STS Module PDF

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Development (17 hours) …..1
Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and ………...3
Technology
Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution ………………………………………16
Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building ………………22
Unit 2: Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition …….38
(18 hours)
Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and……40
Technology
Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing …………………………45
Topic 6: The Good Life ………………………………………………49
Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross ………………………57
Unit 3: Special Issues in Science, Technology and Society ……………...66
(18 hours)
Topic 8: Information Age …………………………………………….68
Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society ………………………...73
Topic 10: The Nanoworld …………………………………………….83
Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy ……………………………..88
Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic) ……………………......99
1
Unit 1:
General Concepts and
STS Historical Development
(17 hours)
Introduction
Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as
today. Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of
constant over throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric
Model is replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory
power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed scientific revolution. This
is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the history of Science
and have helped shaped our society.
Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact
in the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and
country as a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has
greatly influenced the development of the Philippine society. You will
evaluate different government policies and programs to see how they have
shaped the nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects
accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’ science and
technology, and have been a major contributor to the Philippine nation-
building.
This unit will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and
technology came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of
global and national history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating
development.
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
• Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society

and the environment;
• Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
• Explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see
the world;
• Describe the technological advancements that happened in the

information age;
• Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation

building;
• Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in

terms of their contributions to nation building; and
• Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and

appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.
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Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science
and Technology
Learning Objectives
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society;

and
• Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to
the environment
Activating Prior Learning
In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner,
we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the
major turns in the development of Science and Technology that had led us to
the innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.
Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have
known and what are the things that you would like to know about our
historical antecedents in terms of Science and Technology.
What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned
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Presentation of Contents
Science and Technology in Ancient Times
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and
Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people
along these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and
Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work
easier, faster and efficient, our society respond by changing as well. These
changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating technology
that has been modified and that is being used today.
To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first
writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they
invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the
existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first
road.
On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and
architects. One of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which
one of the seven wonders of the world.
Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice",

2019)
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Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging
Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)
Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like
the death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian
Civilization. Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions
like water clock or clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing
known as hieroglyphics. They have also invented cosmetics for aesthetic
reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to
protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.
Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image

Figure 1.3 Death Mask ("Google Result for
Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynami
https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep- c/25/590x/Can-you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg",
tutmask1.jpg", 2019) 2019)
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Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image: Figure 1.6 Hieroglyphics ("Image:
Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Hieroglyph | writing character |
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...", Britannica.com", 2019)
2019)
Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and
Mathematics. They are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like
coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock and water mill.
Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image:

("Image: the coliseum (greece) - The Olympic Games
YouTube", 2019) [ushistory.org]", 2019)
Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman
Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other
civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms of codified laws and
legislation. They are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound
books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering, Romans are known
for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters
and residential houses. They have also devised their own number system
which is the Roman Numeral System.
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Figure 1.8 Roman numeral system Figure 1. Roman aqueduct
("Google Image Result for ("Image: Roman Aqueducts—
http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/ Ancient Engineering Marvels",
user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg", 2019)
2019)
Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk
trade, tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.
Figure 1.10 Silk Road ("Image: Silk Figure 1.11 The Great Wall of
Road - HISTORY", 2019) China ("Image: Great Wall -", 2019)
Science and Technology in Middle Ages
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in
the fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The
wars have resulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this
period, there was significant increase in population. Trade and commerce
among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation
technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.
To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was

improved by the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press.
8
This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which
was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to
address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many
people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).
Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press ("Image: Johannes

Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...", 2019)
Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations

caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more
people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in
more people getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study
microorganisms in order to develop proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by
the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias
Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).
Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope ("Image: Molecular

Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)
Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time.
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Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand
combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need
addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were
heavy and limited the movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to
solve the problem.
Science and Technology in Modern Times
The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and
easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and
medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.
As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs
of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve
the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products
to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this
process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010).
Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.
The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum
refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.
The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each
other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication
system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-
to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible.
Thus, the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the
most important inventions at that time.
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Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)
Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since
they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like
computer.
Science and Technology in the Philippines
Even in Philippines during precolonial times up to modern times, the

advancement of Science and Technology has been equated to socio-economic
progress and political sovereignty and security. So, let us briefly take a look
on how science and technology in the Philippines developed into its current
state.
Precolonial Science and Technology in the Philippines
There had been activities linked to technology during this period that included
use of fire, pottery-making and use of herbal medicines. Early Filipino settlers
had their own methods of farming in fact Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering feat during pre-colonial era. They also
utilize stones for recording purposes, extract iron from ore and practice
smelting and refining. It has also been noted that they had learned to build
boats for coastal trade and barter system in trading goods and resources with
the neighboring countries.
Generally, Filipinos during this period are highly superstitious. Though they
can already read and write using their own system of writing, no trace of
record has been found yet to prove that they had written literary tradition
during this time.
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Figure 1.16 Banaue Rice Terraces, Manunggul jar and caracoa (ship) (from left to
right)
Photos taken from https://bit.ly/3ffWoo, https://bit.ly/30kYMpz and
https://bit.ly/39PadJ7
Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines
Spanish Regime
The colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards contributed to the growth

of science and technology in the archipelago. The Spaniards introduced
formal education and founded scientific institution. During the early years of
Spanish rules in the Philippines, the parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture were imparted to the natives. The study of pharmacy
and medicine, engineering in the islands constructing government buildings,
churches, roads, bridges and forts were given priority during this era while no
attention was given to agriculture and industry since Spaniards were
dependent to Galleon trade. During the latter part of the 19th century,
Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who have established the
Manila Observatory. The first public typhoon warning was issued by Fr,
Federico Faura in 18979.
Figure 1.17 Manila Observatory

Photo taken from https://bit.ly/2PeMTv3
At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippines had shifted from agricultural to
exporting economy. The lack of support and interest from the government for
industries like weaving had led to the failure of surviving the competition with
foreign imports.
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American Regime
There was a rapid advancement of Science and Technology during the

American regime which was made possible through the efforts of the
government in granting scholarships for higher education in Science and
Engineering and extension public education system especially free primary
education, introduction of science and industry and vocational courses and
public health programs in the system and establishment of science research
agencies. To note, during this period, University of the Philippines Los Baños
was established for the promotion of higher
education in the sciences and government research institutions and agencies
performing
technical functions.
Unfortunately, the educational and scientific engagement of Filipinos in the

country was put to halt when the second world war broke in the Pacific region.
The center for of all educational and scientific activities which Manila were
utterly razed to the ground destroying the infrastructures and facilities.
Figure 1.18 University of the Philippines Los Baños

Photo taken from https://bit.ly/33k8BFV
Post-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines
In 1957, shortly after the world war II, the then President Ferdinand E. Marcos
received a report on the deterioration of Science and Technology in the
country. The report analyzed the causes of this decline -- the lack of
government support; dearth of scientists of high training and ability; low
morale of scientists and a lack of public awareness of Science. It made several
recommendations towards a long-range development of science in the country.
Consequently, Congress enacted the Science Act of 1958.
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The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to
formulate policies for the development of science and coordinate the work of
science agencies. The Act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) that explored the use of atomic energy for economic
development and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and
placed these, along with the NRCP, under the NSDB. In addition, Philippine
Coconut Research Institute was added to NSDB to modernize coconut
industry, as well as Textile Research Institute
Recognizing that technology was the leading factor in economic development,

President Marcos channeled additional funds to support projects in applied
sciences and science education. In 1972, he created the National Grains
Authority to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the progressive
development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the country. It was also
during his regime when Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of
National Defense was established to provide environmental protection and to
utilize scientific knowledge to ensure safety of the people.
Figure 1.19 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical

Services Administration (PAGASA)
Photo taken from shorturl.at/isUZ0
During President Corazon Aquino’s administration, the National Science and

Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
The Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with
the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) was created. Its goal is
for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year
2000.
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Figure 1. 20 Department of Science and Technology
Photo taken from shorturl.at/qCIQ0
Application
Your task
1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines
2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention
3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society
Feedback
1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have
learned from this topic
What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned
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2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world
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Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution
Learning Objectives
• Discuss paradigm shifts through history;

• Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world;
and
• Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech
representing his/her theory
You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to
be true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned
that Sun is the Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including
Earth, are revolving around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient
times believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Early beliefs also
claimed that human beings were created through “Divine Creation” but this
was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. These
are just some of the examples of early theories that were challenged in the
history of Science.
What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our
Society? What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people
or groups of people behind these upheavals that permanently changed the
course of history of Science? What were their needs, and what were their
struggles that motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution?
This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these aforementioned
questions. Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology theories
paved the way for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of
the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.
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The Man who moved the Sun
The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on
what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar
System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that
planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the
Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model,
considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely
accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western
civilization for 1,400 years.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by

putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of
heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many
since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first
before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.
Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine

Creation ("Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs.
Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th
century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all
the animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted
the commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific
work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were

enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded
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scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed
the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual
organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a
characteristic, individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that
have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next
generation. This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
Figure 2.2 shows that individual organisms had a common ancestor and
evidence supports that life originated from single cell bacteria and archaea
some 3.5 billion years ago.
Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)
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Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect Notice", 2019)
The Father of Psychoanalysis
In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained

that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence
behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.
Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)
Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science

since concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed
that Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data
could support it.
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Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating
some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science.
Application
What’s New
What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At
present, what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain
1. Celestial Mechanics
2. Evolution of human beings
3. Psychoanalysis
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Feedback
Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual

revolutions and present the synthesis of your interview to the class. (Note:
Kindly prepare an interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview).
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Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building
Learning Objectives
• Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation

building;
• List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major
contributions in shaping the Filipino nation;
• Identify science and technology policies of the government; and
• Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the

Filipino nation.
Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the
movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy
watching and reading!
Questions to Ponder:
1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental
progress of the country?
Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg
Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation
building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram
below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation.
Then, choose one from your list and explain it to the class.
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Role of S&T in
Nation Building
Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Pre – Colonial Period
Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal
– raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of
technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built
the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They
used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation,
both on land and on waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science.
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Colonial Period
Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads,

bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more
sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education
system in the country.
The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the
country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in
the field of science and technology.
https://r.search.yahoo.com/_-Manila:history www.triposo.com
Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory (Image yahoo search result

www.pinterest.com)
Post – Colonial Period
After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines,

under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is
important to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more
developments in the field than others, which you will find out soon as you
course through this topic.
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Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science
and Technology in the Philippines
Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)
-lack of support of experimental work

-marginal budget for scientific research
-low salaries of scientists employed by the government
-established the National Science Development Board
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)
-directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science

courses in public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences
and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine
Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on
fisheries and oceanography
- added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology
- He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños
(Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company
among others
Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)
- National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the

Department of Science and Technology
- science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted
- created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the
“Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
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- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent
application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their
products domestically and abroad
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level
- “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)
-significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and

technology field
-addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao
- government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were
taking up professions related to S&T
- Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-
tech equipment for student
- Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established
- award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who
have been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
or Republic Act No. 7459)
- programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology
-enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in
the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994)
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
8293)
Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)
- launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation

technologies
- establishment of one science high school in every province
- advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age,
-passage of the e-Commerce Act
Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)
- the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed

as the "golden age“ during her term
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment
and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's
economic level
- the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines
to be an innovation hub in Asia
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- Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in
their curriculum
- imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech)
President Benigno S. Aquino III (2010 – 2016)
- Educational reform by shifting to K – 12 educational system

- Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)
is created in response to the call of President Noynoy Aquino for a
more accurate, integrated, and responsive disaster prevention and mitigation
system, especially in high-risk areas throughout the Philippines.
- Signed the E.O 2016 on May 20, 2016: Adopting the policy on ensuring
sustainable renewable energy resource management and mandating the
Department of Energy (DOE) to lead in its implementation
President Rodrigo R. Duterte (2016 – present)
- Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or TRAIN law was

signed in December 2017. It’s primarily a revenue-generating
measure to fund the administration’s infrastructure program, health,
education, and social services programs.
- Signed the Balik Scientist Law (R.A. 11035) on 15 June 2018 that would give
more incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers
who would share their expertise in the country.
- Increased the budget of DOST yearly strengthening the S&T capability of the
country
- Signed the Philippine Space Act in August 8, 2019 creating the Philippine
Space Agency (PhilSA)
- The current administration supports the Philippine Space Program, which
launched space satellites Diwata – 1 and Diwata – 2 in 2016 and 2018,
respectively
- Moves ‘Science and Technology Week’ to November to ensure maximum
participation of schools, stakeholders and the public considering the change in
the academic calendar of most educational institutions
- Republic Act (RA) No. 11293 otherwise known as the “Philippine Innovation
Act” was signed by President Duterte on April 17, 2019 in order to foster
innovation in the country as a vital component of national development and
sustainable economic growth.
(Images from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)
28
Filipino Scientists and their Inventions
Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.
Dr. Arturo Alcaraz
Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal energy

development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an electric
light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first
geothermal power generated in the Philippines.
Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.
Pedro Escuro (1923 - )
Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of

nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding
in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4,
HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and
C-12.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)
Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in

the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of
production for the poultry and livestock industry.
Felix Maramba
Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He

also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas
systems.
Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)
Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the

phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural
products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.
29
Emerita De Guzman
Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation

of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation
of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production
from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented
tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and
banana plants.
Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)
Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to

the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving
device
Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)
Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made

improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two-
way television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a
"photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical
law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around
1930); invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952).
(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)
For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and
read the following:
Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
Read: 1.The Philippine Men and Women of Science.

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions
Application
Let’s have some practice, shall we?
Activity 1: Take a Roll on the Roles
Form groups of 5 and choose 1 role of S & T from the diagram you did at the
beginning of this topic. Perform a simple role-play that manifests the role of S
& T that you have picked. Below is a rubric to rate your performance. Do this
within 15 minutes. Enjoy acting!
30
Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement
Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)
 Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

Understandi is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
 Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience bored
Presentation engages audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate use of  Some use of body
body language language
Activity 2: Back Through Time
A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical
background on its journey to scientific and technological progress.
Your class will be divided into 5 groups, where each group shall
choose one period to elaborate the development of S&T in each period
and its contributions and implications to the present society. Complete
the table below. Present your output to the class
a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period

b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period
Science Implications
Contribution culture and of S&T and
State of
of the period practices/ science
S&T
Period in the Society’s culture of
during the
development norms each period
period
of S&T during the to the
period present
31
Note: Please read the article below for additional information
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-
philippines_pdf#download-require
Activity 3: New Generation Science Genius
Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientists and their
respective inventions/ discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major
contributions in the development of our nation.
32
Insert Picture Insert Picture Insert Picture
of the of the of the
Scientist/ Scientist/ Scientist/
Inventor Here Inventor Here Inventor Here
Feedback
1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s

Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give
their Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of
their positive/negative impact to our nation’s development.
Pros Cons
Policy/ Program (then cite examples of (then cite examples of
Positive Impacts) Negative Impacts)
1.
2.
33
3.
2. Take photos (maximum of 10) that depict the use of science/technology in

your community. Put a brief description on each of your photo (name of
technology and its purpose). Upload your work in social media, and try to
elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with the class next
meeting.
34
Summary
In this unit, you have learned the different contributions to Science and
Technology of each epoch of human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Times. Necessity and adversity drive people to think and invent technology to
address the needs and problems they encountered in everyday life. These
inventions paved way to major developments from ancient to modern society
and along with it, the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge
that influenced our very own notion of the world.
The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific endeavors in the
quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of
scientific revolution. The revolution had sparked human creativity and critical
thinking, and by this time, many a discovery and scientific ideas were
developed, and new scientific paradigms were generated which had
overthrown previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is
not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful research and
experimentation.
In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our society has been
faring on its improvement in terms of Science and Technology especially in
agriculture, handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow
growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is brought about by the
foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of Science by Americans paved
the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial
period where Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and
policies of the government gear towards reinforcing progress of S&T. Many
Filipinos were renowned not only in the national but also around the global
society for their outstanding feat.
35
Reflection
Think about these
1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions?
Why?
2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions

did not take place?
3. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions?
Why?
4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions

did not take place?
5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good
way, otherwise, or both? Explain how.
36
References:
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Retrieved from: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-
technology-in-the-philippines_pdf#download-require
McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.
Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building.
Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
Web Sources:
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xrHBDz
Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from

https://bit.ly/2XlPv0B
Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg. (2019).

Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RVGm7
Google Image Result for

https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Can-you-see-the-flaw-
682241.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/FRWES
Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...

(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U
Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved

from https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7
Image: the coliseum (greece) - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/pbCTX
Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/vD5wU
Google Image Result for

http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg. (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/EnPPz
Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels. (2019). Retrieved

from https://urlzs.com/ePC9t
37
Image: Silk Road - HISTORY. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/ittbAImage: Great Wall -. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/xH83x
Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...

(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/fAo55
Image: Ιnventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History.

(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ASZiC
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW8
Kaqy5rjAhVEA4gKHUNtA-
YQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F
846606429926395000%2F&psig=AOvVaw2Sl_sc8daokDiWkZShMf4F&ust
=1562306475204989
Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube.

(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/jFeHS
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTR14c
Image: The 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved from:

https://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/06/15-presidents-of-republic-
of.html
Images from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines
Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg
Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
The Philippine Men and Women of Science. Retrieved from:

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
38
Unit 2:
Science, Technology and Society and the Human
Condition
(18 hours)
Introduction
There can be no doubt that we are rapidly moving towards a global society,
spanning the whole earth. Yet this global society derives its unity not from
philosophy or religion, but rather from technology. Technology is improving
life and improving it fast. It is technology that is leading to the
homogenization of all forms of social interaction and communication,
irrespective of their historical and cultural provenance. It is technology that is
creating a shared horizon for economic productivity, just as it is technology
that permits the limitless accumulation of public wealth. Technology is the
salient social activity of human beings as a species and, as an activity, and is
both cumulative and linear, irrespective of its consequences for human
happiness.
In this chapter, we will be discussing the different conceptions of human

flourishing, which connotes the “well-being” and “happiness” of men and
suggests positive emotional experiences. Also, the development of scientific
method and validity of science, human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of
science and technology. It has been noted that human flourishing in our
present societies seem dwarfed by difficulties, not only in the developing
world, but also in the developed world.
Also, this chapter covers the concept of human condition before and after the
existence of science and technology and ways on how technology aided in
revealing the truth about human being.
Furthermore, we will also be discussing the meaning of a good life and the
different possibilities available in attaining a good life and happiness. It will
point out how humans strive to become happy, achieve a comfortable and
convenient life and the desire to make the work lighter, easier and faster.
Finally, we shall also be taking up the different technological advancements in

society, development of Science and Technology in the Philippines and the
effects of the interplay between technology and humanity through dilemmas
where the world is entering a period of transformative change, and many of
people will be surprised by the developments they simply hadn’t anticipated.
39
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, student can:
• Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and

express philosophical ratifications that are meaningful to the
student as a part of society;
• Criticize human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science

and technology so that the student can define for himself/herself
the meaning of the good life;
• Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to

come up with innovative, creative solutions to contemporary
issues guided by ethical standards;
• Examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in

technological ethical dilemmas;
• Evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen

and enlighten the human person functioning in society; and
• Find and examine local government policies that protect the

wellbeing of the person in the face of new technologies.
40
Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of
Science and Technology
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. Apply the scientific method to research;
2. Explain the concepts of human flourishing and their importance for
the “common good” and present examples; and
3. Enumerate the different principles of human flourishing and discuss
how it affects the life of every human being.
Activating Prior Knowledge
Learning Activity: SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Direction: Each sentences below describes a step of the scientific method.
Match each sentences with the step of the scientific method listed below.
A. Identify the problem
B. Formulate a hypothesis
C. Test the hypothesis
D. Record and analyze data
E. Make conclusions and generalizations
F. Publish scientific work
______________ 1. Mark predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if
an electric current travelled through the soil in which
they were planted.
______________ 2. Scott said, “If I fertilize my orchid plants, they will
blossom.”stronger when she gave the hen feed, to which
extra calcium had been added.
______________ 3. Philip’s data showed that household cockroaches
moved away from raw mangoes.
______________ 4. Ameera’s fed different diets to three groups of tilapia.
Her experiment showed that tilapias need vitamins and
protein in their diet.
______________ 5. Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move
away from light.
______________ 6. Justine wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant
leaves, flowers and stems.
______________ 7. Kathy used a survey to determine how many classmates
were left-handed and how many were right-handed.
______________ 8. Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to
know how plants could grow without soil.
______________ 9. Kevin said If acid rain affects plants in a particular pond,
it might affect small animals, such as crabs, that live in
the same water.”
______________10. Alicia’s experiment showed that chicken eggshells were
broken.
41
The Scientific Method
Imagine digging the soil when suddenly, an unfamiliar organism- possibly a

worm emerges from the ground. One would normally try to observe it for a
period of time, and curiosity grows. One observes how the worms moves,
what and how it eats, and other behavior it manifests. This observer may
collate information gathered from various related sources and use these data
to compare worm with other worms. The observer is this case is going through
the process of making inferences.
Scientific inquiry is composed of a series of interrelated steps that begins with

an observation. This involves analyzing the surrounding and asking
questions. What is it to stimulate curiosity? What does individual want to
know more about? Utilizing the senses, preconceived ideas, and knowledge
on the topic at hand, and impelled by questions begging for answers, a person
explores and analyzes. This is the beginning of scientific inquiry, the
systematic way.
After information is collected, a hypothesis is formed. A hypothesis is a

statement on what could be a possible outcome or answer to the problem at
hand. An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific
method is that once a hypothesis is developed, the individual should retain it,
even of the results of the experiment show that the idea was wrong. An
incorrect prediction does not mean that the experiment failed. Maybe, it just
means that the entire activity brought some new facts.
The following is a summary of the steps in the scientific method.
1. Identify the problem: A problem may arise from simply

experiencing that problems, or an observation of a certain
phenomenon, or an unexpected event.
2. Formulate a hypothesis related to the problem: This is simply
making a scientific guess about the problem. Along with this, an
individual need to browse and look for studies and related literature
that have something to do with the problem. The hypothesis may be
accepted or rejected depending on the result of the experiment.
3. Test the hypothesis by experimentation: Testing the hypothesis
could be done through experimentation and observation. It may be
conducted several times in case there are doubts with the results, or
until after the hypothesis is satisfactorily answered. It does not really
matter whether the results are positive or negative. What is more
important is the truth that lies behind the results.
42
4. Record and analyze data: While conducting research, there must be
a record of all the results from the start to finish. These data will be
very relevant in making the write up about the results of the study.
5. Make conclusions and generalizations: From the results, one can
now draw conclusions and generalizations. One may also give
recommendations based on the results.
6. Publish scientific work: It is important to disseminate the results of
the studies. Find ways to publish them rather than leave them on the
shelves to gather dust. The results may be useful to the community
especially to those who have the same interests. This is the essence of
any scientific study.
Human Flourishing
According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of the actions that we perform

which we desire for itself. This is what is known as Eudaimonia, flourishing,
or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other things being
desired on its account. Eudaimonia, is a term that combines the Greek words
for “good” and “spirit” to describe the ideology. Eudaimonia defines
happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person. Eudaimonia is a
property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest
good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success
as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human
activity. Eudaemonists do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by
engaging in activities that make them spiritually richer people.
For Aristotle, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities.
He defines the good proper to human beings as the activities in which the life
functions specific to human beings are most fully realized. For Aristotle,
person's nature as a human being provides him with guidance with respect to
how he should live his life. A fundamental fact of human nature is the
existence of individual human beings each with his own rational mind and
free will.
Principles of Human Flourishing
1. Dignity of Human Person – innate personal values or rights which

demands respects for all people, regardless of race, social class and
wealth.
2. Common Good – sacrificing self-interest to provide for the basic
human needs of everyone makes the whole community flourish.
3. Preferential Option for the Poor – when decisions are made by first
considering the poor.
4. Subsidarity – when all those affected by a decision are involved in
making it.
5. Universal Purpose of Goods – the Earth’s resources serve every
persons’ needs, regardless of who “owns” them.
43
6. Stewardship of Creation – duty to care for the Earth as a (God-given)
gift is a personal responsibility for the common good.
7. Promotion of Peace – everyone has the duty to respect and
collaborate in personal relationship and at national and global levels.
8. Participation – everyone has the right and the duty to take part in the
life of a society (economic, political, cultural, religious)
9. Global Solidarity – recognition that we are all interconnected, part of
one human family.
Application
Activity 1: Applying the Scientific Method
Direction: Scientists used scientific method in their research, but it is also

used by people who aren’t scientist in everyday life. Even if you were not
consciously aware of it, you have used scientific method many times when
solving problems around you. Apply the scientific method on what you
observe happening in the environment/community at 8:00 in the morning.
Use data sheet to write down your answer.
Guide Questions:
1. What do you think will happen if the steps in scientific method are in
different order?
2. If you would be adding more steps to the scientific method, what
would be these steps? Discuss the additional steps you are proposing.
Activity 2: Role Play

Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each
group will role play the Golden Rule “Do not do unto others what you want
others do unto you” After the role play each group will answer the following
guide questions.
Guide Question:
1. Why is forming relationship with others important in person’s life?

2. How would you categorize what is important in life and what is not?
Activity 3: FLOURISH-ING
Direction: Choose one among the eight principles of human flourishing and
present it in class how these principle affects your everyday life as human
being.
44
Feedback
From the picture below describe and assess the evolution and development of
science and technology along fields of medicine, agriculture, education,
information and technology and many more.
(Source: Fundamentals of Science and Technology, www.tutorialspoint.com)
Figure: 4.1
45
Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
Explain the concept of human condition before science and technology;
Identify the change that happened in human condition after science and
technology; and
Name ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about the human
being.
Film Viewing
You will be asked to view the Film: Akiro Kurosawa’s Dreams “Village of the
Watermills”
After the film viewing, you are now directed to make a collage You will be
needing the following materials in the activity below.
Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures from
the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers
Using the materials listed above, make a collage by cutting pictures in magazines
or newspapers or make illustrations that will demonstrate human condition
before the common era and the human condition during the common era and.
You may include their day to day activities, their ways of achieving survival and
their strategies to attain high productivity. You may opt to print pictures using
the web.
After making the collage, you may list down notable human conditions before
the common era and during the common era and briefly discuss these conditions.
1.Before the Common Era
2. During the Common Era
46
Heidegger strongly opposes the notion that technology is “ a means to an end” or

a “human activity”. He pointed out that technological objects are means for
ends, and are built and operated by human beings, but the essence of technology
is something else entirely.
Technology, according to Heiddeger must be understood as a “way of revealing”

{Heidegger 1977,12} This enables us to think what is not thought anymore and
to uncover what has been covered over.
The view of technology as a way of revealing would suggest that technology is

inextricably bound up with the way in which we live, our practices and our
institutions.
Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the invention of
several developments. As we always claim that humans are gifted with wisdom
and more advanced than any other creatures, our ancestors were able to utilize
available materials to make their life more comfortable.
In your own perspective, how has technology affected the following aspects
given the two-time frames? Fill out the table below.
Human Conditions Before the common During the common

era era
Mortality Rate
Average Life Span
47
Literacy Rate
Gross Domestic
Product
Application
Activity 2: Role Playing
You are now dependent on the comforts of what technology has brought to us.
This time, try to imagine our world without technology? How do you think our
daily routine would be like? Demonstrate a scenario where certain technological
innovation does not exist. You may form a group of five and use any
technological advancement for your role playing.
Science and technology have aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our
adversaries, provided us comfortable life, allowed us to explore the world and
assisted us in discovering more about ourselves and the truth.
-Unknown
48
Feedback
Activity 3: Hear Their Voice
Following your groupings, make a survey from different groups with minimum
of 50 interviewees per group as follows:
Group 1- BSIT Students
Group 2- CTED Students
Group 3- CCJE Students
Group 4- CA Students
Group 5- Faculty Members
Group 6- Administrative Personnel
Each group should elicit their answers to the following questions below.
Summarize their responses and rank the said responses.
1. What would have happened to humankind if technology did not exist?
2. Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that technology should only
be seen as one of the approaches in perceiving truth? What other approaches
you know that can be considered?
49
Topic 6: The Good Life
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
• Examine what is meant by a good life in various philosophies;

• Examine what you consider to be the good life and determine which
philosophy that represents;
• Identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good life;
• Recognize possibilities available to human beings to attain the good life;
and
• Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up
with innovative, creative solutions and ethical solutions.
Checkpoint 1
“The truth is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the good is the end goal of
the practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an
attempt to find the good”.
Aristotle
Materials
You will be needing the following materials in the activity below.
Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures

from the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers
Using the materials listed above, make a good life collage by cutting pictures
in magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the
man’s desire for a happy life more realizable. You may opt to print pictures
using the web.
What is Good Life as Perceived by different schools of thought?
Aristotle and Good Life
50
It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem
of reality from scientific lens is Aristotle who is also the first thinker who
dabbled into the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness.
Compared to his predecessor and teacher, Plato, Aristotle embarked on

different approach in figuring out reality. Plato thought that things in this
world are not real and are only copies of the real in the world of forms. While
Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in claiming that this world is all
there and that this world is the only reality, we can all access.
Aristotle also forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what
the senses can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external
world that one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change is a
process that is inherent in things. We, along with all other entities in the world
start as potentialities and move towards actualities. The movement, of course,
entails change.
https://wellbeingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/seedling-growth.jpg
Figure 6.1
Look at the seed in the picture. It eventually germinates and grows into a
plant. The seed that turned to become the plant underwent change from the
potential plant that is the seed to its full actuality.
This can be likened to what Aristotle says that every human person aspires for
an end. This end is happiness or human flourishing. And no one resists
happiness because we all want to be happy.
Materialism
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism that holds that matter is the
fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states
51
and consciousness are results of material interactions. In this school of
thought, happiness is measured by the amount and kind of material things one
possess.
https://zenfulspirit.com/2018/02/16/materialism/
Figure 6.2
In terms of human flourishing, material things is what makes us attain

happiness. The material things we possess give us ultimate happiness and
satisfaction. We see this at work with most people who are clinging on to
material wealth as the primary source of meaning of their existence.
Hedonism
The word hedonism comes from the ancient greek for “pleasure” It claims that
only pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that
only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or
the opposite of worth. Happiness and satisfaction for hedonists comes from
pleasure attained in doing some activities. The mantra of this school of
thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and merry for tomorrow we will die.
52
https://australianluxuryboatsales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/boat-
1024x683.jpg
Figure 6.3
Stoicism
Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics, exposed the idea that to
generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. It is a
philosophy designed to make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous and
more wise_ as a result, better people, better parents and better professionals.
Stoicism has been a common thread through some of history’s great leaders. It
has been practiced by Kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
The original term apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent. These group
believe that they can do things at their own and believe that happiness can
only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.
http://lyfetainment.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1.-Can-Loneliness-Kill-You-Why-
You- Feel-Lonely.jpg
Figure 6.4
53
Theism
This school of thought means “belief in one or more Gods. It covers a huge
range or religious beliefs, notably the Abeahamic monotheism, Judaism,
Christianity and Islam. It refers to any kind of belief in any god or gods, so it
is difficult to make any other generalizations about it. If you sat that you
believe in God, what you mean with “God” may be different. It is a matter of
belief one person carry and belief in Gods is normally attached to other
beliefs.
https://coffeewiththelord.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/god-
alone.jpg?w=350&h=200&crop=1
Figure 6.5
Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought is a perspective that emphasizes
looking at the whole iindividual and stresses concepts such as free will, self
efficacy and self actualization. It strives to help people fulfill their potential
and maximize their well being. tIt gives the freedom of man to carve his own
destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that
monitors and controls. For humanists, man is literally the captain of his own
ship. They see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as
individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outside them. It
focusses on the importance of growth and self actualization.
54
https://soheefit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screenshot-2014-04-10-
13.04.01.png
Figure 6.5
Application
Acitivity2: Fill in the blanks
Using the table below, list down the different advantages and disadvantages of
the different schools of thought in attaining good life and happiness.
School of Thought Advantages Disadvantages

1. Materialism
2. Hedonism
55
3. Stoicism
4. Theism
5. Humanism
Feedback
Activity 3: Think about these questions
1. What is a good life?
2. What is the relationship between good life and science?
3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? Support your answer.
Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.
56
Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this topic, students will be able to:
• List examples of technology and give their risks and benefits to

humanity;
• Examine some technological advancements and ethical issues they
entail; and
• Discuss the interplay between technology and humanity.
Are you ready for your next topic? I’m sure you are! As a start, let’s do this
preparatory activity especially prepared for you. Happy learning!
Using a graphic organizer, list down some technology you see or you use at
home, at school or in your community, and in social media. Categorize them
according to their purpose (transportation, communication, education, etc.).
Describe briefly how you or the community use these technologies you
mention.
Great work! Now let’s proceed to the next section of this module.
57
Figure 7.1. When technology and humanity cross… Will it be a convergence or a

clash between man and machine?
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=technology+and+humanity
Television sets, Mobile phones, Computers, and Humanity
Television is used mainly as a platform for advertisements and information

dissemination. It remains to be the most used
avenue by different advertisement companies not
only in the Philippines but also all over the world.
Various advertising companies trust that
television is still one of the most used
technological devices up until today. It also
serves as a recreational activity and good stress
Komando.com
reliever to most families, specifically to Figure 7.2
Filipino families. Television also is a good platform
for different propagandas and advocacies. Lastly, it
can also be a good way to bond with one’s family members.
Mobile phone is used primarily for

communication. It offers services like
texting and calling. In the past, these
were the only functions of the mobile
phone but as technology progressed,
there have been many additional features
included on mobile phones. In the
present, people use their mobile phones
canstockphoto.com to surf the Internet and to take pictures
Figure 7.3
58
more than text or to call people. This is the reason why more and more people
all over the world prefer to buy smartphones over the old models where such
features are not available. These make this particular technological device
very appealing to the masses. Additionally, it is very portable and convenient
because it can fit into any space, may it be inside the pocket or bag.
Computers and laptops, on the other hand, can be used to surf the Internet and
communicate. For a lot of people, they prefer to do their job using either a
personal computer or a laptop than a mobile phone. Personal computer or a
laptop has wide keyboard, wide screens
and separate keyboards than mobile
phones. Another reason is that the
availability of a mouse or a touchpad
made these two technological devices
easier to maneuver than mobile phones.
Lastly, for the youth and those who love
to play different computer games,
personal computers or laptops are really
the better choice because these allow
http://crossram.co.uk
them play with comfort and convenience.
Figure 7.4
Robotics and Humanity

Robot is another great product of the innovative minds of the people which is
now widely used. For example, there are so –called service robots that do
specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday
tasks.
Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of
the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research’s “Service Robotics
Innovation Lead Initiative,” it sponsored a collaborative project called
DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative-Germany Service Robotics
Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005. Some of the expected
work to be performed by DESIRE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen
table” – all objects on top of the kitchen table will be moved to where they
belong; (2) “Fill the dishwasher” – the dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into
the dishwasher; and (3) “Clear up this room” – all objects that are not in their
proper places will be moved to where they belong.
Roles played by Robotics

Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the
society as a whole. They are primarily used to ease the workload of mankind.
They were invented to make life more efficient and less stressful. They
perform complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing.
On the other hand, they perform the simplest
http://news.mit.edu
tasks at home so that their masters can Figure 7.5 perform
59
the complex ones without stressing themselves over the simple tasks. There
are also robots which are
made for pleasure. To be
more specific, these types
of robots perform activities
to entertain people. They
can usually be found in
amusement parks or
exhibits. In addition, there
are also some robots which
were made to serve as toys.
They also perform different
activities but they are usually child-friendly.
In your own views, what are the ethical dilemmas faced by the following
technology? Fill out the table below.
Technology Ethical dilemmas

1. Television Set
2. Mobile Phone
3. Computer
4. Robot
The biggest risk to our future is not that technology will take over but that we
will become too much like technology. Let’s think about where it’s going.
Let’s balance the EQ with the IQ. We should think of technology not as what
we seek but rather how we seek – it is a tool we should embrace, not one we
should become.
Application
It’s time for an exciting activity! The class will form 4 groups with equal
number of members as possible. The groups shall have a simple debate.
60
Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of each
group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con.
The topics for the debate are the following:
a. Is technology a friend or a foe?

b. Automation - A Threat to Employment?
c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity
d. Cloning and Stem cell technology
Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw a die’ strategies to decide
which groups perform as the Pro and as the Con.
Task Description:
Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)
 Factual information  Factual information  Information is

Understandi is accurate is mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate use of  Some use of body
61
Feedback
From the graphic organizer you completed at the very start of this section,
choose one technology in each category and give their risks and benefits as
regards to their purpose. Explain briefly each point you included.
Technology Benefits Risks
62
Summary
While it is true that science equips its knowers some details about the world,
its main claim to objectivity and systematic methodology is at the very least
flawed. Science and technology has aided us in our survival and helped us
outsmart our adversaries, provided us comfortable living, allowed us to
explore the world, and assisted us in discovering more about ourselves and the
truth.
However, it also leads us to the paradox in which we are only able to see the
world in the lenses of technological innovations leaving behind other aspects
which are deemed important. In our pursuit of growth, we had conveniently
forgotten that technology only presents one approach in viewing the world,
thus leading us to evaluate objects or not.
It is undeniably true that man constantly aims for good life and has worked
hard in pointing out what amounts to be good and what happiness means to
them. Science and technology has been at the forefronts of man’s attempts at
finding this happiness and attaining good life for many if not all of us.
In our modern times, there are different advancements given by science and
technology. However, there are still problems faced by these technological
advancements specifically on the ethical aspects in nature and mankind. It is
now impossible for technology and humanity not to cross paths and it is
necessary that ethics be enforced in the field of technology to ensure safety
and morality of these advancements to living things.
Reflection
1. What do you think will happen if human person did not flourish in terms
of science and technology?
2. Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of each
group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con.
The topics for the debate are the following:
a. Is technology a friend or a foe?
b. Automation - A Threat to Employment?
c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity
d. Cloning and Stem cell technology
63
Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw a die’ strategies to decide
which groups shall perform a skit or a debate.
3. From among the different schools of thought presented above, which

among them describe you as a person or as a member of the community? Do
you think it can develop you better and attain a good life? Why or why not?
References
Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The New Atlantis,

Number 41, Winter, pp 63-80
Mcnamara et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Patria, Javier et al. Science, Technology and Society, pp 63-74
Serafica et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Rex Bookstore
Macat Thinking News. (2006) Aristotle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017. https://www.macat.com/blog/aristotle’s -
secret-happiness
The Basics of Philosophy. (2008). Theism. Accessed February 3, 2017.

http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_theism.html.
64
Unit 3:
Special Issues in Science, Technology and
Society (18 hours)
Introduction
Biological diversity is the foundation for livelihoods and sustainable

development, supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine,
recreational and cultural benefits. However, population growth,
industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the decline and extinction
of species as well as the degradation of ecosystems. The losses are due to a
range of pressures driven by socio-economic factors, including climate
change, ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and unsustainable use.
Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect some species
from going extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products
and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our
environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and
have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.
With the development of genetic engineering, research in biotechnology
developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the
organisms' genetic material (DNA). Through genetic engineering farmers can
raise more food for a growing world population while reducing agriculture’s
impact on the environment. Genetically modified crops enable farmers to
grow more crops using less land while applying fewer chemicals and
conserving water and energy allowing farmers to be more productive and
efficient. Nanotechnology is also increasingly being used to create new foods
and food packaging by breaking matter down into microscopic nanoparticles
that are just atoms wide and “programming” them to perform specific tasks. A
range of nanotech applications for food have been used and proposed, from
packaging (e.g., forming an air-tight vacuum seal) to taste (e.g., mimicking the
flavor and texture of familiar foods).
The Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing world in the twenty-first
century. Global competition among nations in nanotechnology research,
development and marketing is on the rise. Advantages of nanotechnology
towards improving the quality of life are many. However, disadvantages of
nanotechnology especially related to human health, genetic disorders and
climate change are only beginning to surface raising serious concerns. The
Nano world will continue influence science and technology.
65
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
• Link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its
impact on society;
• Illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our
lives;
• Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment and health;
• Discuss the ethics and implication of GMOs and potential future impacts;
• Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realize) of nanotechnology on

society;
• Analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses;
• Critique the issue and its cause and benefits to the society;
• Describe gene therapy and its various forms;
• Assess the issues potential benefits and detriments to global health;
• Identify the causes of climate change;
• Assess the various impacts of climate change including economic, geo-

political, biological, meteorological, and etc.; and
• Apply STS concepts to the issues of climate change.
66
Topic 8: Information Age
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the history of Information Age; and

• Determine the human and social impacts of developments in the
Information Age.
Situation:
Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a substitution cypher
(a method of encrypting message in which the letters of the original text are
systematically replaced by different alphabet) that you need to answer to solve
your dilemma.
A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z
S T U V WX Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R
Hint: This is the first thing that you will be doing when you are at lost
Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY
Answer: __________________________________
Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and reality. If

there are information available, our lives might be enigmatic and chaotic. The
development of our system of acquiring, storing and retrieving information
had spurt with the advent of science and technology and now we are in the
century which is considered by many as the Information Age.
67
Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century
when information became effortlessly accessible through publication and
through the management of information by computers and computer networks.
It is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these systems operating on both real-time and as
needed basis- Theory of Information Age (Messenger, 1982).
Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place in the
form of information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of
information resulted to difficulty in collecting and managing them1980’s there
was Information Anxiety (Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became
the currency of the business world. At present, information turned out to be a
commodity, an over developed product, mass produced and unspecialized.
Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He described it
as follows
1. Information must complete

2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
Accessibility of information was made faster and easier with the aid of
computer. One of the significant applications of computers for science and
research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the
application of information technology to store, organize and analyze vast
amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and
structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the
information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need to
create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human
Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and
Annotator.
68
Application
Activity 1
Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each photo
and explain the manner by which information is being acquired, stored, retrieve
and utilize.
69
70
Activity 2
Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform, with

these, users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a
source. Create a checklist on how to check on the reliability and authenticity
of information found in websites and journals.
Feedback
Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.
71
Chapter 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society
Learning Objectives
• Define biodiversity;
• Determine the interrelatedness of biodiversity, environment, and
health;
• Discuss the ethics, implications, and potential future impacts of
GMOs; and
• Propose a plan or make a stand that would show the relatedness of
species in forming up a diverse and healthy society without
compromising each other.
Checkpoint 1
All living things exist in balance with other living things and physical
factor.
Unknown
Bio diversity
Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined
together. With your partner, breakdown the meaning of the two words in
biodiversity.
Bio means___________________________________________________
Diversity means ______________________________________________
Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own definition
of biodiversity:
Biodiversity means____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:
Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms I the entire earth
which includes the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex
multicellular organism. (Serafico, 2018)
Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms including
72
species thriving in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any
aquatic and terrestrial and the ecological complexes of which they are
part; this includes diversity between, within and of ecosystems. ( Villago
Globale, 2009)
After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk
around the campus and note of the different organisms present on it.
Classify the organisms you have seen and construct a pie chart. Using the
pie chart, what do you think scientist expect to discover more species?
Why do you think these oranisms would thrive more as the time pass by?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors
(living thins) are related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For
example, your answer is an increase in the population of rats in a rice field
or decrease in the number of dragonflies in the area; therefore there must
be changes in the environment. Thus a change in the environment can
cause a change in the biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity could
have erratic effects in not only in wildlife and marine but also in human
beings.
Now get a copy of the lecture from your professor.
73
ACTIVITY 1: Collaborative Annotation Chart
Directions:
A printed copy of the PowerPoint presentation entitled “Biodiversity,
Health and the Science of Genetically modified Organisms” was given to
you to serve as a hand-out for today’s lecture. The 1st time you read your
hand-out (assignment), you placed your pencil down and just read to
understand. Today, while listening, it’s time to mark your hand-outs by
using the symbol * to mark key ideas,! symbol to mark surprising ideas
and O symbol to mark things you connect with. Write a quick comment
about why you picked that sentence, word or idea. Lastly, share with your
partner. Be sure to identify the quote or passage you selected. Then, share
your comment using a “Sample Language Support” to get your discussion
flowing. Record your partner’s response as well.
Symbol Comment Sample Language Support

* • Key ideas expressed • One significant idea in the
• Main points lecture is
• Ma’am/sir is trying to
convey
! • Surprising details/claims • I was surprised to know

that…
• How can anyone claim
that..
O • Ideas/ sections you • This section reminded me
connect with of...
• What this reminds you • This connects with my
of experience in that…
.
Use this part as your answer sheet
Symbol Slide Your Comment or Your partner’s

number reason for marking this comment/ question to
passage what you said
74
Now let’s have a summary of our today’s lesson.
“Ang mga bagay ay magkaugnay, magkaugnay ang lahat..”- a line from a

famous filipino song. This line explains what is meant by biodiversity. All
living things are related to each other, an idea called biodiversity. It
started with the cncept of taxonomy, a system devised by Carolus
Linnaeus. Up to this point, different efforts were done like the declaration
of 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity. (McNamara, 2018)
Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity is the term given to the

variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. This diversity I
often understood in terms of variety of plants, animals and
microorganisms. The loss of biodiversity threatens food supplies,
opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines
and energy. It also interferes with ecological functions. (Thorsen (2010).
75
The Philippines is considered a mega-diversity country rivaled only by a
few countries in the world when it comes to variety of ecosystems,
species and genetic resources. Many of the island comprising the
archipelago are believed to have a very high degree of land and animal
endemism. The country hosts more than 52,177 described species of
which more than half is found nowhere else in the world (Philippine
Biodiversity Conservation Priorities: A second iteratioin of the National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2002). On a per unit area basis, the
Philippines probably harbors more diversity of life than any other country
on the planet.
The country is also considered a biodiversity hotspot. This is because the

Philippines continues to experience an alarming rate of destruction of
these important resources brought about by overexploitation,
deforestation, land degradation, climate change, and pollution (including
biological pollution), among others. The table below shos you a glimpse
of the flora and fauna of the Philippines as summarized by DENR. (2006)
76
Several threats to biodiversity as identified by the United Nations’
Environmenta Programme (WHO, n.d) includes the following:
1. Habitat loss and destruction due to inhabitation of human beings and

the use of land for economic gains.
2. Alterations in the ecosystem composition like sudden decrease or
increase of population density can contribute to species loss.
3. Over-exploitation like over hunting, overfishing, over collecting of
species can lead to species density fluctuations. This is due to changing
consumption of individuals that causes unsustainable exploitation of
natural resources.
4. Pollution and contamination of the biological systems that can damage
the health of species.
5. Global climate change can also lead to diversity loss. Species and
populations may be lost permanently if they are not provided with enough
time to adopt to changing environments.
According to WHO, biodiversity is a vital element of human’s nutrition

because it entails food production. We all know that food comes from our
environment and threats as mentioned above can alter the density of
species that can lead to species loss and decrease in biodiversity. Almost
all organisms depend on the environment and lack of basic necessities can
cause mortality. Increase prevalence of cancer, heart diseases, asthma and
many other illnesses has arisen due to habitat alteration. Environmental
hazards can be physical like pollution, toxic chemicals, and food
contaminants; social such as work, poor housing conditions, urban sprawl
and poverty. Increase diseases like amoebiasis, diarrhea, cholera, gastritis
and meningitis are related to unsafe food and drinks. Most of the
population also lacked basic access to basic sanitation.
77
Researchers have been discovering new ways to improve crop production,
address health illness and decrease biodiversity loss. The Biodiversity
International has released a module titled “Law and policy of relevance to
the management of plant genetic resources” which aims to help
professionals in managing, conserving, and using plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture. In fact, it elaborates the possible use of genetic
engineering in the production of living modified organisms (LMOs) or
genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (Bragdon, et.al. ) Law makers
also consider vulnerable populations when drafting and implementing
environmental health regulations in relation to biodiversity. Various
public health strategies and human rights issues in research were also
considered in the quest for a better environment and stable biodiversity.
After the lecture, kindly get a copy of the following articles,
1. “The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food.

Jul-Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging
Countries: The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al.,
Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer
2013, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p)
3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of
farming?
Application
ACTIVITY 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making
BIG IDEA:
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
E.O. Wilson
Complete the table:

Below are statements for you to ponder. On your first time to read them
(Day 1), kindly check whether you agree or disagree. Find time to search
using available resources, and write down ideas that will lead to to your
final decision whether to support or not the concept together with their
evidences.
78
Extended Anticipatory Guide
Day 1 : Opinion Day ____: Findings Evidence/s
Agree Disagree Support No support

1.
Environmental
changes
caused by
humans can
always be
reversed.
2. We can
learn from
history so that
we will not
repeat the
same mistake.
3. All
scientific
experiments
does not affect
biodiversity
4. One
organism
becoming
extinct does
not hurt nature
because there
are millions of
organisms on
earth
79
BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its

genome dictates its ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern
technology lead to what we call genetically modified organisms or
GMOs which has changed the concept of survival.
ACTIVITY 3: Search the Facts and Make a Stand
Divide the class into two groups and ask them to research on the different
genetically modified organisms, the pros and cons of genetically
modifying crops, and ethical implications and impacts of it.
Ask each leader to come up with different arguments supposing they
belong to the negative and positive side.
Using the toss coin system let the leaders choose head– pros and tail–
cons.
Let the groups debate in class with the argument below:
Genetically modified products are safe to eat.

The rubric below will be used in grading the students’ outputs.
80
Feedback
BIG IDEA:
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
E.O. Wilson
ACTIVITY 4: Think about these questions
1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings

regarding their health and the need to protect the biodiversity?
2. Do you think scientific researches that modify the genes of organisms
bring more advantages than disadvantages?
Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.
Reflection
BIG IDEA:
Together let us make a stand in protecting the nature, in this way we can
protect our children's future.
-Unknown
ACTIVITY5: I-Pledge
Advocacy Writing
In groups of five, brainstorm and come up with an advocacy on the need

to reconcile the emerging needs of human beings and the need to protect
the growth of biodiversity.
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Topic 10: The Nanoworld
Learning Objectives
• Define nanotechnology;
• Characterize nanoscale;
• Describe the various use of nanotechnology;
• Discuss concerns on the uses of nanotechnology; and
• Explain the status on the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines
Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm
of science, try answering these questions:
Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or products is

important?
Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?
Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions

because they couldn’t see what they were studying?
Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural elements
are designed and created?
“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in

the modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley
Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1
nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include the design,
characterization, production and application of structures, devices and
controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It
is just like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to
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match the width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena
and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular
scales. This includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of
atoms which is approximately 0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is
approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nm
across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.)
Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and

the field flourished with the development of microscopes capable of
displaying particles called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that
has at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm);
material can be in one dimension (very thin surface coatings, films,
layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all
three dimensions (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings,
micro). (Nanoyou, 2011) Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic
nanomaterial which includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and carbon
nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are made up of
carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists employ self-
organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an
environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of
nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues
and other organs. (Lohith, 2014)
As shown on Figure 1, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a

meter (10-9 ) hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In
nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate matter in atomic or
subatomic scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology include the
production of microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.
The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different
equipment like electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and
scanning tunneling microscope. Electron microscope was built by Ernst
Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s. There are two general types of
electron microscopes namely scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope. The former directs a high voltage
electron beam towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a
magnified image of the sample while the latter directs a focused electron
beam across the rectangular area of the specimen, which loses energy as it
passes through. The resolution of scanning electron microscopes tends to
be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron microscope.
Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate
and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe that
gathers information from the surface of a material. Scanning Tunneling
microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles,
atoms, and small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in
Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al, 2018)
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Photo credits to https://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html
Figure 1: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More
Numerous innovations in development as well as those under

investigations are now the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology
impacts many industries like transportation, environment, energy,
electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. In the field
of health care, nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological
sensors, drugs and delivery devices, prosthetics and biosensors. (See
Figure 2) They have created the quantum dots that glow in UV light to
locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells. They are also trying to grow
laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or even replace them. In
technology, they are looking for solutions for a better data storage and
computation (e.g. a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in
environment, nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean
energy and clean air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000)
Figure 2.1: Uses of Nanotechnology in Medicine
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Figure 2.2: Uses of Nanotechnology in Arts and Technology
Figure 2.3: Uses of Nanotechnology in Environment
Government funding includes nanotechnology projects like the U.S.

National Nanotechnology Initiative with $1.5 billion. Other countries like
Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute) , Taiwan (Taiwan National
Science and Technology Program for nanoscience and Nanotechnology),
India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foudation), China
(National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) Israel (Israel National
Nanotechnology Initiative), Australia (Australian Office of
Nanotechnology), Canada (National Institute of Nanotechnology, South
Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative), Thailand (National
Nanotechnology Center) and Malaysia (National Nanotechnology
Initiatives). (Serafica, 2005)
In the Philippines, nanotechnology can be used in ICT and
semiconductors, health and medicine, energy, food and agriculture and in
in some environmental issues. PCAS TRD-DOST has funded most of the
nanotech projects which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and
biomedical, energy, environment, agriculture and food, health and
environmental risk nano-metrology and education and public awareness.
(Serafica, 2018)
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Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are
very delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during
manufacturing thus development requires very clean environments
making only a few, out of many produced, are perfect. Aside from
manufacturing issues, there are also potential risks of nanotechnology in
health and environment. Nanoparticles can be swallowed, inhaled,
absorbed through the skin, or deliberately injected. If this happens,
inflammation can be triggered and weaken the immune system.
Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants.
(www.trnmage, 2004)
Application
Be Informed!
Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in

Nanotechnology” by George Tule ski, TED Talks. Here’s a link for a
faster access.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0. In pairs, answer the following question:
1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?
2. Why do you think few scientist works on nanotechnology?
3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve
environmental problems?
4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in
the repair of cells, cure diseases and even delay aging, if this
happens, what would this mean to our society?
Be a nanotechnologist!
In group of five, conduct a library or internet research on the innovations

and advancements of nanotechnology in one of continents of the world.
Be sure that each group chooses a different continent by informing your
teacher your choice. Prepare a timeline or any creative work to present
your outputs by providing pictures and descriptions of their innovations.
Feedback
From those innovations presented in class, think of a product or output

that is made up of nanomaterial that has an impact in various aspects
(health, environment, economy etc.) that you want to create.
86
Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy
Learning Objectives
• Describe gene therapy and its related processes;

• Compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery; and
• Enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.
Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P
Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy. You
may use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the words. Write
your answer on the space provided after each statement.
E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P
1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of
45. ________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin
(the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells).
______________________
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3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from
one cell to another. _________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an
organism, virus or extrachromosomal DNA. ____________________
5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that
controls the development of one or more traits. ______________
6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes
made to the DNA will be passed on to the next generation.
_________________
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically
targets cells in the body which are not passed on to the person’s
children. ___________________
Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to

compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. If a mutated
gene causes a necessary protein to be faulty or missing, gene therapy may be
able to introduce a normal copy of the gene to restore the function of the
protein.
A gene that is inserted directly into a cell usually does not function. Instead,
a carrier called a vector is genetically engineered to deliver the gene. Certain
viruses are often used as vectors because they can deliver the new gene by
infecting the cell. The viruses are modified so they can't cause disease when
used in people. Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their
genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human
cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the
nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome.
The vector can be injected or given intravenously (by IV) directly into a
specific tissue in the body, where it is taken up by individual cells.
Alternately, a sample of the patient's cells can be removed and exposed to the
vector in a laboratory setting. The cells containing the vector are then returned
to the patient. If the treatment is successful, the new gene delivered by the
vector will make a functioning protein.
Researchers must overcome many technical challenges before gene therapy

will be a practical approach to treating disease. For example, scientists must
find better ways to deliver genes and target them to particular cells. They must
also ensure that new genes are precisely controlled by the body.
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Two Types of Gene Therapy
1. Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into

targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children
because these genes do not get passed along to offspring.
2. Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating
a beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring.
Gene Therapy Using Adenovirus Vector
A new gene is inserted directly into a cell. A carrier called a vector is

genetically engineered to deliver the gene. An adenovirus introduces the
DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a
chromosome.
Vectors for Gene Delivery
Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the
targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy
can be carried out using naked DNA delivered directly into the cell.
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(Source: www.biologydiscussion.com)
Fig: 9.1 Structure of Adenovirus
Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of your eyes,
airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're
common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.
Source: www.andrew.cmu.edu
Fig: 9.2 Structure of Retrovirus
Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the
DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
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Source: http://m.wikipedia.org
Fig. 9.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be

engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant
amount of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage experimental
therapeutic strategies.
(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 9.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex
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Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes
called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most
cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected
person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.
Source: library.open.oregonstate.edu
Fig. 9.5 Structure of Naked DNA
Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any
other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of
genetic information into the surrounding environment, such as from bursting
cells.
Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy
The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18, 1999,
at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating in a
clinical trial, a biomedical experiment for evaluation of safety and efficiency
of a therapy for a disease. Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the
treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an important
enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare metabolic
disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a series of medicines to
avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene therapy Gelsinger
took triggered a chain reaction in his immune system, resulting in hepatic and
respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days after being treated.
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Effects on the Environment
Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there are
many questions raised that needs to be answered. New organisms created by
genetic engineering could present an ecological problem. One cannot predict
the changes that a genetically engineered species would make on the
environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species would also
have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology of a region just
exotic species would do. An accident or an unknown result could cause
several problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or
bacteria for example could result in a stronger type, which could cause a
serious epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic
engineering creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to
death.
Effects on Human
Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that carries
functional gene inside the human body; the repercussion are still unknown.
There are no clues as to where functional genes are being placed. They may
even replace the important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may
lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective genes
are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that there will be a
reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have identical
genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form
of diseases.
Antibiotic Resistance
Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance as "selectable

markers." Early in the engineering process, these markers help identify cells
that have taken up foreign genes. Although they have no further use, the genes
continue to be expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically engineered plant
foods carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes.
The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could have lethal effects.
Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics to
fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals. More so, the
resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making
them impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur, it could aggravate
the already serious health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms
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Ethical and Social Issues
"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic engineering.

Several issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this
technology. These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge
on the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once
an altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed. The
production of medicines through the use of genetically altered organisms
might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide
epidemics.
Application
Activity 1: What genes are you wearing?

Break up your class into groups of four or five students, assigning one of the
following diseases to each group:
• HIV • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia
• Muscular dystrophy • Rheumatoid arthritis • Coronary heart disease
• Alzheimer’s disease • Ulcer • Bone fracture
• Cancer • Sickle cell anemia •Huntington’s disease
• Tay-sach's disease
Give each student a “What Genes are you Wearing?” packet that is tailored to his or
her group’s disease. Each group will present their output regarding the topic they
have chosen. If time allows have groups compare and share in a whole class room
discussion. Each student will answer the following questions.
1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to
undergo gene therapy? Why?
Activity 2: Vector Voyage
94
Direction: Using the library resources, complete the table below.
Retrovirus Adenovirus Adeno- Herpes Naked

associated Simplex DNA
Virus Virus
How the
vector carries
the genetic
material
Maximum
length of DNA
that can be
inserted in the
vector
Advantages
Disadvantages
Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS
Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic
disorders.
Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features
95
Activity 4: Pros and Cons
Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each group had
their own assigned respondents regarding on the effects of gene therapy to health
and to the society. Each group will present their output.
96
Pros Cons
Human Health
Society
Guide Questions:
1. What was the respondent think about gene therapy?

2. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should
not approve gene therapy treatments for use in the Philippines?
3. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific
researches on changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to
improve their characteristics such as intelligence or physical traits
such as athletic ability or appearance.
Feedback
What does the picture show?
Source: www.tutorialspoint.com
97
Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)
Learning Objectives
• Identify the causes of climate change;

• Discuss various impacts of climate change including economical,
geopolitical, biological and meteorological aspects; and
• Create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan, and
infomercial.
You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social

platforms as a hot issue and advocacy that calls for biological, economical,
sociological and political concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word
climate change at the center, write something out of what you know and
understand about this issue.
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Climate
Change
“There is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable

point is what part humans are playing in it.”
- David Attenborough
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system

that persists for several decades or longer. Climate change may be due to
natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or
internal variability in the climate system, or due to human influences such as
changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.
99
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially
emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion,
deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily responsible for the climate
changes observed in the industrial era, especially over the last six decades.
The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to
human-caused warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era.
This change has intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an
increase in global surface temperatures and other widespread changes in
Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in the history.
Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following

phenomena that ultimately leads to climate change.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural

process that warms the Earth’s
surface. When the Sun’s energy
reaches the Earth’s atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to
space and the rest is absorbed and
re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
This blanket of greenhouse gases
serves as the Earth’s insulator, of
which without it, ours will be a
called dead planet.
Figure12.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in particular, trap the heat radiated by
the sun.
The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the
concentrations of greenhouse gases. From the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration’s (NASA) observation, the increase and too much
concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth's atmosphere to
trap more and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a phenomenon
called global warming.
100
Global Warming
Global warming is the

term used to describe a
gradual increase in the
average temperature of
the Earth's atmosphere
and its oceans, a change
that is believed to be
permanently changing
the Earth’s climate.
Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature
The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases

released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other
human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global
warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research
have recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100.
Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to
the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and
severity of storms and other severe weather events – all of which are signs
of a changing climactic patterns.
Impacts of Climate Change on Society
Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center – Montree

Hanlue/Shutterstock.com.
Figure12.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right: Forest Fire,
Drought, Typhoon
101
According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the aspects of
climate change are having increasingly complex and important impacts on
all the nations’ economy and quality of life. Impacts related to climate
change are evident across regions and in many sectors important to
society—such as human health, agriculture and food security, water supply,
transportation, energy, ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become
increasingly disruptive throughout this century and beyond.
Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme
weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted
by insects, food, and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been
increasing and are projected to become more severe over this century, a
trend that would diminish the security of the world’s food supply. Surface
and groundwater supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water
quality is diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and
contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours.
In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures associated with

droughts contribute to conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire
seasons. For coastal communities, sea level rise, combined with coastal
storms, has increased the risk of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding.
Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting
infrastructure like roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures.
The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to

buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires, floods, and severe storms is
being overwhelmed. The rising temperature and changing chemistry of
ocean water is combining with other stresses, such as overfishing and
pollution, alter marine-based food production and harm fishing
communities.
Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors
or regions. For example, current benefits of warming include longer
growing seasons and longer ice – free period for agriculture.
Climate Change Mitigation Efforts
Nations all over the world are now experiencing the impacts of climate
change and are now making consensus efforts through the creation of
domestic and international treaties, policies, plans and actions to mitigate
the effects and adapt to the risks brought about by this world – wide
102
environmental concern. It is time for humans to make effort and find
solution to the very problem they themselves created. Below are info
graphics on Climate Change action plans of Canada and the Philippines.
Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.techno-
science.
Climate Change Mitigation Efforts in the Philippines
103
Source:Climate Change Action Plan 2011 – 2028 by the Climate Change
Commission of the Philippines
Application
After learning about climate change - what natural processes and human
activities causes it and the possible consequences brought about this
phenomenon, the question that comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a
student, what can you do about it? What ways can you think of to mitigate
the hazards caused by climate change?
And so here are some amazing activities prepared for you. Have fun!
Activity 1: Nature’s Advocates
A. Form groups of 5 and create an infomercial showing how

community can help mitigate the hazards caused by climate change.
Each group must choose one from the given areas below that are
affected by climate change. A rubric is prepared below to rate your
performance. You have 15 minutes to conceptualize, and 2 – 3
minutes to present your output. Enjoy acting!
104
1. Agriculture and Food Security
2. Economy
3. Biodiversity
4. Health
5. Geography and Ocean ecology
6. Climatic patterns
Exceeds
Meets Expectation Needs Improvement
Expectation
Criteria
(2 points) (1 point)
(3 points)
 Factual  Factual  Information is

information is information is inaccurate
Understanding accurate mostly accurate  Presentation is off
of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good topic
understanding of understanding of
topic topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most  Group does not
others; able to ideas without work together
compromise negative  One person does
Teamwork  All members comments; able to all the work
contribute compromise
 Some members
contribute
clearly  Can be heard lacking;
 Appropriate use of  Some use of body inappropriate
B. Retaining your group in activity A, create an advocacy campaign by

making a poster and a slogan that tells how community will help
mitigate the effects of climate change. Upload your work in social
media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers, and then share
them with the class next meeting.
Feedback
Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your understanding of
our topic on climate change.
105
Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each item. The
‘BOX’ is found below. Good luck and enjoy the quiz!
1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released

through human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil
fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic
eruption.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the last letter of your answer and put it in box # 1)
2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the

increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put it in box # 10)
3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest

cover that will absorb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 8th letter of your answer and put it in box # 4)
4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of

emission of carbon dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from
the remains of living organisms million years ago. The name given
to natural fuel is ___.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put it in box # 11)
5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere

trap the Sun’s heat making the Earth much warmer.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s

climate system, generally attributed to greenhouse effect.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land

available for other uses, which consequently add more atmospheric
carbon dioxide as a result of large – scale removal of trees that will
absorb this harmful gas.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
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(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put it in boxes # 8 and #12)
8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a

result of drought or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food
supply.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
10. This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting in

prolonged shortages in water supply that could cause reduced crop
yield, and potentially loss of harvest and or of livestock.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put it in boxes # 3 and #9)
Put the letters in this box and see what word you would come up with.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
You did a great job!
107
Summary
The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the special
topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of science and technology
not only in the community where you are living but to the whole world.
The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital
information to the society. With the advance technological devices like
computers, laptops, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, servers,
mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and online
resources, and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we
are living today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the
lives we have. From communicating through simple ways like papyrus,
letter writing etc., we have shifted to calling through mobile phones,
sending files through email, chatting with our love ones through video calls,
etc. Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and technologically
advanced-these is how we describe our society nowadays. This era of our
life offers us a lot for the development of noble researchers but it also entails
responsible use. You must learn how to check the reliability of the sources
you are accessing before dissemination for those information poses both
positive and negative impacts. You must always consider that the
information you share could be of great help to our lives and others.
Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity.

Some efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species.
Threats like habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem
composition, over-exploitation, pollution, contamination, and global climate
change has cause drastic decrease in the population of species all over the
world. The decrease has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional,
health and biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers
to have a better environment.
Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of

nanotechnology. Through this, products can be manufactures to help
improve health, environment, food, water, and agriculture. Though this field
promises a lot, you must take into account the social, ethical, and
environmental concerns of using such.
Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method

that may treat or cure genetic related human illness. As this science flourish,
many ethical issues were raised. Thus, as a future researcher, you must be
able to distinguish what is vital if you wished to venture in the field of
nanotechnology.
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Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several
factors like natural processes and persistent human activities have
statistically increased the percentage of climate change for a period of time.
The continuous climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of
the earth.
Reflection
Now that you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by
answering the following questions
1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

2. How does Information Age influence our society?
3. As a part of the planet earth, what can you do in your own simple
way to help in the advancement of science and technology for the
improvement of the society?
4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed
that as it matures, it will become an effective treatment for the
myriad of genetic diseases that affect humanity”
5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developt by a
nanotechnologist and made available to anyone. This replicator
could allow people to simply produce any item they need themselves
without the help of any manufacturer or a company. What would this
do to our economy as we know it today? Can ou think of some
impacts of these breakthrough on employment, science, politics,
society and other sectors. What are some of the social and ethical
considerations scientist must consider in conducting researches in
nanotechnology?
109
Culminating Activity (optional)
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this course, you should be able to:
• Present different outputs in selected topics of STS in an exhibit;

and
• Propose a project plan to address selected problems in the world
applying all the concepts learned in STS.
Recall all outputs that you have done in the subject. Plan a mini exhibit
where you can present all of these outputs to showcase your talents not
only in class but in your university.
This activity will develop your skills in planning and organizing a mini
exhibit in Science, Technology and Society. Here is some of the
committee that you may form to help you organize the event:
1. General Chair/ Organizing Committee

2. Graphics, Signage and Marketing Committee
3. Registration (Pre- and On-site)
4. Program and Moderator Committee
5. Physical Arrangement Committee
6. Audio-visual/ Technical Committee
7. Finance and Sponsorship Committee
8. Hospitality/ Food Committee
9. Photo-documentation Committee
10. Evaluation and Post-event Activities Committee
After forming the committee, seek instructors’ direction for the planning
and conduct of the exhibit.
Application
I-pledge
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After your guest have completed the different stations of the gallery, you
may now ask them to signify their own advocacy that would help suggest
possible solutions to the persisting issues in the society brought by science
and technology through writing in the prepared “I-pledge for Mother
Earth” billboard.
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References
Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net
Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make
us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017
Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_
defects_Brief_090804.html
Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu
Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_
defects_Brief_090804.html
R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface" Nanotechnology

13, 499 (2002)
Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.

The Royal Society, 16-17 (2004).
Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier Serafica et al.
Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make
us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017.
UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding nano.com/introduction.html
Web sources
Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved

from https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7
Image: Codex - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3080HuB
Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...

(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U
Google Image Result for https://images-na.ssl-images-

amazon.com/images/I/41P0JwP7c5L._SX466_.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2J5wFly
Image: USB 3.1 Flash Drive DUO Plus 256GB Memory & Storage - MUF-
256DB/AM ... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Yrf2Sl
Image: VP4 - Four-Line Alphanumeric pager for in-house wireless paging

... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/300frvs
Image: Best Retro Style Big Brother Mobile Phone Antenna Good Signal ...
(2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XGVVqq
112
Image: ENIAC - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/PpmU3
Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...
(2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/93r6v
Image: Typewriter: The History · The Machines · The Writers: Tony Allan
... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RvNsu
Image: iOTA BASE 21.5" FHD All-in-One Desktop PC (Black) - (Intel

Quad ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/vJM12
Image: Apple Pre-Owned iPhone 6 4G LTE with 16GB Memory Cell Phone
... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/m1wb8
113
About the Authors
Gerlie Urbi Bayani is an Instructor of Cagayan State University and a
Licensed Fisheries Technologist. She finished her Baccalaureate Degree,
Bachelor of Science in Fisheries at Central Luzon State University. In the
same university, she finished her Master of Science in Aquaculture.
Madel Batang-Tanguilan is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Biology

at University of the Philippines- Baguio. She earned her Masters of Arts in
Biology under the Commission on Higher Education Continuing Education
Program at St. Mary’s University Bayombong. She is currently enrolled at
Cagayan State University taking her Ph. D. in Science Education. Currently,
she is handling General Education Subjects of the Department of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics and also teaching Major courses under the
Biology Program of the College of Arts and Sciences.
Babylyn Paliwanan Canceran is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary

Education Major in General Science at St. Louis College of Tuguegarao
now the University of St. Louis, Tuguegarao Cagayan. She also Finished
her MS Physics Education and Doctor of Philosophy Major in Science
Education at Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. She is currently
Teaching Science subjects at Cagayan State University Piat Campus and
is also the Coordinator of the Office of Student Development and Welfare
and the Office of the Quality Assurance of the said campus.
Jennifer Lloren Luyun is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education

Major in Physical Science at Cagayan State University Andrews campus.
She finished Master of Science in Teaching Major in Chemistry and
currently earning her Ph.D. Science Education at the same institution. At
present, she is a Faculty of the College of Allied health Sciences of CSU
Andrews Campus teaching Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science.
Gwyn Manuel is a Marine Biologist and a Licensed Professional Teacher.

She finished Master of Science Teaching major in Biology at Cagayan State
University. Ms. Manuel was conferred by the Department of Science and
Technology the Scientific and Technological Specialist eligibility. Currently,
she is taking her Ph.D in Science Education at Saint Paul University
Tuguegaro City.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

• Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;

• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society

• Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;

• Describe the technological advancements that happened in the

• Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation

• Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in

• Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society;

Activating Prior Learning

What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice",

Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image

Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image:

Science and Technology in Middle Ages

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was

Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press ("Image: Johannes

Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope ("Image: Molecular

Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

Science and Technology in the Philippines

Even in Philippines during precolonial times up to modern times, the

Precolonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

The colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards contributed to the growth

Figure 1.17 Manila Observatory

There was a rapid advancement of Science and Technology during the

Unfortunately, the educational and scientific engagement of Filipinos in the

Figure 1.18 University of the Philippines Los Baños

Post-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

Recognizing that technology was the leading factor in economic development,

Figure 1.19 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical

During President Corazon Aquino’s administration, the National Science and

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Discuss paradigm shifts through history;

Activating Prior Learning

The Man who moved the Sun

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by

Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science

2. Evolution of human beings

Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation

• Identify science and technology policies of the government; and

• Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the

Activating Prior Learning

Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines