Protection Examples

Chapter 10

1
 Differential Relay Protection of Single Phase Transformer

Iop

Iop = I1’ – I2’ = I1/n1 – I2/n2

For no internal fault I1N1 = I2N2 so that I1 = (N2/N1)I2
Iop should be 0 therefore: 0 = (N2/N1)(I2/n1) – (I2/n2)
So that (N2/N1) = (n1/n2) 2
 Differential Relay Protection of 3 – Phase Transformer

Step 1: Phasing

Step 2: CT ratios
and taps 3
 Example
Transformer differential protection

4
 Transformer differential protection

• Design differential protection for a 300MVA,

345kV/69kV three-phase transformer. The
transformer is wye/wye connected.

5
 Transformer differential protection

System Data are

6
M  10 Sbase  100 M VA

Network 1 Vnet1  345kV Inet1_short 10kA

Network 2 Vnet2  69kV Inet2_short 5kA

Transformer Str  200M VA Vtr_p  345kV Vtr_s  69kV xtr  12%

At the transformer ful-load load pf  0.8


6
 Transformer differential protection

1. Describe the objectives of the protection. Determine the fault location when t he CB operation is
desired and fault locations when t he CB must be blocked.

 Differencial prot ect ion blocks CB2 in case of Fault 1; The fault is cleard by CB1
 Differencial prot ect ion t riggers CB2 and CB3 in case of Fault 2. The fault is cleard by CB2
and CB3
 Differencial prot ect ion t riggers CB2 and CB2 in case of Fault 3. The fault is cleard by CB2
and CB3
 Differencial prot ect ion blocks CB3 in case of Fault 4. The fault is cleard by CB4

1. Calculate the load currents and maximum and minimum short circuit currents for t he
selected four fault location
Str Str
Load currents IL_p   334.696A IL_s   1.673 kA
3 Vtr_p 3 Vtr_s

2 2
( 345kV) ( 69kV)
Base impedances Zbase_345   1.19 k Zbase_69   47.61
Sbase Sbase

Str Str
Ibase_345   334.696A Ibase_69   1.673 kA
3 Vtr_p 3 Vtr_s
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 Transformer differential protection
Network and transformer impedances

Vnet1 Xnet1
Xnet1   19.919  xnet1   1.673 %
3 Inet1_short Zbase_345

Vnet2 Xnet2
Xnet2   7.967  xnet2   16.735%
3 Inet2_short Zbase_69

2
Vtr_s Xtr
Xtr  xtr   2.857 xtr_1   6 %
Str Zbase_69

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 1 Three-phase short circut current through CB2 from net1 and tr

1.05
IF1.CB2   4.618 IF1_min_p  IF1.CB2Ibase_345  1.546kA
xnet2  xtr_1

Fault 2 Three-phase short circut current through CB2 from network 1

1.05
IF2.CB2   62.744 IF2_max_p  IF2.CB2Ibase_345  21 kA
xnet1

Fault 3 Three-phase short circut current through CB3 from network 2

1.05
IF3.CB3   6.274 IF3_min_s IF3.CB3Ibase_69  10.5 kA
xnet2

Fault 4 Three-phase short circut current through CB3 from network 1

1.05
IF4_CB3   13.683 IF4_max_s  IF4_CB3Ibase_69  22.899 kA
xnet1  xtr_1
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 Transformer differential protection
1. Select t he current transformers and calculate the error current at the maximum and
minimum short circuit current. Calculate the mismatch. Is it acceptable?

The currents at primary and secondary side in case of F1 and F2 are:

345
IF1_min_p  1.546kA IF1_min_s  IF1_min_p  7.729 kA
69

CT selct ion based on F1

IF1_min_p
IF1_min_p IL_p 
2
IL_p  334.696A  772.892 A  553.794A
2 2
550
Selected CT at the primary side is CT_p 
5

345 3000
Selected CT at the secondary side is CT_s  550A  2.75 kA CTs 
69 5

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 1 Relay operation

IF1_min_p IF1_min_s
IrelayF1_pr  14.053A IrelayF1_sec  12.882 A
CT_p CTs

Relay operat ion

Irestrain_F1 IrelayF1_pr  IrelayF1_sec  26.934A

K1  0.25   
Iopp_cal Irestrain  if IrestrainK1  1A 1A IrestrainK1 
 
Iopp_cal Irestrain_F1  6.734A

The calculated operation current is: Ioperation IrelayF1_pr IrelayF1_sec 1.171 A

The relay will not operate

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 1 Neglect CT sat urat iom
IF1_min_p IF1_min_s
IrelayF1_pr  14.053A IrelayF1_sec  12.882 A
CT_p CTs

Relay operation
Irestrain_F1 IrelayF1_pr  IrelayF1_sec  26.934A

K1  0.25   
Iopp_cal Irestrain  if IrestrainK1  1A 1A IrestrainK1 
 
Iopp_cal Irestrain_F1  6.734A

The calculated operation current is: Ioperation IrelayF1_pr IrelayF1_sec 1.171 A

The relay will not operate

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 2 same CT
345
IF2_max_p  21 kA IF2_max_s  IF2_max_p  105 kA
69
IF2_max_p IF2_max_s
IrelayF2_pr  190.909 A IrelayF2_sec  175 A
CT_p CTs

Relay operat ion

Irestrain_F2 IrelayF2_pr  IrelayF2_sec  365.909A

K1  0.25   
Iopp_cal_F2 Irestrain_F2  if Irestrain_F2K1  1A 1A Irestrain_F2K1 
 
Iopp_cal Irestrain_F2  91.477A

The calculated operat ion current is:

IoperationF2 IrelayF2_pr IrelayF2_sec 365.909A

The relay will operate, t he cuurent is larger t han t he calculated one

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 3 same CT
345
IF3_min_se IF3_min_s  52.5kA
IF3_min_s  10.5 kA 69

IF3_min_s IF3_min_se
IrelayF3_pr  95.455A IrelayF3_sec  87.5 A
CT_p CTs

Relay operation
Irestrain_F3 IrelayF3_pr  IrelayF3_sec  182.955A

K1  0.25   
Iopp_cal_F3 Irestrain_F3  if Irestrain_F3K1  1A 1A Irestrain_F3K1 
 
Iopp_cal Irestrain_F3  45.739A

The calculated operation current is:

IoperationF3 IrelayF3_pr IrelayF3_sec 182.955A

The relay will operate, the current is larger than the calculated one

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 Transformer differential protection
Fault 4 same CT
345
IF4_max_sec IF4_max_s  114.495kA
IF4_max_s  22.899 kA 69

IF4_max_s IF4_max_sec
IrelayF4_pr  208.173 A IrelayF4_sec  190.825 A
CT_p CTs

Relay operation
Irestrain_F4 IrelayF4_pr  IrelayF4_sec  398.998A

K1  0.25   
Iopp_cal_F4 Irestrain_F4  if Irestrain_F4K1  1A 1A Irestrain_F4K1 
 
Iopp_cal Irestrain_F4  99.75 A

The calculat ed operation current is: IoperationF4 IrelayF4_pr IrelayF4_sec 17.348A

The relay will not operate, the current is smaler than the calculated one
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 Example
Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

16
 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent prot ect ion.
Design over current prot ection for t he net work below.
1. Calculate the short circuit currents at Bus 1, Bus 2 and Bus 3
2. Describe t he objectives of prot ection
3. Select current t ransformers
4. Calculat e CT saturat ion
5. Calculate relay operat ion.
6. Mark relays wit h direct ional prot ection

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Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

18
Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

19
 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

B1
CB1 B2 B3
Network1
L12 L23
Network2
CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6

6
Syst em data M  10

Network 1 Vn1  69kV Ishort1  6kA

Vn2  69kV Ishort2  7kA
Network 2

Line L12 Length12  30mi Xline  0.6
mi
Line L 23 Length23  20mi
60M VA
 502.044A
Maximum load current : IL  500A 3 69kV

Realy resistance Rrelay  0.7

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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

Relay equat ion

TD  1 2  6 Is  30A

TD  5.95 
 
t Ishort  
7  I 2
 0.18
 short 
  1 
 Is  

1. Object ives of t he overcurrent prot ect ion

The protection must be selective and time coordinated.

 Fault in line L12 should be cleared by CB2 and CB3 and
 Fault s in line L23 must be cleared by CB4 and CB5.
 Network ciruit breaker provides back up protect ion

21
 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
2 Short circuit calculation
Base values
2
Sbase  100M VA Vbase  69kV Vbase
Zbase_69   47.61
Sbase
Sbase
Ibase_69   836.74A
3 Vbase

Per unit Impedances

Length12 Xline Length23 Xline

XL12   37.807% XL23   25.205%
Zbase_69 Zbase_69

Vn1 Xnet1
Xnet1   6.64  xn1  xn1  13.946%
3 Ishort1 Zbase_69

Vn2 Xnet2
Xnet2   5.691 xn2  xn2  11.953%
3 Ishort2 Zbase_69

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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

Three phase short circuit currents

Bus 1. short circuit current

1.05
iBus1_min   1.401 IBus1_min  iBus1_minIbase_69
xn2  XL23  XL12
IBus1_min  1.172 kA
IBus1_max  Ishort1  6 kA

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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

Bus 2. short circuit current

1.05
iBus2_min   2.029 IBus2_min  iBus2_minIbase_69
x n1  XL12
IBus2_min  1.698 kA

1.05
iBus2_max   2.826 IBus2_max  iBus2_maxIbase_69
x n2  XL23
IBus2_max  2.364kA

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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

Bus 3 short circuit current

1.05
iBus3_min  1.364 IBus3_min iBus3_minIbase_69
x n1  XL23  XL12

IBus3_max  Ishort2  7 kA IBus3_min  1.142kA

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Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
Current transformer selection

CT select ion for CB1 and CB2

IBus1_min
IL  500A  585.988A
2
500
CTCB1 
5
Sat urat ion calculat ion
IBus1_max
IBus1_max  6 kA IBus1_max_CT  60 A
CTCB1

From the sturation curve R500  0.242 Rrelay  0.7

 
EBus1  IBus1_max_CT R500  Rrelay  56.52V No saturation

ICT1  0.09A

ICT1
ErrorCT1   0.15 % very good no saturation
ICT1  IBus1_max_CT
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27
Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
CT select ion for CB3 and CB4
IBus2_min
IL  500A  848.82A
2
600
CTCB3 
5
Sat urat ion calculat ion
IBus2_max
IBus2_max  2.364kA IBus2_max_CT  19.704 A
CTCB3

From t he sturation curve R 600  0.296 R relay  0.7

 
EBus2  IBus2_max_CT R600  R relay  19.625 V No saturat ion

ICT3  0.08A

ICT3
ErrorCT3   0.404% very good no saturation
ICT3  IBus2_max_CT

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Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
CT select ion for CB5 and CB 6
IBus3_min
IL  500A  570.818A
2
500
CTCB5 
5
Sat urat ion calculat ion
IBus3_max
IBus3_max  7 kA IBus3_max_CT  70 A
CTCB5

From the st uration curve R500  0.242 Rrelay  0.7 

 
EBus3  IBus3_max_CT R 500  Rrelay  65.94V Close to saturation

ICT5  0.2A

ICT5
ErrorCT5   0.285 % acceptable
ICT5  IBus3_max_CT
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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

Relay operation time calculation

Emperical rule: Relay tap value, currrent set value should be between the load current and the half
of the minimum fault current
 IL load current
 TD tap value
 Is current setting

Relays at CB1 and CB2

IBus1_min
IFmin 1.25 IL  14.65A
1.25 IL  40Is   15.625A 2 40
2 40

Selected value is: Is1  10A

TD  1
Moderately invers relay operat ion time

TD  5.95 
 
tCB2 Ishort  
7  2
 0.18
  Ishort 
 I   1 
  s1   30
 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
Fault in L12

B1
CB1 B2 B3
Network1
L12 L23
Network2
CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6

CB2 Operat ion t ime

IBus1_max  6 kA IBus1_max_CT  60 A

IBus2_min
IBus2_min  1.698 kA IBus2_min_CT  16.976 A
CTCB1

 
tCB2 IBus1_max_CT  0.05 
tCB2 IBus2_min_CT  0.477 
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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection

CB3 Operat ion t ime

IBus1_min  1.172 kA
CB3 must operate IBus2_max  2.364kA

Is2  7A IBus2_max IBus1_min

 19.704 A  9.766 A
CTCB3 CTCB3

TD  1

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 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection
CB3 Operat ion t ime

IBus1_min  1.172 kA
CB3 must operat e IBus2_max  2.364kA

Is2  7A IBus2_max IBus1_min

 19.704 A  9.766 A
CTCB3 CTCB3

TD  1
TD  5.95 
 
tCB3 Ishort 
7

2
 0.18
  Ishort 
 I   1 
  s2  
 IBus2_max  IBus1_min
tCB3   0.148 tCB3   0.924
 CTCB3   CTCB3 

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