QUESTION 1

QUESTION 2

QUESTION 3
 QUESTION 4
a) Defibrillation is a process in which an electronic device sends an electric shock to the
heart to stop a very rapid, irregular heartbeat, and reinstate the normal heart rhythm.
Defibrillation is a common treatment for life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias,
ventricular fibrillation, and pulse less ventricular tachycardia.

In a dc defibrillator a capacitor is charged to a high dc voltage and then rapidly discharged.

The amount of energy discharged by the capacitor may range between 2 to 400 joules with
peak value of current 20A. of A corrective shock of 750-800 volts is applied within a tenth of
a second.

Figure 4.1: A dc defibrillator

Energy storage capacitor is charged at relatively slow rate from position 1 of the switch in the
Figure 4.1 above. Energy stored in capacitor is then delivered at a relatively rapid rate to
chest of the patient through the manual switching into position 2 as shown in Figure 4.1
above. This simple arrangement involves the discharge of capacitor energy through the
patient’s own resistance. Since the capacitance is of known value, the voltage across the
capacitor can be easily acquired hence by this the energy in the discharge pulse of the
defibrillator can be calculated

1
W c = C V C2
2

Where W c :energy stored in a capacitor, J

C: capacitance= F

V C : voltage across the capacitor=6000 V

 1 −6
Therefore W c = ( 6000 ) x 16 x 10
2

=0.48Joules

b) Multiplexing allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity

or channel. The two common forms of multiplexing are frequency division multiplexing
(FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM).

i. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

It is the most heavily used and the most familiar to anyone who has ever used a radio or
television set. It is also incorporated in tele control installations such as a short-wave
radio telemetry system
ii. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
The second is a particular case of time division multiplexing (TDM) known also as
synchronous TDM. This is commonly used for multiplexing digitized voice streams and
data streams also uses a frequency of 3-3800Hz.