SE (Computer)

𝜇4
𝜙 𝐷 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝛽2 =
⬚ 𝜇22
𝑓 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖
Lecture notes of
𝑛−1
𝑛
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑎
𝑧−𝑎 𝑛−1 ! 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵
𝐶
𝑃 𝐵/𝐴 =
𝑃 𝐴

Engineering
𝐿[𝑓 𝑡 ] = 𝐹 𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 =
𝜕
𝑖
𝜕
𝑗 𝑘
𝜕
2
𝜒 =
𝑜𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖
𝑒𝑖
2

Mathematics III
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
𝑧 𝑟 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑃 𝑟 = ⬚ ⬚
𝑟!
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉 by R. S. Shewale
𝑧 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 > 𝑎 𝑘≥0 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙
𝑍 −1 , - = 2 + =0
𝑧−𝑎 −𝑎𝑘 𝑧 < 𝑎 𝑘<0 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

2019 Pattern
Semester IV (2020-21)
Index

Unit I : Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

Definition, Solution of LDE, Method to find Complementary Function Video PPT
Particular Integral by General Method, Short-Cut method ( ) Video PPT
Particular Integral by Short-Cut method ( + + ) Video PPT
Particular Integral by Variation of Parameters Video PPT
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations Video PPT
Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations Video PPT
Symmetrical Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations Video PPT

Unit II : Transforms (Fourier and Z)

Introduction to Fourier Transform Video PPT
Fourier Integral Representation Video PPT
Problems on Fourier Transform Video PPT
Inverse Fourier Transform Video PPT
Introduction to Z-transform Video PPT
Properties of Z-transform Video PPT
Inverse Z-transform by Power Series Method and by Partial Fraction Method Video PPT
Inverse Z-transform by Inversion Integral Method and solution of Difference
Video PPT
equations by using Z-transform
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Unit I
Linear Differential Equations and Applications
Definition: The nth order linear differential equation with constant coefficient is
the equation of the form
−1
+ 1 −1
+ + −1 + =
where 1 −1 are constants.

Let stands for , so that 2

then the above

equation takes the form

−1
+ 1 + + −1 + =
=
where = + 1
−1
+ + −1 + .

The equation = 0 is called Auxiliary equation (A.E.).

Solution of nth order LDE of the type =

The solution is of the form
= + = +
where, = is called Complementary Function and is nothing but solution of
the equation =0
1
= = is called Particular Integral.

If = then = = and in this case =

Method of finding C.F.

Consider the A.E. = 0. Let 1 2 −1 are roots of the auxiliary
equation. If roots are
 Real and distinct, i.e. if 1 2 −1 are all real then
= 1 + 2 + + −1 +
Index

Notes by RSS 3
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

 Real and repeated, i.e. if 1 = 2 3 are all real and distinct then
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + −1 +
If 1 = 2 = 3 4 are all real and distinct then
2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + +
If 1 = 2 = 3 = = are all real then
−2 −1
= 1 + 2 + + −1 +
 Imaginary and distinct, i.e. if roots are (as imaginary roots always occur
in pair) then
= 1 + 2

 Imaginary and repeated, i.e. if roots are repeated twice then

= [ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ]

Ex 1 : Solve +7 + 12 = 0 Ex 3 : Solve 3
−3 2
+ 4 − 12 =0

Soln: Let , 2 + 7 + 12 = 0, Soln: A.E. is 3 − 3 2 + 4 − 12 = 0.

2
− 3 + 4 − 3 = 0,
2
+ 7 + 12 = 0, A.E. is 2 + 7 + 2
+4 − 3 = 0,
12 = 0 +3 + 4 = 0,
= 2 3,
= −3 −4 (real and distinct roots).
= = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 3 .
= = 1 −3 + 2 −4 .
Ex 2 : Solve 3 − 6 2 + 12 − 8 = 0 Ex 4 : Solve 2 2 + 2 + 1 2 = 0
Soln: A.E. is 3 − 6 2 + 12 − 8 = 0, Soln: A.E. is 2 2 + 2 + 1 2 = 0,
− 2 3 = 0, 2 2 + 2 + 1 = 0 (twice),
= 2 2 2 (real and repeated). =
−2 √4−
(twice), =−
1
−
1
= = 1+ 2 + 3 2 2 . 4 4 4 4
− /4
= = * 1 + 2
4
+ 3 + 4 +
4

Methods of finding P.I.

1. General Method:-
1 −
= = = ∫
−
1 −
= = = ∫
Index

Notes by RSS 4
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1 1 −
= ∫
− 1 − 2 − 1
1 1 1 1
= [ − ]
− 1 − 2 1− 2 − 1 − 2

Ex 1 : Solve 2
− 9 + 18 = Ex 2 : Solve 2
−1 =
1
Soln: Solution is = + Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 2 − 9 + 18 = 0 For , consider 2 − 1 = 0
A.E. is 2 − 9 + 18 = 0, −3 − A.E. is 2 − 1 = 0, −1 + 1 = 0,
3 6 −
6 = 0, = 36 = 1 + 2 = 1 −1 = 1 + 2
1 =
1
( )=
1
( )
= 2 −1 1 −1 1 1
− 9 + 18
1 1 1 1
= = [ − ]( )
−3 −6 1 − −1 −1 +1 +1
1 1 1 1
= [ − ] = [ ∫ − ( )
−6 + 3 − 3 −6 2 +1
1 −
= − [ 3 ∫ −3 − ∫ ( ) ]
3 +1
6 −6
1
− ∫ ] = [ ∫
2 +1
Put = −3
−3 = −3
−
+1−1
1 − ∫ ( ) ]
= − [ 3 ∫− − 6 ∫− ] +1
−
3 1
1 = [ ∫ −
= − [− 3 + 6 − ] 2 1+
3 −
1 − ∫( − ) ]
= − [− 3 + 3 − 6 ] +1
3 1 − −
6 = [− 1+ −
= 2
3 + +1 ]
6 − 1 −
3 6 = 1 + 2 + [− 1+ −
= 1 + 2 + −
2
3 1− +1 ]

1. 2
+2 +2 = − 3
2. 2
+3 +2 =
Exercise 1

3. 2
+2 +1 = −
4. 2
+4 = 2
1
5. 2
+ 7 + 12 = −3
+2 6. 2
+ =
1

7. 2
−2 −3 =3 −3 −3
+ −3
Index

Notes by RSS 5
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2. Short-cut method for special functions:-

i) Let = .
1 1
= 0
1 1
If = 0 then = provided 0.
1 1
If = 0 then = 2
provided 0.

1 1
=

1 1
=

1. 3 − 3 2 − + 3 = 2 + 4 + 3 2. 2 − 4 + 4 = 3
Soln: Solution is = + Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 3
− 3 − + 3 = For
2
, consider 2
− 4 + 4 = 0.
0. A.E. is 3 2
− 3 − + 3 = 0, A.E. is 2
− 4 + 4 = 0, −2 2 =0
2 2
−3 − −3 =0 =2 2 = 1+ 2
−3 2
− 1 = 0, = 3 1 −1 1
= 3
= 1 3 + 2 + 3 − 2−4 +4
1 2
1 − − 3
+ −3
= 3 + 4 + 3 = ( ). /
−3 2− +3 2−4 +4 2 2
1 2 1 1
= 3 2 = [ 4
+ −2 − 2
−3 − +3 4 2 −4 +4
1 4
+ 3 − −4 ]
−3 2− +3
1 1 1
+ 3 2
3 = 0 4
−3 − +3 2
4 4 −4 4 +4
1
= 3 2 1 −2
2 − 3 22 − 2 + 3 + 2
1 −2 − 4 −2 + 4
4 2
+ 3 2 2
4 −3 4 − 4+3 −
1 2
+3 3 1 −4
0 −3 0 2−0+3 − 2
1
2
4
−4 − 4 −4 + 4
= + 3
+1 1 4 −2 2 −4
−3 4 −3 4 2− 4+3 = 0 + − 2
− 1
4 4 16 2 36
2
2 = 1+ 2
3 −
= 1 + 2 + 3 − 1 2
3 + * + − − +
4 4 16 2 36
4
+ +1
4 3−3 4 2− 4+3
Index

Notes by RSS 6
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2
+2 −8 =5 3
+6 +7 2. 3
−3 2
+4 = 3
+ 3−
Exercise 2

3. 3
− 2
− +1 = 2+ 2
4. 4
−1 = 2
5. 3
+3 = 2

ii) For = + or +
1 1 2
2
+ = 2
+ − 0
−
If − 2
= 0 then
1 1
+ = + provided − 2
0
−

1 − −
+ = + = 2 2− 2
+
+ + −

1. 2 + 9 = 2 2. 3 − 3 + 2 =
Soln: Solution is = + Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 2 + 9 = 0. For , consider 3
− 3 + 2 = 0.
A.E. is 2 + 9 = 0, = 3 A.E. is 3
− 3 + 2 = 0, = 1 1 −2
= 1 3 + 2 3 = 1+ 2 + 3 −2
1 1
= 2 2 = 3
+9 −3 +2
1 1 1 1
= 2 [ 3 + ] = =
+9 2 − −3 +2 −4 + 2
1 1 1 2 +1
= [ 2 3 + 2 ] =
2 +9 +9 −2 2 − 1 2 + 1
1 1 2 +1 2 +
= [ 3 + ] = =
2 2 −12 + 9 −2 4 2 − 1 −2 −4 − 1
1 − 3 1
= [ + ] = [−2 + ]
2 2 3 8 10
3 = 1+ 2 + 3 −2
= 1 3 + 2 3 −
12 1
+ [−2 + ]
+ 10
16

1. 2
+3 −4 =3 2 2. 2
+2 +2 = 2 −2 2
Exercise 3

3. 3
+1 = 3 − 2 ⁄2 4. 2
− −2 = 2 + +5
5. 4
+4 2
= 2 6. 2
+2 +5 = 2
Index

Notes by RSS 7
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

iii) For = ,
where is any positive integer.
1 1
=
1
1
Expand by using following formulae up to the term .
1

1 2 3
=1− + − +
1+
1 2 3
=1+ + + +
1−

1. 2 + 2 + 2 = 4
Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 2
+ 2 + 2 = 0. A.E. is 2 + 2 + 2 = 0,
−2 √4 − 8
= = −1 = − [ 1 + 2 ]
2
1 4
1 4
= 2 = 2
+2 +2 +2
2 (1 + )
2
2 2 2 2 2 3 4
1 +2 +2 +2 +2 4
= [1 − . /+. / −. / +. / + ]
2 2 2 2 2
2 4
1 3 2
3 4
= 01 − . + / + . + 2 + / − . + 3/ + 4 + 1 4
2 2 4 2
2
1 1 4 1
= 01 − + + 3− + 1 4 = [ 4 − 4 3 + 6 2 − 6]
2 2 4 2
4
− [ ]+ 3 2
= 1 + 2 −2 +3 −3
2

1. 3
+3 2
−4 =2 2
+ 2. 3
−2 +4 =3 2
−5 +2
Exercise 4

3. 2
− +1 =2 3
+3 2
−4 4. 3
−3 +2 = 2

iv) If = ,
where is any function of then,
1 1
=
+
Index

Notes by RSS 8
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2 + 4 = − 3 2. 2 + 7 + 12 = −2
Soln: Solution is = + Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 2
+ 4 = 0. A.E. is For , consider 2
+ 7 + 12 = 0.
2
+ 4 = 0, = 2 A.E. is 2
+ 7 + 12 = 0,
= 1 2 + 2 2 +3 + 4 = 0, = −3 −4
1 − 3
1 = 1 −3 + 2 −4
= 2 = − 3
1
+4 −1 2+4 −2
1 = 2 + 7 + 12
= − 2 3
1
−2 +5 = −2
1 − 2 2 + 7 − 2 + 12
= − 3
2−2
−2
1
5 [1 + ] =
5 2 − 4 + 4 + 7 − 14 + 12
− 2 2 2 1
−2 −2 = −2
= [1 − . /+. / 2+3 +2
5 5 5
−2
1
2
−2
3 =
−1 + 3 + 2
−. / + ] 3 3 −1
5 = −2
− 2
2 4 3 8 3 3 +1 3 −1
3 3 −1
= 01 − + − − + 1
5 5 5 25 125 = −2
− 3 2 3 3 3 9 2−1
2 28 3 −
= 0 3+ − − + 1 = −2
5 5 5 125 −9 − 1
− 2 −2
6 6 168 −
= 0 3+ − − 1 = 3 −
5 5 5 125 10
−2
= 1 2 + 2 2 = 1 −3
+ 2 −4
− 3
− 2 10
6 6 168
+ 0 3+ − − 1 −
5 5 5 125

1. 3
−4 2
+5 −2 = 2 2
2. 2
−1 = 2
Exercise 5

3. 2
+4 +3 =4 3 −2
4. 2
−2 +3 = 3

5. 2
+5 +6 = −2
2

v) If = ,
where is any function of then,
1 1
=0 − 1
1
This rule is applicable if power of is one and is not a case of failure.
Index

Notes by RSS 9
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2 + 1 = 2
Soln: Solution is = +
For , consider 2
+ 1 = 0. A.E. is 2 + 1 = 0, = = 1 + 2
1 2 1
= 2 2 =[ − 2 ] 2 2
+1 +1 +1
2 2 1 1 4 2
=[ 2 − ] =− [ 2 − ]
−4 + 1 −4 + 1 3 3
1 4 2
= 1 + 2 − [ 2 − ]
3 3

1. 2
+2 = 2. 2
+ +1 =
Exercise 6

3. 2
+3 +2 = 2 4. 2
−1 = 3
5. 2
−2 +1 =

vi) For = and

where is any positive integer.
1 1
= +
1
=
1 1
=
+
1 1
=
+

1. 2 − 1 = 2
Soln: Solution is = + . For , consider 2 − 1 = 0. A.E. is 2 − 1 = 0,
−1 + 1 = 0, = 1 −1 = 1 + 2 −
1 2
1 2
1 2
= 2 = 2
= 2
−1 −1 + −1
1 2
1 2
= 2+2
= 2+2
−1−1 −2
1 2
= 2+2
−2 (1 − )
2
2 2 2
1 +2 +2
= (1 + +. / + ) 2
−2 2 2
1 2 2
= (1 + + − + )
−2 2
Index

Notes by RSS 10
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2 2
1 2 2
1 2
= . + − + /= +2 −1
−2 2 −2
1 2
1 2
=− [ + −1+2 ]=− [ −1 −2 ]
2 2
−
1
= 1 + 2 − [ 2−1 −2 ]
2

1. 2
−2 +1 = 2 2. 3
+1 = 2 −1 + −
+5
3. −1 4
= +3 +1 4. 2
− 7 + 12 = 3 2
5. 2
−4 = 6. −2 2
=8 2
+ 2 + 2
Exercise 7

7. 2
+9 = 3
− 3 8. 2
−2 −3 = −3
+3 −3 −3

9. 3
− 25 = 2 3 10. 3
−6 2
+ 11 − 6 = +
11. 2
+4 +4 = −3 −2
12. 2
+4 +8 = −2
3
13. 2
+9 = 2
3 ⁄2 14. 3
−3 2
+3 −1 = 2
−2 3
+3

3. Method of variation of parameters:-

Consider the Linear Differential Equation of 2nd order + + = .

If = 1 1 + 2 2, then = 1 + 2
1 2
where = ∫− , =∫ and =| |
1 2

1. 2 − 1 = − −
+ −

Soln: Solution is = + For , consider 2

−1 = 0. A.E. is 2
− 1 = 0,
−
= 1 = 1 + 2 = 1 1+ 2 2 = 1 + 2
1 2 −
where 1 = 2 = −
=| |=| − | = −1 − 1 = −2.
1 2 −
= ∫− = −∫ Put −
= , − −
=
−2
1 1
=− ∫ + =− [ − + + ]
2 2
1 − − −
= [ +2 ]
2 − − −
1 + 1 −
=∫ =∫ =−
−2 2
− [ − − − ] −
= 1 + 2 + +2
2 2
−
= + 2 +
Index

Notes by RSS 11
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2
+1 = 2. 2
+4 = 2
Exercise 8

3. 2
−6 +9 = 3 ⁄ 2
4. 2
−2 +2 =
1
5. 2
−1 =
1

Equations reducible to LDE of constant coefficients

i) Legendre’s homogeneous LDE
An equation of the type
−
−
+ + + −
+ + − + + =

where 1 −1 are constants is called Legendre’s homogeneous LDE.

It can be reduced to LDE of constant coefficient by putting

+ = (i.e. = + ),
then + =

+ = −

+ = − −
where

2
3 −4 +3 3 −4 −4 = 3 −4 [ 3 −4 ]
Put 3 − 4 = =
3 −4 3 −4 =3 3 −4 2 = 32 −1
9 −1 +3 3 −4 = 9 2−4 =
Solution is = + . For , consider 9 2 − 4 = 0.
A.E. is 9 2 − 4 = 0, = 2/3 = 1 2 /3 + 2 −2 /3
1 18 1 18
= = [ − ] = [ − ]
9 2−4 9 2−4 9 2−4 −9 − 4 −9 − 4 2
18
=− −
13 169
18
= 1 2 /3 + 2 −2 /3 − −
13 169
3 − 4 18 3 −4
= 1 3 − 4 2/3 + 2 3 − 4 −2/3 − −
13 169
Index

Notes by RSS 12
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2 + 1 2
−2 2 +1 − 12 = 6
Exercise 9

2. +1 2
+ +1 − = +1 2
+ −1

3. 3 + 2 2
+3 3 +2 − 36 = 3 2
+4 +1

4. 2 − 3 2
−6 2 −3 + 16 = 2 −3

ii) Cauchy’s or Euler’s homogeneous LDE

An equation of the type
−
−
+ −
+ + − + =
where 1 −1 are constants is called Cauchy’s homogeneous LDE.

It can be reduced to LDE of constant coefficient by putting

= (i.e. = ),
Then = ,

= −

= − −
where

2
2 2 2
2
−3 +4 =

Put = =
= 2
= −1
−1 −3 +4 = 2−4 +4 = 2 2
Solution is = + . For , consider 2 − 4 + 4 = 0.
A.E. is 2 − 4 + 4 = 0, = 2 2 = 1+ 2 2
4
1 2 2
1 1
= 2 = 2 2
= 2 2
= 2
. /
−4 +4 +2 2−4 +2 +4 2 12
4
2 2
= 1 + 2 + . /
12
2 4
2
= 1 + 2 +
12
Index

Notes by RSS 13
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. 2
+ − =
Exercise 10

1
2. 2
+ −2 =1+ +

3. 2
+3 + + =

4. 2
+ = +1 −2

Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations

Equation containing one independent variable and two or more dependent
variables are called simultaneous LDE. In simultaneous LDE no. of equations
are same as the number of dependent variables.

+ −3 − = +2 + =0
Let + −3 − = , +2 + =0
−3 + −1 = 1 +2 + =0 2
By 1 − −1 2 , −3 − −1 +2 = ,
−3− 2
− +2 = 2
+1 =− .
Solution is = + . For , consider 2
+ 1 = 0.
1
A.E. is 2
+ 1 = 0, = = 1 + 2 = − =−
1 2

= 1 + 2 −
2
From eqn (2), =− −2 = 1 − 2 + −2 1 −2 2 +
2
3
= 1−2 2 − 2+2 1 +
2

1. + +2 + = , +5 +3 = 2

2. −2 − =0, + −4 =0
Exercise 11

3. − = , + =

4. +4 +5 = 2
, +5 +4 = +1

5. 2 +3 =4,2 −3 =0
Index

Notes by RSS 14
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Symmetrical Simultaneous Linear Differential Equation

Equations of the type = = where are the functions of and is

called a symmetrical simultaneous LDE.

The solution of such system consists of two independent functions = 1

= 2.

There are mainly two methods of solving such equations

i) Grouping:- In this method we can group two terms in which third
variable is absent or get cancelled after grouping, then solving that
differential equation we get one solution. For 2nd solution combine other two
group in which we can use 1st solution.

ii) Method of multipliers:- In this method we can select set of multipliers

not necessarily constants such that = = =

if + + = 0 then + + = 0. If this equation is exact then its

integral gives one solution of the system. To find 2nd solution consider another
set of multiplies.

1. =− = 2. = =
− − −
1 1 1
Consider =− Using multipliers ,
=− =
2 2 − − −
=− + + + =0 + + = 1 1
2 2 1 1 1
2
+ 2
=2 = 1 Using multipliers ,
1
/ / / / / /
Consider − = = =
− − −
− 1 = / + / + / =0
− 1 = + 2 + + = 2
2 2
− + = + 2 2 = 2 2
Index

Notes by RSS 15
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1. = = 2. = =
− − − 3 −4 4 −2 2 −3
2
3. = = 4. = =
2 − −2 −
Exercise 12

5. = = 6. = =
− − −

7. = = 8. = =
2 −2 2 − −

9. = = 10. = =
1 1 4 2 6 1 1

11. = = 12. = =
− − 2 2 − − −

Index

Notes by RSS 16
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Unit II
Transforms
Definition:
Fourier Transform
Let be a function defined in the interval – < < then Fourier
Transform of is denoted by = [ ] and is defined as
1 −
= ∫
√2
−
and Inverse Fourier Transform of is which is given by
1
= ∫
√2
−
which is also called Fourier Integral representation of the function .

Fourier Cosine Transform:

If the function defined in the interval – < < is an even function
( − = ), then Fourier Cosine Transform of is denoted by
and defined as
2
=√ ∫

and inverse Fourier cosine transform of is , given by

2
=√ ∫

which is also called Fourier Cosine Integral representation of the function .

Fourier Sine Transform:

If the function defined in the interval – < < is an odd function
( − =− ), then Fourier Sine Transform of is denoted by
and defined as
2
=√ ∫

and inverse Fourier sine transform of is , given by

2
=√ ∫

which is also called Fourier Sine Integral representation of the function .

Index

Notes by RSS 17
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Generalized rule of integration by parts

∫ = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 +
where dashes indicates derivative and suffixes indicates integration. Choose u
such that its derivative gets vanished after some terms and v such that its
integration is known.
∫ = 2 2
−
+
∫ = 2 2
+
+

While finding Fourier transform or Fourier integral representation if it is not

mention which transform to use then check whether the given function is even
or odd. If it is even then use Fourier cosine transform and if it is odd then use
Fourier sine transform.

2
−1 1
1. Find the Fourier integral representation of ={ and
0 >1
– 3
hence evaluate ∫ ( ) .
4
2 2
− − −1 1 −1 1
Soln: As − = { ={ = , is
0 − >1 0 >1
an even function, hence we use Fourier Cosine transform
1
2 2 2
=√ ∫ =√ ∫ 1−

1
2 2
=√ [ 1− ( ) − −2 (− 2
) + −2 (− 3
)]

2 2 2 2 −
= √ [− 2
+ 3
] = −2√ [ 3
]

Fourier integral representation of is

2 2 2 −
=√ ∫ = √ ∫ −2√ [ 3
]

−
− =∫[ 3
]
4
Putting = 3/4 and then = , we get
− 3 3 3 2 7 7
∫[ 3
] =− ( ) = − .( ) − 1/ = − (− ) =
4 4 4 4 4 4 16 64
Index

Notes by RSS 18
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

0< <
2. If =, then find the Fourier integral representation
0 <0 >
−
of and show that =∫
1−
− 0<− < − 0> >−
Soln: As − = { =,
0 − <0 − > 0 >0 <−
− and also − − , hence is neither even nor odd
function, we use general Fourier Transform
1 −
= ∫
√2
−
−
1 −
1
= ∫ = 0 2 2
− − 1
√2 √2 − + 1
−
−
1 1 1 +1
= 0 + 1 = 0 1
√2 1 − 2 1 − 2 √2 1− 2
Fourier integral representation of is
1
= ∫
√2
−
− −
1 1 +1 1 +
= ∫ 0 2
1 = ∫ 2
√2 √2 1− 2 1−
− −
1 − + − + +
= ∫ 2
2 1−
−
1 − + 1 [ − + ]
= ∫ + ∫
2 1− 2 2 1− 2
− −
First integral is even function of and second integral is odd function of
1 − + − +
= 2∫ =∫
2 1− 2 1− 2

0< <1
3. Find the Fourier sine integral representation of =, .
0 ≥1
Soln: As Fourier sine transform is given by
2
=√ ∫

1
1
2 2
=√ ∫ = √ [ (− ) − 1 (− 2
)]

2 2 −
= √ [− + 2
]=√ [ 2
]
Index

Notes by RSS 19
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Fourier sine integral representation of is

2
=√ ∫

2 2 − 2 −
=√ ∫√ [ 2
] = ∫ 2

2
4− 2
1. Find the Fourier integral representation of ={
0 >2
2 2 – 2 3
and hence evaluate ∫ ( ) .
2

<1
2. Find the Fourier integral representation of ={ and
Exercise 1

0 >1

hence evaluate ∫ , deduce the value of ∫ .

3. Find Fourier sine and cosine integral representation of = −

− −

0< <
4. If =, then find the Fourier integral
0 <0 >
1 [ − ]
representation of and show that = ∫
−1

In a problem of showing integration equal to some function then consider the

function as . If the terms in the integration contains only term then
use Fourier sine transform, if it contains only term then use Fourier
cosine transform and if it contain both as well as then use general
Fourier transform.

1. Using Fourier integral representation show that

−
∫ 2
=
1+ 2
Soln: Let = −
. As integral contains term, we use Fourier cosine
2
transform.
2
=√ ∫

2 −
=√ ∫ ( ) =√ * − + +
2 2 −1
Index

Notes by RSS 20
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1 1
= √ [0 − (− )] = √ ( )
2 1+ 2 2 1+ 2
By Inverse Fourier cosine transform we get
2
=√ ∫

2 1
=√ ∫√ ( 2
) =∫ 2
2 1+ 1+
2. Using Fourier integral representation show that
0
∫ 2
= 22
1− 0 >
0
Let = 22 . As integral contains term, we use Fourier
0 >
sine transform.
2 2
=√ ∫ =√ ∫
2

1 1 − +
=√ ∫ [ − − + ] = √ 0 − 1
2 2 2 2 1− 1+
1 − + 1
= √ 0 − 1 = √ [ + ]
2 2
1− 1+ 2 2 1− 1+
1 1+ +1−
= √ [ ]=√ [ ]
2 2 1− 1+ 2 1− 2
By Inverse Fourier sine transform we get
2
=√ ∫

2
=√ ∫√ [ 2
] =∫ 2
2 1− 1−

1. Using Fourier integral representation show that

3
−
Exercise 2

∫ 4
=
+4 2
2. Using Fourier integral representation show that
0
∫ 2
= {2
1− 0 >

Notes by RSS 21
Index
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

3. Using Fourier integral representation show that

/2 0 <1
∫ = { /4 =1
0 >1
4. Using Fourier integral representation show that
+ −
<0
∫ ={
1+ 2 0 >0

Differentiation under integral sign (DUIS):

If =∫ then =∫ and solving this first order

differential equation we get value of , which contains integrating constant. It
can be removed by doing proper substitution of .

1. Find Fourier sine transform of and hence evaluate ∫ −1

.
Soln: Let = , Fourier sine transform of is
−
2 2
=√ ∫ =√ ∫

By DUIS rule I
− −
2 2
=√ ∫ ( ) =√ ∫

−
2 −
2
=√ ∫ =√ [ 2 2
− + ]
− +

2 2
= √ *0 − (− 2 2
)+ = √ ( 2 2
)
+ +

2 2 −1
=√ ( 2 2
) =√ ( )+
+
2
Put = 0, 0 =√ −1
( )+ ,0=0+ , =0

2 −1
=√ ( )

By Inverse Fourier Sine Transform

2 2 2 −1
=√ ∫ =√ ∫ √ ( )
Index

Notes by RSS 22
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

−1
∫ ( ) =
2
Putting = 1 and = , we get
−
−1
∫ ( ) = 1 = ( )=
2 2 1 2
2. Find the Fourier Transform of = −
.
Soln: As − = − − = − = , is an even function, hence we use
Fourier Cosine transform
2
=√ ∫

2 −
2 −
=√ ∫ =√ ∫

−
2 2 1 2 1
=√ [ 2 2
− + ] = √ [0 − 2
−1 ] = √ [ 2
]
−1 + 1+ 1+

2
1− 1
1. Find the Fourier transform of ={ and evaluate
0 >1
Exercise 3

− 2
∫ ( ) .
3

2. Find Fourier sine transform of = −2

− −3
.

3. Find the Fourier cosine transform of .

1− 0 1
1. Solve ∫ ={ hence show that ∫ = .
0 >1 2
Soln: As Fourier Cosine transform is
2
=√ ∫

1− 0 1
= 2√2/
0 >1
Now, by inverse Fourier cosine transform
2
=√ ∫
1
1
2 2 2
= √ ∫√ 1− = [ 1− ( ) − −1 (− 2
)]
Index

Notes by RSS 23
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2 1 2 1−
= [− 2
+ 2
]= 2

2 2 2 1−
=√ ∫ =√ ∫ 2

2
2 /2 1
∫ 2
= √
2 2
Put = , =2 =2 and put =0
2
2
2 1 1 1
∫ 2
2 = √ 0 = √ 0√ 1 − 0 1 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
∫ 2
=
2
<1 0
2. If = {2 − < 2, then find
1 .
0 ≥2
Soln: By Inverse Fourier Sine Transform
1 2
2 2
=√ ∫ = √ 6∫ +∫ 2− 7
1
1 2
2
= √ 2[ (− ) − (− 2
)] + [ 2 − (− ) − −1 (− 2
)] 3
1

2 2
= √ [(− + 2
) + (− 2
+ + 2
)]

2 2 − 2
=√ [ 2
]

1. Find if = −
.
−1 0 <1
Exercise 4

2. Solve ∫ ={ +1 1 <2
0 ≥2
1 0 <1
3. Solve the integral equation ∫ = {2 1 <2
0 ≥2
Index

Notes by RSS 24
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Z - transform
Z-transform plays the same role in discrete analysis as Laplace transform in
continuous systems. The Z-transform is useful in solving difference equation
which represents a discrete system.

Definition: The Z-transform of sequence is defined as

[ ]= −
=
−
where = + is a complex number.

The Z-transform of a sequence exists if the series ∑ − −

is
convergent, i.e. the series tends to a finite values for some values of . These
values of for which the series is convergent lie within a region known as
Region of Convergence (ROC) in the −plane.
1 2 3
=1− + − + <1
1+
1 2 3
=1+ + + + <1
1−
−1 2
−1 −2 3
1+ =1+ + + +
2! 3!
Linearity property: If and are the two sequences are scalars,
then
+ = +

1. Find Z transform of = {3 ≥0
4 <0
Soln: As

[ ]= −

−
−1

[ ]= − −
4 + 3
−
= [4−1 1 +4 −2 2
+4 −3 3
+ ] + [3 + 31 −1 + 32 −2
+ ]
2 3
3 32
=0 + 2+ 3+ 1 + 01 + + 2 + 1
4 4 4
2 2
3 3
= [1 + + ( ) + ] + 01 + + ( ) + 1
4 4 4
1 1 3
= [ ]+[ ] | |<1 | |<1
4 1 − /4 1 − 3/ 4
[ ]= + <4 3< 3< <4
4− −3
Index

Notes by RSS 25
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

−2 <0
1
2. Find Z transform of = (3) =0 2 4 6
1
{ (5) =1 3 5 7
Soln: As

[ ]= −

−
−1

[ ]= − −
−2 +
−
−1 1
= [ −2 + −2 −2 2 + −2 −3 3 + ]
1 1 1 −1 1 2 −2 1 3 −3 1 4 −4 1 5 −5
+ 0( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) + 1
3 5 3 5 3 5
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
= 0− + 2 − 3 + 1 + [1 + 2 2 + 4 4 + ] + [ + 3 3 + 5 5 + ]
2 2 2 3 3 5 5 5
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
= − [1 − + ( ) − ] + 01 + + ( ) + 1+ 01 + 2 2 + ( 2 2 ) + 1
2 2 2 32 2 32 2 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
=− 4 5+ + 4 5 | | < 1 | 2 2| < 1 | 2 2| < 1
2 1+( ) 1 1
2 1 − ( 2 2) 5 1 − ( 2 2) 2 3 5
3 5
9 2 5 2
1 2 1
[ ]=− + 2 + < 2 > >
2+ 9 − 1 25 2 − 1 9 25
1 1 1
<2 > > < <2
3 5 3
3. Find Z transform of =3 for all .
≥0
Soln: As =, = { 3− ≥0
− <0 3 <0
Rest of the part will be same as that of Problem 1.

Find Z transform of following

≥0 1/4 ≥0
1. ={ 2. =2
0 <0 1/3 <0
Exercise 5

0 ≥0 1 1 1
3. =, 4. = ∙ ∙ ≥0
<0 2 3 5

5. = 1/5 6. =4 3 1
+5 4 1
, ≥0
3 <0 1
− − <0
4
1
=0 2 4 6 8. =8
7. = (4) −
1
≥0
5
1
( ) =1 3 5 7
{ 5
Index

Notes by RSS 26
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Properties of Z-transform:
Let =
Change of Scale : = /

= (− )
Multiplication by :
= (− )

Division by : , -=∫
−1
−
+ = −
Shifting :
−
− =

Z-transform of some standard sequences:

−
= 2−2
>1
+1

= 2
>1
−2 +1
−
= 2
>1
−2 +1

= 2
>1
−2 +1
/
2 3=
!

= >1
−1

1. Find Z transform of = 2 3 −2
Soln: As 3 −2 = 3 2+ 3 2,
[ 3 −2 ]= [ 3 2+ 3 2] = 2 [ 3 ]+ 2 [ 3 ]
− 3 3
= 2( 2 )+ 2( 2 )
−2 3+1 −2 3+1
2 − 3 + 2 3
= 2−2
>1
3+1
2 − 3 2 3
[ 2 3 −2 ]=* +
−2 3 1 /
Index

Notes by RSS 27
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

( 2) 2 (( 2) − 3) + ( 2) 2 3
= 2 | 2
|>1
( 2) − 2( 2) 3+1
2
− 2 3 + 2 2 3 2 2
[ 3 −2 ]= 2−2 2
>
3+ 4
2. Find Z transform of = −1 + 2 3 for ≥ 0.
Soln: As = −1 +2 3 = 2
+ −2 3 = 2 3 + 3 −2 3
For ≥ 0,

[3 ] = −
3

1 −1 2 −2
3 32
=3 +3 +3 + =1+ + 2
+
1 3
[3 ] = = | |<1 >3
1 − 3/ −3
−3 − 3
[ 3 ] = (− )( )=− ./ =
−3 −3 2 −3 2
3
[ 23 ] = [ 3 ] = (− )( )
−3 2
−3 2 3 −6 −3 3 −9−6 3 +3
=− . / = − ( ) =
−3 4 −3 3 −3 3
[ ]= [ −1 +2 3 ]= [ 2 3 + 3 −2 3 ]
2
= [ 3 ] + [ 3 ] − 2 [3 ]
3 +3 3
= + − 2( )
−3 3 −3 2 −3
2 − 3
3. Find Z transform of = for >0
Soln: For > 0,

[2 ] = −
2
1
1 −1 2 −2 3 −3
2 22 23
=2 +2 +2 + = + 2
+ 3
+
2
2 2 2 1 2 2
= 01 + + ( ) + 1= (
)=
1 − 2/ −2
3
[ 3 ]= 2
−2 3+1
2 3
[2 − 3 ]= − 2
−2 −2 3+1
2 − 3 2 3
[ ]= * + = ∫ −1 ( − )
−2 −2 3 1
Index

Notes by RSS 28
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2 3
=∫( − 2 23 2
)
−2 −2 3+ + 3

1 1 3
= ∫ (− + − )
−2 − 3 2+ 3 2

−1
− 3
= [− + −2 − ( )]
3
−2 −1
− 3 −2 −1 −1
− 3
=[ ( )− ( )] = − ( )−( − ( ))
3 3
2 −1
− 3
=− (1 − ) − ( − ( ))
2 3
−1 −1
− 3
[ ]=− 1−2 − ( )
3

Find Z-transform of
1. = 4 +3 ≥0 2. =3 2 −5 ≥0
3. −2
4. 3
Exercise 6

= 3 ≥0 = 4 ≥0
5. = ≥0 6. = −2 ≥0
7. = ≥1 8. = >0
1−
9. = >0 10. = −3 +4 ≥0
11. = 2 −
≥0 12. = −1
−1 ≥0

Inverse Z-transform

If = then −1 [ ]= determines the sequence which

generates the given Z-transform is known as inverse Z-transform.
Methods of finding Inverse Z-transform:

a). Power Series Method:

If ROC is of the form < , we have | | < 1, then bring the term 1 in
and expand in powers of using binomial expansion.
Coefficient of = −
If ROC is of the form > , we have | | < 1, then bring the term 1 in
and expand in powers of using binomial expansion.
Coefficient of − =
Index

Notes by RSS 29
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

1
1. Find inverse Z – transform of = 3< <4
−3 −4
Soln: As
1
= = +
−3 −4 −3 −4
1= −4 + −3
Putting = 3 we get = −1 and for = 4 we get = 1
1 1
=− +
−3 −4
3 3
As 3 < , < 1 | | < 1 and <4 <1 | |<1
4 4
1 1
=− +
3
(1 − ) −4 (1 − 4)
1 3 3 2 1 2
= − 01 + + ( ) + 1 − [1 + + ( ) + ]
4 4 4
2 2
1 3 3 1
= −0 + 2 + 3 + 1 − 0 + 2 + 3 + 1
4 4 4
= −[ −1 + 3 −2 + 32 −3 + ] − [4−1 + 4−2 + 4−3 2 + ]
−1 − 1
=− 3 − 4
1
Coeff of in the first term= 1
−
= 3 −1 ≥1
Coeff of in the second term = 2 − = 4 1
≥0
2 =4 − 1
− ≥ 0 i.e. 0
= −1 [ ]=− 1 − 2
−1 − 1 −1
=− 3 − 4 = { −3− 1 ≥1
≥1 0 −4 0
1
2. Find inverse Z – transform of = < 3.
−3
Soln: As < 3,
< 1, | | < 1,
3 3
1 1 1 1 −2
= = 2 = 2 = (1 − )
−3 2 9 3
*−3 (1 − )+ 9 (1 − )
3 3
1 −2 −2 − 1 2 −2 −2 − 1 −2 − 2 3
= 01 − −2 ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + 1
9 3 2! 3 3! 3
1 2 3 4
= [1 + + 2 2+ 3 3+ ]
9 3 3 3
1 − 1
Coefficient of = − = , ≥ 0, = − ≥ 0 , i.e. 0.
3 3
−1 [
1 1 − +1
]= = { − } 0
9 9 3
1
= 1− 3 0
9
Index

Notes by RSS 30
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Find inverse Z-transform of

1 1
1. = < 2. =
1
4< <5
Exercise 7

( − )( − ) 5 −4 −5

1 1
3. = < 4. = >3
− −2 −3
1
5. = >5
−5

b) Partial Fraction Method:

First find the partial fraction of / then by using following formulae find
−1
[ ]
−1 > ≥0
, -=2
− − < <0
−1
−1 > ≥0
{ 2
}=2 −1
− − < <0

Rules of partial fraction:

= +
− − − −
= − + − , Put = to find and put = to find .
= + +
− − 2 − − − 2
= − 2+ − − + − , Put = to find , put = to find
and to find equate coefficient of 2
from both sides.

3
1. Find inverse Z transform of = <2
2 −3
3
Soln: As =
2 −3
3 +1
= =+
+2 −3 +2 −3
3 +1= −3 + +2
Put = −2, = 1 and for = 3 =2
1 2
= +
+2 −3
2
= +
+2 −3
−1 [ ] = −1 [ ] + 2 −1 * +
− −2 −3
As < 2 = −2 < 3
= −1 [ ] = − −2 +2 − 3 <0
Index

Notes by RSS 31
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2. Find inverse Z transform of = 2< <3

−3 −2

Soln: As =
−3 −2
2
= = + +
−3 −2 2 −3 −2 −2 2
2
= −2 2+ −3 −2 + −3
Put =3 = 9, for = 2 = −4, Coeff of 2
=1= + , = −8
9 −8 −4
= + +
−3 −2 −2 2
9 8 4
= − −
−3 −2 −2 2
−1 −1 −1 −1
= [ ]=9 * +−8 * +−4 [ 2
]
−3 −2 −2
As 2 < <3
=9 − 3 −8 2 −4 2 −1
<0 ≥0 ≥0
−8 2 − 4 2 −1 ≥0
={
−9 3 <0

Find inverse Z-transform of

1
1. = > 2. =
3 2
1< <2
( − )( − ) 2 −3 2
Exercise 8

3. = >2 4. = >2
−1 −2 4

1 1
5. = < < 6. =
2
>2
( − )( − ) 5 4
−4 4

7. = >1
1

c) Inversion Integral Method:

Pole of : It is the value of at which the denominator of become zero.
If = is pole of then power of − is called as order of pole = . Pole of
order 1 is called simple pole.

By inversion integral method −1 [ ]= where

[ −1 ]
=

=
−1
1 −1
∙2 −1
[ − ] 3
−1 !
Index

Notes by RSS 32
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

2 3
1. Using inversion integral method find inverse Z transform of =
−
2 3 2 3
Soln: As = = , = 3 −3 are simple poles of .
− −3 3
Residue of −1
at simple pole = 3 is
−1 −1
2 +3 2 +3
2 −3 3 =2 3
−3 +3 3
+3 3
−1 −1
9 3 3 3 3
=23= =
6 2 2
Residue of −1
at simple pole = −3 is
−1 −1
2 +3 2 +3
2 − −3 3 =2 3
−3 +3 −3
−3 −3
−1 −1
−3 −3 −3
=2 3=
−6 2
−1
−1
3 −3
= [ ]= +
2 2
−1
−1 [
3 −3
]= =2 + 3 ≥0
2 2
2. Using inversion integral method find inverse Z transform of =
−2 ( − )
1
Soln: As = , = 2 is pole of order 1 and = is pole of order 2.
−2 ( − ) 3

Residue of −1
at simple pole = 2 is
−1 3 2
{ −2 } ={ }
1 2 1 2
− 2 ( − 3) ( − 3)
2 2
2 2 2 2 9 2
= 2 = 2 = 25 2
1 5
(2 − 3) (3)
Residue of −1
at pole = 1/3 of order 2 is

1 2−1
1 2 −1
3
∙{ [( − ) ] }
2−1 ! 2−1 3 1 2
− 2 ( − 3)
1/3
2 1 2
−2 +2 −
=2 0 13 =2 3
−2 1/3
−2 2 1/3
1 2 1
1/3 − 2 + 2 1/3 − 1/3 −5/3 + 2 − 1/3 1
= 2
=0 1( )
1/3 − 2 25/9 3
−15 −33 1 1
=( ) (3)
25
Index

Notes by RSS 33
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

[ −1 ]
=
9 −15 − 33 1 1
2
= 2 +( )( )
25 25 3
1
−1 [
9 −15 − 33 1
]= =2 2 2+( )( ) 3 ≥0
25 25 3

Find inverse Z-transform of

1. = 2. =
−1 −2
Exercise 9

−3 −2

2
3. = 4. =
−1 1 ( − )( − )

2
5. =( )
−

Solutions of simple Difference equations using Z-transform:

A relation between +1 −1 +2 −2 is called difference
equation and an expression for in terms of which satisfies the equation is
called its solution.

To solve difference equation, first take Z-transform of given equation by using

shifting property, then find and by taking inverse Z-transform can be
determined.
If = then
+1 = − 0
2 2
+2 = − 0 − 1
−1
−1 =
− 2 = −2

1. Solve the difference equation

+2 +3 +1 +2 =0 ≥0 0 =0 1 =1
Soln: Taking Z transform of given difference equation
+2 +3 +1 +2 = 0 =0
+2 +3 +1 +2 =0
2 2
− 0 − 1 + 3( − 0 )+2 =0
2
−0− +3 −0+2 =0
2
+3 +2 =
= 2
=
+3 +2 +1 +2
1
= = +
+1 +2 +1 +2
1= +2 + +1
Index

Notes by RSS 34
 Engineering Mathematics III SE (Computer)

Putting = −1 we get = 1 and for = −2 = −1

1 1
= −
+1 +2
= −
+1 +2
−1 [ ] = −1 [ −1
= ]− [ ]
− −1 − −2
As ≥ 0, we get
− −2 = −1> −1 > −2
= −1 − −2 ≥0 >2
2. Solve the difference equation
− 7 −1 + 12 −2 = 3 ≥0
Soln: Taking Z transform of given difference equation
− 7 −1 + 12 −2 = 3
−7 −1 + 12 −2 =
−3
−1 −2
−7 + 12 =
−3
2
7 12 − 7 + 12
(1 − + 2
)= . 2
/=
−3
3 3 3
= 2
= = 2
−3 − 7 + 12 −3 −3 −4 −4 −3
2
= = + +
−4 −3 2 −4 −3 −3 2
2
= −3 2+ −4 −3 + −4
Put =4 = 16, for = 3 = −9, Coeff of 2
=1= + = 1 − 16 = −15
16 −15 −9
= + +
−4 −3 −3 2
16 15 9
= − −
−4 −3 −3 2
−1 [ ] = 16 −1 −1 −1
= * + − 15 * +−9 [ 2
]
−4 −3 −3
As ≥ 0, we have
= 16 4 − 15 3 − 9 3 −1 >4 >3
= 16 4 − 15 3 − 9 3 −1 ≥0 >4

Solve the following difference equations

Exercise 10

1 1
1. +1 + =( ) ≥0 0 =0
2 2
1
2. 6 −5 −1 + −2 = 6( ) ≥0
2
3. 6 +2 −5 +1 + =0 ≥0 0 =0 1 =3
4. +1 − =1 0 =0 ≥0
Index

Notes by RSS 35