Tutorial 4 - Prof. Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou

Quo Vadis Overhead Lines
Prof. Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou

Former Chairman SC B2 (OHL)
Chief Editor CIGRE Science & Engineering
CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

1
Bali – Indonesia, 24 – 28 March 2019
Tutorial content
• Issues of Overhead Lines
• Line Aesthetics
• Line Uprating
– Increase Voltage
– Increase Current
– Conductor thermal rating
– Monitoring techniques
– HTLS Conductors

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Tα πάντα ρεί

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Things are changing
• The „good“ old days
• Towers were not classified as „beautiful“ or „awful“
– Towers were necessary for electric power transmission
– To have electricity was considered as a great privilege
• Today
– Electricity is not considered any more as a privilege but as a citizen‘s right and an obligation of
the government
– Transmission lines have become a „commodity“
– Environmental concerns have for many citizens high priority
– Acceptance of new lines by the public is very low and approval procedures very, very long

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The issues of OHL
• There is a big demand for new lines
• There are many old lines which need refurbishment
But:
• The public (and thus the politicians) do not like lines because of their environmental
impact, mainly Aesthetics and EMF
• and often decide to replace overhead lines by underground cables 

5
EMF and health: The facts
Typical magnetic fields for people living close to

a power line (up to a few µT) are much, much too weak
to induce any observable effect in human beings.
Despite a huge amount of research there has not been a

single piece of evidence that the magnetic field of a
power line may cause cancer.
It is time to stop this useless exercise and it is very

important to reassure the public with the facts!

Cable 1m above GL
Cable at GL
Magnetic flux density B [μT]

Cable 1m above GL
Cable at GL
OHL
Distance to center of transmission line [m]

7
Cancer among utilities’ workers*
• Électricité de France; Ontario Hydro; Hydro-Québec workers (n = 225 000)

• Based on the analysis of 4151 cases vs 6106 controls
Magnetic field
1.5
Relative
risk 1
0.5
Below median
sous médiane Above médiane
au-dessus median th
90 percentile
90e percentile
*Thériault et al. Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Fields among Electric Utility Workers in Ontario and Quebec,
Canada, and France: 1970-1989. Am. J. Epi. 1994

Smoking and lung cancer
70
60
50
Relative 40
risk
30
20
10
0
>1 - < 20 20 - <30 30 - <40 40 - <50 50 - <60 60 et plus
Number of pack-years
(packs smoked per day) × (years as a smoker)
Line aesthetics: Beauty is in
the eye of the beholder

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1st 400 kV Compact Line (CH 1998)

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Advantage Federer

12
420 kV Compact Line
DEWA, UAE

13
Diamonds are forever (UK)

14
Walking Giants, Iceland (study)

15
What is of interest to the
OHL community?

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Definitions

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Basis of Technical Brochure 294

21
Statistics on Uprating

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Increase Voltage

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Increasing voltage rating
Case Study 1

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Case Study 2

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Voltage uprate studies of the Irish
220 kV network to 400 kV operation

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APG Study of 380 kV insulating cross-arm (horizontal V)
on existing 220 kV lattice tower (CIGRE paper B2-301, 2016)

27
Low Weight Coated Conductor (LWC)
necessary to reduce corona
220 kV: ACSR 560/50, d=30.12 mm

380 kV: LWC AAAC 604 mm2, d=39 mm
Hydrophilic coating, emissivity=0.97
Sketch of the cross section of the new conductor

(Aluminium wires in blue, hollow elements in grey)

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COMPACTLINE – a new Overhead Transmission Line Concept

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CompactLine Concept
Steel support ropes are reliable and safe technology
(e.g. bridges, cable cars)
www.fatzer.com
State of the art

applications of
steel ropes Steel ropes supporting ACSR bundle

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Half-locked steel ropes
Steel rope properties: Working loads with suspended

Diameter 36.0 mm quad bundle:
Cross-section 891 mm2 No ice 650 kN,
Mass 7.40 kg/m With ice 695 kN,
Min. failing load 1296 kN Double ice 730 kN
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Considerable reduction of ROW
Reduction of right of way and suspension height due to compactLine (span length of 420 m)
CompactLine „Havel“ tower Conventional Danube tower

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«Ultranet» - Osterath-Philippsburg, 400 km!

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Hybrid AC/DC Lines
AC pylon AC/DC pylon or Hybrid pylon
380-kV- 380-kV- 380-kV- ± 380-kV

AC-System AC-System AC-System DC-System
R R R +
S T S T S T k -
R S T R S T R S T R S T
110-kV- 110-kV- 110-kV- 110-kV-

AC-System AC-System AC-System AC-System
Dr.-Ing. Bartosz Rusek

Methodology and Design Criteria
of Hybrid Overhead Lines
CIGRE B2 Workshop Bamberg, May 2013
35
Limiting criteria for
DC voltage level
• DC corona effects
– Audible noise in dry conditions
• Electric field and ion currents at ground
– Annoying microshocks
• Insulator pollution performance
– Required insulator length in polluted areas may be in conflict with required conductor clearance
to ground

36
The most important results
• The surface voltage gradient of ACSR 265/35 is within required limits (<28,8kV/cm)
by voltages < 450kV.
➢ the present conductors do not have to be replaced
• The air clearances of Amprion towers are usually designed for application of
porcelain insulators. By application of composite insulator with much better
hydrophobic behaviour and appropriate creepage distance it is possible to fit into
the existing air clearances.
➢ application of composite insulators necessary
• The combined voltage stress tests allow to define the air clearance between AC and
DC conductor.
➢ the positions of the insulators on the tower do not have to be changed

37
DC field at ground and ion current
• Electric field at ground (Cigré TB 473)

– Nominal (geometric) electric field is enhanced 2-3 times by the effect of ion currents caused by
corona discharges on the conductors
– Enhanced field can be estimated by analytical calculation methods (e.g. the AnyPole program)
– No induction effects as with AC, but annoying micro-shocks may occur caused by the electric field
in combination with ion currents
– Recommended limits are 25-30 kV/m and 100 nA/m2
• Magnetic field at ground
– Static field similar in size to the earth’s field

38
Increase Current

39
40
Conductor manufacturing

41
Conductor elongation

42
Thermal Limits
• Local Temperature: Damage in Conductor & Accesories
• Average Conductor Temperature: Excesive Sag

43
Thermal Rating: Equations
Conductor Temperature very much Depends on Weather Conditions
Steady-State Transient State

(Thermal Equilibrium) (Continuous Change)
Heat Gain = Heat Loss Heat Stored = Heat Gain - Heat Loss

44
Ohmic Losses PJ
• Depends on Current:
– 28 mm OD, 0.073 Ω/km @1000A: 75 w/m
– @300A: 6.8 w/m
• Important Temperature Dependance:
– Drake ACSR (28 mm OD):
20% increment: 25ºC – 75ºC
80% increment: 25ºC – 250ºC

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Skin Effect: Typically < 2% (large conductors up to 8%)

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Magnetic Losses PM
• Usually negligible and included in PJ

• Depend on temperature and current (only high density)
• 1-layer: up to 20% at very high current

• 3-layer: up to 5%
• Even layer cancel out

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Convection Cooling PC
• Most important factor always
– Forced: Morgan (other correlations)
Direction, Roughness, Turbulence
– Natural: Morgan (others)
• Great variability (time and direction); difficult
– Effective wind speed concept

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Example: Drake @100 °C, 40 °C air temperature
• Natural Convection (42 w/m)
• 0.6 m/sec convection (82 w/m)
• 1.2 m/sec convection (115 w/m)
Convective cooling at low wind speeds for various attack angles (Drake example)
100
90 deg
Convective cooling, Pc (W/m)
80
60 deg
60 45 deg
30 deg
40 15 deg
0 deg
20
Natural
0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
wind speed (m/s)

50
Radiation Cooling Pr
• Generally less than convection

• Example. Drake @100C, 0.6 m/s, 40C
– Max. 48 w/m (“Black Body” radiation)
20% when new, 90% when old. Correlation aS. Surface treat.
• Much more important at high temperature:
– Drake @150C  10x Drake @50C

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Uprating methods for increased thermal rating
1. Weather data and load profiles can be fed into computer programs whereby
probabilistic ratings can be determined.
2. A real-time monitoring system may be used.
3. Allow operation of the existing conductor at higher temperature
4. Replace the existing conductor with an HTLS conductor to operate at much higher
temperature without modifying the existing structures

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1. Weather data and load profiles can be fed
into computer programs whereby
probabilistic ratings can be determined

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Influence of wind velocity on ampacity
Solar radiation 1000W/m²; wind perpendicular to conductor
Ambient temperature [°C] static rating

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2. A real-time monitoring system may be used

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Direct vs. Indirect
• Direct: Measure directly conductor state
– Conductor Sag
– Conductor Temperature
– Conductor Mechanical tension
• Indirect: calculate conductor state
– Weather data
• Combination: allow checking and forecast

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Conductor temperature
“Donut” Devices OPPC (DTS)
– Spot measurement – Continous measurement

– Cheap – Expensive
– Heat sink effect, vibration... – Data analysis...

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Conductor sag
Target points “Angle donut”
B-field
• Spot measurement (1 span) • Spot measurement (1 span)

• Tower deflection, • Mechanical issues...
vibration...
• Based on magnetic field

• Influence of other phases…
61
Conductor tension
Load cells Vibration sensors
– 1 section. Average value – 1 section. Average value

– Developed & robust – Developed. Easy to install
– Calibration. Other measurements
– Calibration

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Indirect: Weather stations
• Parameters: Wind Speed&Direction, Ambient Temp., Solar Rad.

Others: “Solar Temperature”, Rain, Pressure…
• Wind Meas.:Errors (Ultrasonic-3D/Mechanical)
Space/Time variability (10min)
• Other aspects: Communications, Feeding (Batteries)…
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3. Allow operation of the existing conductor
at higher temperature

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Potential problems at high MACT*
• Additional permanent elongation due to high temperature creep of aluminum
strands.
• Loss of tensile strength in aluminum strands at temperatures over 100oC.
• Joints may fail sooner due to thermal cycling
• Reduced clearances; can be increased by:
– moving suspension clamps
– re-tensioning the conductors
– raising conductor attachment heights
– adding new structures in long spans.
*MACT=Maximum Allowable Conductor Temperature

66
Sag errors involving the high temperature “kneepoint”
for ACSR conductors
• With ACSR, the steel core expands with increasing temperature at half the rate of
aluminum.
• At the “knee-point” temperature, the rate of sag increase drops.
• Significant errors in determining the knee-point temperature and in determining the
expansion rate beyond it.

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4. Replace the existing conductor with
an HTLS conductor to operate at much
higher temperature without modifying
the existing structures

69
Conductor types for reconductoring

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Sag vs Conductor Temperature
Sag in 420 m span
Conductor Temp. [deg C]

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Limits of OHL Power Flow
Other Limits:
− Mechanical Aspects
− Regulatory Aspects
(EMF, Noise…)
− Other Equipment
Limitations, UG

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Uprating with HTLS Conductors
Conclusions
• Modest increases in line rating can be gained through physical line modifications
without reconductoring.
• Larger increases in rating can be obtained by reconductoring with larger
conventional or same-size high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors.
• Commercially available HTLS conductors can be used to minimize structure
modifications.
• The application of HTLS conductors is a developing technology that requires better
calculation tools & additional laboratory and field test data.

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1st CIGRE Green Book

74
CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal

75

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Quo Vadis Overhead Lines

Prof. Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

Typical magnetic fields for people living close to

Despite a huge amount of research there has not been a

It is time to stop this useless exercise and it is very

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

Magnetic flux density B [μT]

Distance to center of transmission line [m]

• Électricité de France; Ontario Hydro; Hydro-Québec workers (n = 225 000)

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

220 kV: ACSR 560/50, d=30.12 mm

Sketch of the cross section of the new conductor

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

State of the art

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

Steel rope properties: Working loads with suspended

CompactLine „Havel“ tower Conventional Danube tower

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

380-kV- 380-kV- 380-kV- ± 380-kV

110-kV- 110-kV- 110-kV- 110-kV-

Dr.-Ing. Bartosz Rusek

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

• Electric field at ground (Cigré TB 473)

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

Steady-State Transient State

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

• Usually negligible and included in PJ

• 1-layer: up to 20% at very high current

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019

• Generally less than convection

CIGRE International Conference – AORC Technical Meeting 2019