ICACSIS 2018 978-1-7281-0135-4/18/S31.
00 ©2018 IEEE
Impact o f User Awareness, Trust, and Privacy
Concerns on Sharing Personal Information on Social
Media: Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
V alentinus Param arta, M uh am m ad Jihad, A rdhian Dharm a, Ika C handra H apsari, Puspa Indahati Sandhyaduhita and
A chm ad N izar Hidayanto
Department o f Computer Science
University of Indonesia
Depok, Indonesia
valentinus.paramarta81@ui.ac.id, muhammad.jihad71@ui.ac.id, ardhieui.dharma@ui.ac.id, ika.c@cs.ui.ac.id,
p.indeihati@cs.ui.ac.id, euid nizar@cs.ui.ac.id
Abstract—Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are the most
often and most widely used social-media sites, especially in
Indonesia. The number of social-media users is increasing every
year, accompanied by increased risks. One of those risks is to the
security and privacy of users, as shown by the user-data leak
experienced by Facebook in 2018. These issues led the authors to
conduct research relating to the influence of privacy concerns,
trust, and user awareness on the readiness to share personal
information via social-media sites. A research model was
developed based on several hypotheses. The research model was
confirmed, and experiment was conducted from 340 social-media
users through a questionnaire-based online survey over a period
of 2 months. To confirm the structural model used in this
research, reliability and validity analyses were performed.
Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was used to detect
relationships among constructs in the research model. The results
of this research show that user awareness, trust, and privacy
concerns have a positive and significant effect on sharing
personal data on social media. Then we discussed the
implications of our results for policy-making, practice, and future
research.
Keywords—-facebook, twitter, instagram, privacy concern, trust,
user awareness, social media
I. In t r o d u c t i o n
The number of active social-media users increases every
year, making social media a powerful data-generating platform
for exploring ongoing trends [1]. The phenomenon of
interaction on social-media sites is not limited to teenagers
looking for more popularity or introverts trying to make
friends; social-media sites have touched all age groups,
providing an open medium for enriching users lives with
barrier-free communication and for marketing or advertising
their products [2].
Data from Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia
(APJII) show that, in 2017, 143 million Indonesians have used
the Internet in their daily lives, of whom 98% use the Internet
to access social-networking services [3]. According to data
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
presented by “We Are Social” in April 2018, Indonesia had the
third most Facebook users among all nations, with 140 million
users; the country ranked fourth in Instagram users, with 56
million, and ranked 12th in Twitter users, with 6.6 million [4],
In addition to its positive impact, social media can also
cause insecurity for its users. Unwise use of social media can
lead to risks to the user and to the community. Even for large
social media sites, ex. Facebook, security-related issues and the
data privacy of users are still primary concerns. In 2018,
Facebook experienced a leak of user data [5], The case raised
awareness of privacy and security because people are
increasingly accustomed to using social media to share
personal information [6],
The majority of privacy research has focused on individual
factors such as risk [7], trust [8], or controllability [6,9].
Interestingly, there is still limited research investigating the
role of privacy concerns and user awareness as an explanatory
factor for users’ willingness to share information on social-
media sites, although several studies have revealed that privacy
concerns and user awareness have important roles for social-
media users in sharing their personal information [2,10]. This
research gap is not the only concern. For social-media users,
many privacy, security, awareness, and trust issues need to be
addressed. First, user information, including multimedia data,
can be seized and illegally used by evil actors and third-party
organizations for escalating their revenue. Second, the personal
data shared in users’ profiles can lead to risks such as cyber
harassment, online stalking, and theft. Third, some of the
significant features of social media, such as tagging, picture-
sharing, and commenting, make their personal information
more visible and accessible to public [11,12], Contribution of
the author in this study is to provide an overview of factors that
could influence privacy issues on social-media sites and give a
suggestion for developing relevant privacy policies on social-
media sites [6], This paper will focus on the impact of
awareness, trust, and privacy concerns on user’s willingness to
share personal data on social-media sites. The main research
question (RQ) of this study is:
271
 ICACSIS 2018 978-l-7281-0135-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
RQ: What is the effect of awareness, trust, and security on the
willingness to share personal information?

II. Re l a t e d W o r k

A. Previous study regarding privacy and security concerns on

social-media sites
Social-media networks emerged as the most downloaded
apps of the site, which provide information for social
interaction. Social media attracted important attention in
research over the past few years [13]. Dhami et al. [14]
reported that users who have control over the flow of
information and have protected profile tend to trust Facebook.
Factors affecting trust include security features provided by
Facebook. In addition, when trust is provided through users’
privacy concern, trust will influence the user’s desire to share
personal information. Afandi et al. [3] analyzed the users of
social media regarding online-security awareness, information
privacy, and security behavior. He found that the factors that
influence the security behavior of social-media users are the
users’ perceptions of security threats [3].
In other studies [6] [10] [15], the authors propose that
privacy concerns, trust, and motivation have an important
influence on the behavior of users and the sharing of
information on social-media sites. A study conducted by Kayes
et al. [16] reported that a user’s privacy concerns have a larger
quantitative and qualitative contribution compared to a user’s
behavior in the routine of social-media networks.
Hossain et al. [17] conducted research from a user view
point on privacy and security concerns regarding online social
networking (OSN). The results showed that 44% from 377
users were less concerned about OSN privacy regulations and
that 80% o f users did not think the OSN they used to provide
adequate privacy controls.
B. Concepts o f privacy concerns, trust, and user awareness
on social-media sites
The constructs used in this study include user awareness,
trust, privacy concerns, and information sharing. According to
Afandi et al. [3], user awareness may be defined as an
individual’s having knowledge or ability in using social-media
sites and understanding the importance of protecting personal
data (or group data on behalf of an organization) when using a
social-networking site. According to Dhami et al. [14], trust is
an acceptance of individual in the ability of the social-media
site to protect personal information, while privacy concerns
represent the level to which a person has control over the
personal information flow and the privacy security of a social-
media profile. Furthermore, information sharing is an
individual’s belief that they will share personal information on
social-media sites [11].I.
III. Re s e a r c h Fr a m e w o r k
A research model has been proposed to understand the
impact o f user awareness, privacy concern and trust on user’s
willingness to share personal data information via social media.
The proposed model was based on the previous work of other
researchers [14] [2] [18], as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Research Framework
A. Proposed Hypothesis
Regarding research question (RQ), Kayes et al. [16] discuss
that users who enabled privacy settings are more involved with
the community, have more retention, more social-network
contact, and contribute better content overall. Furthermore,
Dhami et al. [14] shown in their research that positive relation
occured between users trust on the intention of users to sharing
information. They concluded that if users have trust in the
function of the social-media site, it will boost their willingness
to share personal information. Moreover, research by
Tuunainen et al. [19] revealed that most of their respondents
(Facebook users) disclosed a huge amount of personal
information even though, in their opinion, they were not aware
of the visibility o f their information to strangers. Against this
background, we hypothesize that:
H I: Privacy concerns has a positive relation to information-
sharing on social-media sites.
H2: User awareness has a positive relation to information-
sharing on social-media sites.
H3: Perceived trust has a positive relation to information-
sharing on social-media sites.
Moreover, to know the prerequisites of user perceived trust
and privacy concern, Dhami et al. [14] and Afandi et al. [3]
reported an association of privacy concerns and user awareness
with perceived trust among social-media users. Furthermore,
research by Dhawan et al. [2] suggests that majority o f people
know the current situation concerning privacy issues, but users
show less bothered in practice. Thus, we hypothesize that:
H4: Privacy concerns have positive relation to social-media
users’ perceived trust.
H5: User awareness has positive relation to social-media
users’ perceived trust.
H6: User awareness has positive relation to privacy
concern.

272

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ICACSIS 2018 978-1-7281-0135-4/18/S31.00 ©2018 IEEE
TABLE I. De m o g r a ph ic s of Re s po n d e n t s TABLE II. Va l id it y Te s t

Profile Item s Frequencies Percentage Index R R esults

Gender Male 224 65.9% PCI 0.733 Valid

Female 116 34.1% PC2 0.674 Valid

< 20 years 25 7.4% PC3 0.252 Valid

A ge
20-29 years 192 56.5% PC4 0.578 Valid

> 30 years 123 36.1% T1 0.447 Valid

High school 27 7.9% T2 0.715 Valid

Educational
Qualification Bachelor 245 72% T3 0.757 Valid

Master 68 20.1% T4 0.775 Valid

Student 59 17.4% T5 0.796 Valid

Occupation Government 168 49.4% AW1 0.725 Valid

Education 19 5.6% AW 2 0.720 Valid

etc. 94 27.6% AW 3 0.698 Valid

Facebook 245 72.1% AW 4 0.689 Valid

Type o f Social- Twitter 137 81.5% AW 5 0.681 Valid

media
Instagram 277 40.3% IS1 0.358 Valid

etc. 45 12.3% IS2 0.338 Valid

< 2 hours 127 37.4%

TABLE in . Cr o n b a c h ’s Al ph a Va l u e s
Time Spent 2-3 hours 108 31.8%
V ariable C ronbach’s A lpha (a )
> 3 hours 105 30.8%
Privacy Concern 0.625
IV . M e t h o d o l o g y
Trust 0.830

A. Data Collection Awareness 0.904

Online questionnaire based on the framework was used to
obtain the data. These data were used to test our research
framework. An online questionnaire was conducted from
February 2018 to April 2018. To maximize the response, we
also used email and messenger apps as tools.
B. Tool and Methods
Validity and reliability analysis was done using SPSS 25.0.
Valid means that the instrument can be used to measure what it
purports to measure [20] [21], while a reliable instrument is
one that, when used multiple times to measure the same object,
will produce the same output [22]. The result obtained in the
analysis of reliability is the value of Cronbach’s alpha.
Cronbach’s alpha (a), provides an internal-consistency
measure of a scale to test the internal consistency of the
questionnaire [2] [23]. The structural equation modeling (SEM)
technique was used to identify the connection between
constructed model and explain the causes and effects between
variables. The SEM model was created by AMOS 24.0.
V. Re su l t s
A. Profile o f Respondents
The online questionnaire was distributed via email and
messenger application. A total of 340 responses were collected
Information Sharing 0.778
in a period o f two months, providing all the data used in this
study. The demographics of the collected data has been shown
in Table I.
B. Validity and Reliability Analysis
Validity was tested in this research using the bivariate
Pearson-test method. The value o f r table used in this study is
0.106. The result o f the validity test is shown in Table II, where
the fields of privacy, trust, user awareness, and information
sharing are labeled PC, T, AW, and IS, respectively. As may
be seen in Table n , the calculated r value obtained from all
indices tested has a value greater than the r-table value. This
indicates that all constructs used in this research are valid.
Cronbach’s alpha (a) was used as a reference to determine
the level o f reliability of the construct. The Cronbach’s alpha
value generated in the reliability test should be greater than
0.60, based on the standard value [24]-[27]. Table III shows the
value o f Cronbach’s alpha of the measured constructs of the
research framework. It was found that the Cronbach’s alpha
values obtained from all tested constructs were above 0.60
(Table III). This shows that all the constructs used in this
research are acceptable for the study.

273

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ICACSIS 2018 978-1-7281-0135-4/18/S31.00 ©2018 IEEE
TABLE IV. F i t INDICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT MODELS TABLE V. Su m m a r y of Hy po t h e s is Te s t

R ecom m ended M easurem ent E stim ate

F it Indices C oefficient Support
V alue M odel H ypothesis P-value
X2 135.458 (3)
HI: Perceived Privacy
d f (degree o f freedom) 48 Concern Sharing 0.214 0.000 Yes
X2/d f <3 2.822 Information
H2: U ser Awareness ^
Goodness o f fit index (GFI) > 0 .9 0 0.937 Sharing Information
-0.099 0.000 Yes

Adjusted goodness o f fit indices H3: Perceived Trust

0.103 0.005 Yes
> 0 .9 0 0.898 Sharing Information
(AGFI)
H4: Perceived Privacy
Root mean square error of Concern ^ Perceived Trust
0.674 0.000 Yes
< 0 .0 8 0.073
approximation (RMSEA)
H5: U ser Awareness
Comparative fit index (CFI) > 0 .9 0 0.968 Perceived Trust
0.277 0.000 Yes

H6: U ser Awareness

Perceived Privacy Concern
0.272 0.000 Yes

C. Modelf it summary the individual’s willingness to share personal data on social

In this study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been
used to measure the suitability of data to the model and to
investigate the relationship between constructs and indicators.
To investigate the model, structural-equation modeling (SEM)
with various fit indices and test was used. These indices and
test, can further indicate the extent to which a model matches
the observed data or known as good model fit in non-
experimental research [14]. The results of the CFA test are
shown in Table IV.
Table IV shows the indices of model-fit, the indices satisfy
the corresponding criteria suggested in the previous-literature
review [15] [19] [23], It may be concluded that the research
model used is fit. The definition of “fit” is a model capable of
realistically representing data [3]. The comparison o f fit indices
with the recommended value [28] represents a good fit.
D. Structural Paths and Hypothesis
The most important component in performing a structural-
test model (SEM) is the value o f the estimated coefficient
parameter [29]. The estimated coefficient ((3) is used to test the
hypothesis that has been prepared.
In the result of the structural paths obtained, hypothesis HI
has a value of [3 = 0.214 and p = 0.000, which supports our
hypothesis. This suggests that if a person has control over the
security and privacy settings provided by the social-media site,
it creates an increase willingness to share information on social
media, as the individual feels protected by the social-media
media will increase as well.
Hypothesis H4 returns a value of P = 0.674 and p = 0.000,
which supports the hypothesis. The result shows if users have
control over their information flow in social media and privacy
protection of their profile, it increases their level of trust in
social media’s ability to protect their personal information [2],
The same results are reported in a previous study by Tsoi et al.
[15].
Hypothesis H5 has value of P = 0.277 and p = 0.000, which
supports hypothesis H5. This result indicates that increased
awareness of privacy and security will also increase a user’s
trust level. The same result has been reported by Saleh et al.
[30].
Our last hypothesis H6, obtained the value P = 0.272 and p
= 0.000, which indicates a strong positive correlation. The
result indicates that the higher a user’s awareness o f the
importance of protecting the privacy o f a social-media profile,
the more the user will maximize the privacy features provided
by Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram.
From these results, it can be concluded that users’ attention
to privacy, trust, and awareness have a positive impact on their
willingness to share personal information in social-media
accounts. Table V and Fig. 2 show the summary outcome of
the hypothesis testing.
V I. D i s c u s s i o n a n d Im p l i c a t i o n

site. This result aligns with previous study by Kayes et al. [16].
The hypothesis H2 shows a value of p = -0.99 and p =
0.000, which supports hypothesis H2. This indicates that an
individual’s increasing awareness o f the importance of
maintaining privacy and security on social-media sites will
reduce the individual’s willingness to share information, as the
individual will be more careftd in using the Internet, especially
social media [19],
Hypothesis H3 shows a value of P = 0.103 and p = 0.005,
supporting hypothesis H3. In line with a previous study [23],
the results indicate that when users have high confidence in the
ability of the social-media provider (Facebook, Twitter, or
Instagram) to protect the privacy and security o f their account,
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of
privacy concerns, user awareness, and trust on individual
willingness to share personal data on social media. Analyzing
the survey data show some interesting findings: In terms of
information-sharing, privacy concerns and trust have a positive
impact on willingness to share information on social-media
sites. This shows that if users believe the function of social
media sites to protect their data and have strong concerns about
privacy protection, they tend to share more information [14],
Furthermore, a negative impact was found for user awareness
on the willingness to share information. The results indicate
that when user awareness increases, user willingness to share
information decreases. According to research by Jeong et al.
[6], if a user is cautious about their privacy settings, the users
will prefer to impose strong restrictions on who has access to

274

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ICACSIS 2018
Fig. 2. Results of Hypothesis Testing
the information and on what is shared on social-media sites.
Additionally, when trust is expressed through privacy concerns
and awareness, it leads to user willingness to share personal
information. From these results, we may answer the RQ.
The results also show that users with control over their
information flow and with privacy protection for their profile
are more likely to trust social-media sites. Additional factor
affecting trust in social-media sites is user awareness.
According to a study by Calefato et al. [31], these results could
be due to the individual’s social communication and
knowledge of information; by definition, we know that
knowledge and communication can build individual awareness
[3]. The analysis shown that individuals with low levels of trust
lacked social communication and knowledge. Conversely,
individuals with a high level of trust had an initial focus on
communication and knowledge, which later reduced to make
room for other interactions.
The results also show that user awareness has a significant
impact on user privacy concerns. These results correspond to
those o f a previous study by Tuunainen et al. [19], which
showed that if the user’s privacy awareness increases, the user
will tend to maximize the privacy features that have been
provided by social-media sites, which may result in more
careful behavior in the social-media environment. The research
model was fully supported; the factors of privacy concerns,
trust, and user awareness affected the willingness to share
information on social media. Furthermore, we found that the
perceived of privacy concerns and user awareness is positively
associated on trust in the ability o f Facebook, Twitter, or
Instagram to protect user privacy.
This research has implications for companies and
governmental institutions. We suggest applying guidelines or
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) aimed at limiting the
amount of personal or corporate information present in the
social-media accounts of users to prevent the intentional or
unintentional leaking o f corporate data by workers through
their social-media accounts.
For social-media companies, we recommend that, if
possible, users be given a choice of mechanisms for deciding
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
978-l-7281-0135-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
whether to share personal information [6], to prevent the
excessive sharing of personal information by users. We
recommend that the public be skeptical and cautious in every
activity and interaction on the Internet, specifically on social
media. It is possible to be realistic and mature, so that the
information given is not detrimental to users [32], We
encourage users to be careful in sharing their location
information on social media, to prevent potential criminal
behavior, and to untag photos immediately if a user who
downloaded a photo is not recognized.
V II. Co n c l u s io n a n d Lim it a t io n s
From the research we have conducted, we concluded that
user concerns related to privacy and security arrangements,
trust in social media, and user awareness of privacy protection
have a positive and significant impact on the willingness of
users to share personal information on social-media sites.
Furthermore, an effect was found for the factors of privacy
concerns and user awareness on users’ trust in the ability of
social-media sites to protect their data. The results also suggest
that when a user’s privacy awareness increases, the user tends
to maximize the privacy features of their social-media account.
Hence, securer use of social-media sites requires a major
change in user privacy concerns and their level of awareness,
both in words and actions.
This research has some limitations. First, the majority of
responses came from government workers and students, most
of them young, which may affect their answers to the
questionnaire; a study by Dhami et al. [14] reports that the age
o f users may affect awareness o f their privacy on social media.
Second, the behavior and habits o f social-media users vary in
distinct regions of Indonesia; the data collection in this study
was conducted in the capital city, Jakarta, which has a high
economic level. It may be possible that different results would
be found in areas of Indonesia with different economic levels.
For future research, this study provides a several
suggestions. First, as discussed above, we suggest expanding
the current study and used non-government employees or non-
student samples, varying the types of information sharing, and
examining different social-media types could take advantage of
the diversity of economic levels in the several regions of
Indonesia. Second, for the future research it would be good if
adding several other factors that may influence user willingness
to share information on social-media sites.
Ac k no w l edg ment
This research was supported by PITTA Grand Universitas
Indonesia. Contract number: 1863/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018.
Re f e r e n c e s
[1] S. Kemp, "DIGITAL IN 2017: GLOBAL OVERVIEW," 24 January
2017. [Online]. Available: https://wearesocial.com/special-
reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview. [Accessed 14 May 2018],
[2] S. Dhawan, K Singh and S. Ghoel, “Impact of privacy attitude, concern
and awareness on use of online social networking,” 2014 5th
International Conference - Confluence The Next Generation Information
Technology Summit (Confluence), pp. 14-17,2014.
275
 ICACSIS 2018
[3] I. A. Afandi, A. Kusyanti and N . H. Wardani, “Analisis Hubungan
Kesadaran Keaxnanan, Privasi Informasi, dan Perilaku Keamanan Pada
Para Pengguna Media Sosial Line,” J. Peng. Tek. Infor. II. Kom., vol. 1,
no. 9, pp. 783-792, September 2017.
[4] S. Kemp, “2018 Q2 Global Digital Statshot,” 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/04/social-media-use-jumps-in-ql-
despite-privacy-fears. [A ccessed 19 M ay 2018].
[5] D. Ingram, "Facebook says data leak hits 87 million users, widening
privacy scandal," Reuters, 4 April 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-privacy/facebook-says-
data-leak-hits-87-million-users-widening-privacy-scandal-
idU SK C NlH B2C M . [Accessed 14 M ay 2018].
[6] Y . Jeong and Y . Kim, “Privacy Concern on Social Networking Sites:
Interplay A m ong Posting Types, Content, and Audiences,” Comput.
Human Behav., vol. 69, pp. 3 0 2 -310,2017.
[7] M. Kugler, S. Smolnik, and P. Raeth, “Determining the Factors
Influencing Enterprise Social Software Usage: Development o f
Measurement Instrument for Empirical Assessment,” in HICSS ’13
Proc., 2013, pp. 3635-3644.
[8] G. Harden, “Knowledge Sharing in the Workplace: A Social Networking
Site A ssessm ent,” in HICSS ’12 Proc., 2012, pp. 3888-3897.
[9] P. Raeth and S. Smolnik, “Antecedents and Consequences o f Corporate
W eblog U sage in the Intranet: A Process Perspective,” in HICSS ’10
Proc. 2010, pp. 1-10.
[10] R. Buettnet, “Analyzing the Problem o f Employee Interal Social
Network Site Avoidance: Are Users Resistant due to Their Privacy
Concern?,” 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences, pp. 1819-1828,2015.
[11] R. Gross, A . Acquisti, and H. J. H. Ill, “Information revelation and
privacy in online social networks,”in WPES, pp. 7 1 -80,2005.
[12] S. Rathore, P. K. Sharma, V . Loia, Y . S. Jeong, J. H. Park, “Social
network security: Issues, challenges, threats, and solutions,” Information
Sciences, vol. 421, pp. 43-69.
[13] C. M. K Cheung, P. Y . Chiu, and M . K. O. Lee, “Online Social
Networks: W hy do students use facebook?,” Comput. Human Behav.,
vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1337-1343,2011.
[14] A. Dhami, N . Agarwal, T. K Chakraborty, B . P. Singh, and J. Minj,
“Impact o f Trust, Security and Privacy Concern in Social Networking:
An Exploratory Study to Understand the Pattern o f Information
Revelation in Facebook,” 3rd IEEE IACC, pp. 465-469,2013.
[15] H. K Tsoi and L. Chen, “From Privacy Concern to U ses o f Social
Network Sites: A Cultural Comparison via U ser Survey,” 2011 IEEE
Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and
2011 IEEE Third Intemationd al Conference on Social Computing, pp.
457-464,2011.
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Technology Jamaica. Downloaded on April 09,2021 at 01:16:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
978-1-7281-0135-4/18/S31.00 ©2018 IEEE
[16] I. Kayes, N . Kourtellis, F. Bonchi, and A. Iamnitchi, “Privacy Concerns
vs. U ser Behavior in Community Question Answering,” 2015
IEEE/ACM ASONAM , pp .681-688,2015.
[17] A. A. Hossain and W. Zhang, “Privacy and Security Concern o f Online
Social Networks from User Perspective,” 2015 ICISSP, pp. 246-253,
2015.
[18] Ajzen, leek. “The Theory o f Planned Behavior,” Organizational
behavior and human decision processes, 50.2, pp. 179-211,1991.
[19] V . K Tuunainen, O. Pitkanen, and M. Hovi, “U sers’ Awareness o f
Privacy on Online Social Networking Sites — Case Facebook,” 22nd
Bled eConference eEnablement: Facilitating an Open, Effective and
Representative eSociety, 2009.
[20] S. Batool, “D eveloping Organizational Commitment and Organizational
Justice to A m plify Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Banking
Sector,” Pakistan Journal o f Commerce & Social Sciences, vol. 7, pp.
646-655,2013.
[21] Available at: http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/whatstat/shatstathtm.
[22] Sugiyono, “M etode Penelitian B isnis,” CV ALFABETA, 2000.
[23] C. Dwyer, S. Hiltz, and K. Passerini, ‘T rust and Privacy Concern Within
Social Networking Sites: A Comparison o f Facebook and M ySpace,” in
AMCIS, 2007.
[24] SPSS for Windows step b y step: A simple guide and reference.
[25] T. D inev and P. Hart, “A n Extended Privacy Calculus M odel for e-
Commerce Transactions,” Information System Research, vol. 17, no. 1,
pp. 9 0 -9 8,2010.
[26] J. F. Hair, et al., “Multivariate Data Analysis,” 7nd edition, N ew Jersey:
Pearson Education Inc, 2010.
[27] Z. Matondang, “Validitas dan Reliabilitas Suatu Instrumen Penelitian,”
Jumal Tabularasa, vol. 6, pp. 8 7 -9 7,2009.
[28] D. lacobucci, “Strucutural Equation Modeling: Fit indices, sample size,
and advanced topics,” Journal o f Consumer Psychology, vol. 20, no. 1,
pp. 9 0 -9 8,2010.
[29] F. H. Chandio, “Studying Acceptance o f Online Banking Information
System: A Structural Equation M odel,” Thesis: Brunei Business School,
2011.
[30] Z. I. Saleh and A. Mashhour, “Evaluating Security Awareness Impact on
Perceived Risk and Trust: The Case o f Social Networks,” International
Journal in IT and Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 9 9 -110,2016.
[31] F. Califato, F. Lanubile and F. Sportelli, “Can Social Awareness Foster
Trust Building in Global Software Teams?,” in Proceedings SSE, pp. 13-
1 6 ,2013.
[32] H. P. Yuwianto, “Kebijakan Informasi dan Privacy”, Artikel Universitas
Airlangga, 2012.
276