Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

Lecture # 24
6-Dec-2017

by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session
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 Practice Problem #4
Determine the total active force per meter acting on the wall
along with its point of application.
q = 50 kPa
O
50
Ka=0.27
Po=? c’ = 0 Layer1
’ = 35° 4m
Z=?  = 18 kN/m369.44-50 50+18x4x0.27=69.44
Layer 2 Ka=0.33
Po=sum of areas  = 19 kN/m3
c’ = 0 WT 2m
69.44+19x2x0.33=81.98
4m
’ = 30°
z= Sum of moment of Layer 3 sat = 21 kN/m3 81.98+(21-9.81)x2x0.33+9.81x2=108.95

areas about O divided by Ka=0.30

c’ = 0
Po
’ = 32° 4m
sat = 20 kN/m3 108.95+(20-9.81)x4x0.30+9.81x4=160.38
O Layer 4
 a 2    1  sin  
Ka 
 o
 tan  45   
 2  1  sin    a  zK a  2c K a
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Practice Problem #5
Determine the total active force per meter acting on the wall
along with its point of application.
q = 50 kPa

c’ = 10 kPa
Po=? ’ = 35° 4m
 = 18 kN/m3
Z=? WT
c’ = 20 kPa
’ = 19.5° 4m
sat = 21 kN/m3

c’ = 50
’ = 0° 4m
sat = 20 kN/m3

 a 2    1  sin  
Ka 
 o
 tan  45   
 2  1  sin    a  zK a  2c K a
3
Practice Problem #6
A retaining wall of 10 m height retains a cohesive soil.
Determine the active force with respect to various possibilities
of tension crack.

 a     1  sin  
Ka   tan 2  45   
c’ = 50 kPa  o  2  1  sin  
’ = 10°
 = 18 kN/m3
2c
10 m
zc 
 Ka

 a  zK a  2c K a

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RANKINE THEORY
ACTIVE PRESSURE -- SUMMARY --

2c
zc 
 a 2    1  sin    Ka
Ka   tan  45   
 o  2  1  sin  

 a  zK a  2c K a

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COULOMB’S EARTH PRESSURE
THEORY Coulomb (1776)

ASSUMPTIONS
1. The soil is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. Soil has both cohesion and friction (c- soil).
3. Rupture surface as well as backfill surface is planar.
4. There is friction between wall and soil.
5. Failure wedge is a rigid body undergoing translation.

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BENEFITS OF ASSUMPTIONS
-- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEORY AND REALITY --

7
BENEFITS OF ASSUMPTIONS
-- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEORY AND REALITY --

Theoretical Earth Pressure Actual Earth Pressure

8
COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
W = Weight of soil wedge ABC
1
𝑊= 2∙𝐴𝐶∙𝐵𝐷∙1∙𝛾 ⋯⋯⋯(1)
C b
qb
∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
B Using law of sines
ab

𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵
=
W sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)
H D
𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 = ∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)
a
q 𝐻
A 𝐴𝐶 = ∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
180aq sin 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)

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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
W = Weight of soil wedge ABC
𝑊 = 12∙𝐴𝐶∙𝐵𝐷∙1∙𝛾 ⋯⋯⋯(1)
b 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐻
C
∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
qb
sin 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)

B
∆𝑨𝑩𝑫
ab
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵
=
sin(180 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)) sin 90
W
∵ sin(180 − 𝛼 + 𝜃 ) = sin(𝛼 + 𝜃)
H D
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵
=
sin(𝛼 + 𝜃) sin 90
a
q 𝐴𝐵
A 𝐵𝐷 = sin(𝛼 + 𝜃) ∙
180aq
1
𝐻
𝐵𝐷 = sin(𝛼 + 𝜃) ∙
sin 𝛼
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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
W = Weight of soil wedge ABC

𝑊 = 12∙𝐴𝐶∙𝐵𝐷∙1∙𝛾 ⋯⋯⋯(1)
C b 𝐻
𝐴𝐶 = ∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
qb sin 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)

B
𝐻
ab 𝐵𝐷 = sin(𝛼 + 𝜃) ∙
sin 𝛼

W Eq. 1 →
H D
2
1 𝛾𝐻 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) ∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝜃)
𝑊 =2∙ ∙
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 sin(𝜃 − 𝛽)
a
q
A
180aq

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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
R = Resultant of shear and normal forces
acting on failure plane

C b Our Goal:
qb Determine active force (Pa) on the wall.
 Draw force polygon of the system.
B d = angle of wall friction
ab

𝛿 = 2 3𝜙 (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

W
D
d  Pa
180(adq) (ad)
Pa
R

a W
q R
A (q)
180aq

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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pa
180(adq) (ad)

W
C b R
(q)
qb

B Applying sine law on force polygon

ab

𝑃𝑎 𝑊
=
W sin(𝜃 − 𝜙) sin[180 − 𝛼 − 𝛿 + 𝜃 − 𝜙 ]
D
d  𝑃𝑎 𝑊
Pa
R =
sin(𝜃 − 𝜙) sin(𝛼 − 𝛿 + 𝜃 − 𝜙)
a
q Replacing value of ‘W’
A
180aq
1 𝛾𝐻 2 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) ∙ sin(𝛼 + 𝜃) ∙ sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)
𝑃𝑎 = ∙ ∙
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 sin(𝜃 − 𝛽) ∙ sin(𝛼 − 𝛿 + 𝜃 − 𝜙)
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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pa
C b 180(adq) (ad)
qb
W
B R
ab (q)

As designers, we want to determine max.

W value of Pa
D
d  To determine critical value of b for max. Pa,
Pa
R we have 𝑑𝑃𝑎
=0
𝑑𝛽
a
q
A
180aq

1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼 + 𝜙)
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐻 ∙ 2
2 sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 − 𝛽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝛼 − 𝛿) 1 +
sin(𝜙 − 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 + 𝛽)
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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
C b
qb

B
ab

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼 + 𝜙)
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐻 2 ∙ 2
W 2 sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 − 𝛽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝛼 − 𝛿) 1 +
D sin(𝜙 − 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 + 𝛽)
d 
Pa
R Since,
a 1
q
A 𝑃𝑎 = ∙ 𝛾𝐻2 ∙ 𝐾𝑎
180aq 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼 + 𝜙)
𝐾𝑎 = 2
sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 − 𝛽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝛼 − 𝛿) 1 +
sin(𝜙 − 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 + 𝛽)
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COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
C b
qb

B
ab

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼 + 𝜙)
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐻 2 ∙ 2
W 2 sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 − 𝛽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ∙ sin(𝛼 − 𝛿) 1 +
D sin(𝜙 − 𝛿) ∙ sin(𝜙 + 𝛽)
d 
Pa For a vertical wall face and horizontal
R
levelled ground
a
q
A 𝛼 = 90° , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 0°
180aq
Above equation is reduced to
1 1 − sin 𝜙
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐻 2 ∙
2 1 + sin 𝜙
i.e. same as Renkine’s Solution
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REFERENCE MATERIAL
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering – (7th Edition)
Braja M. Das
Chapter #13

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations (7th Edition)

David F. McCarthy
Chapter #17

Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practices – (2nd Edition)

Coduto, Yueng, and Kitch
Chapter #17

CONCLUDED
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