ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY

Volume 2, Number 2, December 2018 E-ISSN: 2580-2844

Pages: 54-61 DOI: 10.13057/asianjfor/r020203

Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Sukabumi,

Indonesia

INDRI WULANDARI1,3,, RANDI HENDRAWAN1,3, TEGUH HUSODO1,2,3, ERRI N. MEGANTARA1,2,3

1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor,
Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-22-7797712, email: indri.wulandari@unpad.ac.id.
2
Program in Environmental Science, School of Graduates, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Sekeloa, Coblong, Bandung 40134, West Java, Indonesia
3
Institute of Ecology, Directorate of Research, Community Services and Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Sekeloa, Coblong, Bandung 40134,
West Java, Indonesia

Manuscript received: 2 July 2018. Revision accepted: 15 August 2018.

Abstract. Wulandari I, Hendrawan R, Husodo T, Megantara EN. 2018. Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark,
Sukabumi, Indonesia. Asian J For 2: 54-61. Ciletuh Geopark has unique geological exposures and plant diversity that need to be
maintained and managed to provide benefits, both to the environment and society. In order to manage plant diversity, the plant species
that make up the area need to be identified. This research was conducted to determine the community structure and plants diversity of
the Ciletuh Geopark. The results of the study were used as basic data in determining the pattern of biodiversity management in Ciletuh
Geopark. The method used is a qualitative method, through an inventory of plant species and illustrating the vegetation profile diagram.
Vegetation profile diagrams represent a vertical structure of the vegetation community. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by
describing vegetation conditions. Ciletuh Geopark has four types of communities, namely natural forests, horticultural gardens (gardens,
humas, and fields), kebon tatangkalan (talun), coastal vegetation and mangroves. Ciletuh Geopark has 179 plant species, from
understorey to trees. In this location, there has been a change in species diversity, which is dominated by crop plant species. However,
based on its conservation status, there were also plants protected by the Indonesian government, namely Rafflesia patma.

Keywords: Ciletuh, geopark, composition, structure, vegetation

INTRODUCTION of vegetation. Stratification in a community occurs because

Ciletuh Geopark is located in Sukabumi, West Java,
Indonesia consisting of eight sub-districts, that is Cisolok,
Cikakak, Palabuhanratu, Simpenan, Ciemas, Ciracap,
Waluran, and Surade, which were established in September
2016 through the Decree of the Governor of West Java No.
556/Kep. 941-Rek/2016. In the 15 years ago, Geopark has
become a widely studied global issue, especially on
geological aspects because Geopark has geodiversity.
However, another important aspect to study is the
biological aspect because there is also biodiversity in the
Ciletuh Geopark. Biodiversity is a potential that will add
assets, especially for Sukabumi and West Java Province in
supporting development. To be able to support sustainable
development, good and wise management is needed, one of
which is the biodiversity of Ciletuh Geopark, that is the
species of animals and plants. However, before to the
manage, it is necessary to know the types of animals and
plants in the Ciletuh Geopark. Megantara (2016) has
conducted research in Ciletuh Geopark and produced an
inventory of REEPS (Rare, Endangered, Endemic,
Protected Species) animals species. To complete it, this
research was conducted and focused on species of plants or
the constituent vegetation of Ciletuh Geopark.
Gem (1996) states that vegetation is a collection species
of plants, each of which is incorporated in a population that
lives in a habitat and interacts with one another. Interaction
in a community is reflected in the structure and composition
of competition between dominant species with other species
or between tall trees in the uppermost layers controlling the
trees below (Soerianegara and Indrawan 2005). The interaction
between plants gives rise to a characteristic composition of
vegetation. Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) use the
term composition to express the floristic wealth of forests.
Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005) add that species
composition is distinguished between population (one
species) and community (some species). The composition
of vegetation is defined as the variation in the plant species
that arrange community. The composition of plant species
is a floristic list in a community (Misra 1973). The purpose
of this research is to find out the community structure and
the diversity of plants that arrange Ciletuh Geopark.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location
This study was carried out in Ciletuh Geopark,
Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia which was concentrated in
the horseshoe-shaped buffer area surrounding the
Amphitheater (Figure 1). Based on altitude zoning, this area
is in the lowlands, so the forest inside this area is included
in the lowland forest. Government plan this Amphitheater
area as the center of Ciletuh's economic growth. The results
of Megantara's research (2016) showed that in the Amphi-
theater area scattered species of animal with REEPS status.
 WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia
Figure 1. Location of studies in Ciletuh Geopark, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia
Methods
The method used to explain vegetation conditions were
qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out
through an inventory of plant species and profile diagram.
Stratification and vegetation profiles were drawn by profile
diagram on a vertically (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg
1974). Profile diagram made based on transect 200 m and
plot 10 x 10 m2. Profile diagram used to understand the
structure of a vegetation. The profile diagram depicted was
vertical structure of plants at each location of studies (four
types of communities), namely (i) natural forests
(Selagedang Hulu, Curug Awang Bawah, Curug Tengah,
Puncak Manik, Cipeucang Atas, Curug Dogdog, Curug
Cimarinjing), (ii) horticultural gardens (Kebun Jati
Selagedang, Kebun Kelapa Tamanjaya, Curug Awang
Atas), (iii) kebon tatangkalan/talun (Cigembong,
Cipeucang Bawah, Mandrajaya-Ciwaru, Pasir Muncang,
Gunung Masigit), and (iv) coastal vegetation/mangroves
(Mangrove Cikadal).
The profile diagram depiction is done on millimeter
block paper with a scale of 1: 100. In the picture, it is
added information such as research title, scale, species
code, tree height scale, species name, and location map and
study transect. The data that has been collected is then
analyzed. Data analysis was performed using qualitative
descriptive analysis to describe the condition of vegetation
at the location of studies. Based on this forest profile, the
amount of tree strata is formed. The determination of the
55
amount of strata is very dependent on the personal decision
of the researcher.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Community type and vegetation
At the location of studies, various types of community
and vegetation were found which compiled the Ciletuh
Geopark. The types of communities and vegetation found
in the Ciletuh Geopark area include natural forests,
horticultural gardens, talun (kebon tatangkalan), and
coastal and mangrove vegetation. However, natural forest
community and talun (kebon tatangkalan) is the type of
community that dominates in Ciletuh Geopark. The type of
community is described as follows:
Forests
Forest is arranged of natural vegetation that the
surrounding area has undergone land use change into
agriculture. The forest located in steep and difficult to
reach areas, such as in waterfalls and cliffs, thus causing
the forest community to be safe from encroachment for
land clearing. The forest in waterfall area is on average at a
slope of 50-90%, but the forest in the Curug Dog-dog have
slope between 20-30%, tends to be flat. Meanwhile, the
forest on cliff has slope between 40-80%. In general,
canopy closure in forests tends to be tight and continuous,
56 ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 2 (2): 54-61, December 2018
as can be found in cliff areas. The closure of the canopy in
waterfall area tends to be open, although in Curug Dog-dog
has a closed canopy closure (70-80%).
Agriculture-Horticultural garden
Horticultural garden or community of cultivation plant
is community that dominates in Amphitheater area and
surrounding. Based on the plants that are planted,
horticultural garden that exists are very diverse, that are
planted only one commodity (monoculture), and some are
planted with various plants as mixed (polyculture). The
species that are often found in horticultural garden,
including teak, coconut, rice, corn, and bananas. However,
there are species which are the main commodities of each
horticultural garden, such as teak and coconut, which are
the main commodities. Horticultural gardens have a
relatively flat and wavy topography, with a slope of <50%.
The canopy closure in the horticulture garden is relatively
open, so that sunlight can penetrate to the ground forest.
Figure 1. Canopy closure in forest
Figure 2. Vegetation in agriculture-horticultural garden
Figure 3. Vegetation in talun (kebon tatangkalan)
Talun (kebon tatangkalan)
In Ciletuh Geopark, talun (kebon tatangkalan)
generally located in a relatively flat and bumpy are.
Canopy closure is not too tight because it is in the range of
50%. Talun area which has a topography with a slope of >
50% and a fairly close canopy closure can be found in
Keusik Bodas area (slope of 50-70% and canopy cover 75-
95%).
Vegetation of beach and mangrove
Vegetation communities of beach and mangrove are in
tidal areas, so the constituent plants have a special
adaptation system, can release salt levels through leaves
and stems. This area has a broad coastal vegetation
formation because most of the land has been turned into
cattle grazing and residential areas. Coastal and mangrove
vegetation are separated by village and river roads, with
relatively flat topography.
 WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia 57

Figure 4. Vegetation of beach and mangrove

Structure of the vegetation community
Wyatt-Smith (1963) classifying the structure of
vegetation communities into four categories of vegetation,
that is categorized as trees, poles, saplings, saplings, and
undergrowth. The tree category is woody plants with
diameter at breast height (DBH) > 35 cm. The pole
category is a woody plant with a diameter of 10-35 cm. As
for the sapling category is a woody plant with a diameter of
<10 cm or has a height of> 1.5 m and for undergrowth has
a height of < 1,5 m. Contrast to Wyatt-Smith who classify
plants based on diameter at breast height (DBH),
Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005) classifying based on the
level of layers from top to bottom horizontally, that is strata
A, B, C, D, and E. strata A is plants that have a height > 30
m, strata B consists of plants with a height between 20-30
m, strata C consists of plants with a height between 4-20 m,
and strata D and E each are plants with a height 1-4 m and
< 1 m. Generally, vegetation in the Ciletuh Geopark
consists of various types, starting from the tree level to the
sapling and also arranged by the species of undergrowth
vegetation. The structure community studied in this study
was grouped according to the size of the stem diameter. In
addition, also found species of liana and epiphytes. Based
on its stratification, in the Ciletuh Geopark are dominated
by strata B (height between 20-30 m) and C (height
between 4-20 m).

A B C

D E F

G
Figure 5. Vegetation profile diagram in natural forest. A. Selagedang Hulu, B. Curug Awang Bawah, C. Curug Tengah, D.
Puncak Manik, E. Cipeucang Atas, F. Curug Dogdog, G. Curug Cimarinjing
58 ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 2 (2): 54-61, December 2018

B C

Figure 6. Vegetation profile diagram in horticultural garden. A. Kebun Jati Selagedang, B. Kebun Kelapa Tamanjaya, C. Curug Awang
Atas

A B C

Figure 7. Vegetation profile diagram in talun (kebon tatangkalan). A. Cigembong, B. Cipeucang Bawah, C. Mandrajaya-Ciwaru, D.
Pasir Muncang, E. Gunung Masigit

Figure 8. Vegetation profile diagram in mangrove, i.e., Mangrove Cikadal

Vegetation composition horticultural garden and talun (kebon tatangkalan). The

Vegetation inventory recorded 179 species, scattered in
each type of vegetation. Family with the highest amount of
species based on amount of species of each family are
Fabaceae and Moraceae which have 13 species. Forests in
Ciletuh Geopark have high species diversity compared to
species are dominant in Ciletuh Geopark come from family
Moraceae, as Ficus ampelas Burm.f. and Ficus rostrata
Thunb. As for undergrowth are dominant, among others
Alocasia longifolia and Chromolaena odorata (L.)
R.M.King & H.Rob.
 WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia 59

Contrast with vegetation forest and talun (kebon Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L.
tatangkalan) to the more diverse, horticultural gardens and Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.
vegetation of coastal and mangrove have a unique of Cycadaceae Cycas rumphii Miq.
species that characterize their growing habitat. In Ciletuh Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica L.
Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.
Geopark are found monoculture (such as teak garden and
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hispida Dennst.
coconut garden) and polyculture gardens. The species of Ebenaceae Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco
tree in beach vegetation not so much found, among others Euphorbiaceae Acalypha lanceolata Willd.
Calophyllum inophyllum and Terminalia catappa, whereas Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L.
the dominant species are Ipomoea pes-caprae, and Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha L.
Sessuvium portulacastrum. Meanwhile, the dominant Euphorbiaceae Macaranga gigantea Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
species of mangrove was found are Avicennia marina, Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz
Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, and Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis Benth.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Fabaceae Acacia mangium Willd.
Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck (Osbeck). Merr.
Fabaceae Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Fabaceae Albizzia lebbeck L.
Fabaceae Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen
Table 1. List of species recorded in Ciletuh Geopark Fabaceae Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn
Fabaceae Callotropis gigantea (Hook.) G.Don
Family Species Fabaceae Cynometra ramiflora L.
Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius L. Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L.
Aizoaceae Sessuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum L. Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium L.
Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Fabaceae Milletia elliptica (Roxb.) Steud.
Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon mangiferum Blume Fabaceae Mimosa pigra L.
Anacardiaceae Gluta renghas L. Fabaceae Mimosa pudica L.
Anacardiaceae Gluta wallichii (Hook.f.) Ding Hou Fabaceae Parkia speciosa Hassk.
Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Blume Fabaceae Parkia speciosa Hassk.
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Fabaceae Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.
Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Forst.f. Fabaceae Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Annonaceae Orophea hexandra Blume Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L.
Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Araceae Alocasia longifolia Engl. & K. Krause Hypoxidaceae Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb.
Araceae Colocasia esculenta Schott Lamiaceae Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume
Arecaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Lamiaceae Tectona grandis Linn.f.
Arecaceae Arenga obtusifolia Mart. Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Arecaceae Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Malvaceae Ceiba petandra Gaertn.
Arecaceae Calamus viminalis Willd Malvaceae Grewia laevigata Vahl.
Arecaceae Caryota rumphiana Mart. Malvaceae Heritiera sp.
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Linn. Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Arecaceae Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Arecaceae Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Martelli) Blume Malvaceae Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf
Arecaceae Plectocomia elongata L. Malvaceae Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.
Asparagaceae Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Malvaceae Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.
Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Malvaceae Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa
Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don
Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Melastomataceae Melastoma malabatrihcum Jack.
Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.) S. Moore Meliaceae Aglaia teysmanniana (Miq.) Miq.
Asteraceae Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. Meliaceae Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume
Asteraceae Mickania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Meliaceae Dysoxylum caulostachium (Blume) Blume
Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis L. Meliaceae Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet
Asteraceae Wedelia triloba (L.) Hitchc. Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla King
Averrhoaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.
Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Meliaceae Toona sinensis R. Roem
Balsaminaceae Impatiens platypetala Moraceae Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg
Bambusaceae Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Moraceae Artocarpus elastica Roxb.
Bambusaceae Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer Moraceae Ficus ampelas .Burm.f.
Bambusaceae Gigantochloa apus (Schult.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus ampelas Burm.f.
Bambusaceae Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja Moraceae Ficus benjamina L.
Bambusaceae Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume
Bambusaceae Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble Moraceae Ficus grossularioides Burm.f.
Begoniaceae Begonia robusta Blume Moraceae Ficus lepicarpa Blume
Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus rostrata Thunb.
Bombacaceae Durio zibethinus Murr Moraceae Ficus septica Burm.f.
Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Moraceae Ficus sumatrana Miq.
Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum L. Moraceae Ficus variegata Blume
60 ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 2 (2): 54-61, December 2018

Moraceae Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. remnants of forests that previously dominated the area.
Moraceae Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. & That means the Ciletuh Geopark has experienced
Thomson deforestation. Deforestation is the conversion of forest
Muntingiaceae Muntingia calabura L. areas to non-forest land use (Gervet, 2007). Agriculture is
Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla.
one of the most significant causes of deforestation
Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca L.
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. (Bennett, 2017). Effect deforestation is in reduced or even
Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry loss of native species replaced by cultivated species.
Myrtaceae Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. Deforestation has thus many causes, that is population
Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston pressures, profits, and internal social and political forces
Myrtaceae Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M.Perry can also all push up the rate of forest loss.
Pandaceae Galearia filiformis Boerl. Currently, Ciletuh Geopark dominated by the talun
Pandanaceae Pandanus furcatus Roxb. (kebon tatangkalan). Talun is an agroforestry system
Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi formed to increase overall productivity and serve various
Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L.
functions by combining agricultural crops with tree crops,
Phyllanthaceae Breynia racemosa (Blume) Müll.Arg.
Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus monoicus (Lour.) Müll.Arg. thus causing the display to differentiate between
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. components of existing agroecosystem (Berkes 2012;
Piperaceae Piper aduncum L. Parikesit et al. 2005). Kebon tatangkalan is the most
Piperaceae Piper betle L. common local agroforestry system, which is distinctive and
Poaceae Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr. has developed under the influence of various biophysical
Poaceae Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & and socio-economic factors (Parikesit et al. 2005).
C.E.Hubb. Although the Ciletuh Geopark was dominated by trees
Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf from strata B and C, but in forest vegetation the Puncak
Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.
Manik area is still dominated by trees from strata A.
Poaceae Oryza sativa L.
Poaceae Oryza sativa var. x Vegetation Ciletuh Geopark were arranged of trees from
Poaceae Panicum maximum Jacq. strata A, B, and C, shows the still high dominant of old
Poaceae Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. plants (Suci et al. 2017). Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005)
Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L. state that in communities of natural plant there are 3 strata
Poaceae Zea mays L. that reflect tropical forest structures.
Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) Miq.
Rafflesiaceae Rafflesia patma Blume.
Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk
Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.
Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata Lam. This study can work with the financial support we got
Rubiaceae Guettarda speciosa L. from ALG Prof. Erri N. Megantara. Thanks are given to
Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L. Institute Ecology Team who have been assisting since the
Rubiaceae Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser preparation, data collection, and analysis, as well as to the
Rubiaceae Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. PAPSI and the Ciletuh community for all assistance during
Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. this data collection. In this opportunity, we would like to
Rutaceae Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle express my special appreciation and thank Prof. Tri
Rutaceae Citrus hystrix DC.
Hanggono Achmad, a rector of the Padjadjaran University
Rutaceae Melicope latifolia (DC.) T.G. Hartley
Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites who has supported the ALG program and encouragement
Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L. to conduct research.
Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen
Sapotaceae Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck
Sterculiaceae Sterculia foetida L. REFERENCES
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