Page 1 of 1

CHAPTER
The Colonies
4 Develop 1700–1753
1700–1753
Section 1
New
England:
In 1702, a vast countryside
Commerce surrounded Philadelphia.
and Most colonists earned
Religion their living in the country.
Fewer than one in ten
lived in cities.
Section 2
The Middle Some Native Americans
Colonies: lived close to the
Farms and American cities.
Cities

Section 3
The
Southern
Colonies:
Plantations
and Slavery

Section 4
The
Backcountry

1718
French found city of New
1712 Orleans at mouth of
c. 1700 Slave uprising Mississippi River.
Colonial population occurs in New Spanish priests build Alamo
reaches 257,000. York City. in Texas.

USA
World 1700
1701 1707
War of the Spanish Act of Union unites
Succession begins in England with Scotland
Europe. and creates Great Britain.

106

1733
Benjamin Franklin Enslaved Africans
publishes Poor
Richard’s Almanac.
1727
George II becomes Nadir Shah of Persia
King of Great Britain. conquers Delhi, India.
Page 1 of 2
Interact with History
It is the early 1700s when you arrive in
one of America’s larger port cities. After
nearly a month of ocean travel, you are
thrilled to see land. As you leave the ship,
you wonder where you will live and how
you will earn a living.
Would you
settle on a farm
or in a town?
What Do You Think?
Philadelphia was a • Will you choose to live where other people
major center of from your homeland live? Or will you try
commerce. somewhere new?
• How did you make a living in your old
country? Will this influence your choice?
RESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
Visit the Chapter 4 links for more information
about the development of the colonies.
1742
1739 First European c. 1750 Population
settlement west of of the English
revolt in Stono Allegheny Mountains colonies passes the
Rebellion. is established. one million mark.
1753
1739 1752
China suppresses
Tibetan rebellion and
forces Dalai Lama to
accept its authority.
The Colonies Develop 107
 Page 2 of 2

CHAPTER

4 Reading Strategy: Analyzing Causes and Effects

What Do You Know? CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

What ideas and pictures come to mind when you hear people talk Reading 2.0 Students read
and understand grade-
about “the South” or “the North”? Why do you think these distinct level-appropriate material.
regions developed? They describe and connect
the essential ideas, argu-
Think About ments, and perspectives
of the text by using their
• what you have learned about these regions from books or movies
knowledge of text struc-
• the way geography affects people’s choices ture, organization, and
• your responses to the Interact with History about purpose.

settling on a farm or in a town (see page 107)

What Do You Want to Know?

What questions do you have about how the four colonial regions developed? Record
these questions in your notebook before you read the chapter.

Analyzing Causes and Effects

As you read about history, it is important to understand not only what happened in the
past, but also the reasons why it happened. Clue words that indicate cause—such as
because and since—can help you look for causes of historical events. Use the chart below
to list causes that contributed to the different economic developments in each of the
colonial regions.

See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R11.

Taking Notes
NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE COLONIES SOUTHERN COLONIES BACKCOUNTRY
COLONIES
Long, cold winters Shorter winters and Nearly year-round
Climate and a short growing a longer growing growing season Varied with latitude
CAUSES

season season

Resources Rocky soil Fertile soil Fertile soil Woods and streams

English and enslaved Scots-Irish and Native

People English settlers Diverse population
Africans Americans
EFFECT

Economic Small farms, fishing, Larger farms and cash

Development and trade crops of grain Plantation economy Small farms

108 CHAPTER 4
 Page 1 of 5

New England:
Commerce and Religion
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
Fishing and trade contributed to the Coastal cities in New England Backcountry triangular trade
growth and prosperity of the New continue to engage in trade. subsistence Navigation Acts
England Colonies. farming smuggling

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

Peleg Folger, a New England sailor, kept a journal that describes what 8.6.1 Discuss the influence of indus-
trialization and technological
whaling was like in the 1750s. In one entry, he explained what happened developments on the region,
after whales were sighted and small boats were launched to pursue them. including human modification of
the landscape and how physical
geography shaped human actions
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T (e.g., gowth of cities, deforestation,
farming, mineral extraction).
So we row’d about a mile and a Half from the [ship], and then a whale
come up under us, & [smashed in] our boat . . . and threw us every man 8.7.4 Compare the lives of and
opportunities for free blacks in the
overboard [except] one. And we all came up and Got Hold of the Boat & North with those of free blacks in
Held to her until the other boat (which was a mile and half off) came up the South.
and took us in, all Safe, and not one man Hurt. 8.10.2 Trace the boundaries consti-
Peleg Folger, quoted in The Sea-Hunters tuting the North and the South,
the geographical differences
between the two regions, and the
When Folger and his mates killed a whale, they cut a hole in its head, differences between agrarians and
industrialists.
and removed large amounts of oil from the animal. When the ship returned
REP4 Students assess the credibility
to port, this oil was sold to colonists, who used it as fuel in their lamps. of primary and secondary sources
and draw sound conclusions from
Many settlers in the New England Colonies—Massachusetts, New
them.
Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island—made a living from the sea.
The majority of New Englanders, however, were farmers.

Distinct Colonial Regions Develop Taking Notes

Between 1700 and 1750, the population of England’s colonies in North Use your chart to
take notes about
America doubled and then doubled again. At the start of the century, the the New England
colonial population stood at about 257,000. By 1750, more than colonies.
1,170,000 settlers called the English colonies home. NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE
COLONIES

By the 1700s, the colonies formed three distinct regions: the New Climate
CAUSES

Resources
England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. People

Another area was the Backcountry. It ran along the Appalachian

EFFECT

Economic
Mountains through the far western part of the other regions. Development

The Colonies Develop 109

 Page 2 of 5

Several factors made each colonial region distinct. Some of the most
important were each region’s climate, resources, and people.
1. New England had long winters and rocky soil. English settlers
made up the largest group in the region’s population.
2. The Middle Colonies had shorter winters and fertile soil. The
region attracted immigrants from all over Europe.
3. The Southern Colonies had a warm climate and good soil. There,
some settlers used enslaved Africans to work their plantations.
4. The Backcountry’s climate and resources varied, depending on the Vocabulary
latitude. Many Scots-Irish immigrants settled there. latitude: the dis-
tance north or
During the colonial era, the majority of people made their living by south of the
farming. However, the type of agriculture they practiced depended on equator, meas-
the climate and resources in the region where they settled. ured in degrees

The Farms and Towns of New England

Life in New England was not easy. The growing season was short, and the
soil was rocky. Most farmers practiced subsistence farming. That is, they
produced just enough food for themselves and sometimes a little extra to
trade in town.
Skillbuilder
Answers
Most New England farmers lived near a town. This was because colo-
1. Hudson River nial officials usually did not sell scattered plots of land to individual
2. ships, fish, and
whales
65°

N
45°
W

The New England Colonies, 1750

7 0° W
.
eR
75°W

nc
re
aw
.L

MAINE
St

Claimed by (part of MASS.)

N.Y. and N.H.

Cattle 0 100 Miles

Fish
Shipbuilding Falmouth 0 200 Kilometers

Timber NEW HAMPSHIRE

Connecticut R

Portsmouth
Whaling

ATLANTIC
Salem
H u d so

Lake Boston OCEAN

.

Ontario
Plymouth
n R.

Newport MASSACHUSETTS 40°N

CONNECTICUT

New Haven RHODE ISLAND

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps

1. Location All of the New England Colonies are to the
east of what major river?
This New England meetinghouse is located in
2. Region What ocean-related products was colonial
Sturbridge Village, Massachusetts.
New England known for?

110
 Page 3 of 5

farmers. Instead, they sold larger plots of land to groups of people—often

to the congregation of a Puritan church. A congregation then settled the
town and divided the land among the members of its church.
This pattern of settlement led New England towns to develop in a
A. Recognizing
Effects How did unique way. Usually, a cluster of farmhouses surrounded a green—a central
the way land was square where a meetinghouse was located and where public activities took
sold in New
place. Because people lived together in small towns, shopkeepers had
England affect
the way people enough customers to make a living. Also, if the townspeople needed a
lived? blacksmith or a carpenter, they could pool their money and hire one.
A. Possible
Response
Because colonial
Harvesting the Sea
officials sold large New England’s rocky soil made farming difficult. In contrast, the
plots of land to Atlantic Ocean offered many economic opportunities. In one story, a
groups, many
New Englanders
group of settlers was standing on a hill overlooking the Atlantic. One of
lived together in them pointed out to sea and exclaimed, “There is a great pasture where
towns. our children’s grandchildren will go for bread!”
The settler’s prediction came true. Not far off New England’s coast
were some of the world’s best fishing grounds. The Atlantic was filled
with mackerel, halibut, cod, and many other types of fish.
New England’s forests provided everything needed to harvest these
great “pastures” of fish. The wood cut from iron-hard oak trees made
excellent ship hulls. Hundred-foot-tall white pines were ideal for masts.
Shipbuilders used about 2,500 trees to produce just one ship!
New England’s fish and timber were among its most valuable articles
Background of trade. Coastal cities like Boston, Salem, New Haven, and Newport
In 1742, over grew rich as a result of shipbuilding, fishing, and trade.
16,000 people
lived in Boston.
Atlantic Trade
New England settlers engaged in three types of trade. First was the trade
with other colonies. Second was the direct exchange of goods with
Europe. The third type was the triangular trade.
Triangular trade was the name given to a trading route with three
stops. For example, a ship might leave New England with a cargo of rum

Triangular Trade, 1750

There were several different triangular

New England trade routes. Almost all involved the
trade of enslaved Africans. In this
example, slaves were sold in the West
Indies. On other routes, they were
sold in America.
s

Ru
lasse

m,
iro
n
r, mo
Suga

Middle P
assage:
Slaves, gold AFRICA
West Indies

111

and iron. In Africa, the captain would trade his cargo for slaves. Slaves
then endured the horrible Middle Passage to the West Indies, where
they were exchanged for sugar and molasses. Traders then took the sugar
and molasses back to New England. There, colonists used the molasses
to make rum, and the pattern started over.
BLACKBEARD THE PIRATE
Of all the pirates who attacked
colonial ships, Blackbeard
(shown below) was the most
famous. He was a fearsome man
known to stick matches in his
hair to light up his face during
battle.
Blackbeard’s pirate career
finally came to an end in 1718,
when Virginia’s governor sent
an expedition against him.
Nearly half the expedition’s men
died in the key battle.
Blackbeard himself did not fall
until he had suffered nearly 25
wounds. Before sailing back to
port, sailors cut off his head and Merchants ignored the acts whenever possible.
put it on the
front of
their ship.
112 CHAPTER 4
Page 4 of 5
Background
See Olaudah
Equiano’s descrip-
tions of the
Middle Passage
New England won enormous profits from trade. on page 78.
England wanted to make sure that it received part of
those profits. So the English government began to pass
the Navigation Acts in 1651. The Navigation Acts had
four major provisions designed to ensure that England
made money from its colonies’ trade.
1. All shipping had to be done in English ships or
ships made in the English colonies.
2. Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could be
sold only to England or its colonies.
3. European imports to the colonies had to pass
through English ports.
4. English officials were to tax any colonial goods not
shipped to England.
But even after the passage of the Navigation Acts,
England had trouble controlling colonial shipping.
Smuggling—importing or exporting goods illegally—
was common. England also had great difficulty pre-
venting pirates—like the legendary Blackbeard—from
interfering with colonial shipping.
African Americans in
New England
There were few slaves in New England. Slavery
simply was not economical in this region of small B. Analyzing
farms. Also, because the growing season was Causes Why were
there relatively
short, there was little work for slaves during the
few enslaved
long winter months. Farmers could not afford to workers in New
feed and house slaves who were not working. England?
Even so, some New Englanders in larger towns B. Possible
Response Because
and cities did own slaves. They worked as house of the small size
servants, cooks, gardeners, and stable-hands. In of farms and the
the 1700s, slave owners seldom had enough room short growing
season, slavery
to house more than one or two slaves. Instead, was not
more and more slave owners hired out their slaves economical.
to work on the docks or in shops or warehouses.
Slave owners sometimes allowed their slaves to
keep a portion of their wages.
Occasionally, some enslaved persons were able
to save enough to buy their freedom. In fact, New
 Page 5 of 5

England was home to more free blacks than any other region. A free black
man might become a merchant, sailor, printer, carpenter, or landowner.
Still, white colonists did not treat free blacks as equals.
“[Boston] is so
Changes in Puritan Society conveniently
The early 1700s saw many changes in New England society.
One of the most important was the gradual decline of the Situated for
Puritan religion. There were a number of reasons for this Trade.”
C. Making decline. An observer in 1713
Inferences Why One reason was that the drive for economic success com-
might an interest peted with Puritan ideas. Many colonists, especially those who lived along
in material things
compete with the the coast, seemed to care as much about business and material things as
Puritan religion? they did about religion. One observer had this complaint.
C. Possible
Response Many A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
religions, includ-
ing Puritanism, [Boston] is so conveniently Situated for Trade and the Genius of the people
teach that too are so inclined to merchandise, that they seek no other Education for their
much concern children than writing and Arithmetick.
with material An observer in 1713, quoted in A History of American Life
things is wrong.

Another reason for the decline of the Puritan religion was the increas-
ing competition from other religious groups. Baptists and Anglicans
established churches in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where Puritans
had once been the most powerful group.
Political changes also weakened the Puritan community. In 1691, a
new royal charter for Massachusetts guaranteed religious freedom for all
Protestants, not just Puritans. The new charter also granted the vote
based on property ownership instead of church membership. This
change put an end to the Puritan churches’ ability to control elections.
To the south of New England were the Middle Colonies, which
developed in quite different ways—as the next section shows.

Section 1 Assessment
1. Terms & Names 2. Using Graphics
Explain the Use a chart like the one
significance of: shown to record how New
• Backcountry Englanders prospered from
the Atlantic Ocean.
• subsistence farming
• triangular trade Economic Benefits to
Activity Colonists
• Navigation Acts
• smuggling
How did some profit illegally
from the ocean? (HI6)
3. Main Ideas
a. How did most people in
New England earn a living?
(HI1)
b. Why did England pass the
Navigation Acts? (HI2)
c. What factors led to the
decline of the Puritan
religion in New England?
(HI2)
4. Critical Thinking
Making Inferences What
advantages might there be in
living near other people in
small towns, such as those in
New England? (HI2)
THINK ABOUT
• the transportation options
available to colonists
• why shopkeepers chose to
open businesses in towns

ACTIVITY OPTIONS
ART Read more about whaling. Make a mobile that shows different kinds of whales
or plan a multimedia presentation on whaling today. (HI6)
TECHNOLOGY

The Colonies Develop 113


The Middle Colonies:
Farms and Cities
MAIN IDEA
The people who settled in the
Middle Colonies made a society of
great diversity.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
7.11.3 Examine the origins of mod-
ern capitalism; the influence of mer-
cantilism and cottage industry; the
elements and importance of a mar-
ket economy in seventeenth-century
Europe; the changing international
trading and marketing patterns,
including their locations on a world
map; and the influence of explorers
and map makers.
8.6.1 Discuss the influence of indus-
trialization and technological
developments on the region,
including human modification of
the landscape and how physical
geography shaped human actions
(e.g., growth of cities, deforesta-
tion, farming, mineral extraction).
8.7.4 Compare the lives of and
opportunities for free blacks in the
North with those of free blacks in
the South.
REP4 Students assess the credibility
of primary and secondary sources
and draw sound conclusions from
them.
Taking Notes
Use your chart to
take notes about
the middle colonies.
NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE
COLONIES
Climate
CAUSES
Resources
People
EFFECT
Economic
Development
114 CHAPTER 4
Page 1 of 5
2
WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
States in this region still boast some cash crop artisan
of the most diverse communities in gristmill Conestoga wagon
the world. diversity
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY
Elizabeth Ashbridge was only 19 years old when she arrived
in America from England in the 1730s. Although she was an
indentured servant, she hoped to earn her freedom and
find a way to express her strong religious feelings.
After several years, Elizabeth did gain freedom. In
Pennsylvania, she joined a religious group called the
Society of Friends, or Quakers. The new Quaker
longed to share her beliefs openly.
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
I was permitted to see that all I had gone through was to
prepare me for this day; and that the time was near, when it
would be required of me, to go and declare to others what
the God of mercy had done for my soul.
Elizabeth Ashbridge, Some Account . . . of the Life of
A woman
Elizabeth Ashbridge
speaks out
at a Quaker
meeting.
The Quakers believed that people of different beliefs
could live together in harmony. They helped to create a
climate of tolerance and acceptance in the Middle Colonies
of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, as
you will read in this section.
A Wealth of Resources
The Middle Colonies had much to offer in addition to a climate of tol-
erance. A Frenchman named Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur
(krehv•KUR) praised the region’s “fair cities, substantial villages, extensive
fields . . . decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges,
where an hundred years ago all was wild, woody, and uncultivated.”
The prosperity that Crèvecoeur described was typical of the Middle
Colonies. Immigrants from all over Europe came to take advantage of
this region’s productive land. Their settlements soon crowded out Native
Americans, who had lived in the region for thousands of years.
 Page 2 of 5

Among the immigrants who came to the Middle Colonies were

Dutch and German farmers. They brought the advanced agricultural
methods of their countries with them. Their skills, knowledge, and hard
work would soon result in an abundance of foods.
The Middle Colonies boasted a longer growing season than New
England and a soil rich enough to grow cash crops. These were crops
raised to be sold for money. Common cash crops included fruits, veg-
etables, and, above all, grain. The Middle Colonies produced so much
grain that people began calling them the “breadbasket” colonies.

The Importance of Mills

After harvesting their crops of corn, wheat, rye, or other grains, farmers
Vocabulary took them to a gristmill. There, millers crushed the grain between
grist: another heavy stones to produce flour or meal. Human or animal power fueled
name for grain,
the one-seeded
some of these mills. But water wheels built along the region’s plentiful
fruit of cereal rivers powered most of the mills. Skillbuilder
grasses like The bread that colonists baked with these products was crucial to Answers
wheat and rye 1. Hudson,
their diet. Colonists ate about a pound of grain in some form each day—
Susquehanna, and
nearly three times more than Americans eat today. Even though Delaware rivers
colonists ate a great deal of grain, they had plenty left over to send to the 2. The rivers would
region’s coastal markets for sale. enable nearby
farmers to send
their crops to mar-
ket easily.

The Middle Colonies, 1750

Claimed by Cattle
N.Y. and N.H.
75°W

Fish
Furs
Conn

io
eO ntar Albany Iron
ectic u

Lak
Hudson

Pigs
tR

NEW YORK Sheep

.

Timber
R.

rie
na R.

k eE Wheat
D

La
ela w a r e
han

New York 40°N

ue

PENNSYLVANIA
sq

.
Su

NEW JERSEY
R

Philadelphia

Wilmington ATLANTIC
0 100 Miles
OCEAN
Dover
0 200 Kilometers DELAWARE Philipsburg Manor, in Sleepy Hollow,
80°W

New York, has a working 18th-century

farm and a water-powered gristmill.
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps
1. Place What are the three major rivers in the Middle Colonies?
2. Movement Why might the Middle Colonies’ rivers that empty
into the ocean be important for farmers?

35°N

The Colonies Develop 115

 Page 3 of 5

The Cities Prosper

The excellent harbors along the coasts of the Middle Colonies were
ideal sites for cities. New York City grew up at the mouth of the Hudson A. Reading a
Map Locate New
River, and Philadelphia was founded on the Delaware River. The mer- York and
chants who lived in these growing port cities exported cash crops, espe- Philadelphia on
cially grain, and imported manufactured goods. the map on page
115. Note the
Because of its enormous trade, Philadelphia was the fastest growing city rivers next to
in the colonies. The city owed its expansion to a thriving trade in wheat which they were
and other cash crops. By 1720, it was home to a dozen large shipyards— built.
places where ships are built or repaired.
The city’s wealth also brought many public improvements. Large and
graceful buildings, such as Philadelphia’s statehouse—which was later
renamed Independence Hall—graced the city’s streets. Streetlights
showed the way along paved roads. In 1748, a Swedish
visitor named Peter Kalm exclaimed that Philadelphia
had grown up overnight.

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

NAMES AND OCCUPATIONS
Many English colonists had names
like Miller and Smith—names that
reflected how their families had
made a living in England. For
example, a colonist named Miller
probably had an ancestor who
had operated a mill. Similarly,
Smith probably had an ancestor
who had been a blacksmith.
Sometimes colonists continued
in the same occupations as their
ancestors. But as time went on,
colonists turned to other occupa-
tions, and their names no longer
reflected how they earned a liv-
ing. Yet names like Smith and
Miller remain common in the
United States, reflecting the coun-
try’s past as English colonies.
And yet its natural advantages, trade, riches and power,
are by no means inferior to any, even of the most
ancient towns in Europe.
Peter Kalm, quoted in America at 1750
New York could also thank trade for its rapid growth. Background
This bustling port handled flour, bread, furs, and whale In 1742, New
York City’s popu-
oil. At midcentury, an English naval officer admired the lation was about
city’s elegant brick houses, paved streets, and roomy 11,000, and
warehouses. “Such is this city,” he said, “that very few in nearly 13,000
people lived in
England can rival it in its show.” Philadelphia.
A Diverse Region
Many different immigrant groups arrived in the port
cities of the Middle Colonies. Soon, the
region’s population showed a remarkable
diversity, or variety, in its people. One of the
largest immigrant groups in the region, after
the English, was the Germans.

116 CHAPTER 4
 Page 4 of 5

Many of the Germans arrived The Middle Colonies, 1750

between 1710 and 1740. Most Population Diversity
came as indentured servants flee-
French 2%
ing religious intolerance. Known Swedish 3%
for their skillful farming, these Welsh 3%
immigrants soon made a mark on Scottish 4%
Irish 5%
the Middle Colonies. “German
African 7%
communities,” wrote one histo-
rian, “could be identified by the Scots-Irish 9%

huge barns, the sleek cattle, and Dutch 10%

Background the stout workhorses.” German 18%
By the second Germans also brought a strong English 39%
half of the 1700s, Source: Population of the British
more than one in tradition of craftsmanship to the Colonies in America Before 1776, 1975
three colonists in Middle Colonies. For example,
SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Graphs
Pennsylvania German gunsmiths first developed 1. What group made up nearly one-fifth of the population
claimed German
ancestry.
the long rifle. Other German arti- in the Middle Colonies?
sans, or craftspeople, became iron- 2. What were the two main languages spoken in the
Middle Colonies?
workers and makers of glass,
furniture, and kitchenware. Cottage
industries were common in the Middle Colonies and in Europe. Business Skillbuilder
Answers
people would hire people to work in their own homes performing tasks, 1. Germans
such as spinning thread, or making goods. Cottage industries were the start 2. English and
of the factory system we know today. German

Germans built Conestoga wagons to carry their produce to town.

These wagons used wide wheels suitable for dirt roads, and the wagons’
curved beds prevented spilling when climbing up and down hills. The
wagons’ canvas covers offered protection from rain. Conestoga wagons
B. Summarizing would later be important in settling the West.
How would you
The Middle Colonies became home to many people besides the
describe the pop-
ulation of the Germans. There were also the English, Dutch, Scots-Irish, African,
Middle Colonies? Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Swedish, and French. Because of the diversity in
B. Possible the Middle Colonies, different groups had to learn to accept, or at least
Response The
large variety of tolerate, one another.
immigrant groups
made it a diverse A Climate of Tolerance
region.
While the English Puritans shaped life in the New England Colonies,
many different groups contributed to the culture of the Middle
Colonies. Because of the greater number of different groups, it was dif-
ficult for any single group to dominate the others. Thus, the region’s
diversity helped to create a climate of tolerance. Some of the region’s
religious groups also helped to promote tolerance.
The Middle Colonies’ earliest settlers, the Dutch in New York and the
Quakers in Pennsylvania, both practiced religious tolerance. That is, they
honored the right of religious groups to follow their own beliefs without
interference. Quakers also insisted on the equality of men and women. As
a result, Quaker women served as preachers, and female missionaries trav-
eled the world spreading the Quaker message.

The Colonies Develop 117

 Page 5 of 5

Quakers were also the first to raise their voices against

slavery. Quaker ideals influenced immigrants in the
Middle Colonies—and eventually the whole nation.

African Americans in the

Middle Colonies
The tolerant attitude of many settlers in the Middle
Colonies did not prevent slavery in the region. In 1750,
about 7 percent of the Middle Colonies’ population was
enslaved. As in New England, many people of African
descent lived and worked in cities.
New York City had a larger number of people of
African descent than any other city in the Northern
colonies. In New York City, enslaved persons worked as C. Forming
manual laborers, servants, drivers, and as assistants to Opinions Why do
you think that
artisans and craftspeople. Free African-American men
force was needed
and women also made their way to the city, where they to keep Africans
worked as laborers, servants, or sailors. enslaved?
C. Possible
Tensions existed between the races in New York
Response Because
City, sometimes leading to violence. In 1712, for exam- enslaved Africans
Most Quakers ple, about 24 rebellious slaves set fire to a building. They then killed nine wanted their free-
were opposed to whites and wounded several others who came to put out the fire. Armed dom and were
ready to fight
slavery. Shown colonists caught the suspects, who were punished horribly. Such pun- for it.
here is a Quaker
antislavery
ishments showed that whites would resort to force and violence to con-
pamphlet printed trol slaves. Even so, the use of violence did little to prevent the outbreak
in the Middle of other slave rebellions.
Colonies.
Force would also be used in the South, which had far more enslaved
Africans than the North. In the next section, you will learn how the South’s
plantation economy came to depend on the labor of enslaved Africans.

Section 2 Assessment
1. Terms & Names 2. Using Graphics 3. Main Ideas 4. Critical Thinking
Explain the Use a cluster diagram like the a. What attracted settlers to Analyzing Causes What
significance of: one shown to indicate where the Middle Colonies? (HI1) factors allowed large coastal
• cash crop different immigrants in the b. What service was per- cities to develop in the
Middle Colonies came from. formed at gristmills? (HI1) Middle Colonies? (HI1)
• gristmill
• diversity c. Why might enslaved THINK ABOUT
• artisan Middle Africans be able to join in • geography
Colonies’
• Conestoga wagon Population rebellion more easily in the • people
city than the country? (HI1) • trade

What was the third largest

group in the region? (REP1)
ACTIVITY OPTIONS
MATH Read more about Philadelphia. Create a database of the city’s population
growth in the 1700s or draw a map that shows its physical growth. (CST3)
GEOGRAPHY

118 CHAPTER 4
 Page 1 of 5

The Southern Colonies:

Plantations and Slavery
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
The economy of the Southern The existence of slavery deeply indigo overseer
Colonies relied heavily on affected the South and the nation. Eliza Lucas Stono Rebellion
slave labor. William Byrd II

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

George Mason was born to a wealthy Virginia 8.7.1 Describe the development of
the agrarian economy in the South,
family in 1725. Mason—who later described the identify the locations of the cot-
slave trade as “disgraceful to mankind”—wrote ton-producing states, and discuss
the significance of cotton and the
about the contributions of enslaved persons on cotton gin.
his family’s plantation. 8.7.2 Trace the origins and develop-
ment of slavery; its effects on black
Americans and on the region's
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T political, social, religious, economic,
and cultural development; and
My father had among his slaves carpenters, coopers
identify the strategies that were
[barrel makers], sawyers, blacksmiths, tanners, tried to both overturn and pre-
curriers, shoemakers, spinners, weavers and knitters, serve it (e.g., through the writings
and even a distiller. George Mason and historical documents on Nat
George Mason, quoted in Common Landscape of America Turner, Denmark Vesey).
8.7.3 Examine the characteristics of
white Southern society and how
Because the Masons and other wealthy landowners produced all that the physical environment influ-
enced events and conditions prior
they needed on their own plantations, they appeared to be independent. to the Civil War.
But their independence usually depended on the labor of enslaved 8.7.4 Compare the lives of and
Africans. Although planters were only a small part of the Southern opportunities for free blacks in the
North with those of free blacks in
population, the plantation economy and slavery shaped life in the Southern the South.
Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. REP4 Students assess the credibility
of primary and secondary sources
and draw sound conclusions from
them.
The Plantation Economy
The South’s soil and almost year-round growing season were ideal for
plantation crops like rice and tobacco. These valuable plants required Taking Notes
much labor to produce, but with enough workers they could be grown Use your chart to
take notes about
as cash crops. Planters had no trouble transporting their crops because
the Southern
the region’s many waterways made it easy for oceangoing ships to tie colonies.
up at plantation docks. NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE
COLONIES

Like George Mason’s boyhood home, most plantations were largely self- Climate
CAUSES

Resources
sufficient. That is, nearly everything that planters, their families, and their People

workers needed was produced on the plantation. Because plantations were

EFFECT

Economic
so self-sufficient, large cities like those in the North were rare Development

The Colonies Develop 119

 Page 2 of 5

The Southern Colonies, 1750

Baltimore

P o t om
MARYLAND

Ch
40°N

ac

esa
R.

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Corn VIRGINIA

ke
Indigo Richmond

Ba
S
N
Jam e s R
TAI

Naval stores

y
. Jamestown
UN

Pigs

75°W
MO

Ro
Rice a noke
R.
AN

Tobacco
HI
AC

NORTH
L
PA

CAROLINA
AP

0 100 Miles

0 200 Kilometers Wilmington

35°N SOUTH
CAROLINA ATLANTIC
av
S

OCEAN
85°W

an
na
h
Charles Town
R.

GEORGIA (Charleston)
The Orton plantation, south of Wilmington,
Savannah North Carolina, was founded around 1725. Such
A l t am a h a R. plantations were representative of the economic
and political power held by Southern planters.

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps

1. Location The Southern Colonies were south of what latitude?
2. Place Which Southern Colonies grew crops of both rice and indigo?

Skillbuilder in the Southern Colonies. The port city of Charles Town (later called Background
Answers In 1742, Charles
1. 40° North
Charleston) in South Carolina was an early exception.
Town’s popula-
2. South Carolina As the plantation economy continued to grow, planters began to have tion was 6,800.
and Georgia difficulty finding enough laborers to work their plantations. Toward the
end of the 1600s, the planters began to turn to enslaved Africans for labor.

The Turn to Slavery

For the first half of the 1600s, there were few Africans in Virginia, whether
enslaved or free. In 1665, fewer than 500 Africans had been brought into
the colony. At that time, African and European inden-
U.S. Slave Population
tured servants worked in the fields together. A. Possible
40 Starting in the 1660s, the labor system began to Response
Percentage of Population

change as indentured white servants started to leave Because many

30 could buy land
the plantations. One reason they left was the large and start their
20 amount of land available in the Americas. It was own farms.
fairly easy for white men to save enough money to
10 A. Reading a
buy land and start their own farms. White servants
Graph Ask
0 could not be kept on the plantations permanently. and answer a
1650 1670 1690 1710 1730 1750
As Bacon’s Rebellion showed, it was also politically question about
North South the geopgraphic
Source: Fogel and Engerman,
dangerous for planters to try to keep them there (see
pattern of
Time on the Cross, 1974 page 89). As a result, the landowners had to find changes in the
another source of labor. slave population.

120 CHAPTER 4
 Page 3 of 5

Planters tried to force Native Americans to work for them. But

European diseases caused many Native Americans to die. Those who
survived usually knew the country well enough to run away.
B. Analyzing To meet their labor needs, the planters turned to enslaved Africans.
Causes What fac- As a result, the population of people of African descent began to grow
tors led to the rapidly. By 1750, there were over 235,000 enslaved Africans in
importation of
enslaved Africans
America. About 85 percent lived in the Southern Colonies. Enslaved
into the South? Africans made up about 40 percent of the South’s population.
B. Answer the
shortage of labor
Plantations Expand
The growth of slavery allowed plantation farming to expand in South
Carolina and Georgia. Without slave labor, there probably would have
been no rice plantations in the region’s swampy lowlands.
Enslaved workers drained swamps, raked fields,
burned stubble, and broke ground before planting.
They also had to flood, drain, dry, hoe, and weed the
same fields several times before the harvest.
The cultivation of rice required not only back-
breaking labor but also considerable skill. Because
West Africans had these skills, planters sought out
slaves who came from Africa’s rice-growing regions.
On higher ground, planters grew indigo, a plant
that yields a deep blue dye. A young woman named
Eliza Lucas had introduced indigo as a successful
plantation crop after her father sent her to supervise
his South Carolina plantations when she was 17.

The Planter Class WILLIAM BYRD II

Slave labor allowed planters, such as the Byrd family 1674–1744
of Virginia, to become even wealthier. These families William Byrd II was one of the
best known of the Southern
formed an elite planter class. They had money or planters. His family owned a large
credit to buy the most slaves. And because they had estate in Virginia. After his father
C. Possible
Response The
more slaves, they could grow more tobacco, rice, or died, Byrd took on his father's
responsibilities, including mem-
economic power indigo to sell. bership in the House of
of planters with Small landowners with just one or two slaves simply Burgesses.
large numbers of
slaves allowed
could not compete. Many gave up their land and But Byrd is best remembered
for his writing. His most famous
them to assume moved westward. As a result, the powerful planter class work is History of the Dividing
political power, gained control of the rich land along the coast. The Line betwixt Virginia and North
too.
planter class was relatively small compared to the rest Carolina. In it, Byrd celebrates the
land and climate of the South. At
C. Recognizing of the population. However, this upper class soon took
times, however, he is critical of its
Effects How did control of political and economic power in the South. people. Even today, the book cre-
the growth of A foreign traveler in the South commented that the ates a vivid picture of life in the
slavery affect Southern Colonies.
political power in planters “think and act precisely as do the nobility in
How did William Byrd II
the South? other countries.”
demonstrate his leadership
Some planters, following the traditions of nobility, abilities?
did feel responsible for the welfare of their enslaved

The Colonies Develop 121

 Page 4 of 5

Benjamin Henry Latrobe’s

watercolor sketch, An Overseer
Doing His Duty, shows enslaved
African women on a Virginia
plantation. An overseer looks
on as the two women work to
remove tree stumps.
What opinion do you think
Latrobe had of the
conditions on plantations?

workers. Power, they believed, brought with it the responsibility to do Vocabulary

good. Many planters, though, were tyrants. They held complete author- tyrant: harsh
ity over everyone in their households. Planters frequently used violence ruler

against slaves to enforce their will.

Life Under Slavery

On large Southern plantations, slaves toiled in groups of about 20 to 25
under the supervision of overseers. Overseers were men hired by planters
to watch over and direct the work of slaves. Enslaved persons performed
strenuous and exhausting work, often for 15 hours a day at the peak of
the harvest season. If slaves did not appear to be doing their full share of
work, they were often whipped by the overseer.
Enslaved people usually lived in small, one-room cabins that were fur-
nished only with sleeping cots. For a week’s food, a slave might receive
only around a quarter bushel of corn and a pound of pork. Some planters
allowed their slaves to add to this meager ration by letting them raise
D. Finding Main
their own potatoes, greens, fruit, or chicken.
Ideas What cus-
In spite of the brutal living conditions, Africans preserved many cus- toms and beliefs
toms and beliefs from their homelands. These included music, dances, sto- from their home-
lands provided
ries, and, for a time, African religions—including Islam. African kinship
strength for
customs became the basis of African-American family culture. A network enslaved
of kin was a source of strength even when families were separated. Africans?
D. Possible

Resistance to Slavery Responses Music,

dances, stories,
At the same time that enslaved Africans struggled to maintain their own Islam, and kinship
culture, they fought against their enslavement. They sometimes worked customs.

122 CHAPTER 4
 Page 5 of 5

slowly, damaged goods, or purposely carried out orders the wrong way.
A British traveler in 1746 noted that many slaves pretended not to
understand tasks they often had performed as farmers in West Africa.

A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
You would really be surpriz’d at their Perseverance; let an hundred Men shew
him how to hoe, or drive a wheelbarrow, he’ll still take the one by the
Bottom, and the other by the Wheel; and they often die before they can be
conquer’d.
Edward Kimber, quoted in White over Black

At times, slaves became so angry and frustrated by their loss of free-

dom that they rose up in rebellion. One of the most famous incidents
was the Stono Rebellion. In September 1739, about 20 slaves gath-
ered at the Stono River just south of Charles Town. Wielding guns
and other weapons, they killed several planter families and marched
south, beating drums and loudly inviting other slaves to join them in
their plan to seek freedom in Spanish-held Florida. By late that after-
noon, however, a white militia had surrounded the group of escaping
slaves. The two sides clashed, and many slaves died in the fighting.
Those captured were executed.
Background Stono and similar revolts led planters to make slave codes even
Slave codes were stricter. Slaves were now forbidden from leaving plantations without
laws designed to
control slaves and
permission. The laws also made it illegal for slaves to meet with free
keep them in blacks. Such laws made the conditions of slavery even more inhumane.
bondage. The Southern Colonies’ plantation economy and widespread use of
slaves set the region, and African-American culture in the region, on a
very different path from that of the New England and Middle Colonies.
In the next section, you will learn how settlers used the unique resources
of the Backcountry to create settlements there.

Section 3 Assessment
1. Terms & Names 2. Using Graphics 3. Main Ideas 4. Critical Thinking
Explain the Use a diagram like the one a. What percentage of the Contrasting How did geo-
significance of: shown to review the factors South’s population was graphic differences between
• indigo that led to the use of slaves enslaved in 1750? (8.7.2) the Southern Colonies and
in the South. b. What crops did planta- the New England Colonies
• Eliza Lucas
Causes Effect tions in Georgia and South affect their labor systems?
• William Byrd II (8.7.1)
Carolina grow? (8.7.2)
• overseer
c. How did enslaved persons THINK ABOUT
• Stono Rebellion
resist their slavery? (8.7.2) • the climate of the regions
Why didn’t planters use • the nature of the soil
Native American workers?
(HI2)
ACTIVITY OPTIONS
ART Do more research on rice plantations. Draw a diagram of a typical plantation or
write a report on how rice is cultivated today. (CST3)
SCIENCE

The Colonies Develop 123

 Page 1 of 2

REGION AND HUMAN -ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

Differences Among the Colonies

Many factors shape a region’s economy and the way its settlers
make a living. One of the most important is its physical geogra-
phy—the climate, soil, and natural resources of the region. The
geography of the American colonies varied from one colony to
another. For example, in some areas, farmers could dig into rich,
fertile soil. In others, they could not stick their shovels in the
ground without hitting rocks.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
8.6.1 Discuss the influence of industrialization
and technological developments on the
region, including human modification of the
landscape and how physical geography
shaped human actions (e.g., growth of cities,
deforestation, farming, mineral extraction).
8.7.1 Describe the development of the agrar-
ian economy in the South, identify the loca-
tions of the cotton-producing states, and
discuss the significance of cotton and the cot-
ton gin.

Major Regional Exports (by export value*)

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
New England had a short growing
season and rocky soil. Colonists took
advantage of other opportunities in the
region, especially fishing and whaling.
MIDDLE COLONIES
The longer growing season of the
Middle Colonies—the “breadbasket
colonies”—allowed farmers to grow
cash crops of grain.
SOUTHERN COLONIES
The South had a nearly year-round
growing season. The use of enslaved
Africans allowed Southern planters to
produce cash crops of tobacco and rice.

Dried Fish and Whale Oil 44% Grain 73% Tobacco 48%
Livestock 17% Iron 5% Rice 20%
Wood Products 13% Wood Products 5% Bread, Flour, Grain (not rice) 13%
Other 26% Other 17% Indigo 7%
Other 12%
*Export Value in Pounds Sterling (Five-Year Average, 1768–1772)
Source: James F. Shepherd and Gary M. Walton, Shipping, Maritime Trade, and the Economic
Development of Colonial North America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.)

Farmer’s Plow Middle colonists relied

on the heavy blades of plows to cut
Image not available for
seed rows into the region’s fertile soil. use on this CD-ROM.
Please refer to the
image in the textbook.
Indigo On some plantations
in the South, planters grew crops
of indigo plants—like the one
pictured here—to produce the rich
blue dyes used to color this yarn.

124 CHAPTER 4
 Page 2 of 2

Land Forms Soil Growing Season

NEW ENGLAND NEW ENGLAND NEW ENGLAND

COLONIES COLONIES COLONIES

MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDLE

COLONIES COLONIES COLONIES

SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN

COLONIES COLONIES COLONIES

Coastal plain Least fertile 3 to 5 months

Piedmont Moderately 5 to 7 months
Mountains fertile 7 to 9 months
Rocky hills Most fertile 9 to 12 months
Interior plain

Physical Geography The maps above show the different types of land forms,
soil, and growing seasons that were found in the different colonial regions. These
factors helped to shape the economies of each of the regions, which were quite CONNECT TO GEOGRAPHY
different, as the pie graphs show on the previous page. 1. Region How long was the
growing season in most of the
Southern Colonies?
2. Human-Environment
Interaction How might the
soil quality in the Middle
Colonies have influenced the
The New Bedford Whaling Museum region’s population?
in Massachusetts has many objects
See Geography
related to whaling, including bone Handbook, pages 10–13.
or ivory objects called scrimshaws.
A sailor carved this whale’s tooth CONNECT TO HISTORY
with a jackknife or sail needle and 3. Analyzing Causes Why did
colored the design with ink. the land forms and soil of New
For more about whaling . . . England cause many to turn to
the Atlantic Ocean for a living?
RESEARCH LINKS
CL ASSZONE .COM
The Colonies Develop 125
 Page 1 of 6

The Backcountry
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
Settlers moved to the Backcountry Backcountry settlers established a Appalachian piedmont
because land was cheap and rural way of life that still exists in Mountains clan
plentiful. certain parts of the country. fall line

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS ONE AMERICAN’S STORY

CST3 Students use a variety of maps Alexander Spotswood governed Virginia from
and documents to identify physical
and cultural features of neighbor- 1710 to 1722. He led a month-long expedition
hoods, cities, states, and countries over the Blue Ridge Mountains in August
and to explain the historical migra-
tion of people, expansion and dis- 1716. During the 400-mile journey,
integration of empires, and the adventurers braved dense thickets, muddy
growth of economic systems.
streams, and rattlesnakes. John Fontaine,
REP4 Students assess the credibility
of primary and secondary sources who accompanied Spotswood, kept a diary
and draw sound conclusions from
of the trip.
them.

A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
We had a rugged way; we passed over a great
many small runs of water, some of which were
very deep, and others very miry. Several of our
company were dismounted, some were down
with their horses, others under their horses,
and some thrown off.
John Fontaine, quoted in Colonial Virginia Alexander Spotswood meets
Native Americans in the Blue
Ridge Mountains—a segment
Spotswood’s journey is considered a of the Appalachians Mountains.
symbol of Virginia’s westward expansion.

Geography of the Backcountry

Just as Spotswood predicted, settlers soon began to move into the
Backcountry. This was a region of dense forests and rushing streams in
or near the Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachians stretch from
eastern Canada south to Alabama.
Taking Notes
In the South, the Backcountry began at the fall line. The fall line is
Use your chart to
take notes about
where waterfalls prevent large boats from moving farther upriver.
the backcountry. Beyond the fall line is the piedmont. Piedmont means “foot of the
NEW ENGLAND MIDDLE
COLONIES
mountains.” It is the broad plateau that leads to the Blue Ridge
Climate
Mountains of the Appalachian range.
CAUSES

Resources

People
The Backcountry’s resources made it relatively easy for a family to start
a small farm. The region’s many springs and streams provided water, and
EFFECT

Economic
Development
forests furnished wood that settlers could use for log cabins and fences.
126 CHAPTER 4
 Page 2 of 6

Backcountry, 1750
Backcountry Settlers
The first Europeans in the Back-

60° W
country made a living by trading with NEW
ENGLAND
the Native Americans. Backcountry COLONIES
settlers paid for goods with deerskins.

S
40°N

IN
Vocabulary A unit of value was one buckskin or,

A
MIDDLE

T
UN
buck: an adult for short, a “buck.” COLONIES

n tr R .

MO
i o

y
male deer; the
Farmers soon followed the traders ATLANTIC

h
O
adult female is

NT
ou

AN
OCEAN

7 0 °W
into the region, but they had to be SOUTHERN

c kc
called a doe

MO
HI
cautious. As the number of settle- COLONIES

AC
Ba

ED
AL

PI
ments grew, the farmers often clashed

PP
A
with the Native Americans whose
land they were taking. Fall Line
Farmers sheltered their families in

80°W
log cabins. They filled holes between
the logs with mud, moss, and clay.
0 200 Miles This log cabin is typical of the
Then they sawed out doors and win- dwellings in the Backcountry.
0 400 Kilometers
dows. Lacking glass, settlers used
paper smeared with animal fat to
cover their windows. GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps
Region What geographical feature did the northern
William Byrd—on his expedition
and southern areas of the Backcountry have in common?
A. Analyzing to establish the southern border of
Points of View
What was Virginia—described a long night that Skillbuilder Answer
William Byrd’s he spent in one such cabin. He complained that he and at least ten other They were in
attitude toward or near the
people were “forct to pig together in a Room . . . troubled with the Appalachian
Backcountry
settlers? Squalling of peevish, dirty children into the Bargain.” Mountains.
A. Possible Backcountry life may have been harsh, but by the late 1600s many
Response Byrd’s
families had chosen to move there. Some of them went to escape the
membership in
the planter class plantation system, which had crowded out many small farmers closer to
may have made the seacoast. Then, in the 1700s, a new group of emigrants—the Scots-
him prejudiced
against the
Irish—began to move into the Backcountry.
lifestyle of Back-
country settlers. The Scots-Irish
The Scots-Irish came from the borderland between Scotland and
England. Most of them had lived for a time in northern Ireland. In
1707, England and Scotland merged and formed Great Britain. The
merger caused many hardships for the Scots-Irish. Poverty and crop fail-
ures made this bad situation even worse.
As a result, Scots-Irish headed to America by the thousands. After they
Vocabulary arrived, they quickly moved into the Backcountry. The Scots-Irish
clan: comes from brought their clan system with them to the Backcountry. Clans are large
an Old Irish word
groups of families—sometimes in the thousands—that claim a common
that means off-
spring, or ancestor. Clan members were suspicious of outsiders and banded
descendants together when danger threatened. These clans helped families to deal
with the dangers and problems of the Backcountry.

The Colonies Develop 127

 Page 3 of 6

BACKCOUNTRY
SPORTS TODAY
Three centuries ago, crowds in
the Backcountry were thrilled by
some of the same games that
are now part of track and field
competitions.
One of these games is the
hammer throw. In this event, an
athlete swings around a 16-
pound metal ball on a wire-rope
handle. After whirling around
several times, the athlete lets go
of the hammer, hoping it will
travel the farthest distance.
The Scots-Irish brought other
games to America, including the
shotput, high jump,
and long jump.
Backcountry Life
Life in the Backcountry was very different from life along
the seaboard. Settlers along the coast carried on a lively
trade with England. But in the Backcountry, rough roads
and rivers made it almost impossible to move goods.
As a result, Backcountry farmers learned quickly to
depend on themselves. They built log cabins and fur-
nished them with cornhusk mattresses and homemade
benches and tables. They fed their families with the
hogs and cattle they raised and with the fish and game
they killed. They grew yellow corn to feed their live-
stock and white corn to eat. Popcorn was probably
their only snack food. To protect their precious corn
from pests, daytime patrols of women, children, and
B. Making
the elderly served as human scarecrows. Inferences How
Women in the Backcountry worked in the cabin and would you
fields, but they also learned to use guns and axes. An describe the way
people in the
explorer who traveled in the region described one of Backcountry
these hardy Backcountry women. lived?
B. Possible
Response
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
Because of the
She is a very civil woman and shows nothing of ruggedness rough conditions
or Immodesty in her carriage, yett she will carry a gunn in in the Back-
the woods and kill deer, turkeys, etc., shoot doun wild country, settlers
cattle, catch and tye hoggs, knock down [cattle] with an ax developed a
and perform the most manfull Exercises. rugged lifestyle.
A visitor to the Backcountry, quoted in A History of
American Life

Settlers in the Backcountry often acted as if there

were no other people in the region, but this was not so.
In the woods and meadows that surrounded their cab-
ins, settlers often encountered Native Americans and
other groups that had made America their home.

Other Peoples in North America

The Backcountry settlers started a westward movement that would play
a critical role in American history. Most settlers’ motivation to move
C. Summarizing
west was simple—the desire for land. As England’s
Yet the push to the west brought settlers into contact with other peo- colonies
expanded west-
ples of North America. Native Americans had made their homes there
ward, what
for thousands of years. In addition, France and Spain claimed consider- groups did they
able territory in North America. encounter?
Sometimes this contact led to changes in people’s cultures. For C. Possible
Responses Native
instance, North America had no horses until the Spanish colonists Americans,
brought them into Mexico in the 1500s. Horses migrated north, and Spanish, and
Native Americans caught them and made them an important part of French.

their culture.

128 CHAPTER 4
 Page 4 of 6

Contact also led to

conflict. As English set-
tlers pushed into the
Backcountry, they put
pressure on Native Ameri-
can tribes. Some tribes
reacted by raiding isolated
homesteads and small
settlements. White set-
tlers struck back, leading
to more bloodshed.
The English colonists also came into conflict with the French. The This painting shows
French had colonized eastern Canada and had moved into the territo- Native Americans
catching wild horses.
ries, rich with fur, along the Mississippi River. French fur traders wanted
Many would later use
to prevent English settlers from moving west and taking away part of the the horses to hunt
Vocabulary trade. One Native American told an Englishman, “You and the French buffalo on the Great
Plains.
shears: scissors are like two edges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth that is cut to
pieces between them.”
Spain also controlled large areas of North America—including ter-
ritories that today form part or all of the states of Arizona, California,
Colorado, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming.
Spanish settlers were farmers, ranchers, and priests. Priests, who estab-
lished missions to convert Native Americans, built forts near the mis-
sions for protection. In 1718, Spaniards built Fort San Antonio de
Bexar to guard the mission of San Antonio de Valero, later renamed
the Alamo.
These different groups continued to compete—and sometimes fight—
with one another. Frequently, England’s colonies had to unite against
these other groups. As a result, a common American identity began to
take shape, as you will read in Chapter 5.

Section 4 Assessment
1. Terms & Names 2. Using Graphics 3. Main Ideas 4. Critical Thinking
Explain the Use a chart like the one a. Which settlers migrated to Identifying Problems As
significance of: shown to list some of the the Backcountry? (HI1) England’s colonies expanded
• Appalachian geographic characteristics of b. How did clans help the farther west, what problems
Mountains the Backcountry. (CST3) Scots-Irish survive? (HI1) would they face? (HI1)
• fall line c. What economic activities THINK ABOUT
Backcountry Geography
• piedmont did women carry out in the • other inhabitants of the
1.
• clan region? (HI1) Americas
2. • the resources desired by
3. the colonists
4.

ACTIVITY OPTIONS
LANGUAGE ARTS Read an account of the Backcountry written in the 1700s. Write a newspaper
article or draw a series of cartoons that describe what you have read. (REP4)
ART

The Colonies Develop 129

 Page 5 of 6

VISUAL Chapter 4 ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY
TERMS & NAMES CRITICAL THINKING
The Colonies Briefly explain the significance of 1. USING YOUR NOTES:
Develop (CST3) the following. ANALYZING CAUSES AND
EFFECTS
1. Backcountry
2. subsistence farming Using your completed chart,
answer the questions below. (CST1)
3. triangular trade NEW ENGLAND COLONIES MIDDLE COLONIES SOUTHERN COLONIES BACKCOUNTRY

NEW 4. Navigation Acts Climate

CAUSES
ENGLAND Resources

COLONIES 5. cash crop People

6. gristmill

EFFECT
Economic
Development

MIDDLE 7. Conestoga wagon

COLONIES
a. How was the Middle Colonies’
8. overseer
try

climate different from the

oun

9. Stono Rebellion Backcountry’s?

10. Appalachian Mountains
ckc

b. How did the South’s labor system

Ba

SOUTHERN differ from the North’s?

COLONIES
New England: Commerce
and Religion
New England was distinguished
by its small farming towns and
profitable fishing and trade.
The Middle Colonies:
Farms and Cities
The Middle Colonies’ farms
produced large cash crops that
fueled trade in its coastal cities.
The Southern Colonies:
Plantations and Slavery
The South’s plantation economy
and large number of enslaved
Africans made it different from
the other regions.
The Backcountry
The Backcountry was distant
from the denser coastal
populations, so settlers there
developed an independent and
rugged way of life.
130 CHAPTER 4
REVIEW QUESTIONS c. How did the resources of New
England affect its economy?
New England: Commerce and
Religion (pages 109–113) 2. ANALYZING LEADERSHIP
1. How would you describe the How did the South’s plantation
life of a New England farmer? economy influence who became
(HI1) leaders in the region? (HI2)
2. In what ways did settlers in the
3. THEME: ECONOMICS IN
region take advantage of the
HISTORY
Atlantic Ocean? (HI1)
3. How were New England towns What factors influenced the eco-
nomic development of each of the
settled? (HI1)
four colonial regions? (HI1)
The Middle Colonies: Farms and
Cities (pages 114–118) 4. APPLYING CITIZENSHIP SKILLS
4. How were farms in the Middle How did the Quaker influence in
the Middle Colonies contribute to
Colonies different from those in
New England? (CST3) the behavior of citizens of the
region? (HI2)
5. What characterized the
population of the Middle 5. SEQUENCING EVENTS
Colonies? (HI1)
What changes took place in the
The Southern Colonies: population and treatment of
Plantations and Slavery African Americans between 1650
(pages 119–125) and 1750? (HI1)
6. Why did Southern planters
infrequently travel to towns to Interact with History
sell their crops or to buy food
and supplies? (HI2) How would the choice that you
made at the beginning of the chap-
7. Why did planters turn to
enslaved Africans for labor? (HI2)
ter have varied according to the
region in which you lived? Would
8. In what ways did slaves resist? you still make the same choice?
(HI1)
The Backcountry (pages 126–129)
9. Where was the Backcountry
located in the 1700s? (HI1)
10. How was life in the Back-
country different from
that along the coast? (HI1)
 Page 6 of 6

STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT
Use the map and your knowledge of U.S. history to 2. Which European group claimed the northernmost
answer questions 1 and 2. territory? (8.1)
Additional Test Practice, pp. S1–S33. A. English
B. French
C. Russian
Claims in North America, 1750
D. Spanish
40
°W
°W

60
140

100°W

°W
8 0° W

This quotation from Edward Kimber is about slaves in

120°

60 °N
the United States. Use the quotation and your knowl-
edge of U.S. history to answer question 3.
P R I M A RY S O U R C E
Disputed 40°N You would really be surpriz’d at their Perseverance;
English let an hundred Men shew him how to hoe, or drive a
wheelbarrow, he’ll still take the one by the Bottom,
French
and the other by the Wheel; and they often die
Russian before they can be conquer’d.
Spanish
20°N Edward Kimber, quoted in White over Black
Native
American
3. The speaker uses the word Perseverance to empha-
0 1,000 Miles
size which of the following? (8.7.2)
0 2,000 Kilometers A. the slave’s belief in working hard at his or
her tasks
1. Which of the groups shown inhabited the largest
B. the slave’s determination to resist enslavement
area of North America? (8.1)
C. the slave’s confusion about what is expected of
A. English
him or her
B. Native American
D. the slave’s submission to the condition of
C. Russian slavery
D. Spanish TEST PRACTICE
CL ASSZONE .COM

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY

1. WRITING ABOUT HISTORY DOING INTERNET RESEARCH
Imagine that you are a Quaker living in colonial You can learn about different aspects of colonial farm
America. Write a diary entry about your typical day. life from primary sources. Use the Internet or library
(REP4) resources to begin your research. (REP4)
• You can learn more about Quaker life in colonial • Use the Internet to find primary sources such as
times by reading primary sources found in the library. diaries, journal entries, or letters.
• Before you begin to write, make a list of the ways in • Another source of information might be historical
which you might spend a typical day as a Quaker. Use or living history museums.
your notes to write your diary entry. • Use your research to create a chart listing the differ-
ences between your family’s lifestyle and a colonial
2. COOPERATIVE LEARNING family’s.
For more about colonial farming . . .
Work with a few of your classmates to design and con-
struct a model of a log cabin. Group members can INTERNET ACTIVITY
share the responsibilities for researching the history of CL ASSZONE .COM
log cabins, recording details about the location of your
log cabin, and designing and building the cabin. (HI1)
The Colonies Develop 131