EE 430

Analysis and Design of

Electronic Circuits
Week 9: 3/15 – 3/19
Instructor: Hakan Töreyin

Spring 2021
Multistage Amplifiers –
Four-Stage Bipolar Op Amp

DC currents and voltages?

Quiescent power dissipation?
Input bias current?
Input common-mode range (ICMR)?

Differential input resistance?

Gain?
Output resistance?
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
𝑉𝑜 𝜔 𝑉𝑜 𝑠
𝑇 𝜔 = 𝑇 𝑠 =
𝑉𝑖 𝜔 𝑉𝑖 𝑠
s : complex frequency variable

Magnitude response
Frequency Response of Single Time Constant
Networks

1 Magnitude response
𝑇 𝑠 =
1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶
1
𝑇 𝑠 =
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶 2
∠𝑇 𝑠 = − tan−1 𝜔𝑅𝐶
1
𝜔0 =
𝑅𝐶
𝐾=1
Phase response
Frequency Response of Single Time Constant
Networks

𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐶 𝑠
𝑇 𝑠 = = =
1 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1
𝑅+ 𝑠+ Magnitude response
𝑠𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝜔
𝑇 𝑠 =
1 2
+ 𝜔2
𝑅𝐶
∠𝑇 𝑠 = 900 − tan−1 𝜔𝑅𝐶
1
𝜔0 =
𝑅𝐶
𝐾=1 Phase response
 Frequency Response
- So far, gains of all amplifiers investigated have been assumed to be
constant independent of the input signal’s frequency
Frequency Response
Amplifiers designed in IC:
No bypass or coupling capacitors =>
Midbands of IC amplifiers start from 0 Hz.

An important figure of merit:

Gain-Bandwidth Product (GB)=|AM|BW
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐺 𝑠
= = =
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠 + 1
𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐺 𝑠
= = =
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠 + 1
𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑠𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔

1
𝑤𝑝1 =
𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜 1
= 𝐼𝑠 +𝑠
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑 𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
= 𝑔𝑚
𝑉𝑔 1
𝑔𝑚 +
𝑅𝑠
𝑠+
𝐶𝑠
1
𝑔𝑚 + 1
𝑅𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔𝑧 =
𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 > 𝜔𝑧
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠 1 1 + 𝑠𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
= = = 𝑔𝑚
𝑉𝑔 𝐼 1 𝑅𝑠 1 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑠 1 + 𝑠𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑠
𝑠 + 1+
𝑔𝑚 1 + 𝑠𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝑔𝑚 1 + 𝑠𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜 1
= 𝐼𝑠 +𝑠
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑 𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
= 𝑔𝑚
𝑉𝑔 1
𝑔𝑚 +
𝑅𝑠
𝑠+
𝐶𝑠
1
𝑔𝑚 + 1
𝑅𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔𝑧 =
𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 > 𝜔𝑧
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜 1
= 𝜔𝑝3 =
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑 𝐶𝐶2 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷

𝑅𝐷
−𝐼𝑑 1 𝑅𝐿
−𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐿 𝑠
𝑉𝑜 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 =−
𝑠𝐶𝐶2 1 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑠 + 1
= = + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷
𝐼𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝑠𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶2 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑
𝜔𝑧
1
𝑉𝑜 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐿 𝑠 𝑠+ 𝑠
𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑠 + 1 1 1
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑠+
𝐶𝐶2 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝐴𝑀 𝜔𝑝1
𝑠+
𝐶𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝3
𝐴𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠.
Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response
 General Approach for Finding Frequency
Response of an Amplifier
1. Identify which capacitors are causing gain-drop in the low-frequency band
(those capacitors set fL) and which capacitors are causing gain-drop in the high-
frequency band (those capacitors set fH)
 General Approach for Finding Frequency
Response of an Amplifier
2. Computing fL: High-frequency-regime-related capacitors are open
Low-frequency-regime-related capacitors are included
 General Approach for Finding Frequency
Response of an Amplifier
3. Computing fH: High-frequency-regime-related capacitors are included
Low-frequency-regime-related capacitors are short
 General Approach for Finding Frequency
Response of an Amplifier
4. Computing Midband: High-frequency-regime-related capacitors are open
Low-frequency-regime-related capacitors are short
 Finding fL

- An amplifier with three low-frequency-

regime-related capacitors create three poles
in the low-frequency regime
- If 𝑓𝑃2 > 4 𝑓𝑃3
⇒ 𝑓𝐿 ≈ 𝑓𝑃2 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒)
- Otherwise ⇒ 𝑓𝐿 ≈ 𝑓𝑝1 + 𝑓𝑝2 + 𝑓𝑝3 + ⋯
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑
𝜔𝑧
1
𝑉𝑜 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐿 𝑠 𝑠+ 𝑠
𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑠 + 1 1 1
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑠+
𝐶𝐶2 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝐴𝑀 𝜔𝑝1
𝑠+
𝐶𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝3
𝐴𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠.