †hgb myBRvij¨v‡Ûi KZ¸wj kn‡i jy_v‡ii gZev‡ì evB‡i Av‡iv Pigcš’x
†cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZ cÖwZwôZ nq|
K¨vjwfb
Pigcš’x †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©xq gZev‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL†hvM¨ n‡”Q K¨vjwf‡bi gZev`|
K¨vjwfb 1509 wLª÷v‡ã d«v‡Ýi wcKvwR© cÖ‡`‡ki b‡qvb bvgK ¯’v‡b GK ga¨weË
cwiev‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb c¨vwim bMix‡Z covïbv K‡ib, GB mgq ag© Ges
mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb we‡kl `¶Zv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| Dwbk eQi eq‡m evevi B”Qvbymv‡i wZwb
hvRK bv n‡q AvBbÁ nIqvi Rb¨ K‡qK eQi AvBb kv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡ib| 1529
wLª÷v‡ã Zvui Rxe‡bi MwZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q c‡o| d«v‡Ý †cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev‡ì †Zgb cÖmvi
bv n‡jI †mLv‡b wMR©vi Ae¯’v wb‡q A‡b‡K Amš‘ó wQ‡jb| AmsL¨ divwm bvMwiK
Pvw”Q†jb mwVK wk¶v, LuvwU ˆbwZKZv Ges AvšÍwiK cÖPviYv Øviv a‡g©i Ae¯’vb cwiewZ©Z
‡nvK| ‡Kvb c‡_ a‡g©i cwieZ©b Avm‡e A_©vr cÖPwjZ ag©‡K ms¯‹vi K‡i, bv †iv‡gi
weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© †KD wbwðZ wQj bv| GgZve¯’vq K¨vjwfb AšÍ‡i Abyfe
Ki‡jb †h Ck¦i Zvu‡K K¨v_wjK gZev` Z¨vM K‡i mwZ¨Kv‡ii wLª÷ag© cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨
WvK‡Qb| mwZ¨Kvi fw³ I Ck¦ivbyivM jv‡fi Rb¨ wZwb GZB D‡ØwjZ n‡q D‡Vb †h
wZwb cov‡jLv Z¨vM K‡i †cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev‡ì cÖPviK n‡q c‡ob| hwÌ wZwb m‡egvÎ
†iv‡gi m‡½ m¤úK©‡”Q` K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi gZv`k© cwic~Y©fv‡e ZL‡bv weKwkZ Ki‡Z

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡ib wb, ZeyI `‡j `‡j †jvK ag©Ávb jvf Kivi Rb¨ Zvui wbKU Avm‡Z jvMj| IB
mgq d«v‡Ýi ivRv cÖ_g d«vwÝm Zvui cÖRv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv iKg K¨v_wjK gZv`‡k©i
we‡ivwaZv mg~‡j DrcvUb Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁve× nb| K¨vjwfb d«vÝ †_‡K cvwj‡q
myBRvij¨v‡Ûi kni †e‡m‡j G‡m Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| ILv‡b e‡m 1536 wLª÷v‡ã Ò`¨v
Bbw÷wUDU Ae `¨v wLª÷vb wiwjRqbÕÕ (The Institute of the Christian Religion) MÖš’
cÖKvk K‡ib| gvwU©b jy_vi Zvui ag©ZË¡¸‡jv wbqgve× ev m~Îve× K‡ib wb, eis hLb
mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb ZLb Zvi mgvavb w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ K¨vjwfb Zvui MÖ‡š’
†cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev‡ì mKj wbqgixwZ †hŠw³K, avivevwnK Ges †evaMg¨ K‡i Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| K¨vjwf‡bi ÒBbw÷wUDUÕÕ MÖš’wU‡K ga¨hy‡Mi †m›U _gvm G¨vKzBbv‡mi (1226-
1274 wLª) Òmygv w_DjwRKvÕÕ (Summa Theologica) Ôag©Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb cÖavb K_vÕ
mgch©v‡qi ag©Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’ wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
K¨vjwf‡bi ag©ZË¡
K¨vjwf‡bi ag©xq gZev‡ì g~‡j i‡q‡Q me©kw³gvb Ges me©Î weivRgvb Ck¦‡ii aviYv|
Zvui g‡Z mg¯Í wek¦ Ck¦‡ii B”Qvi Ici wbf©ikxj| GB c„w_exi mg¯Í wKQy Zvui †MŠie I
†mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Avw` cv‡ci Rb¨ (Ck¦i KZ©„K Av`g I nvIqv‡K
¯^M© †_‡K ewn®‹vi) cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Rb¥MZfv‡e cvcx, nvZ cv‡q euvav GB k„•Lj †_‡K †Kv‡bv
gvbyl gyw³ †c‡Z cv‡i bv| Ck¦i Zvui B”Qve‡j KvD‡K gyw³ w`‡q ¯^‡M© †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb
Avi KvD‡K bi‡K †cÖiY K‡i hš¿Yvq wbgw¾Z K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl kZ †Póv K‡iI Zvi
wbqwZ‡K LÛv‡Z cv‡i bv| Ck¦i Kv‡K gyw³ †`‡eb †mUv GKvšÍB Zuvi e¨vcvi| Zvn‡j
c„w_ex‡Z mr KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kv_vq? K¨vjwf‡bi g‡Z m„wóKZ©v hv‡K gyw³
†`‡eb mr Kv‡Ri B”Qv Zvi AšÍ‡i †cÖvw_Z K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| †h mr KvR Ki‡Q Zvi
Kvh©vejx †`‡L †m †h †gv¶ jvf Kivi Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Q AåvšÍfv‡e bv
n‡jI †gvUvgywUfv‡e G iKg GKUv aviYv Kiv hvq| ZvB Rbm¤§y‡L wek¦v‡mi †NvlYv
†Ìqv Ges wLª‡÷i †kl ˆbk‡fv‡Ri Abymv‡i iæwU I g‡ì cÖv_©bvi Abyôv‡b †hvM`vb
A_©nxb bq|
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1603)| Zvui evevi we‡q Ges eo n‡q DVvi cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y wZwb wQ‡jb †cÖv‡U÷v›U
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cwiPvwjZ wMR©vi cÖkvmb Ges wKQy ag©xq wek¦vm Pvjy K‡ib | we‡kl K‡i BDLvwi‡÷i
A_© Lye A¯úó K‡i iv‡Lb †hb K¨v_wjK Ges ‡cÖv‡U÷v›U mK‡jB Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GwjRv‡e‡_i g„Zzï ciI Zvi ag©xq ms¯‹vi eRvq _v‡K Ges GUv G¨v½wjKvb gZev`
bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|

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mKj gZev` †hgb K¨vjwf‡bi gZev`, RyBswji gZev`, G¨vbve¨vcwURg, G¨v½wjKvb BZ¨vw`
me ag©gZ †cÖv‡U÷v›Uev‡ì AšÍM©Z| ag©ms¯‹viKMY cÖPwjZ ag© K¨v_wjK gZev‡ì Ici
Av¯’v nvwi‡q wbR¯^ wePvi eyw×‡K mš‘ó Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb agx©q gZev` cÖwZôv K‡ib|
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hvRK‡ì gva¨‡gB Ck¦i‡K jvf Kiv hvq| Aci w`‡K †cÖv‡U÷v›Uiv ag©MÖš’ evB‡ej‡K AåvšÍ
g‡b Ki‡Zv Ges wek¦vm KiZ e¨w³ †Póv K‡i Z¥vi gyw³ †c‡Z cv‡i| GB wb‡q wLª÷RMZ `yB
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Gm Gm GBP Gj
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(K) Avb›` Drme Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡Zb (L) †ewk K‡i A_© Rgv Ki‡Z ej‡Zb|
(M) Avb›` d‚wZ© bv Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡Zb (N) †ewk K‡i evB‡ej co‡Z ej‡Zb|
2| ÒPvi ‡Ìqvj Avi a‡g©vc‡`kg~jK e³…ZvÕÕ †Kvb gZev‡ì êwkó¨|

(K) K¨vjwfbev‡ì (L) G¨v½wjKvbev‡ì
(M) G¨vbe¨vcwU÷ev‡ì (N) jy_viev‡ì|
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1| (M), 2| (K), 3| (L), 4| (M)|
msw¶ß cÖkœ
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cvV - 3
ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj
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m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb;
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 ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡ci wkí I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †h cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj Zv we‡kølY
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
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DËi‡Yi †¶‡Î GK wekvj f‚wgKv iv‡L|
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K‡i| wLª÷vb RM‡Zi GK e„nr Ask †cv‡ci AvbyMZ¨ †_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges Ab¨`j
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Gm Gm GBP Gj
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2| ivR‰bwZK djvdj
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RvZxqZv‡eva I †`kvZ¥‡eva m„wó K‡i| Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb †cv‡civ mn‡RB
ivRv‡ì mKj e¨vcv‡iB n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb Ges Zv‡ì n¯Í‡¶c ivRvi ¶gZv‡K
eûjvs‡k `ye©j K‡iwQj| wKš‘y ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ivRv‡K hvRK‡ì nvZ †_‡K gy³ K‡i
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3| A_©‰bwZK cÖfve
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m¤úwË iv‡óªi nv‡Z P‡j Av‡m Ges RbM‡Yi Dbœqb I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwg‡Ë eëüZ n‡Z
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n‡Z _v‡K Ges cywuRev`x aviYvi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| e¨vsKvi, ewYK, KviLvbvi gvwjK
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m‡jvgvm AvaywbK eë¯’vi Rb¨ ev¯Íem¤§Z e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
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4| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb : mvgvwRK †¶‡Î cÖfve

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Gm Gm GBP Gj
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ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k we‡klZ K¨v_wjK Ges †cÖv‡Uóv›U
Dfq ej‡qB hv`ywe`¨vi cÖfve Kg‡Z _v‡K| hv`y we`¨v PZz`©k Ges cÂ`k kZ‡K cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| GQvovI BbKzBwRk‡bi gva¨‡g †h Pig kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv n‡qwQj Zv
Kwg‡q Avbv nq Ges gvbweK kvw¯Íi eë¯’v Kiv nq| we‡klZ BZvwj I d«v‡Ý Gi
wbôziZv Kg‡Z _v‡K|
ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb †lvok kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c wk¶v cÖmv‡i we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g
nq| jy_vi Ges K¨vjwfb QvovI GB mg‡qi ag©xq †bZviv wk¶vi Dci LyeB ¸iæZ¡
w`‡qwQ‡jb| K¨vjwfb †R‡bfv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~b© wk¶v †K›`ª wnmv‡e M‡o †Zv‡jb| ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û
Rbb· ÔcÖwZwU c¨vwi‡Z GKwU cvVkvjv, cÖwZwU gd¯^j kn‡i GKwU ¯‹zj Ges cÖwZwU eo
kn‡i GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq †Lvjvi K_v e‡jb|Õ G Qvov bvix‡ì mvgvwRK wk¶vi c_
Db¥y³ Kib| wLª÷ ag© bvix‡K evB‡ej covi AbygwZ †`q| cyiæl Ges bvix DfqB
cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j hvevi AbygwZ cvq| Gi d‡j bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ wk¶vi evo‡Z _v‡K
Ges cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk bvixivI `ªæZ wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡q D‡V|
5| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb : wkí I mvs¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î cÖfve

eyw×e„wËK w`K †_‡K †cÖv‡Uóv›U Av‡›`vjb ag©xq Av‡›`vjb n‡jI weÁvb, gy³eyw×i PP©v I
Áv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvq bvbvwea cÖfve iv‡L| cÖPwjZ wek¦vm Ges ag©eë¯’v‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb
K‡i ÁvbweÁv‡bi DrKl© mva‡b my`yi cÖmvix f‚wgKv iv‡L| †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi, AvaywbK
hš¿cvwZi eënvi, mewKQy msÁvwqZ KiviI my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q| GB mg‡qi
gvbeZvev`x ev wnDg¨vwbwU÷ `vk©wb‡Kiv K¬vwm‡Kj ev cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi ÁvbweÁv‡bi Dci
bZzb Drmvn m„wói gva¨‡g Áv‡bi RMZ‡K e„w× Kivi K_v e‡jb|
êÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i D™¢v‡ei d‡j `k©‡bi e¨vL¨vq cwieZ©b mywPZ n‡qwQj| gvB‡Kj wW
gb‡UBb, wRIifv‡bv eªæ‡bv RvMwZK myL ¯^v”Q‡›`ï K_v e‡jb| Av‡ivn hyw³ we`¨v Ges
cix¶vg~jK c×wZi c‡¶ m¨vi d«vwÝm †eKb K_v e‡jb|
†cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mePvB‡Z eo cÖfve c‡owQ‡jv wk¶vi `ªæZ we¯Ív‡ii

†¶‡Î| jy_vi mKj kni, MÖvg I kniZjx‡Z A‰eZwbK we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi Dci †Rvi
†`b| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k wkï‡ì eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi ZvwM‡ì d‡j
e„w× cvq| ag©ZË¡xq welq QvovI BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj, ˆbwZKZv, AvaywbK fvlv wk¶v ¸iæZ¡
cvq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q ivRbxwZ, c`v_©we`¨v, †bŠwe`¨v, AvBb, m„wóZË¡ m¤ú‡K© ÁvbPP©v
n‡Zv| mvwn†Zï †¶‡Î †¯ú‡bi jz‡Wv, wf‡Kv, Gwi‡÷v, gvB‡Kj wW Kv‡f©w›Um, †jvcv
wW†fMv, BZvwji gb‡UBb, nj¨v‡Ûi Wb‡Wj, Rvg©vwbi GÛªyR wMÖdm, Bsj¨v‡Ûi GWgÛ
†¯úbmvi, †k·wcqvi, wgjUb Giv bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib| wkíKjvi †¶‡Î cyiv‡bv
ÔMw_KÕ ixwZbxwZi cwie‡Z© eviæK ¯’vcZ¨ ˆkjxi bZzb DÏxcbv m„wó K‡i| GQvov
BwZnvm iPbv I †jLvq mvwn‡Zï Xs‡q ev ixwZ‡Z BwZnvm †jLvi †h aviv wQj Zv ev`
w`‡q bZzb AvaywbK Z_¨ ev Dcv‡Ëi gva¨‡g hvPvB-evQvB‡qi gva¨‡g mwVKfv‡e BwZnvm
†jLvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq|
Gfv‡e †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U Av‡›`vjb wkí-ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡ÎI e¨vcK cÖfve ivL‡Z m¶g nq|
mvims‡¶c
ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M DËi‡Yi †¶‡Î †cÖv‡U÷v›U cÖfvweZ ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb GK
¸iæZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv iv‡L| †cv‡ci GK”QÎ Avwac‡Zï Aemvb NwU‡q kw³kvjx ivóªeë¯’vi D™¢‡ei
d‡j RvZxqZvev` Ges MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi D‡¤§l N‡U| GQvov ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZviv
eëmv, evwYR¨ I cyuwR wewb‡qvM‡K Drmvn w`‡q cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi weKvk‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|
mvgvwRK †¶‡Î ag©xq mwnòzZvi d‡j wk¶vq e¨vcK we¯Ívi N‡U, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvi †¶‡Î bZzb
†cÖiYv I DÏxcbvi m„wó nq| Gfv‡e ïay ag©xq †¶‡Î ms¯‹vi bq eis mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ges
A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î hy‡Mvc‡hvMx cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvaywbK hy‡Mi DËiY‡K wbwðZ K‡iwQj GB
ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq mywbw`©ó ˆbwZK †PZbv‡eva m¤úbœ †h fveavivi D™¢e nq Zvi
bvg
K) wcDwiUvbev` L) ¯‹jvmwUKev`
M) G¨vswjKvbev` N) d«vwÝmKvbev`
2| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqv ¯îƒc BD‡iv‡c Av‡iv GKwU ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb m~wPZ nq
Zv n‡jv -
K) Ava¨vwZ¡Kev`x Av‡›`vjb L) RvMwZK gyw³ Av‡›`vjb
M) cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb N) gvbevwaKvi Av‡›`vjb
3| †cv‡ci GKK AvwacZ¨ n«vm †c‡q ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqv ¯îƒc †Kvb †kªYxi ¶gZv
`ªæZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K?
K) Rwg`vi †kªYxi L) ivRvi
M) cÖRvi N) ga¨weË m¤cÖ`v‡qi
4| †lvok kZvãx‡Z †h bZzb A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v m~wPZ nq Zvi bvg --

K) mvgšÍev` L) `vmZš¿
M) mgvRZš¿ N) cyuwRev`
5| K¨vjwfb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wk¶v †K›`ª wnmv‡e M‡o †Zv‡jb?

K) wgjvb L) †R‡bfv
M) jÛb N) c¨vwim
6| †Kvcvwb©Kvm Z‡Ë¡i g~jm~Î wK wQj?

K) m~h© c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K NyY©b K‡i L) eya †mŠiRM‡Zi †K›`ª¯’‡j
M) ïµ †mŠiRM‡Zi †K›`ª ¯’‡j N) c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K NyY©b K‡i|
7| Av‡ivn hyw³ew`¨vi cÖeZ©b †K KiwQ‡jb?
K) wRIifv‡bv eªæ‡bv L) gvB‡Kj wW gb‡UBb
M) ‡WmKvwU©R N) m¨vi d«vwÝm †eKb
8| †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mgh ¯’vcZ¨ ixwZi †¶‡Î †Kvb bZzb ixwZ ev †KŠk‡ji
D™¢e n‡qwQj?
K) eviæK L) Mw_K
M) †gvNj N) wMÖK
DËi : 1| (K), 2| (M), 3| (K), 4| (N), 5| (L), 6| (N), 7| (N), 8| (K)|
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| wcDwiUvbev` ej‡Z wK eySvq? Gi g~jZË¡mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb wewfbœ †¶‡Î †h DÏxcbvi m„wó K‡iwQj †m m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ag©xq djvdj e¨vL¨v Kiæb| †cvcZ‡š¿i GKK AvwacZ¨ webvk n‡q
ivóª wKfv‡e kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V Zv eY©bv w`b|
2| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Kxfv‡e MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi weKvk NwU‡qwQj Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Kxfv‡e bqv A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi D™¢e NUvq Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
4| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mvgvwRK cÖfve we‡kølY Kiæb|
mnvqK MÖš’vejx
1| Harold J. Grimm, The Reformation Era (1500-1650), Second Edition.
2| Louis Gottschalk History of Mankind, Vol IV
3| Robert Ergang, Europe from the Renaissance to Waterloo, (Third Edition)
4| Carlton J.H. Hayes, Modern Europe to 1870
5| W. wKibP›`ª †PŠayix, AvaywbK BD‡ivc (1648 - 1870 Lªx:)

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 4
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi weKvk

 ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ci cÖwZms¯‹vi A‡›`vj‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi weKv‡k †h mg¯Í evnK ev G‡RwÝ cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡iwQj †m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖeZ©K‡ì weKv‡k PwiÎevb †cvc‡ì f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 BbKzBwRk‡bi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e weag©x‡ì kvw¯Í`vb Kiv n‡Zv †mB m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 KvDwÝi Ae †Uª‡›Ui wewfbœ ms¯‹vimg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU m`mïv Kxfv‡e mgvR ms¯‹vig~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g
K¨v_wjK cybiæ¾xe‡b mnvqZv K‡iwQj †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY ev D‡Ïk¨

†lvok kZvãxi ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ci †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i ga¨ †_‡KB Av‡iv GKwU
Av‡›`vjb M‡o| ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cybiæ¾xebB wQj Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb g~jZ †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQ‡jv| K¨v_wjK
a‡g©i mKj cÖKvi AbvPvi Ges Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× GKwU mymsMwVZ Av‡›`vj‡b iæcvšÍwiZ
n‡q GB Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZ M‡o ‡Zv‡j| Z‡e
†cÖv‡U÷v›U ag© g‡Zi `ªæZ cÖmv‡ii weiæ‡× †ivgvb K¨v_wjK PvP© wb‡RivB Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi
bvbv AmsMwZ Ges MvwdjwZ `yixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ Avi GKwU bZzb Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| GB
Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U ag©g‡Zi cÖfve hZ`yi m¤¢e wbqš¿‡b †i‡L
K¨v_wjK PvP©‡K ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g cybiæ¾xweZ I kw³kvjx Kiv| GK K_vq †cÖv‡U÷v›U
ag©g‡Zi cÖfve I we¯Ívi cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ †lvok kZvãx‡Z cwiPvwjZ GB ms¯‹vi
Av‡›`vjb cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Pv‡P©i ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ïk¨ ¸wj n‡jv

K) K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i mKj Ab¨vq AZ¨vPvi Ges A‰bwZKZv `yixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Pv‡P©i
weiæ‡× †h cÖavb Awf‡hvM¸wj wQj Zv †ei Kiv;
L) K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi g‡a¨ mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Ava¨vwZœK, Acvw_©e Ges cweÎfve RvwM‡q
†Zvjv;
M) †h mg¯Í AÂj †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U gZev‡` wek¦vmx n‡q D‡VwQj Zv‡ì‡K cybivq K¨v_wjK
gZev‡` wdwi‡q wb‡q Avmv|
K¨v_wjK a‡g©i ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ †h me †KŠkj eëüZ n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ wQj
Awek¦vmx‡ì kvw¯Í`vb, ms¯‹vig~jK Kg©KvÛ, ag©všÍwiZKiY Ges mgvR †mevg~jK bxwZi
gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì RbM‡Yi †mevq DrmM© Kiv| BbwKDwRkb K¨v_wjK ag©Pz¨Z‡ì
kvw¯Í`v‡bi Rb¨ KvDwÝj Ae †÷U ms¯‹vi g~jK Kg©KvÛ, †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU MVb
K‡i|
Av‡›`vj‡bi ci cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o| mß`k kZvãxi cÖ_gw`‡K

K¨v_wjK ag©gZ Rvgv©wb, †cvj¨vÛ, †b`vij¨vÛ, nv‡½wi, †¯úb, BZvwj †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZ
†_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m cybivq K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Z wd‡i Av‡m|
2| cÖwZ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb weKv‡ki cÖavb KviYmg~n

†cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev` BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k `ªæZ Qwo‡q co‡jI †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì wewfbœ `j
Ges Dc`‡ji g‡a¨ `jv`wj, AšÍ:Kjn, M„nhy× I A‰b‡Kï my‡hv‡M K¨v_wjKiv
wb‡R‡ì cybiæw¾Z Ki‡Z me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡i| ag© wecø‡ei mgqKvi Am‡šÍvl, nv½vgv,
A‰bK¨, wek„sLjv K‡g Avm‡Z _vK‡j RbMY GwU eyS‡Z m¤§Z nq †h †iv‡gi m‡½
m¤úK© wQbœKvix ag©xq gZv`‡k© wek¦vmxivI mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Ck¦‡ii ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
m¶g nqwb| †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZI GKwU Avw` AK…wÎg wLª÷ ag©xq wek¦vm iv Abyf‚wZ‡K
RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z e¨_© nq| ‡cÖv‡U÷¨v›U Ges K¨v_wjK Df‡qB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e
BD‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z Rwo‡q c‡o| K¨v_wjK ivRviv µgk K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiæ×v‡i
me©kw³ wb‡qvM Ki‡Z `„p cÖwZÁ n‡q D‡V| GQvovI ga¨hy‡Mi kw³kvjx Ck¦i †cÖg ev
AbyfywZ Ges Pv‡P©i HwZ‡nï j‡¶¨ AZxw›`ªqev` ev wgwóKev‡ì cÖmvi `ªæZ evo‡Z
_v‡K| GB mg‡qi wLª÷vb gvbeZvev`x cÖvPxb wMÖK †ivgvb‡ì g‡Zv ms¯‹v‡i Ges wk¶vq
wek¦vmx| †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì PvB‡Z K¨v_wjK ag© g‡Zi cÖwZ AbyMZkxj wQ‡jb|
3| PwiÎevb †cv‡ci Avwef©ve

†lvok kZvãx‡Z KwZcq ag©civqb Ges PwiÎevb †cv‡ci Avwef©ve N‡U| Zv‡ì ewjô
†bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶‡Î GK AbyKyj cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| Zviv mKj
cÖKvi AbvPvi `yb©xwZ †_‡K gy³ wQ‡jb Ges wLª‡÷i Av`‡k©i AbyKi‡Y ˆbwZK gvb
Dbœq‡b AvZœwb‡qvM K‡ib| Zv‡ì AvšÍwiKZv, b¨vq civqbZv K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiæ¾xe‡b
mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †cvc‡ì g‡a¨ †hgb Z…Zxq cj, PZz_© Ges cÂg
cvqvm †lvok wm·Uvm wQ‡jb D¾j Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix| Giv K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cÖPv‡ii
j‡¶¨ µy‡m‡Wi †cÖiYv wb‡q GwM‡q Av‡mb| Gfv‡e PwiÎevb †cvc‡ì HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póvq
K¨v_wjK‡ì g‡a¨ †cÖiYv Ges Av‡jvob m„wó n‡qwQj| gvbyl ‡iv‡gi Pv‡P©i cÖwZ kª×v
nviv‡jI Ck¦‡ii cÖwZ G‡Kev‡i Av¯’v nvwi‡q †d‡jwb| ZvB K¨v_wjK PvP© hLb AvZœïw×i
Rb¨ ms‡kva‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q Av‡m ZLb mK‡jB Zv‡ì cÖ‡Póv‡K mg_©b K‡i|
BD‡iv‡ci KwZcq ivRvI K¨v_wjK DÌvb‡K ˆbwZKfv‡e Ges A_© mvnvh¨ w`‡q

Gm Gm GBP Gj
†Rvi`vi K‡i Zzj‡Z ‡cvc‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ †¯ú‡bi wØZxq wdwj‡ci bvg
we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
4| BbKzBwRkb
BbKzBwRkb wQj K¨v_wjK‡ì Rb¨ wba©vwiZ wePvivjq hv cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg
cÖavb, G‡RwÝ, ev evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ag© †¶‡Î gvby‡li PwiÎ‡K ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨
GB BbKzBwRkb MVb Kiv nq| K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Z Awek¦vmx e¨w³MY‡K Luy‡R kvw¯Í †`qvB
wQj Av`vj‡Zi GKgvÎ KvR| GB ai‡bi Av`vjZ cÖvPxb †ivgvb hy‡M _vK‡jI Gi
cÖfve e¨vcKfv‡e cÖKvk cvq wb| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nevi ci K¨v_wjKiv Gi
cyY©my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i Ges Abäg©vej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ wbg©g I AgvbweK wbh©vZb Avi¤¢ K‡ib|
1542 mv‡j †cvc Z…Zxq cj Supreme Tribunal of Inquisition MVb K‡i| †¯ú‡bi
BbKzBwRk‡bi ci 1542 mv‡ji mgMÖ PvP©‡K wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq BbKzBwRkb ˆZwi
Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g K¨v_wjK ag©weiæ×ev`x‡ì weiæ‡× †h‡Kvb †jvK‡K we‡klZ
†cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì weiæ‡× wbg©gfv‡e kvw¯Í †`qv n‡Zv| Avmvgx‡K AvZœc¶ mg_©‡bi †Kv‡bv
my‡hvM †`qv n‡Zv bv|
BbKzwR‡k‡bi kvw¯Í`v‡bi cÖwµqv wQ‡jv wbôzi, wb`©q Ges ee©i| GB me wbôziZv I

wbg©gZv gvbyl‡K we‡`ªvnx Ges AmwnÂz K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j `ªæZ †¯ú‡b GwU RbwcÖqZv
nvivq Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b Gi cÖfve I RbwcÖqZv `ªæZ Kg‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e K¨v_wjK
ag©wek¦vm‡K cyb:cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Ges †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZ‡K iæ‡L †èvi Rb¨ BbKzBwRkb
h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡LwQj|
O) †Uª‡›Ui ag© mfv

cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶‡Î KvDwÝj Ae †Uª›U GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i|
Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i ÎÆwU `~ixKiY Ges jyß †MŠie cybiæ×v‡ii
Rb¨ ev¯Íe Kg©cš’v Ges mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv M„nxZ nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ c„w_exi hveZxq
wLª÷vb‡ì cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e K¨v_wjK a‡g©i g~jbxwZmg~n wbw`©ó K‡i †`qv Av‡Q| †cvc
Z…Zxq cj †cvcZ‡š¿i wewfbœ ms¯‹vi Avbq‡bi †¶‡Î 1542 wLª. KvDwÝj Avnevb K‡i|
G mfv¸wj P‡j 1542 mv‡j 1545 - 49, 1551 - 52 Ges 1562-63 mv‡ji g‡a¨|
BZvwji Avj&cm& ce©Zgvjv Ges Aw÷ªqvi wZij Gi wbKUeZ©x †Uª›U bvgK ivRKxq kn‡i
GB mfv¸wj AbywôZ nq| g~jZ 18 eQi a‡i GB mfv¸wj AbywôZ nq| KvDwÝj Ae
†Uª‡›Ui mfv¸wj Avnev‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj :
K) ag©xq nvbvnvwb, gZwe‡iva cwinvi K‡i K¨v_wjK ag©`k©b‡K GKwU mwVK Ges
mywbw`©ó c‡_ wb‡q Avmv;
L) wewfbœ wekc Ges PvP©-Gi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î `yb©xwZ cwinvi K‡i wbqgbxwZ †g‡b Pjv;
M) K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi weiæ×ev`x‡ì mKj gZev‡ì cyb:cÖwZôv Kiv;
N) wLª÷vb RM‡Zi AvBb Kvbyb Ges wbqgvbyewZ©Zv cÖwZôv Kiv;

†Uª‡›Ui GB wm×všÍmg~n †hgb ZË¡xq †Zgwb cÖv‡qvwMK Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| KvDwÝ‡j GB
wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq †h †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv Av‡cvl i¶v Kiv n‡e bv| KvDwÝj Ae
†Uª‡›U †hme wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq Zv nj :
K) †cvc‡K †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i m‡e©v”P cÖfzZ¡ ev cÖvwgKvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq
Ges GKgvÎ MÖnY‡hvM¨ KZ©„c¶ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| wZwbB n‡eb wLª÷vb
ag©Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb e¨vL¨vKvix| wekc Ges hvRK‡ì Dci †cv‡ci †bZ…Z¡ ev KZ©„Z¡
cÖwZôv Kiv nq;
L) GKgvÎ MÖnY‡hvM¨ KZ©„c¶ wn‡m‡e Pv‡P©i ag©gZ‡K GKwU ¯úó mnR Ges wjwLZ
AvKv‡i ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| GwUB n‡e wLª÷ªvb ag©Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb e¨vL¨vKvix KZ…©c¶|
M) Pv‡P©i `yb©xwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvPiY `~ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ wKQy wbqgvbyewZ©Zv ev Av‡`k.
wb‡`©k. wbqg k„•Ljv ejer Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq | mvBgwb ev wMR©vi †Kv‡bv
c‡ì R‡b¨ Nyl †`qv ev †bqv, gyw³cY weµq Kiv| wLª‡÷ªi †fvR Drme, A_© msMÖn
cÖf…wZ wewa ewnf‚©Z KvR wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq, fv‡jv Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ cyi¯‹v‡ii
K_v ejv nq| wLª÷vb a‡g©i fveM¤¢xi Abyôvb †hgb ag©xq †fvR,
Uª¨vbmve÷ª¨vbwk‡qbZË¡ (Theory of Transubstantiation) hvRK m¤cÖ`v‡qi
DËivwaKvi msµvšÍ ev g‡bvbq‡bi wbqgbxwZ, mvay mbœvmx‡ì cÖv_©bvi Avnevbmg~n,
PvwiwÎK ï×Zv i¶vi ixwZbxwZ AZ¨vek¨Kxq e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| hvRK Ges
wekc‡ì AÁZv `~i Ki‡Z wbqwgZ ag© welqK †mwgbvi Ges †Uªwbs Gi eë¯’v Kiv
nq| hvRK †kªYx‡K PwiÎevb Ges †jvf jvjmvi D‡aŸ© _vKvi Ges Zv‡ì ˆbwZK
DbœwZ mva‡bi mev©ZœK cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq|
4| †Uª‡›Ui ag©mfvi wbwl× eB‡qi ZvwjKv (Congregation of Index) cÖKvwkZ nq hv

wLª÷vb‡ì Rb¨ cVb-cvVb Ges eënv‡ii R‡b¨ wbwl× Kiv nq|
5| Acivax‡ì kvw¯Í`v‡bi Rb¨ BbKzBwRkb Avevi cyb:cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj

G fv‡e †Uª‡›Uvi Kvh©vejx we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖ_gZ, GwU K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi
wewfbœ gZev` ev weZwK©Z e³e¨‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖvgvY¨, ag©ZË¡ Ges wek¦vm‡‡hvM¨
wn‡m‡e wewae× K‡i| wØZxqZ, KvDwÝj K¨v_wjK ag©gZ msµvšÍ wewfbœ ms¯’v‡K
kw³kvjx K‡i Ges K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i Aax‡b PvP©¸wj hv‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq ‡mfv‡e †K›`ªxf‚Z
K‡i| Gi d‡j K¨v_wjKiv Zv‡ì kÎÆc¶ ev weiæ×ev`x‡ì weiæ‡× HKë×fv‡e iæ‡L
ùvov‡Z cv‡i| Z…ZxqZ, GwU wewfbœ ms¯‹vig~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i mKj
ai‡bi A‰bwZK, AbvPvi †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡j †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©gZ `ye©j n‡q
c‡o| Gfv‡e †ivgvb PvP©‡K kw³kvjx Kivi gva¨‡g †cÖv‡U÷v›U wek¦vmx †jv‡Kiv Avevi
†ivgvb PvP©-Gi Aax‡b wd‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K|
6| †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶‡Î mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj †mvmvBwU Ae

†RmyBU bvgK GKwU ms¯’v| Gi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb BMbvwUqvm jqjv (1491-1556)|
1491 mv‡j jyB cyKzRv‡Z Zuvi Rb¥ nq| 1521 mv‡j wZwb c¤ú‡j`v hy‡× AvnZ nb|
Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq nvmcvZv‡j wZwb wLª‡÷i Rxebx bvgK wewfbœ mvay mbœvmx‡ì Rxebx, cÖvPxb
K¨v_wjKm Ges a‡g©i eB co‡Z _v‡Kb| Gi dj¯îƒc PvP© Ges wekc‡ì Aby‡cÖiYvq
hy‡×i ˆmwbK nIqvq †P‡q wZwb Ck¦‡ii ˆmwbK nIqv‡K †kªq g‡b K‡ib| cÖ_‡g ‡gb‡miv
(Mansera) Ges gbwmiv‡Z (Mansirrat) G Zx_© hvÎvi ci †RiæRv‡j‡g hvIqvi Rb¨
gbw¯’i Ki‡jI c‡i †cø‡Mi Kvi‡Y gb‡miv †_‡K wd‡i G‡m Zvi weL¨vZ `¨v w¯úwiPzqvj
G·vimvBR (The Spiritual Exercise) eBwU wj‡Lb| eBwU PviwU c‡e© wef³ wQj| cÖ_g
c‡e© AšÍnxb cv‡ci weiæ‡× m‡PZbfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv, wØZxq c‡e© whïi Rxebx, Z…Zxq
c‡e© wQj wewfbœ Av‡eMc~Y© NUbv Ges PZz_© c‡e©i †kl w`‡K cybiæ×vi Ges wePviKvh©
m¤§‡Ü wj‡Lb| †RmyBUiv G‡K wLª÷ a‡g©i n¨vÛeyK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| GB eBwU jqjvi
wPšÍv‡PZbvi g~jwfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
jqjv KZ…©K MwVZ †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU ev GB ms‡Ni m`mïv wZbwU ag©bxwZ †g‡b
Pj‡Zv -
K) PvwiwÎK cweÎZv L) †¯^”Qvq `vwi`ª¨ eiY M) AvÁvbyewZ©Zv| 1540 mv‡j †cvc Z…Zxq
cj miKvwifv‡e †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i GB ms¯‹vi‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡j GwU GKwU kw³kvjx
cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq| †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU m`m¨‡ì ejv n‡Zv †RmyBU|
BMbvwUqvm jqjv 1541 mv‡j GB msMV‡bi †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ nb| Gi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj
10 Rb| G QvovI †mvmvBwU fvM¨cxwoZ, `wi`ª Ges kªgRxwe gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖfve we¯Ívi
Ki‡Z _v‡K| cÖK…Z c‡¶ ag©xq D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ n‡jI †RmyBU msN wQj GKwU
mvgwiK cÖwZôvb| webv cÖ‡kœ ev m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e Rywbqi m`m¨‡ì Av‡`k ïb‡Z Ges
cvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ wQj|
†mvmvBwUi wZb g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q

K) ZiæY‡ì wkw¶Z K‡i M‡o †Zvjv (L) wewfbœ Abykxjbx I PP©vi gva¨‡g wLª÷vb
mgv‡R ag©xq AvšÍwiKZv I †mŠnv`©¨ m„wó K‡i, M) K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Z wek¦vmx AÂjmg~n‡K
†cÖv‡U÷v›U g‡Z wdwi‡q Avbv|
Z‡e †RmyBUiv mePvB‡Z †ewk mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQj wk¶v cÖmv‡ii †¶‡Î wek¦e¨vcx
Zv‡ì Kg‡¶Î‡K Qwo‡q †`q| †RmyBU‡ì g~j †úvvMvbB wQj, ÔAvcbv‡ì wkï‡K ¯‹z‡j
cvVvb|Õ ag© QvovI Zviv wewfbœ wel‡q-†hgb weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj, BwZnvm, AvaywbK
fvlvweÁvb, kvixwiK PP©v Ges ˆbwZK DrK‡l© Ávbjvf Ki‡Zv| wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖwµqv Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì wbqwgZ cix¶vi eë¯’v Kiv n‡Zv| mß`k kZvãx‡Z BZvwj,
cZ©yMvj, †¯úb. d«vÝ, nv‡½wi, †b`vij¨vÛ Ges K¨v_wjK Rvg©vwbi mKj ¯‹zj I K‡jR
†RmyBUiv wbqš¿b Ki‡Zv|

BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i fviZ, Pxb, eªvwRj, DËi Ges `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k wZb
nvRvi ¯‹zj K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq| ag© QvovI Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q fvlv, †hgb - weÁvb, m½xZ,
wkí j¨vwUbmn Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î ‡hgb †Ljvayjvq `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e wk¶v
cÖmv‡i †RmyBUiv we‡k¦i me©Î mvdj¨ jvf K‡i| †RmyBU kvmKiv K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi
wek¦vm Qwo‡q w`‡Z Ges †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì KvQ †_‡K nviv‡bv ivR¨ Avevi wdwi‡q wb‡q
Avm‡Z m‡Pó nq| BD‡iv‡c wLª÷ ag©‡K wUwK‡q †i‡L Zviv Gwkqv I Av‡gwiKvq Av`k©
gyw³`vZv wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z nq|
Gfv‡e †RmyBUiv ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖ_gZ, Zv‡ì
Kg©Kv‡Û, `¶ I †Uªwbs cÖvß Drmvnx wgkbvwi m¤cÖ`v‡qi D™¢e N‡U hviv †cÖv‡U÷v›U
ag©g‡Zi c~e©eZ©x K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K wdwi‡q Avb‡Z m¶g nq| wØZxqZ, Giv
D”Pga¨weË Ges f‚-¯^vgx AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ K¨v_wjK ag©gZ Z_v wLª÷ ag©gZ
cÖPv‡i mdj nq| Z…ZxqZ, Giv wk¶v_©x‡ì µgk AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i †Zv‡j|
Giv ag©welqK †h‡Kv‡bv weZK© Gwo‡q Pj‡Zv Ges Gfv‡e Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z wk¶v‡¶‡Î
e¨vcK DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
mvims‡¶c
†cÖv‡U÷v›U ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ci K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cybiæ¾xeb N‡U| †ek wKQy AwbðqZvi
nvZ †_‡K i¶vi j‡¶¨ K¨v_wjKiv wb‡R‡ì ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU Av‡›`vj‡b GwM‡q
G‡mwQj| BD‡iv‡c GwU cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V| Pv‡P©i ˆbwZKZv Ges
mKj `~yb©xwZ `~ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ †cvc‡ì ZrciZv Ges BbKzBRk‡bi gva¨‡g kvw¯Í`vb cÖwµqv
K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K mymsMwVZ Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| KvDwÝj Ae †Uª›U Gi mfv¸wj‡Z
K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K ¯úó wjwLZ wewae× AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges †cv‡ci ¶gZv e„w× K‡i
mymsnZ Kiv nq| †klZ †RmyBU msN K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiæ¾xe‡bi †¶‡Î mePvB‡Z MVbg~jK
Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i| wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Zviv K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q w`‡Z
m¶g nq| KvwiMix wk¶K Ges a‡g©i cÖwZ AvbyM‡Zi gva¨‡g K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cÖfve we¯Ívi
nq| Gfv‡e K¨v_wjK ag© Ab¨Zg wek¦a‡g© cwiYZ nq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k¦© wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cÖwZ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi g~jD‡Ïk¨ wQj --
K) †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì m‡½ mg‡SvZvg~jK bxwZ MÖnY Kiv;
L) wb‡R‡ì mKj AmsMwZ I `yb©xwZ `~ixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Z cybiæ¾xweZ
Kiv;
M) MZvbyMwZK c‡_B K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K PvwjZ Kiv;
N) wewfbœ †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U bxwZmg~n‡K MÖnY Kiv|
3| BbKzB‡Rmb wePvivj‡qi KvR wK wQj?

K) †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì kvw¯Í †`qv
L) ag©cÖvY K¨v_wjK‡ì cyi®‹…Z Kiv
M) K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Z Awek¦vmx e¨w³eM©‡K Ly‡R †ei K‡i kvw¯Í †`qv
N) ag©we‡ivax eB wbwl× Kiv|
4| BbKzBwRkb wePvivjq me©cÖ_g †Kvb mf¨Zvq Pvjy wQj ?

K) †ivgvb mf¨Zvq L) †g‡mvc‡Uvgxq mf¨Zvq
M) wgkixq mf¨Zvq N) wMÖK mf¨Zvq
5| †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ evB‡ej‡K wLª÷ RM‡Zi ev K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cÖgvwYZ MÖš’ wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq?
K) wneªæ L) G¨vs‡jv m¨v·b
M) j¨vwUb N) Mw_K
6| †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU-Gi cÖwZôvZv †K wQ‡jb?

K) BMbvwUqvm jqjv L) d«vwÝm‡Kv my‡eR
M) d«vwÝm †Rwfqvi N) wcqvwi †j‡dewi
7| †RmyBUiv †Kvb ai‡bi wk¶v eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib?
K) `~i wk¶Y L) eënvwiK wk¶v eë¯’v
M) KvwiMix wk¶v eë¯’v N) QvÎ-wk¶K mggš^‡q cÖZ¨¶ wk¶v eë¯’v
DËi : 1| (L), 2| (M), 3| (K), 4| (N), 5| (K), 6| (L)|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wK wQj ?
2| BMbvwmqvm jqjvi Rxebx ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| PwiÎevb †cv‡civ Kxfv‡e Pv‡P©i AbvPvi Ges `yb©xwZ `~i K‡i K¨v_wjK ag©‡K cyiæ¾xweZ
K‡ib?
2| BbKzwRkb Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvh©vejx g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
3| †Uª‡›Ui ag©mfvi g~jwm×všÍ ¸wj ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| †mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU-Gi Kg© c×wZ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| Harold J. Gremm, The Reformotion Era, (1500-1650), (Second Edition)
2| Gottseholk, History of Mankind, Cultural and Scientific Development. vol.
Iv
3| B. V. Rao, History of Europe (1450-1815)
4| Ergang Robert, Eurofpe from Renaissance to waterloo (Third Edition)
5| W. wKiYP›`ª †PŠayix, AvaywbK BD‡ivc (1648 - 1870 Lªx:)

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 5
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve I Zvrch©

 K¨v_wjK ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve ev dj ¯îƒc K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiƒ¾xeb
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqv ¯îƒc †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©g‡Zi cÖfve Ges AMÖMwZ I
n«vm m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb;
 AvšÍR©vwZK ag© wn‡m‡e K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiæ×vi m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb;
 cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi dj¯îƒc BD‡iv‡ci †`‡k ‡`‡k †h Ø›Ø Kjn, M„nhy×
msMwVZ nq Avcwb Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ msMwVZ hy× m¤ú‡K©
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K¨v_wjK ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg G‡RwÝ †RmyBU KZ©„K wk¶v‡¶‡Î †h
Af‚Zc~e© we¯Ívi N‡UwQj Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb bvix mgvR‡K Kxfv‡e wk¶vKg©Kv‡Û GwM‡q wb‡q hvq Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡ci mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b e¨vcK cÖfve ‡dj‡Z

m¶g n‡qwQj| GwU †hgb GKw`‡K K¨v_wjK ag©gZ‡K RvwM‡q Zz‡jwQj, ¯^xq gh©v`vq
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj, †Zgwb GKB m‡½ BD‡iv‡ci mgv‡R ag© I ivRbxwZ
wgwkªZ n‡q ivR‰bwZK AmwnòzZv Ges Aw¯’i mg‡qi m~Pbv K‡i|
1| K¨v_wjK a‡g©i cybiæ¾xeb

cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg g~j j¶¨B wQ‡jv K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cybiæ¾xeb NU‡bv|
K¨v_wjK a‡g©i mKj cÖKvi AbvPvi Ges Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× GKwU mymsMwVZ Av‡›`vj‡b
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ‡`‡k †cÖv‡U÷v›U Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q co‡j †ivgvb
K¨v_wjK PvP© wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì AmsMwZ Ges MvwdjwZ `‚ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ GK byZb
Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi gyj j¶¨B wQ‡jv K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g
K¨v_wjK ag©‡K cybiæ¾xweZ Ges kw³kvjx Kiv| GQvovI †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©g‡Z wek¦vmx
AÂj¸wj‡K Avevi K¨v_wjK a‡g© Z_v K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i Aax‡b wb‡q AvmvI wQj Zv‡ì
Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| G Kvi‡Y Zviv K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cybR©vMi‡Yi Rb¨ me©kw³
wb‡qvM K‡ib|

ejv hvq, †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì DÌvb †lvok kZvãx‡Z K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv‡K aŸsm
K‡i †`q| BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq A‡a©‡Ki †ewk †`‡k Ø›Ø-msNvZ I Am‡šÍvl m„wó nq Ges H
AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cÖwZ Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i|
Z‡e GB mgq wKQy hyw³ev`x D`vi gy³wPšÍvi hvRK Ges †cvc wbR ag© Z_v
K¨v_wjKev`‡K i¶v Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb| cÖ_gw`‡K †cÖv‡U÷v›Uev‡ì m‡½ GKwU
mg‡SvZvg~jK bxwZ MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡Póv e¨_© n‡j K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i Aek¨ KiYxq KvRwU
n‡q ùvovq wb‡R‡ì wfZi †_‡KB ms¯‹vi cÖwµqv ïiæ Kivi|
K¨v_wjK ag©Z‡š¿i cybwe©b¨vm Ges ag©ZË¡mg~‡ni h_v_© cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i mKj åvwšÍ †_‡K
gy³ Ges cweÎ KivB wQj K¨v_wjK‡ì g~j j¶¨| jy_v‡ii gZev`‡K P¨v‡jÄ Kivi
K¨v_wjK gZev`‡K web¨v‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ ejv nq, †h K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi g~jwfwË n‡jv
_gvm G¨vKzBbvm KZ©„K cÖPvwiZ wLª÷vb ag©ZË¡| ïaygvÎ K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©iB evB‡ej ev
cweÎ ag©MÖš’ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v †èvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| GKB m‡½ jy_v‡ii AbyMÖn (Grace)
Ges fvM¨P‡µi wbf©iZv (Justification of Faith) bxwZmg~n‡K Zxeª fvlvq AvµgY Kiv
nq| K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i AšÍwb©wnZ bxwZ ev wLª÷a‡g©i fveM¤¢xi Abyôvb ag©xq evaëvaKZv,
cÖfzi †fvRmfv, wLª÷vb mvay mbœvmxi cÖwZ Mfxi kª×v BZ¨vw` wel‡qi cÖwZ wek¦vm
cyb:¯’vcb Kiv nq| ZvQvov kª×vfw³i e¯‘iƒ‡c msiw¶Z g„Zmvay‡ì †`‡ni Ask ev
Zv‡ì eëüZ †Kv‡bv wRwbmcÎ cÖwZgv ev cÖwZg~wZ©, Gi Dci cweÎfve RvwM‡q †Zvjv
nq| Z‡e BbWvj‡RÝ ev gyw³cY wewµ wbwl× †NvwlZ nq| Pv‡P©i wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, k„•Ljv,
AvBb ev mswewai gva¨‡g MÖnY Kiv nq| G QvovI †Uª‡›Ui mfv¸wj‡Z Pv‡P©i fveg~wZ©
cybiæ×v‡i nv‡Z Kj‡g wk¶v `v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| evB‡e‡ji
AšÍM©Z mKj cÖvgvwYK cy¯ÍKmg~n-Gi e¨vL¨v`v‡bi †¶‡Î †cv‡ci m‡e©v”P ¶gZv Ges
Zvi Aa¯Íb‡ì cÖwZ cÖfyZ¡ ev KZ…Z¡© wba©viY Kiv nq| †cÖv‡U÷v›Uiv wewfbœ †`‡k RvqMv
K‡i wb‡Z _vK‡j cÖwZms¯‹viev`xiv AZ¨šÍ AvšÍwiK Ges K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì
mKj g›` w`K¸wj †S‡o †dj‡Z m¶g nq| Gfv‡e †lvok kZvãx‡Z K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i
cybiƒ¾xeb N‡U Ges PvP© wLª÷vb Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q gh©v`vq AwawôZ nq|
2| cÖwZ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©g‡Zi AMÖMwZ Ges cÖfve n«vm cvq
GB mg¯Í Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j K¨v_wjK ag©gZ µgk kw³ mÂq K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z _v‡K|
Gi d‡j †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©g‡Zi AMÖMwZ Ges cÖfve n«vm cvq| wk¶vg~jK Ges mvgvwRK
Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g †RmyBU wcZviv †ivgvb K¨v_wjK PvP©‡K gvby‡li Kv‡Q AwaKZiI
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zv‡j| †RmyBU‡ì mnR, mij, mvaviY Rxeb, AKcU Ges
Av‡eMc~Y© cÖPviYv, D`vi wPšÍv, RxebvPiY hviv †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jv Zv‡ì
Avevi K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i Aax‡b wdwi‡q wb‡q Av‡m| we‡klZ †ejwRqvg, †cvj¨vÛ,
e¨vfvwiqv, †P‡KvkøvfvwKqv, nv‡½wi, †¯úb †b`vij¨vÛ-GgbwK `w¶Y Rvg©vwb‡ZI
K¨v_wjK ag©gZ Avevi mgwngvq wd‡i Av‡m|
3| AvvšÍR©vwZK ag© wn‡m‡e K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cÖwZôv jvf

Gm Gm GBP Gj
†RmyBU wcZviv we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj ‡`‡k Ges gnv‡`‡k AZ:ci wLª÷ag© we‡klZ K¨v_wjK
ag©gZ Qwo‡q w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i| hviv Lwb‡Z, Avev`x Rwg‡Z, Rwg`vi †kªYxi eo f‚-
m¤úwË‡Z wKsev Jcwb‡ewkK AÂ‡j KvR Ki‡Zv Zviv wLª÷ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jv|
†kªYxwef³ ev eY©vkªqx mgv‡R (†hgb fviZ) bxPze‡Y©i A¯ú„n¨, RvwZPÿZ †kªYx `‡j `‡j
wLª÷vb ag© MÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k K¨v_wjKiv
†cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì Kv‡Q Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb nviv‡jI BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i G‡m wgkbvwi cÖPviYvi
gva¨‡g we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj †`‡k K¨v_wjK ag©gZ cÖPvi K‡i Ges GwU‡K GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK a‡g© iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
4| BD‡iv‡ci †`‡k †`‡k ag©xq, D¤§v`bv Am‡šÍvl, Kjn : M„nhy× Ges ag©xq we‡`ªv‡ni
m~Pbv
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j ‡cÖv‡U÷v›Ucš’x Ges K¨v_wjKcš’x‡ì g‡a¨ †h Ø›Ø msNvZ
Ges AmwnÂzZv Qwo‡q c‡o Zv‡Z BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k M„nhy× Ges ag©xq we‡`ªvn †`Lv
w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZviv hyw³ev` Ges gvbeZvev`x bxwZ Øviv wek¦vmx n‡q DVvi
Kvi‡Y mwnÂzZvi bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e Zv‡ì Abymvixiv A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Zv‡ì
GB bxwZ a‡i ivL‡Z m¶g nq wb| †cÖv‡U÷v›Uiv †hgb K¨v_wjK‡ì N„Yv KiZ †Zgwb
†ivgvb K¨v_wjKivI Zv‡ì weiæ× c‡¶i cÖwZ Zxeª N„Yv, wbR¯^ ag©wek¦vm, wec¶ ag©xq
MÖæ‡ci Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z we›`ygvÎ wØav Ki‡Zv bv| Gi d‡j BD‡iv‡ci cÖwZwU wLª÷vb
†`‡k SMov-weev`, AmwnòzZv, i³¶qx msNl©, Pig N„Yv, we‡Øl Ges mvgvwRK wek„•Ljv
m„wó nq|
BD‡iv‡ci ivRv‡ì g‡aÏ GB mgq ag©xq D¤§v`bv Qwo‡q c‡o, mwnòzZv †mB mg‡q
GKwU weij NUbv n‡q `vouvq| ivRviv Avkv K‡ib †h, Zv‡ì cÖRviv Zv‡ì ag© †g‡b
wb‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ag© AbymiY Ki‡Z eva¨ Kivi d‡j d«vÝ, †¯úb,
cZ©yMvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †cÖv‡U÷v›U cÖRviv wbôzi wbh©vZ‡bi m¤§yLxb nq| d«v‡Ý
wnDwM‡bU Ges wcDwiUvbev`xiv †`k Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq| Avevi Bsj¨v‡Û Aóg †nbwi
K¨v_wjK‡ì Dci wbh©vZb wbcxob Pvjvb|
BD‡iv‡ci †`‡k †`‡k a‡g©i D¤§v`bv AmwnòzZv m„wó n‡qwQj, ivRviv ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv‡K
`gb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv‡ì ag©g‡Zi weiæ‡×ev`x‡ì Dci wbôzi wbhv©Zb Ki‡Z
cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb; ZvB BD‡iv‡ci †`‡k †`‡k ag©xq msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq I wbh©vwZZ †Mvôx
we‡`ªvnx n‡q D‡V|
BD‡ivcxq mgv‡R GKRb †cÖv‡U÷v›U †h‡nZz GKRb K¨v_wjK‡K N„Yv Ki‡Zv, GKwU
ag©xq MÖæc †hgb Aci GKwU ag©xq MÖÆ‡ci m‡½ Kj‡n wjß _vK‡Zv, ZvB BD‡iv‡ci
†`‡k †`‡k M„nhy× Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K| ag©xq GB AmwnòzZvi mePvB‡Z eo wPÎ †`Lv
hvq Rvg©vwbi M„nhy× Ges cieZ©xKv‡j wÎk eQie¨vcx hy‡×| Dfq c‡¶i †KDB wbR ag©

weiæ×ev`x‡ì mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv, G‡K Ac‡ii weiæ× c¶‡K wbôzifv‡e cywo‡q
gvi‡Zv| Gfv‡e Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ, myBRvij¨vÛ Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k M„nhy× e¨vcK i³cvZ,
g„Zz¨ Ges aŸsm †W‡K Av‡b|
5| ag©xq N„Yv we‡Øl : BD‡iv‡ci GK †`k Aci †`‡ki m‡½ hy‡× Rwo‡q cov
cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j BD‡ivc ag©‡¶‡Î wØavwef³ n‡q c‡o| BZvwj, d«vÝ,
`w¶Y Rvgv©wb, †cvj¨vÛ, nv‡½wi K¨v_wjK a‡g© wek¦vmx n‡q hvq| Bsj¨vÛ, Rvgv©wb, nj¨vÛ,
myBRvij¨vÛ cÖf…wZ †`‡k †cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©g‡Zi cÖmvi N‡U|
nj¨vÛ Ges †¯ú‡bi g‡a¨ ag©xq we‡ivwaZvq hy× msMwVZ nq| nj¨v‡Ûi RbMY wQ‡jv
†cÖv‡U÷v›Ucš’x, Zviv ivRv wØZxq wdwj‡ci (cweÎ †ivgvb mgªvU cÂg Pvj©‡mi cyÎ)
nv‡Z wbh©vwZZ n‡Z _v‡K| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb †Muvov †ivgvb K¨v_wjK| nj¨vÛ GB hy‡×
Rqjvf K‡i Ges 1609 mv‡j DBwjqvg A‡i‡Äi †bZ…‡Z¡ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|
†cÖv‡U÷v›U nj¨vÛ cÖ_g GwjRv‡e‡_i Aax‡b WvP †cÖv‡UmUv›U‡ì mg_©b K‡i, we‡klZ
K¨v_wjK †¯ú‡bi weiæ‡×| cÖvqkB Zviv mKj †¯úwbm RvnvR aŸsm Ki‡Zv| Gi dj
¯îƒc G¨vs‡jv-†¯úwbm hy× ïiæ nq| Bsj¨vÛ GB hy‡× A‡Rq Ges `y‡f`©¨ †¯úwbm
Avg©vWv‡K m¤ú~Y© aŸsm K‡i| †¯úb Z_v wdwj‡ci Rb¨ Gi PvB‡Z †MŠi‡ei Avi †Kv‡bv
wKQyB wQ‡jv bv|
wØZxq (cweÎ †ivgvb mgªvU) †ev‡nwgqvi †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡j (hviv
wQ‡jb Rb nv‡mi Abymvix) wÎk eQie¨vcx hy‡×i m~Pbv nq (1518 - 1648)|
I‡q÷‡dwjqv Pzw³i gva¨‡g (1648) GB hy× mgvß n‡j †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ GB hy‡×i d‡j
`ye©j Ges wb:‡kvwlZ n‡q c‡o|
6) †RmyBU‡ì ZrciZv Ges wk¶v we¯Ívi

†mvmvBwU Ae †RmyBU ev †RmyBU msN ag©cÖPvi Ges wk¶v GB `yB Kv‡h©B AZ¨šÍ
cvi½gZv †`wL‡qwQj| Z‡e †h †¶ÎwU‡Z †RmyBUiv mePvB‡Z †ewk mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQj
Zv n‡jv wk¶v cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Kg©‡¶Î‡K wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q †`qvq| jqjv Ges
Zvi wkw¶Z Abymvixiv ZrKvjxb gvbeZvev`x Av`k© Ges †cÖiYvq D¾xweZ n‡q ¯‹zj M‡o
†Zv‡jb| GBme ¯‹z‡j mvgwiK wewkó wbqgbxwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡Zv| A‡bK mgq GKwU
¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e we`¨vjq A_ev wek¦w`¨vj‡qi m‡½ †hvMm~Î wn‡m‡e we`¨vjq mg~n
M‡o D‡V|
†RmyBU‡ì g~j †úvMvbB wQ‡jv ÒAvcbvi wkï‡K ¯‹z‡j cvVvb|Ó ag© QvovI wewfbœ welq
†hgb kvixwiK PP©v, f‚‡Mvj, BwZnvm, weÁvb, ˆbwZK DrKl©, AvaywbK fvlv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ
wel‡q cov‡kvbv n‡Zv| †RmyBU wk¶Kiv Mfxi AvMÖn wb‡q wk¶v`vb Ki‡Zv, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v, cQ›` AcQ‡›ì w`‡K bRi w`‡Zv, QvÎ‡ì kvixwiK Ges ˆbwZK wk¶v

Gm Gm GBP Gj
†`qv n‡Zv| Giv wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖ‡kœvËi cÖwµqv Pvjy K‡i| wk¶v_©x‡ì wbqwgZ cix¶vi
eë¯’v Kiv nq|
GQvov †RmyBUiv †ewkifvM wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g
nb wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wba©vwiZ cvVµg iPbv K‡ib| jqjvi g„Zyï mg‡q 35wU ¯‹zj
cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Z‡e GwU †e‡o mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K|
wk¶v cÖmv‡i †RmyBU m¤cÖ`vq BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i fviZ, Pxb, eªvwRj, †Kvwiqv, Rvcvb,
cviv¸‡q Z_v j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv Ges bZzb Avwe®‹…Z gnv‡`‡k wZb nvRvi ¯‹zj K‡jR
cÖwZôv K‡i| †hLv‡bB Zviv ¯’vqx Avevm ¯’vcb K‡i †mLv‡bB ¯‹zj, K‡jR A_©vr wk¶v
Ges A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ ïiæ K‡i| Dcwb‡ewkK AÂjmg~n Ávb, weÁvb, mvwnZ¨ I
`k©‡bi cÖfv‡e h‡_ó DbœwZ jvf K‡i|
†lvok kZvãx‡Z †cÖv‡U÷v›UivI Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì K¨v_wjK ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡Zv| †RmyBU

¯‹zj¸wj wQj DbœZ| m¨vi d«vwÝm †eKb †RmyBU‡ì wk¶v eë¯’vi cÖksmv K‡ib| Gfv‡e
wk¶v cÖmv‡ii †¶‡Î †RmyBU †bZviv Awe¯§iYxq mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib|
7| bvix wk¶v cÖmvi

cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb bvix wk¶vi cÖmv‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| wLª÷ag© bvix‡K
evB‡ej covi AbygwZ †`q| K¨v_wjK ag©gZ we¯Ív‡ii †¶‡Î bvix‡K wewfbœ †mevg~jK
Ges mgvR †mevg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq| †m›U †_‡imv Ad Avwdjv (1515 -
1582) mbœ¨vmx cvìx‡ì wb‡q GKwU msMVb M‡o †Zv‡jb| bvix mgvR †mevg~jK
cÖwZôvb ÒDim¨vwjbÓ I ÒwmmUvim Ae P¨vwiwUÓ wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Dimvwjb Gi
cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb †eªwmqvi G¨vb‡Rjv †gwiwm| GB msMVb‡K Z…Zxq cj Aby‡gv`b ‡`b|
GB msNV‡bi g~jKvh©µg wQ‡jv †g‡q wkï‡ì wk¶v Ges hZœ Kiv| G QvovI Amy¯’‡ì
†mev †`qvi †¶‡ÎI we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gfv‡e bvix‡ì Øviv msMwVZ wewfbœ
MÖÆ‡ci gva¨‡g bvix‡ì wk¶vi nvi evo‡Z _v‡K Ges mgvR †mevg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û K…wZZ¡
†`Lvq|

mvims‡¶c
ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqv ¯îƒc cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb K¨v_wjK ag©‡K cybiæ¾xweZ K‡i|
†cvc‡ì K‡Vvi wbqgk„•Ljv, †Uª‡›Ui wewfbœ ˆbwZK wk¶v Ges †RmyBU‡ì wek¦e¨vcx wk¶v
Kvh©µg K¨v_wjK ag©‡K AvšÍR©vwZK a‡g© cwiYZ K‡i| hwÌ K¨v_wjK‡ì cybiæ¾xeb †`‡k
†`‡k Ø›Ø-Kjn M„nhy× GgbwK BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ hy× msMwVZ K‡i| Z_vwc GwU
K¨v_wjK ag©‡K Zvi AZjaŸsm¯y‘c †_‡K D×vi K‡i †kl ch©šÍ †cÖv‡Uóv›Uev‡ì wecix‡Z
K¨v_wjKev‡ì weRq‡K wbwðZ K‡i| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z K¨v_wjKev` hyw³ev`x Ges mwnòz wLª÷
ag©‡KB cybiæ¾xeb NUvq| †lvok kZvãx‡Z †cÖv‡U÷v›Uev` K¨v_wjKev‡ì gZB Amwnòz
ag©gZwQj| hyw³ev‡ì †P‡q †cÖv‡U÷v›Uiv AÜwek¦vm‡KB †ewk cÖvavb¨ w`Z| Z‡e cÖwZms¯‹vi
Av‡›`vjbKvixiv ag©ZË¡ ev †m›U _gvm G¨vKzBbv‡mi wk¶vq wd‡i hvevi d‡j gvby‡li gy³eyw×
Ges hyw³ev`x †PZbvi Dci wfwË K‡i K¨v_wjK ag©g‡Zi cybiæ¾xe‡bi †PZbv‡K M‡o †Zv‡j|
†cÖv‡U÷v›Uev`xiv AÜwek¦vm Ges ag©kv¯¿‡K GKgvÎ ag©xq wek¦vm Ges wfwË wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib|
Z‡e cybyiæ¾xweZ K¨v_wjK gZev` hyw³evw`Zvi Dci M‡o D‡V| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z mß`k
kZvãx‡Z êÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi mg~n Ges Ava¨vwZ¡Kev` K‡Vvi weÁvb AbymwÜrmv bxwZ MÖnY
K‡iwQj| Gi d‡j K¨v_wjK ag© AvšÍRv©wZK a‡g© cwiYZ nq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe¨©w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k¦ wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1| †Kvb mvayi ag©ZË¡‡K wLª÷vb a‡g©i g~jwfwË wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq?
K) †m›U cj L) _gvm GKzBbvm
M) †m›U AMvw÷b N) G¨vivmgvm
2) d«v‡Ýi †cÖv‡U÷v›Uiv wK bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj?

K) wcDwiUvbev` L) wnDwM‡bU
M) RyBwjqvb N) m¨v·b
3| Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kvb ivbx †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì Dci wbh©vZb Pvjvb?

K) ivbx GwjRv‡e_ L) ivbx wf‡±vwiqv
M) ivbx g¨vwi N) ivbx wµw÷b
4| nj¨vÛ KZ mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i?

K) 1601 mv‡j L) 1603 mv‡j
N) 1606 mv‡j N) 1609 mv‡j
5| †RmyBU‡ì g~j †køvMvb wK wQj?

K) Avcbvi wkï‡K ¯‹z‡j cvVvb L) wkï‡K ag©xq wk¶v w`b
M) wkï‡K KvwiMix wk¶v w`b N) Avcbvi wkï‡K evmvq ‡i‡L M„n wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q wk¶v
w`b|
6| †RmyBU‡ì wk¶v eë¯’vi g~j êwkó¨ wQj?

K) `~i wk¶Y eë¯’v L) †gŠwLK wk¶v eë¯’v
M) QvÎ wk¶K mgš^‡q †kªYx K‡¶ cÖZ¨¶ wk¶v`vb Kiv M) KvwiMix wk¶vq cvi`k©x Kiv
7| †Kvb `vk©wbK †RmyBU‡ì wk¶v eë¯’vi cÖksmv K‡ib?

K) m¨vi d«vwÝm †eKb L) gvB‡Kj wW gb‡UBb
M) ‡WmKvwU©R M) wRIi`v‡bv eªæ‡bv
8| ÔDimvwjbÕ msN †Kvb mbœvmx KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ nq?

K) †m›U †_‡imv Avwdjv L) wmmUvi wjIbvev
M) wmmUvi evieviv N) †m›U g¨vwi
DËi : 1| (L), 2| (L), 3| (K), 4| (L), 5| (K), 6| (M), 7| (K), 8| (K)|
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| K¨v_wjK ag©gZ Kxfv‡e GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK a‡g© cwiYZ nq?
2| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Kxfv‡e wk¶v Ges mgvR †mevq bvix‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| K¨v_wjK ag© cybiæ¾xe‡b †gŠwjK Av`k© ev wfwË wK wQ‡jv| †cvc Ges †Uª›U A‰bwZKZv I
`yb©xwZi weiæ‡× Kx Kx eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib?
2| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j BD‡iv‡ci mgvR Rxe‡b †h AmwnòzZvi Qvc c‡o Zvi
msw¶ß weeiY w`b|
3| ag© we‡Ø‡li d‡j BD‡iv‡c msMwVZ wewfbœ hy× m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| wk¶v we¯Ív‡i †RmyBU‡ì mvd‡jï weeiY w`b|
mnvqK MÖš’vejx
1| B K Gokhale, Introduction to Western Civilization
2| Harold J. Grimm, The Reformation Era (1500-1650)
3| Carlton, J H Hayes, Modern, Europe to 1870
4| W. wKiY P›`ª †PŠayix, AvaywbK BD‡ivc (1648 - 1870) Lªx:)|

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ag© ms¯‹vi I cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

Rvg©vwb I gvwU©b jy_vi

ag© ms¯‹vi I cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb

ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqvq AviI GKwU ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq BD‡iv‡c|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 73

†iv‡gi weiæ‡× jy_v‡iiwe †`ªv‡ni KviY

wb¯‹…wZcÎ (Indulgence) weµq

gvwU©b jy_vi (1483 - 1546 wLª.)

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 75

Rvg©vwb‡Z jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi RbwcÖqZvi KviY

wLª÷vb wnDg¨vwb÷‡`i cÖPviYv Ges Rvg©vwb‡Z wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Afz¨`q jy_v‡ii

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 77

K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡KB `vb K‡iwQ‡jv ga¨hy‡Mi we‡`ªvn¸‡jvi †bZ…Z¡| DB‡Ubev‡M©i

jy_v‡ii m‡½ K¨v_wjK kw³i ‡gvKvwejv

ivRv‡`i mg_©‡bi KviY

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 79

2| gvwU©b jy_v‡ii g‡Z a‡g©i g~j n‡”Q

4| Rvg©vb ivRviv jy_vi‡K mg_©b w`‡jb| †Kbbv -

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

K¨vjwfb I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi wewfbœ aviv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 81

K¨vjwfb I jy_v‡ii ag©g‡Zi cv_©K¨

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 83

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 85

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 87

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 89

2| ÒPvi ‡Ìqvj Avi a‡g©vc‡`kg~jK e³…ZvÕÕ †Kvb gZev‡ì êwkó¨|

3| †g‡bvbvBU wLª÷vb †Kvb `j n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i|

4| †Kvb gZev` ag©ms¯‹vi ag©xq †_‡K †ewk ivR‰bwZK ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ci wKQy ¸iæZ¡cY~ © ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ m~wPZ nq|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 91

ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqv ¯^iƒc BD‡iv‡c Av‡iv GKwU ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi

4| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb : mvgvwRK †¶‡Î cÖfve

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 93

5| ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb : wkí I mvs¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î cÖfve

†cÖv‡U÷v›U ag©ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mePvB‡Z eo cÖfve c‡owQ‡jv wk¶vi `ªæZ we¯Ív‡ii

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 95

4| †lvok kZvãx‡Z †h bZzb A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m~wPZ nq Zvi bvg --

5| K¨vjwfb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wk¶v †K›`ª wnmv‡e M‡o †Zv‡jb?

6| †Kvcvwb©Kvm Z‡Ë¡i g~jm~Î wK wQj?

DËi : 1| (K), 2| (M), 3| (K), 4| (N), 5| (L), 6| (N), 7| (N), 8| (K)|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 97

cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi weKvk

1| cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY ev D‡Ïk¨

Pv‡P©i ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ïk¨ ¸wj n‡jv

Av‡›`vj‡bi ci cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o| mß`k kZvãxi cÖ_gw`‡K

2| cÖwZ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb weKv‡ki cÖavb KviYmg~n

3| PwiÎevb †cv‡ci Avwef©ve

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 99

BbKzwR‡k‡bi kvw¯Í`v‡bi cÖwµqv wQ‡jv wbôzi, wb`©q Ges ee©i| GB me wbôziZv I

O) †Uª‡›Ui ag© mfv

BDwbU - 4 c„ôv - 100

4| †Uª‡›Ui ag©mfvi wbwl× eB‡qi ZvwjKv (Congregation of Index) cÖKvwkZ nq hv

5| Acivax‡`i kvw¯Í`v‡bi Rb¨ BbKzBwRkb Avevi cyb:cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 101

cÖwZms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶‡Î mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj †mvmvBwU Ae

†mvmvBwUi wZb g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q

BDwbU - 4 c„ôv - 102

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 103

3| BbKzB‡Rmb wePvivj‡qi KvR wK wQj?