Notes to
the Reader
From the author:
1. When I assembled the second edition of this book, I
found the material I included in the first edition more
relevant today than ever. That’s primarily because most
of the updates I have added in the second edition plat-
form on the technology I covered in the first edition.
Also gas turbines require massive financial outlay, so no
GT owner parts with his older models because there are
new ones. The GT field is one where end-users hire
consultants to engineer steam injection uprates to their
older existing machines to equate to buying a new one.
Therefore, for the most part, it made sense to leave the
first edition material where it is.
2. For 19 years, I ran a panel session at ASME’s IGTI
annual meeting that resulted in attendees considering
the gas turbine (GT) experience of end-users in other
sectors. My own time in the gas turbine industry has
gone from power generation to mechanical drive to
aeroengine and back again, so it is second nature to be
able to apply the theory, applications, and experience
from one sector to another. As this book covers “land,
sea, and air,” my suggestion to the reader is that he or
she use this book to do the same, if that’s not already
“standard.”
3. Case studies in this book are generally adapted extracts
from academic papers that are included with the
authors’ or the authors’ parent companies’ permission.
If the reader decides to get the complete original paper,
I suggest contacting the originating or originating OEM
company or authors (if the authors are “independent”).
The publisher of said work may be an academic society.
As such, its technical work may be run by volunteers. Its
core staff may be entirely non-technical and would not
be as seasoned as the writer of the work or the OEM
company involved. The latter may, for instance, point
out that there have been more papers on that same
subject, which they may have presented at another
society’s venue. Academic society or conference/
publisher offices, however, can sell overall proceedings
of a meeting, generally supplied on a CD Rom. They
could also be a source of archived papers that the
originating OEM, whether because of new technology
and information attrition through joint ventures and
acquisitions, has lost. Most OEMs, however, carefully
safeguard their “old” material and one ought to consider
contacting them first.
4. The global economy and consequential mergers and
acquisitions have complicated the gas turbine sector
technically, sometimes for the better. One may note that
the cross-section of a Siemens W501 resembles the
equivalent Mitsubishi (MHI) turbine. This is logical if
one recalls that Siemens acquired Westinghouse (a U.S.
company), which prior to its acquisition, had worked
on the forerunner to the W501 in a joint venture with
MHI. So in considering any engine, one needs to recall
who did the original development engineering and of
what the system or component most of interest, com-
prises. This is especially true in joint venture engines.
Purchasers of IAE’s V2500 were heard to sigh with
relief when they heard that the oil system was a Rolls
Royce design. Rolls Royce is known to not skimp
on their cooling whether it be via internal air or
lubrication.
5. The changing gas turbine world has also created
logistical issues. Brown Boveri (BB) became Asea
Brown Boveri (ABB), which still exists and very
healthily too. ABB now deals with fans, control sys-
tems, and many other critical GT system features. The
part of ABB that made gas turbines and GT CCs
became ABB Alstom, and then later Alstom (Alstom
Power). ABB originally had two main branches that
made entirely different size ranges of turbines. ABB
Stal was in Sweden and built the smaller GTs. ABB
Switzerland built the larger machines. Siemens (after it
had acquired Westinghouse) acquired parts of Alstom
Power that essentially included ABB Stal. Soon there-
after, Siemens developed a standardized numbering
system for all its GT models that essentially changed the
designations of the acquired engine lines and Siemens
existing gas turbine model numbers.
After the content of this edition was final, Siemens
bought part of Rolls Royce. So model number changes
within engine lines, will continue.
xxix
xxx Notes to the Reader

6. Due to the complexities that come with item 4 above, I

*Siemens Gas Turbines Industrial Applications
have done the following with respect to all case his-
tories included here. If a paper was originally written by Product Type Previous New
“ABB” for instance, I have left that name as is in the Siemens Gas Turbines Typhoon SGT-100
text, even if that engine line now is, for instance, part of
the Siemens engine line. This does no disservice to Typhoon Single Shaft SGT-100-1S
Siemens, as the “change over in model numbers” key by Typhoon Twin Shaft SGT-100-2S
Siemens is included both in this text* and on (poten- Tornado SGT-200
tially updated) the Siemens website. This way, the
reader can assess the chronological state of the tech- Tornado Single Shaft SGT-200-1S
nology at the time the case was written. Tornado Twin Shaft SGT-200-2S
7. Although items 4 and 5 give the reader some re- Tempest SGT-300
sponsibility for checking the logistics of the equivalent
current model numbers, this avoids the far more Cyclone SGT-400
serious alternative of confusion on technical issues. If, GT35 SGT-500
for instance, in the future, the acquiring OEM were to GT10B SGT-600
institute a technical modification to a model that may
then change the outcomes noted in the subject case, GT10C SGT-700
the reader then understands the chain of technical GTX100 SGT-800
development custody. This is crucial when making W251 SGT-900
decisions regarding, for instance, independent facility
repairs or retrofit engineered systems. Most end-users V64.3A SGT-1000F
(provided they are engineers and not accountants or
lawyers) would rather wade through logistical records
than acquire a technical problem because they did not
understand the design development history of their
engine. Large-Scale Power Applications
8. The other reason I favor this approach is it gives credit
Product
for the original case study to the individual people who
Type Hz Previous New
wrote it. The company they worked for at the time may
still be their employer or they may have moved to Siemens Gas Turbines
another OEM, via an acquisition. Or they may work Examples: 50 SGTS-PAC (GT Driver)
for yet another employer or have retired as “in-
V64.3A SGT-1000F
dependent(s).” Gas turbine engineers would favor this
approach, because they can then read the case about the V94.2 SGT5-2000E
engine they are interested in, as well as recognize V94.2A SGT5-3000E
the original authors by name, if they were to meet them
V94.3A SGT5-4000F
at some future date.
9. In the interests of making this book affordable, several Examples: 60 SGT6-PAC (GT Driver)
source illustrations that were originally in color were V64.3A SGT-1000F
adapted to be readable in gray scale. The reader has a
V84.2 SGT6-2000E
choice here; to make future reference easier, I get my
students to use colored markers as a learning exercise W501D5A SGT6-3000E
and for future clarity. The reader can also purchase a V84.3A SGT6-4000F
copy of all the source documents in which these figures
W501F SGT6-5000F
appear in color.
W501G SGT6-6000G

* Siemens standardized model numbers (as per Siemens catalogs) are

currently as in the tables below. Consult Siemens catalogues for additional
model number details.