PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS AND

GENERATORS

NERC Standards on Generator Protection

Juan Manuel Gers, PhD

Cali, November 8th and 9th, 2017

 NERC Standards on Generator Protection

NERC Standards have to be considered and in particular

the following:

•Standard PRC-019-2 — Coordination of Generating Unit

or Plant Capabilities, Voltage Regulating Controls, and
Protection

•Standard PRC-024-1 — Generator Frequency and Voltage

Protective Relay Settings

•PRC-025-1— Generator Relay Loadability

NERC PRC-019-2
NERC PRC-019-2
 NERC PRC-019-2

• NERC PRC-019-1 was approved in March 2014, and it will become

effective on July1st, 2016.

• The use of a transient stability study is required to demonstrate this

coordination.

• NERC PRC-019-1 requires the generator owner to verify the

following coordination items:

– The in-service limiters (field over and under-excitation limiters) are set to
operate before the Protection System (Function 40) to avoid
disconnecting the generator unnecessarily.
– The generator protection system devices (Functions 40 and 78) are set
to operate to isolate equipment in order to limit the extent of damage
when operating conditions exceed equipment capabilities or stability
limits (steady and transient).
 NERC PRC-019-2

• Per NERC PRC-019-1, the diagram should include the equipment

capabilities and the operating region for the limiters and protection
functions. The following are typical:

– Generator Capability Curve (under and over-excited operation)

– Over Excitation Limiter (OEL) and Over Excitation Trip (OEP)
– Under Excitation Limiter (UEL) and Minimum Excitation Trip (MEP)
– System Steady-State Stability Limit (SSSL)
– Zone 1 and 2 of Loss of Field Protection (40)

• The Steady State Stability Limit (SSSL) is the limit to synchronous stability
in the under-excited region with fixed field current. It can be calculated
using generator reactance parameters and system impedances.
NERC PRC-019-2 vs. IEEE C37.102-2006
NERC PRC-019-2 vs. IEEE C37.102-2006
NERC PRC-019-2 vs. IEEE C37.102-2006
NERC PRC-019-2 vs. IEEE C37.102-2006
NERC PRC-019-2 – Case Study

138kV 13.8kV
 NERC PRC-019-2 – Case Study

G1 PSS

G1 AVR

BUS 2 BUS 1 GEN1_HV GEN1_LV

138 kV 138 kV 138 kV 13,8 kV
G1 TURB

BUS 1_BUS 2 BUS1_GEN1

138 kV NETWORK
GSU 1
GEN 1

Bus 2_GEN 1 HV
NERC PRC-019-2 – Case Study
 NERC PRC-019-2 – Case Study

CTG3 101.8 MVA, 13.8 KV, 0.85 PF

GENERATOR Revision 1
CALCULATION OF R-X PLANE POINTS - GEN CAP CURVE AND FUNCTION 40
SETTINGS

GRAPHICAL VERIFICATION OF FUNCTION 40 SETTINGS

Generator KV(LL)*0.95: 13,8 13,11 kV

CT Ratio: 1600
PT Ratio: 120

Brush Electrical Machines - Generator Capability Curve H.E.P 16622, Issue 1 - At rated inlet temperature 15
Data Source: Degrees C

GENERATOR CAPABILITY CURVE

From Gen. Cap. Curve

P Q S Tan Phi Phi fp Z R X
kW kVAR kVA (Degrees) Sec Ohms Sec Ohms Sec Ohms

116000 0 116000,00 0,0000 0,0000 1,0000 19,8 19,8 0,0

114000 20000 115741,09 0,1754 9,9506 0,9850 19,8 19,5 -3,4
110000 36000 115741,09 0,3273 18,1219 0,9504 19,8 18,8 -6,2
108000 41000 115520,56 0,3796 20,7882 0,9349 19,8 18,5 -7,0
100000 42000 108461,97 0,4200 22,7824 0,9220 21,1 19,5 -8,2
80000 44000 91301,70 0,5500 28,8108 0,8762 25,1 22,0 -12,1
72000 45000 84905,83 0,6250 32,0054 0,8480 27,0 22,9 -14,3
60000 46000 75604,23 0,7667 37,4762 0,7936 30,3 24,1 -18,4
40000 47500 62098,71 1,1875 49,8991 0,6441 36,9 23,8 -28,2
30000 48000 56603,89 1,6000 57,9946 0,5300 40,5 21,5 -34,3
20000 49500 53387,73 2,4750 67,9993 0,3746 42,9 16,1 -39,8
17500 49750 52738,15 2,8429 70,6202 0,3318 43,5 14,4 -41,0
15000 50000 52201,53 3,3333 73,3008 0,2873 43,9 12,6 -42,0
14000 45000 47127,49 3,2143 72,7185 0,2971 48,6 14,4 -46,4
10000 40000 41231,06 4,0000 75,9638 0,2425 55,6 13,5 -53,9
5000 37000 37336,31 7,4000 82,3039 0,1339 61,4 8,2 -60,8
0 36000 36000,00 N/A 90,0000 0,0000 63,7 0,0 -63,7
NERC PRC-019-2 – Case Study

RX Plot
0,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0

-10,0

-20,0

-30,0
GCCC
X (Sec Ohms)

SSSL
40 Zone 1 - IEEE C37.102
40 Zone 2 - IEEE C37.102
-40,0 40 Zone 2 - Modified

-50,0

-60,0

-70,0
R (Sec Ohms)
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-024-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
NERC PRC-025-1
Questions ?