Martlmadidebeli Eklesiis Armosavletis Sapatriarqoebi (Ix Saukunemde)

s. a.
ternovski
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi
(IX saukunemde)
TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY
Eastern Patriarchates of the Orthodox Church

(Including the 9th Century)
TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY AND SEMINARY
PUBLISHING HOUSE
TBILISI 2017
Tbilisis sasuliero akademia
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi
(IX saukunemde)
Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da
seminariis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi 2017
bibliuri geografiis codna aucilebelia wminda werilis
jerovnad gagebisaTvis. winamdebare wignSi swored adreu-
li Sua saukuneebis epoqis istoriuli geografiis proble-
mebi aris ganxiluli. asaxulia aRmosavleTis qristianuli
qveynebis eklesiebis istoria _ moTxrobilia ierusalimis,
aleqsandriis, antioqiis, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebis,
aseve, sparseTisa da kvi prosis eklesiebis DSesaxeb. naSromi
gankuTvnilia damxmare saxelmZRvanelod sasuliero saswav-
leblis studentebisaTvis.
In order to understand the Holy Scriptures properly, it is also indispens-

able to learn Biblical Geography. The present book precisely suggests the
discourse on the problems of historical Geography of Early Middle Ages.
It gives a survey of history of the Churches in Eastern Christian countries:
Characterised in this edition are the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Alexan-
dria, Antioch and Constantinople, also, the Churches of Persia and Cyprus.
The work is classified as a supplementary text-book for the students of the
Theological school.
© Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba
ISBN 978-9941-9258-9-4
mTargmneli nora gabriaZe
redaqtori Tamar GubiniZe
recenzenti dekanozi maqsime Wanturia

Teologiis doqtori
TRANSLATOR NORA GABRIADZE

EDITOR TAMAR CHUBINIDZE
REVIEWER Doctor of Theology

Archpriest MAKSIM CHANTURIA
sa r C e v i
redaqtoris winasityva ---------------------------------------------------- 7

ierusalimis sapatriarqo ---------------------------------------------- 11
meore palestina --------------------------------------------------- 17
pirveli palestina ------------------------------------------------ 34
mesame palestina ---------------------------------------------------- 77
aleqsandriis sapatriarqo --------------------------------------------- 81
antioqiis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------------------- 105

arabeTis provincia -------------------------------------------- 109
dasavleTis provincia ----------------------------------------- 110
siria ----------------------------------------------------------------- 119
meore siria -------------------------------------------------------- 131
kilikia -------------------------------------------------------------- 133
isavria -------------------------------------------------------------- 140
antioqiis sapatriarqos
aRmosavleTis provinciebi ----------------------------------- 141
kviprosis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 157
sparseTis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 161
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------- 167
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daarseba ------------ 173
pontos diocezi -------------------------------------------------- 178
aziis diocezi ----------------------------------------------------- 203
Trakiis diocezi ------------------------------------------------ 243

redaqtoris winasityva
winamdebare wignis avtori, sergei aleqsandres Ze ternovski (1848-

1916), iyo cnobili mecnieri – eklesiis istoriis doqtori, ebrauli
enisa da bibliuri arqeologiis kaTedris profesori yazanis sasu-
liero akademiaSi. is daibada moskovSi, moZRvris ojaxSi. 1871 w-s
daasrula kievis sasuliero akademia. iyo palestinis marTlmadide-
beli sazogadoebis wevri da Jurnal `pravoslavni sobesednikis~
redaqtori. 1893 w-s igi mivlinebiT gaagzavnes ierusalimSi ebrauli
enis srulyofisaTvis. ternovski sicocxlis bolomde eweoda nayo
fier samecniero da pedagogiur moRvaweobas. mas mravali gamokvleva
ekuTvnis, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: 1. XVIII
s-is Zegli ìkona”_ Икона _ winasityvaobiTa da vrceli gamokvleviT:
Архив Юго-Западной России, ч.1, т.5, Киев, 1872. am SromisaTvis mas mieniWa
RvTismetyvelebis magistris xarisxi. 2. `saeklsio geografiisa da
eTnografiis narkvevebi~ – Очерки по церковной географии и этнографии.
Православный собеседник. 1876. 3. `msoflioSi gafantuli iudevelebi da
maTi religiuri propaganda~ _ Иудеи рассеяния и их религиоэная пропаганда,
ibid, 1881, n.2. 4. `wm. efrem asuri~ _ Св. Ефрем Сирин, ibid. 1884. 5. `wm. aTa-
nase aleqsandrieli~ _ Св. Афанасий Александрийский. ibid. 1885. 6. ieru-
salimis patriarqi uZveles droSi _ Патриарх Иерусалимский в древнее
время, ibid 1886. 7. `karvobis dResaswauli ebraelebSi~ _ Праздник кущей
у Евреев, Казань, 1890. 8. `bibliuri siZveleni~ _ Библейская старина, Чтения,
вып.56-63, 1900. 9. ìstoriuli Canaweri yazanis sasuliero akademiis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb misi gardaqmnis Semdeg~ _ Историческая записка о
состоянии Казанской духовной академии после её преобразования, Казань, 1892. 10.
statiaTa krebuli Zveli aRTqmis Sesaxeb _ Сборник статей по Ветхому
Завету, Казань, 1898. 11. `marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapa-
triarqoTa regionebi me-9 saukunemde~ _ Области восточных патриархатов
православной церкви до 9-го века, Казань, 1899. 12. `sityva ìerusalimis~
mniSvneloba~ _ Значение имени Иерусалим, Казань,1907. 13. ìerusalim-
is sxvadasxva dasaxeleba bibliaSi~ _ Различные названия Иерусалима
в Библии, П.С. 1912, n.6. 14. `bibliuri xanis ierusalimis topografia~
_ Топография Иерусалима библейских времён, П.С. 1912, n.12. 15. `cxovrebis
garegani pirobebi palestinaSi~ _ Внешние условия жизни в Палестине,
Саратов,1914. 16. `zogierTi fsalmunis ganmarteba~ _ Изъяснение
некоторых псалмов, Казань, 1915.
am naSromTa Soris gamorCeul adgils ikavebs cnobili wigni
7
`marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi”. es aris
pirveli rusulenovani gamokvleva axlo aRmosavleTis qristianu-
li eklesiis Sesaxeb. naSromi gvaZlevs istoriul movlenebsa da
geografiaSi orientaciis saSualebas qristianobis pirveli cxra
saukunis ganmavlobaSi. aq aRwerilia aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoe-
bis: ierusalimis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, konstantinopolis, kvi-
prosisa da sparseTis eklesiaTa teritoriebi; moTxrobilia sapa-
triarqoebis urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, maT administraciul dayofaze,
Sida istoriasa da saistorio-saeklesio RirsSesaniSnaobebze. pal-
estinis aRwerisas avtori sargeblobs ara mxolod qristianuli, ar-
amed ebrauli saistorio wyaroebiTac, maT Sorisaa ioseb flaviosis
istoriuli traqtatebi da Talmudi. wignSi detalurad aris war-
modgenili uZvlesi toponimika, aRwerilia TiTqmis mTeli axlo aR-
mosavleTisa da mcire aziis yvela regionis bunebrivi da geografi-
uli pirobebi. gamocemas didi mniSvneloba aqvs axlo aRmosavleTis
adreqristianuli istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saukuneze meti dro gavida am wignis dawe
ridan, mas mniSvneloba ar daukargavs. geografia da arqeologia
istoriuli faqtebis kvlevisas fundamenturi dasayrdenebia, ramde-
nadac warsulis nebismieri movlena xdeba istoriul sivrcesa da
istoriul droSi. am damxmare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, ganixilos
adreuli Sua saukunebis epoqis istoriuli geografiis probleme-
bi aRmosavleTis qristianuli kulturis qveynebSi. umniSvnelovanes
istoriul problemas warmoadgens antikuri warmarTuli qalaqis
transformacia Sua saukuneebis qristianul qalaqad _ cvlilebe-
bi topografiaSi, cvlilebebi toponimikaSi, saeklesio nagebobebis
CarTva qalaqis arqiteqturul qsovilSi, warmarTuli taZrebis bedi,
qalaqSi sasaflaoebis gaCena da sxv. naSromSi yovelive amis Sesaxeb
sainteresod aris moTxrobili.
bibliuri geografiis codna sruliad aucilebelia istoriuli
movlenebis jerovnad SefasebisaTvis. eklesiis istoriis Seswavlisas
saWiroa gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri geografiuli codnis floba.
eklesiis istoriis SemswavlelisTvis arc imdenad mniSvnelovania
informacia dedaqalaqebisa Tu sawarmoo centrebis, ama Tu im qveynis
mcxovrebTa garegnuli keTildReobis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac codna ud-
abnoebsa da monastrebze, taZrebsa da mosaxleobis RvTivsaTnoebis
Sesaxeb; warmodgena im adgilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xSirad TiTqos
arafriT iyo gamorCeuli, magram iq cxovrobdnen eklesiis didi mame-
bi. Cveulebrivi geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebi ver gagvcemen pasuxs
imaze, Tu sad mosagreobdnen, magaliTad, Teodorite kvireli, kozma
8
maiumeli, spiridon trimifunteli. . .
bibliuri geografiis codna imTaviTve miiCneoda aucileblad
wminda werilis jerovnad gagebisaTvis. jer kidev pirvelma saekle-
sio istorikosma evsevi kesarielma da wminda werilis cnobilma
ganmmartebelma netarma ieronimem, dagvitoves Txzulebebi bibliu-
ri geografiis Sesaxeb. ZvelaRTqmiseuli geografia bunebrivad gr-
Zeldeba axali aRTqmisa da qristianuli eklesiis geografiaSi, es
aris niSani RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis uwyvetobisa. mravalma saukunem
Caiara qristes Sobidan, moxda uamravi umniSvnelovanesi movlena
qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi. maT gasaanalizeblad saWiroa sa-
Tanado saeklesio geografiis saxelmZRvanelos arseboba. winamde-
bare Targmani swored am mizans emsaxureba.
wignSi warmodgenilia aRmosavleTis damoukidebeli eklesiebi:
ierusalimis, antioqiis, aleqsandriis, sparseTis, kvi prosisa da kon-
stantinopolis. am eklesiaTa Soris ar moCans saqarTvelos eklesia.
es gasagebi xdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom naSromis Sed-
genisas, me-19 saukunis bolos, saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc aseTi,
aRar arsebobda – ruseTma Cveni eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma iseve,
rogorc aRarc Tavad saqarTvelo iTvleboda qveyanad, is ruseTis
guberniad iyo qceuli.
naSromis Targmnisa da redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebiT rTuli Seiq-
na toponimTa qarTul enaze gadmotana. toponimika, rogorc viciT,
enaTmecnierebis erT-erT vrcel ganStoebas warmoadgens. toponimTa
monacemebs farTod iyenebs mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi: istori-
uli geografia, eTnografia, arqeologia, enaTmecniereba, folklor-
istika. toponimia mniSvnelovani wyaroa ama Tu im xalxis istoriis
dasadgenad. toponimebi orgvari bunebisaa, maTSi, erTi mxriv, kar-
gad aris Semonaxuli arqaizmebi da dialeqtizmebi – gansakuTrebiT
es mTebisa da wylebis saxelebs exeba, meore mxriv ki, toponimebi
mudmiv cvalebadobas ganicdis _ istoriul-politikuri viTarebis
cvalebadobis Sesabamisad. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens Tun-
dac Cvens droSi uamravi geografiuli adgilis saxelwodebis Secv-
la: peterburgi, petrogradi _ leningradi _ peterburgi, ceiloni _
Sri-lanka, raguza _ dubrovniki, iurievi _ tartu, koromo _ toiota
da mravali sxva. naSromSi uxvad mocemuli toponimebis qarTulad
gadmotanisas ramodenime saxis dabrkolebis winaSe aRmovCndiT, ese-
nia: maTi gansxvavebuli forma saTargmn, anu rusul enaze; Tavad am
toponimTa sxvadasxvaenovani warmoSoba: ebrauli, berZnuli, siri-
uli, egvi pturi, kopturi, laTinuri, sparsuli, Turquli; foneti-
kuri cvlilebebi, rac am saxelebma saukuneTa manZilze ganicades,
9
Sesabamisad, dRes isini, SesaZloa, sruliad sxvagvari JReradobis
sityvebad warmogvidges; dabolos, Zvel toponimTa oficialuri
likvidacia – saxelTa gadarqmeva sxvadasxva politikuri mizeziT,
es gansakuTrebiT exeba konstantinopolis sapatriarqos teritoriis
toponimebs. dRes odindeli bizantiis adgilze sxva qveyanaa, sxva
enisa da sxva aRmsareblobis xalxiT, romelTac yvelafers, mTebsa
da wylebsac ki Seucvales saxelebi. am labirinTSi gzis gakvlevas
didi dro da energia dasWirda. qarTul enaze gadmotanisas, cxadia,
gaviTvaliswineT rogorc dRevandeli warmoTqmis wesi, ise - isto-
riulad damkvidrebuli tradicia. aseve moviqeciT pirTa saxelebis
gadmotanis drosac.
saTargmn teqstSi moyvanilia sigrZis inglisuri da Zveli ru-
suli erTeulebi: mili, saJeni, versi, arSini, futi. Cven movaxdineT
maTi Sesabamisi unificireba erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis me-
triTa da kilometriT.
dasasruls, SevniSnavT, rom wignis avtors, s. ternovskis, naS-
romis Sedgenisas usargeblia Semdegi literaturiT:
1. Wiltsch: Handbuch d. Kirchl.Geogr. und Statistik.

2. Bingamii: Originum sive antiquitatum ecclesiasticarum. Lib.IX.
3. Le Quien: Oriens Christianus.
4. Moritz: Register к церк. истории Штолберга.
5. Pepъ: Описание Палестины.
6. Норов: Путешествие по Святой Земле.
7. Норов: Путешествие к семи Малоазийским церквам, упоминаемым в
апокалипсисе.
8. Преосв. Порфирий Успенский: Путешествие в Синайский монастырь.
9. Преосв. Порфирий Успенский: Путешествие по Египту и Нубии.
gvsurs, didi madloba movaxsenoT wignis redaqtirebisas gaweu-

li daxmarebisaTvis profesor nino meliqiSvils da Teologiis
doqtors, dekanoz maqsime Wanturias, romelnic guldasmiT gaecnen
mTel teqsts da mravali uzustobisagan dagvazRvies. aseve, gansa-
kuTrebul madlobas movaxsenebT profesor enriko gabiZaSvils, ro-
melmac fasdaudebeli daxmareba gagviwia mravali sakuTari saxeli-
sa da terminis qarTulad gadmotanis saqmeSi.
10
ierusalimis sapatriarqo
ierusalimi da palestina qristianuli eklesiis pirveli sam-

Sobloa, swored aqedan daiwyo eklesiis Tavdapirveli istoria.
miuxedavad amisa, ierusalimis sapatriaqo, rogorc sapatriarqo,
sxvebze gvian daarsda. es moxda imitom, rom I saukunis 70 wels
ierusalimi daingra da mis adgilze aRmocenda patara, TiTqmis
sruliad warmarTuli qalaqi elia kapitolina. am dros, rodesac
ierusalimis saepiskoposom dakarga mrevli, palestinis sulieri
iurisdiqcia ekuTvnoda kesariis mitropolits. palestinis kesaria
imJamad iyo palestinis mTavari qalaqi samoqalaqo Tvalsazris-
iT. es uflebebi kesariis mitropolitebs TiTqmis oTxi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi gahyvaT. ieronimes1 werilidan pamaxiosisadmi Sei-
Zleba davaskvnaT, rom palestina im dros jer kidev antioqiis
arqiepiskoposis saeklesio mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda. Tumca
ar arsebobs cxadi mtkiceba imisa, rom palestinis mmarTveli kesa-
riis mitropoliti kurTxevas antioqiis patriarqisgan Rebulobda,
antioqiis olqis sxva mitropolitebis msgavsad.
im drosac, pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, elia kapitoli-
nas episkoposi, iq da mis SemogarenSi arsebuli wminda adgilebis
gamo, palestinaSi kesariis mitropolitis Tanabari pativiT sarge-
blobda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase iyo II saukunis dasasrulidan.
amis dasamtkiceblad, magaliTad, SeiZleba mivuTiToT imaze, rom
ierusalimis episkoposi narkisi kesariis episkopos TeofilesTan
erTad Tavmjdomareobda mTeli palestinis episkoposTa krebas
aRdgomis dResaswaulis sakTxze, da rigiT meore adgili ekava.
Semdgom orive episkoposma erTad akurTxa origeni moZRvrad. pav-
le samosatelis cTomilebis gamo gamarTul antioqiis 272 wlis
krebis CanawerSi ierusalimis episkoposis, vimeneosis, saxeli dgas
tarsis episkoposis, geleniosis saxelis Semdeg da kapadokiis ke-
sariis episkoposis, Teoteknosis saxelis win. tarsi da kapadoki-
1 igulisxmeba netari ieronime, III-IV saukuneebis moRvawe – asketi da

saeklesio mwerali, romelsac ekuTvnis bibliis kanonikuri laTinuri teqs-
tis Targmani (red. SeniSvna).
11
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi...
ierusalimi.
aRdgomis taZari, macxovris saflavi.
12
is kesaria ki metad mniSvnelovani qalaqebi iyo. ierusalimis

saepiskoposos mniSvnelobis saCveneblad evsebi, kesariis episkoposi2,
sxvaTa Soris, miuTiTebs imaze, rom ierusalimSi, iseve rogorc rom-
Si, antioqiasa da aleqsandriaSi, mociqulTa memkvidreobis mqone
episkoposTa rigi arasdros Sewyvetila. 325 wlis nikeis msoflio
saeklesio krebaze ierusalimis episkoposs kanonikurad daudgines
Rirsebis es upiratesoba. Tumca es upiratesoba mxolod pativis
maCvenebeli gaxldaT. umaRlesi sulieri iurisdiqcia palestinaSi
mTlianad ekuTvnoda kesariis mitropolits da ierusalimis epis-
koposs araviTari saarqiepiskoposo ufleba palestinis sxva epis-
koposebis mimarT ar gaaCnda. is mxolod yvelaze pativcemulad
iTvleboda maT Soris. nikeis msoflio krebam, romelmac ieru-
salimis episkoposs daukanona Rirsebis upiratesoba, am wess imave
dros isic daurTo, rom am Rirsebis gamo aranairad ar unda Se-
laxuliyo adgilobrivi (anu kesariis) mitropolitis uflebebi.
meoTxe saukuneSi iwyeba ierusalimis politikuri da saeklesio
mniSvnelobis amaRleba, da imavdroulad _ kesariis politikuri
da saeklesio mniSvnelobis dacema. metad niSandoblivia Talmud-
Si3 gamoTqmuli azri, rom am or qalaqs ar SeeZlo erTdroulad
aRzeveba. `Tu getyvian, vkiTxulobT TalmudSi, rom es ori qa-
laqi _ ierusalimi da kesaria _ erTdroulad daeca, ar daije-
roT; Tu garwmuneben, rom ierusalimi da kesaria erTad hyvavian,
arc es irwmunoT. magram Tu giTxres, rom am qalaqTagan erTi
daeca, xolo meore didebiT xarobs, es marTalia~.
ierusalimis gandidebis pirvel mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
IV saukunis dasawyisSi imperator konstantines dedis, elenes,
mogzauroba ierusalimSi, rasac mohyva mis mier patiosani da
cxovelmyofeli jvaris povna da didebuli taZrebis mowyoba
saxarebiseuli ambebis umniSvnelovanes adgilebSi. im droidan
sayovelTaod iqca ierusalimSi mogzaurobis survili, ramac ieru-
salimis episkopossa da qalaqs didZali simdidre da mniSvneloba
SesZina.
2 evsebi pamfilieli _ palestinis kesariis episkoposi 311 wlidan,

saeklesio istoriis mama. `qronikebSi~ mogviTxrobs kacobriobis istoriaze
samyaros Seqmnidan 325 wlamde (red. Sen.).
3 Talmudi _ orTodoqsuli iudaizmis mTavari teqsti, iTvleba Toras
(moses xuTwigneulis) WeSmarit ganmartebad (red. Sen.).
13
Tuki aqamde ierusalimis episkoposebi mxolod garegnuli pa-

tiviscemiT utoldebodnen TavianT mitropolits, am droidan
maT ukve eklesiis marTvaSi daiwyes qmediTi monawileobis miRe-
ba. ase magaliTad, makari ierusalimelma akurTxa diospolisis
episkoposad maqsime, xolo 347 w. maqsime ierusalimelma aziara
aTanase aleqsandrieli. marTalia, akaki kesariels meoTxe saukunis
naxevarSi eyo gambedaoba, gadaeyenebina maqsimes memkvidre wminda
kirile ierusalimeli, magram kirile aRadgines 381 wlis kon-
stantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebaze da am krebaze
mas gelasi (an Talasi) kesarielze ufro maRali adgili eWira.
Tumca, netari ieronimes werilidan pamaxiosisadmi (romelic, daax-
loebiT, 390 w. daiwera) vigebT, rom am periodSic ierusalimis
episkoposi kesariis mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda.
am werilidan gamomdinare, swored am dros da momdevno wlebSic,
kesariis mitropoliti gansakuTrebul zomebs Rebulobda ieru-
salimis kaTedris aRzevebis winaaRmdeg. man ierusalimis episko-
poss Rirsebis gamo darTo neba, masTan erTad mieRo monawileoba
yvela mniSvnelovan saqmeSi, Tumca, amis dabrkolebis mizniT
iyenebda Tavis gavlenas.
V saukunis dasawyisidan kesariis episkoposi iZulebuli gaxda,
Tavisi uflebebi ierusalimis episkoposisTvis daeTmo. piligrimTa
ricxvis zrdam metad da metad gazarda ierusalimis episkoposis
mniSvneloba da Rirseba. ase rom, V saukunis dasawyisSi ieru-
salimis kaTedra yvelgan umniSvnelovanes samociqulo kaTedrebis
ricxvSi Cadga, romis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis kaTedrebis gver-
diT.
ierusalimis episkoposis aRzeveba patriarqis wodebaSi me-5
saukunis Sua xanebSi iubenali ierusalimelis dros aRsrulda.
iubenali ierusalimelma umaRlesi ierarqis, patriarqobis ufle-
ba moi pova, raki unaric gaaCnda da simtkicec, daedasturebi-
na ierusalimis kaTedris umaRlesi mniSvneloba. Tavisi kaTedris
gandideba man 431 w. efesos krebaze daiwyo. rogorc Cans, gare-
moeba xels uwyobda am saqmis warmatebas, vinaidan krebas ar es-
wreboda arc erTi umTavresi mitropoliti, romlebsac SeeZloT,
win aRdgomodnen mis moTxovnebs. nestori konstantinopoleli
gadayenebuli iyo, ioane antioqieli _ kirile aleqsandrielis
mier ziarebisagan ganyenebuli. rac Seexeba kiriles, iubenali mis
14
mxardaWeraSi darwmunebuli iyo. amitomac, iubenalma saqme aRar

gadasdo da daJinebiT moiTxova, rom irusalimis episkoposs mit-
ropolitis uflebebi miniWeboda ara mxolod palestinaSi, aramed
_ arabeTsa da orsave finikiaSi, olqebSi, romlebic antioqiis
sapatriarqos gamgeblobaSi imyofebodnen. iubenalis moTxovnas am
krebaze warmateba ar hqonia. kirile aleqsandrieli aRudga amas
da ara mxolod piradad uaryo iubenalis Txovna, ufro metic:
miswera romSi leons, romelic maSin jer kidev arqidiakoni iyo,
TumcaRa de facto ukve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda ekle-
siis saqmeebSi, TxovniT, win aRdgomoda ierusalimis episkoposis
moTxovnebs. iubenalma, raki ver miiRo wm. kirilesagan Semweoba,
axla zemoT aRniSnuli provinciebis mierTebisaTvis daJinebiTi
TxovniT imperator Teodosius umcross mimarTa, romelmac daak-
mayofila kidec misi Txovna da gansakuTrebuli saimperatoro
ediqtiT uboZa mas ufleba xuT provinciaze, kerZod samive pal-
estinaze, finikiasa da arabeTze. imperatoris am gadawyvetilebas
antioqiis patriarqis protesti mohyva, vinaidan is sakuTari di-
ocezidan4 kargavda or provincias _ arabeTsa da finikias. axla
saqme saeklesio sasamarTlos gadaeca. sadavo sakiTxi 449 w.
efesos msoflio krebaze iqna gatanili. magram sabolood 451
wels qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze gadawyda. krebis
dadgenilebiT patriarq maqsimes kvlav ubrundeboda finikia da
arabeTi, xolo iubenalis daqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda palestinis
sami saepiskoposo, amasTan, ierusalimis kaTedras sapatriarqo up-
iratesobebi eniWeboda.
Tumca maqsime antioqiels SemdgomSic ar surda am gad-
awyvetilebaze Tanxmoba. SesaZlebelia, is imiT iyo ukmayofilo,
rom palestinis sami provincia axla ukve samudamod gadadioda
ierusalimis patriarqis daqvemdebarebaSi da arc mas da arc mis
memkvidreebs antioqiis diocezTan maTi xelaxla mierTebis aranai-
ri imedi aRar rCebodaT, da aRarc im zomebis diocezi eqnebodaT,
rogoric nikeis krebis mamebs hqondaT maTTvis dadgenili. sxva-
Ta Soris, maqsimes protests papi levi uWerda mxars. miuxedavad
4 diocezi – (laT. dioecesis) saqalaqo da administraciuli erTeuli

romis imperiaSi. diocezad iwodeboda, aseve, saeklesio-administraciuli
teritoriuli erTeuli Zvel eklesiaSi. dRes mis Sesabamis terminad marTl-
madidebel eklesiaSi èparqia~ ixmareba (red. Sen.).
15
yvelafrisa, qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetileba Sevida ZalaSi.

iubenali da misi memkvidreebi patriarqebad rCebodnen, yvelas
mier aRiarebulni iyvnen am RirsebaSi da patriarqTa rigSi mexuTe
adgili daikaves. didxans ar gastana ierusalimis sapatriarqos
keTildReobam ... amaze qvemoT iqneba naTqvami.
ierusalimis sapatriarqos SemadgenlobaSi, romis dayofiT, Se-
dioda sami provincia: a) pirveli palestina _ romelic moicavda
galileis nawils, mTel samarias, mTel iudeasa da idumeas; b)
meore palestina _ romelic moicavda galileis umetes naw-
ilsa da TiTqmis mTlianad iordanes gaRma mxares da g) mesa-
me palestina _ romelic moicavda Zalian did, magram TiTqmis
dausaxlebel teritorias mkvdari zRvis samxreTidan sinas nax-
evarkunZulamde. ierusalimis sapatriarqos bunebrivi sazRvari
CrdiloeTiT iyo libanis mTebi, samxreTiT _ sina da arabeTis
yure, dasavleTiT _ xmelTaSua zRva, egvi pte da heroopolitis
yure (Heroopolites)5, xolo aRmosavleTiT _ arabeTis udabno da
elanitis yure (Aelanites)6. ai, am SedarebiT momcro sivrceSi
ierusalimis sapatriarqos keTildReobis periodSi, V-VI sauku-
neebSi, ormocdaaTamde saepiskoposo arsebobda, romelTa umetesi
nawili pirvel palestinaze modioda. cxadia, am saepiskoposoebs
metad umniSvnelo sivrcis olqebi gaaCndaT. zogierTi saepisko-
poso erTmaneTisagan xuTi-eqvsi aTasi nabijiT iyo dacilebuli
(mag. beTlemi ierusalimidan, anda gaza maiumidan). magram jer
erTi, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi saepiskoposoebi mxolod qa-
laqebSi iyo, saepiskoposo kaTedrebs soflebSi Cven ver vxedavT;
meorec, qalaqebi palestinaSi metad xalxmravali gaxldaT. ieru-
salimis sapatriarqos am ormocdaaTi saepiskoposodan ocdaxuTi
iyo mitropolia, Tumca ki iseTi, romelTa mitropolitebs Tav-
ianT gamgeblobaSi daqvemdebarebuli episkoposebi ar hyoliaT.
episkoposTa aseTi didi raodenoba ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi da
maTi saepiskoposo olqebis aseTi simcire ar unda gvakvirvebdes.
sxva sapatriarqoebSic aseTive mdgomareoba iyo. aRmosavleTis
5 Tanamedrove suecis yure, romlis maxlobladac, gesenis qveyanaSi,

iyo berZnul-romauli qalaqi heroopolisi (red. Sen.).
6 igive akabis yure, wiTeli zRvis ukidures CrdiloeTiTa da sinas
naxevarkunZulis aRmosavleTiT, romlis sanapirosac oTxi qveyana iyofs:
egvi pte, israeli, iordania da saudis arabeTi (red. Sen.).
16
zogierT adgilas imdenive episkoposi iyo, ramdeni samrevlo mR-

vdelic gvyavs Cven amJamad. `Zneli warmosadgenia, vkiTxulobT
brolis (Брольи) TxzulebaSi, ramdeni mowveva unda daegzavna
konstantine dids nikeis krebaze, roca marto erT karTagenis
krebaze, aTi wliT adre, eqvsasma episkoposma moiyara Tavi. epis-
koposTa amgvari simravle aucilebeli iyo im devnis Jams, rodesac
urTierTobebis sirTulisas saWiro gaxda eklesiis mTeli Zalau-
flebis Tavmoyra erT sasuliero pirSi, romelsac SeeZleboda
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eqadaga da Seesrulebina yvela saekle-
sio saqme mocemul adgilas~. marTalia, dasaxelebul mizezs
ar hqonda kavSiri ierusalimis sapatriarqosTan, vinaidan misi
saepiskoposoebis umetesi nawili Seiqmna IV saukunidan, devnis
periodis Semdeg. magram ukve aseTi iyo sabeZneTis eklesiaSi dam-
kvidrebuli praqtika, kerZod, met-naklebad dasaxlebul adg-
ils qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg dauyovnebliv unda SeeZina
Tavisi gansakuTrebuli episkoposi. amas isic unda daematos, rom
uZveles droSi aRmosavleTSi mosaxleoba gacilebiT mWidrod
iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre Cvens droSi. ase, magaliTad, vitersgeimis
gamoangariSebiT, siriaSi, finikiasa da palestinaSi iricxeboda 7
milioni mosaxle, axla ki 2 milionamdea, mcire aziaSi 20 milioni
iyo, amJamad ki 10 milion 700 000 mosaxlea.
meore palestina
Cven daviwyebT ierusalimis sapatriarqos CrdiloeTi nawilis,

meore palestinis, SesaniSnavi adgilebis mimoxilvas. aq Sedioda
galileis umetesi nawili da iordanis gaRma mxare, da Sedgeni-
lobiT misi mosaxleoba metad hgavda galileisas. palestinis
ukiduresi CrdiloeTi _ galilea _ balaxovan dabal mTianeTs
warmoadgenda, rasac Tavs ramodenime mwvervali dahyurebda, mag-
aliTad, Tabori. is genesareTis anu tiberiadis tbasTan axlos
mdebareobda. tbis es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba ieso qristes dros
axali gaCenili iyo. tbam es dasaxeleba mis napirze gaSenebuli
qalaqis, tiberiadis, mixedviT miiRo. is galileis mmarTvelma
17
herodem aaSena imperator tiberiusis pativsacemad, romlis dro-

sac, rogorc cnobilia, cxovrobda macxovari.
sivrciT galileis provnicia samariaze meti da iudeaze na-
klebi iyo, misi sigrZe 15-16 km-s, sigane ki 12-13 km-s Seadgenda.
ramdenadac galileis provincia palestinisa da finikiis sazR-
varTan mdebareobda, da amis gamo galileis mosaxle ebraeloba
ufro mWidrod Seerwya warmarTebs, zogi misi kuTxe ki ugamonak-
lisod warmarTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, galileis ebraelebi axlo
urTierTobaSi aRmoCdnen warmarTebTan, da amis gamo galileas
xSirad warmarTTa galilead moixseniebdnen.
galileas hyofdnen or nawilad: zeda, romelic dasaxlebuli
iyo sirielebiT, berZnebiT, finikielebiTa da egvi ptelebiT, da qve-
da, samxreTi, sadac mxolod iudevelebi cxovrobdnen. Talmudis
maswavleblebi galileas sam nawiladac ki hyofdnen: qveda gal-
ilea, sadac xarobs TuTa, zeda galilea, sadac ar xarobs TuTa, da
tiberiada. galilea uZveles droSi ar yofila ganTqmuli kargi
qalaqebiT. `galilea, ambobs farari, ebraulad wres niSnavs. es
Tavdapirvelad oci qalaqisagan Semdgari provinciis saxeli iyo,
kedes-neftalis olqSi, romelic mefe solomonma uboZa qirams
jildod taZris mSeneblobisas xe-tyis masalis miwodebisaTvis.
qirams rom unaxavs es adgili, solomonisTvis uTqvams: es ra qa-
laqebi mogicia CemTvis, Zmao?! da uwoda am miwebs qabuli _ arad
Cagdeba (Sdr. 3 mf. 9-12,13)~.
magram galilea metad nayofieri mxare iyo, misi qveda nawilis
umetesi teritoria ekava israelis vels. am garemoebis mixedviT
SesaZlebelia mis nayofierebaze msjeloba. iudevelTa istoriko-
si ioseb flaviosi galileas WeSmarit samoTxed warmogvidgens.
ara mxolod israelis veli iyo ganTqmuli xvna-TesviT, mebaReo-
biTa da vazis gaSenebiT, SesaniSnavi, nayofieri niadagiT, aramed
iordanesa da genesareTis tbis raionebic ayvavebul baRebs war-
moadgenda da yvelgan didi sargeblis kvali ixilveboda. gali-
leis nayofierebas, wers a.a. olesnicki, Zveli ebrauli Zeglebi
erTob gamomsaxveli StrixebiT xataven. galileis araCveulebrivi
simdidre gansakuTrebiT warmoCenilia zeiTunis zeTiTa da RviniT,
am ori umniSvnelovanesi sasicocxlo produqtiT, romliTac is
amaragebda ara marto ierusalims Tavisi movaleobis Sesabamisad,
aramed palestinisa da siriis bevr sxva punqtsac. umal mTel le-
18
gion zeTisxilis xes aayvaveb galileaSi, ambobs Talmudi, vidre

iudeaSi SeZleb Tund erTi buCqis gaxarebas. Talmudis gadmocemiT,
ierusalimis sinedrionis oqmebSi Semonaxulia werili rabin gama-
lielis xelmoweriT, romelSic ierusalimis iudevelebis war-
momadgenlebi sTxoven `galilevel Zmebs~, Cqara miawodon zeTi.
erTxel, gviambobs Talmudi sxva adgilas, didi moTxovna gaC
nda zeiTunis zeTze laodikeaSi; kacebi gagzavnes tirosSi, ieru-
salimSi, magram zeTis saWiro raodenoba ver Seagroves. maSin maT
urCies, zeda galileis romelime qalaqisTvis miemarTaT, sadac
iSoves kidec yovelive. zeTs galilevelebi Taviseburi WurWliT
hyiddnen, romlis msgavss sxvagan versad akeTebdnen da riTac
yvelgan scnobdnen galileis zeTs. rac Seexeba Rvinos, is mzadde-
boda gansakuTrebuli gemos yurZnisagan, romelic uxvad modioda
zeda galileaSi nefTalemis Stos kuTvnil miwaze.
Rvinosa da zeTTan erTad galileaze mcenareuli da cxovelu-
ri samyaros mTeli siuxvis rqa gadmoRvriliyo. erTxel, mogviT
xrobs midraSi7, imperatorma adrianem uTxra rabi iezua-benqananas:
ai, Tqvens kanonSi dawerilia, rom israelis miwa savsea yovelive
sikeTiT. da Sen SeZleb, aq sami ram _ wiwaka, xoxobi da abreSumi
miSovo?! rabim galileas miaSura da marTlac, wiwaka nazareTSi
monaxa, xoxbebi _ akbarSi da abreSumi _ giskalSi. Tuki galile-
aSi SeiZleboda xoxobis mopovebac ki, miT ufro sxva frinvelebis
iseTi siuxve iyo, rom olqs Citis buded ixseniebdnen. Citis bu-
didan gamova mesia, naTqvamia zoharSi8, anu galileadan. amitom
iyo, rom galileis gerbze arwivs gamosaxavdnen.
provniciis noyierebis bunebrivi Sedegi gaxldaT misi didZa-
li mosaxleoba. es mxare dafaruli iyo soflebiT, dabebiTa da
qalaqebiT, gansakuTrebiT israelis veli, iordanesa da genesare-
Tis tbis midamoebi. marTalia, ioseb flaviosi aWarbebs, TiTqos,
galileaSi oras ormoci qalaqi da daba iyo, TiTqos, galil-
eis yvelaze patara sofels TxuTmeti aTasi mosaxle hyavda, da
mraval qalaqs _ as ormocdaaTi aTasi, mainc ver uarvyofT im
7 midraSi _ rabinTa qadagebebis werilobiTi redaqcia, romelic Sei-

cavs saRmrTo werilis ganmartebebs da damrigeblur-zneobriv swavlebebs
(red. Sen.).
8 zoharis wigni _ kabalisturi literaturis umTavresi da yvelaze
cnobili wigni. mis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgens Toras komentarebi (red. Sen.).
19
faqts, rom galileis mosaxleoba iudeasa da samariis mosaxleo-

baze gacilebiT mravalricxovani iyo. es imiTac mtkicdeba, rom
iudevelTa ukanasknel omSi romaelebTan iosebma9 Tavisuflad
Sekriba asi aTasi moxalise.
galileis mosaxleobas Talmudi da ioseb flaviosi erTob
mimzidveli Tvisebebis mqone xalxad xataven. isini Sromismoyvareni
iyvnen. erTxel imperator adrianes, mogviTxrobs midraSi, rodesac
is genesareTis tbis napirze, tiberiadis maxloblad miemgzavre-
boda, aswlovani moxuci Sexvda, romelic leRvis xes rgavda.
adrianes gancvifreba arc daumalavs. ramdenime wlis Semdeg mox-
ucma imperators leRviT savse yuTi miarTva, xolo imperatorma
is yuTi oqroTi auvso. galilevelebi ieso qristes dros, ambobs
reri (Рэрь), mTeli iudeveli xalxis uganaTlebules da didebul
nawils warmoadgendnen. noyierma niadagma, farTo dasaxlebam da
vaWrobam sasikeTo gavlena moaxdina xelovnebisa da mecnierebis
ganviTarebaze; da ganaTleba sazogadoebis dabal da Rarib fen-
ebSic ki gavrcelda. meores mxriv, galileis daxasiaTebisas, is-
torikosebi weren, rom galilevelebi Tavisufal cxovrebas iyvnen
miCveulni, uyvardaT Tavisufleba da erovnuli damoukidebloba,
da galileis olqSi xSiri iyo romis batonobis winaaRmdeg am-
boxeba. amitom romaelebi galilevelebs mousvenar, ficx, meam-
boxe da meomar xalxad miiCnevdnen. iosebi cxadad ambobs maTze:
ùcxoelebiT garsSemortymul galilevelebs arc saomari gamoc-
dileba akldaT da arc xalxis raodenoba. isini bavSvobidanve
brZolas eCvevian da bevrnic arian~. galilevelebi Rirsebas da
patiosan saxels simdidreze maRla ayenebdnen, maSin, rodesac iu-
develebTan piriqiT xdeboda.
galilevelebs religiur wesCveulebaSi bevri ram hqondaT
iseTi, rac iudevelebisTvis miuRebeli iyo, magram aq igrZnoboda
xasiaTis sirbile da amtanoba. galileveli kanonis gamo grZnoba-
Ta bunebriv mdinarebas ZaldatanebiT ar Trgunavda, da iudau-
ri praqtikis sapirispirod, micvalebuls SabaTsac daitirebda.
magram, meore mxriv, paseqis wina dRes galileveli yoveldRiur
saqmianobas anebebda Tavs, am dros ki ierusalimSi isev muSaobd-
9 igulisxmeba ioseb flaviosi, 1-li saukunis istorikosi, cnobili

Txzulebis, ìudevelTa siZvelenis,~ avtori (red. Sen.).
20
nen. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom galileveli farisevelTa swav-

lebis wvrilmanebis codnaSi iudevels ver Seedreboda da xSirad
gaorebuli iyo iudevelTa da warmarTTa adaT-wesebs Soris. miT
umetes, rom kanonis sakuTari, mudmivi maswavlebeli ar hyavdaT
tiberiadaSi sinedrionis daarsebamde, da mxolod iudeidan SemTx-
veviT Camosuli maswavleblebiT kmayofildebodnen.
galilevelTa enac, aseve, Sereuli iyo, Sedgeboda wminda iu-
deuri da ucxo, galileuri, sityvebisagan. TviT ebrauli sityvis
gamoTqmac mkveTrad ganasxvavebda galileis mkvidrs samxreT pal-
estinis mcxovrebis gamoTqmisagan. galilevelebs gansakuTebiT
xorxismieri bgerebis warmoTqma uWirdaT, da yvela maTgans, dRe-
vandeli samarielebis msgavsad, erTnairad ambobdnen. èrTma gal-
ilevelma, gviambobs Talmudi, erTxel moiTxova `yaS~. ase miuges:
ras iTxov, Se briyvo galilevelo: virs, rom zed moajde, Tu
Rvinos, raTa dalio, an iqneb samoss, rom Seimoso, Tu cxvars da-
saklavad?~ (yvela am sityvas galileveli sul erTnairad ga-
moTqvamda). ra Tqma unda, aseTi gamoTqmis mqone galileveli ver
SeZlebda kamaTs daxvewil religiur sakiTxebze, amitomac isini
xelmZRvanelobdnen axlo winaprebis gadmocemebiT.
yovelive am gansxvavebisa da warmarTebTan axloblobisaT-
vis, da Tavisufali azrovnebis gamo iudevelebi galilevelebis
mimarT Rrma siZulvils daatarebdnen. Tavad sityva `galilev-
eli~ salanZRavad iTvleboda iudevelTa Soris. isini savsebiT
usamarTlod amtkicebdnen, rom winaswarmetyveli galileidan ar
gamovidoda, da winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs, rom ìsxdnen bnelsa
da aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa Sina~ (Sdr. isaia 9,2. maTe 4,16), gal-
ilevelebs usadagebdnen. `Sexede da dainaxav, eubnebodnen rabinebi
nikodimoss, rom winaswarmetyveli galileidan ar gamova~. did
xans Zebna da didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imas, rom am sityvebis
umecrebasa da sicrueSi darwmunde. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT barak
ganmaTavisuflebelze, elom msajulze10, ana winaswarmetyvelze,
kidev oTxi cnobili winaswarmetyveli: iona, elia, osia da naumi
daibadnen an umetesad galileaSi winaswarmetyvelebdnen. `Sexede
da dainaxav, rom galileadan winaswarmetyveli ar gamodis. maS,
10 baraki _ israelianTa rigiT mexuTe msajuli, romelic deborasTan

erTad moRvaweobda. elomi _ meTerTmete msajuli israelisa (red. Sen.).
21
sadRa aris, SesZaxebs farari, geT-ofiri, saidan movida iona? sad

aris Tesba, saidanac movida elia? sad aris elkoSi, saidanac
movida naumi? sad aris CrdiloeTis mTebi, saidan movida osia?~
_ `gana SesaZlebelia, nazareTSi iyos rame sikeTe~, ambobs na-
Tanaelic, romelic vrclad gvacnobs farTod gavrcelebul azrs
galileaze, da isic savsebiT usamarTlod.
ai, swored am galileis nazareTSi, romelsac ase augad
moixseniebs naTanaeli, gaatara siWabuke da daiwyo sazogado
msaxureba ufalma. aq iyo galileis is patara qalaqi kana, sad-
ac ufalma aRasrula pirveli saswauli qorwilSi, da saidanac
iyvnen warmoSobiT uflis mociqulebi barTlome da svimon kanan-
eli, romlis qorwilsac, gadmocemiT, macxovaric eswreboda. aq,
mTaze, warmoTqva ufalma cnobili qadageba netarebaTa Sesaxeb.
aqve iyo Taboris mTac, sadac icvala feri. aq iyo is sofeli
magdala, sadac cxovrobda mariam magdalineli. aq, palestinis
ukidures CrdiloeT sazRvarze, iyo qalaqi fili pes kesaria an
paneada, sadac cxovrobda sisxlmdinare qali, uflis samoselis
SexebiT rom ganikurna. yvelaze xSirad ufali genesareTis tbis
napirebs miaSurebda xolme. am tbis maxloblad mdebareobda qa-
laqi kapernaumi, romlis sinagogaSic xSirad qadagebda ufali. am
tbis napirze iyo sofeli beTsaida, saidanac iyvnen warmoSobiT
mociqulebi iakobi da ioane. bevri sxva mowafe da mociquli
SeiZina ufalma genesareTis tbis meTevzeTagan. `genesareTis tbaze,
wers erTi RvTismoSiSi mogzauri, ufalma Serisxa qari da tal-
Rebi da isinic myisve Cawynardnen TavianTi Semoqmedis sityvebze.
aq gauwoda ufalma mowyalebis xeli wminda petres, roca is
mcire rwmenis gamo iZireboda. am tbaSi, uflis brZanebiT, petrem
daiWira Tevzi, romelSic i pova moneta da gadaixada Tavisi da
RmerTkacis xarki. am tbis napirebze kurnavda mowyale ufali
avadmyofebs da eSmakeulebs. ramdenad uyvarda macxovars es tba,
iqidanac Cans, rom swored aq ineba, sCveneboda mowafeebs brwyin-
vale aRdgomis Semdeg. TiTqos, am Cum wylebs daukavSira Tavisi
zeciuri elCobis dasawyisi da dasasruli~.
axla ufro dawvrilebiT gavaSuqoT galileis is adgilebi,
romlebic macxovris yofniT aris ganaTlebuli.11
11 `miugo angelozman man da hrqua dedaTa maT…... da uTxarT mowafeTa
misTa, viTarmd aRdga mkudreTiT da aha, wina giZRÂs Tquen galileas~ (maTe
22
nazareTSi gaatara ufalma bavSvoba. es qalaqi genesareTis

tbidan 20 km-s, xolo ierusalimidan 120 km-s moSorebiT mdebare-
obda, ufro zustad, sami dRis savalze, wynar, gancalkavebul adg-
ilas, kirqvisagan TeTrad moqaTqaTe, magram mcenareulobiT mdidar
borcvebs Soris. farari am borcvebs vardis gadaSlil furclebs
adarebs, xolo saxlebs, zed rom iyo Sefenili, _ zurmuxtis fiala-
Si Cawyobil margalitebs. farari cdilobs, gagvacnos aq uflis
sacxovrebeli garemo. ìs cxovrobda ise, rogorc yvela bavSvi
am myudro qalaqSi, TiTqmis ise, rogorc axla cxovroben. visac
nazareTis lamazi, janmrTeli bavSvebi unaxavs, Tvalyuri udevnebia
maTi idiliuri garTobebisTvis, visac smenia maTi wkriala sici-
li, unaxavs, rogor xetialoben da TamaSoben mSobliuri mxaris
borcvebze, lamaz da wyaluxv nakadulebTan, SeuZlia warmoidgi-
nos, rogor gamoiyureboda im dros yrma ieso da rogor erTobo-
da. Tu mogzauri CemsaviT moiqceva da kvaldakval miedevneba Sin
mimaval bavSvebs, Tvals Seavlebs maT ubralo saxlebs Raribuli
garemoTi da martivi, Tumca axali da jansaRi sakvebiT, Sexedavs
maT bednier, patriarqalur, gansakuTrebuli movlenebis gareSe
daxunZlul cxovrebas, cocxlad warmoidgens im garemos, sadac
iesos uwevda yofna. araferia am saxlebze ubralo, saxuravebze
mzis guls mificxebuli mtredebiTa da sarkmlebis qveS daxveu-
li vazis totebiT; kedlebze xaliCebi gaukravT, SesasvlelTan
sandlebia dalagebuli, Weridan lampari CamoSvebula _ oTax-
is erTaderTi mokazmuloba; patara kedlis niSSi xis, kaSkaSa
ferebiT moxatuli zanduki Zevs, romelSic inaxaven wignebsa da
ojaxis sxva Zvirfaseulobas; sakmaod farTo wamosawol adgilze,
kedlebs rom miuyveba, dagragnili feradi sabnebi daulagebiaT,
romelTac loginebad iyeneben; iqvea Camwkrivebuli Tixis WurWe-
li yoveldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis; karebTan, rogorc wesi, wiTeli
Tixis sura dgas, romlis yelic, sigrilis Sesanaxad, mWidrod dax-
veuli foTlebiT amouvsiaT. sadilobis dros oTaxis SuagulSi
idgmeba moxatuli xis magida; zed deben did langars brinjisa
da Zroxis xorcis sadiliT da libans anu moTuSul xils. am lan-
garidan iRebs yvela, visac ramdeni unda. sadilobis win da sadi-
28.5,7). zogierTi mkvlevari `galileaSi~ gulisxmobs adgils ierusalimis

mimdebared, eleonis mTis CrdiloeT mxares, sadac banakdebodnen galile-
idan Camosulebi paseqis dResaswaulze.
23
lis Semdeg mosamsaxure an ojaxis yvelaze umcrosi wevri yvelas

abaninebs xelebs spilenZis xeladiTa da taStiT. albaT, ase wyn-
arad, ubralod, Tvinierad, yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli movlenebis
gareSe miedineboda wminda ojaxis cxovreba nazareTSi~.
nazareTSi uflis cxovrebis meore mxarec arsebobda. gadmo-
cemiT, igi exmareboda iosebs xeze muSaobaSi. `qalaqis aRmosav-
leT nawilSi, ambobs olesnicki, ioseb damwindvelis saxelos-
nos giCveneben. am saxelosnoSi axla hkidia SinaarsiT SesaniSnavi
tilo _ gamosaxulia RvTismSobeli misi RvTaebrivi ZiT iosebis
saxelosnoSi gvian RamiT, kandelis Suqze. ieso qriste muSaobis
Semdeg Carxis Tavzea wamomdgari, xelebi Tavs zemoT aRumarTavs
da amgvarad Tavisi figuriT gamosaxavs jvars, romlis Crdilic
mkveTrad aRibeWdeba kedelze. RvTismSobeli gverdidan uyurebs
Svils da xedavs iesos Crdils, Svilis ganrTxmul xelebs da ukan
_ jvars. uflis saqmianobis samaxsovrod nazareTSi amJamad yvela
biWs aucileblad Tan daaqvs dasakeci dana, adgilobrivi, naza-
reTuli nawarmi.~
nazareTTan axlos mdebareobs sofeli kana, sadac ufalma pir-
veli saswauli aRasrula qorwilSi. `nazareTidan galileis kana-
mde, ambobs iRumeni danieli, 7 km-ia, kana ki did gzaze mdebare
sofeli~. kanas nazareTTan siaxloveze mogviTxrobs fararic. `naz-
areTSi dabrunebul ufals, rodesac misi naTesavebi kanaSi qor-
wilze wasulebi daxvdnen, saaTnaxevarSi SeeZlo iq misvla.~
gadmocemiT, ufali simon kananelis, igive simon zilotis qor-
wilSi iyo. ebraulad `kana~ gulmodginebas niSnavs, amitomac
uwodebdnen simon mociquls zilots, rac berZnulad niSnavs
`gulmodgines~, `moSurnes~. kaTolikebi amtkiceben, rom saswauli
qorwilze kanaSi moxda 6 ianvars.
nazareTTan sakmaod axlos mdebareobs is mTac, romelzec,
gadmocemiT, feri icvala ufalma mowafeebis winaSe _ Tabori.
is nazareTidan sami saaTis savalzea. ioseb flaviosi Taboris
mTis simaRles 10 stadioniT12 gansazRvravda. es Zalian didia,
Tu dablobidan vertikalurad aRmarTul mTas warmovidgenT.
12 `stadioni~ Zvel saberZneTSi sigrZis sazom erTeuls aRniSnavda da

udrida 125 nabijs. (zustad imave mniSvnelobisaa Zveli qarTuli àsparezi~,
romelic, aseve, 125 nabijis tolia, maSasadame, teqstSi miTiTebuli stadi-
oni 1250 nabiji gamodis (red. Sen.).
24
magram es cifri gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu mwvervalisaken

zigzagiseburad daklaknil gzas vigulismxebT. mTis mwvervali
warmoadgens mogrZo, Tvalis fososaviT Cazneqil zedapirs. es mTa
sruliad gancalkevebulia mTagrexilisagan da momrgvalebulia
mTis Ziridan mwvervalamde, saidanac miiRo es saxeli _ Tabori,
rac ebraulad niSnavs `simaRles~ an `Wi ps~.
mogzaurebs aRafrTovanebs Taboris silamaze. `Taboridan, am-
bobs erTi maTgani, yoveli mxriT Tvalwarmtaci xedi iSleba, mTeli
galilea, ulamazesi qveyana, TiTqos, xelis gulzea. aq marTlac
WeSmariti grZnobiT SegviZlia gavimeoroT wm. petres sityvebi:
`keTil ars CvenTvis aq yofna,~ Tumca es sityvebi sxva azriT
iyo naTqvami. ùneblieT yuradRebas i pyrobs nazareTsa da Tabors
Soris sxvaoba, ambobs sxva mogzauri. nazareTi RvTis dafaruli
yofnis adgilsamyofelia, mSvenieri xeoba, masSi aris raRac myud-
ro da mokrZalebuli. xolo Tabori, adgili uflis didebiT
feriscvalebisa, gvaocebs didebulebiT. SeuZlebeli iyo uflis
didebiT feriscvalebisaTvis ufro Sesaferi adgilis povna, da
arc isaa gasaocari, rom amaRlebulis, didebis ideis gamosaxatvad
am mTasTan mohyavT Sedareba. Tundac ieremia gavixsenoT: `cxovel
var, ityÂs ufali RmerTi, viTarca Tabori mTaTa Soris~.
zafxulis TiTqmis yovel Rames mTis mwvervals mrisxane Rrubeli
mosavs, mzis amosvlamde boboqrobs qari, ris gamoc RamiT tempera-
tura 30-dan 10 gradusamde ecema.
axali aRTqmis meore SesaniSnav adgilad iTvleba galileis
mTa, romelzec iqadaga ufalma. farari miuTiTebs genesareTis
tbis dasavleT mxareze. ganmartoebuli RamisTevaca da qadage-
bac, wers is, am mTis erTaderT mwvervalze unda aRsrulebuliyo,
romelic amJamad `hittinis rqebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili da
aRmosavlur unagiris waagavda ori amaRlebiT~. am mTis sila-
mazis aRwerisas farari, sxvaTa Soris, SeniSnavs: `sinas kanoni
gamocxadda SiSveli, qariSxlebiT garemoculi mTidan, romelic
mrisxaned gadahyurebda gadatrusul udabnos; axali aRTqmis
kanoni ki ayvavebul, mwvane mdeloze warmoiTqva, borcvis Tavze,
romlis ferdobebi vercxlisfer galileis zRvaSi eSvebian~.
galileis zRva, sxvagvarad genesareTis tba, sadac xSirad imy-
ofeboda ufali, sakmaod patara iyo, sigrZiT 20 da siganiT 9
km2, arfis formisa, romlisganac, rogorc amboben, warmoiSva misi
25
Tavdapirveli saxeli _ kenereTi, rac àrfas~ niSnavs. tba mS-

vidad gawolila qvaburSi, gars kldovani mTebi ertymis. Crdi-
loeTidan, xeobis gavliT, tbaSi mdinare iordane Semoedineba, ro-
melic mas vercxlisfer zolad kveTs Suaze. saerTod, tba wynaria,
sarkesaviT ireklavs garSemortymul kldeebs. magram rodesac
iordanes xeobidan qari Semovardeba, uecrad Zlieri qariSxali
atydeba. dasavleTi napiri mdidaria mcenareulobiT. ieso qristes
dros aq mravlad iyo qalaqebi da soflebi, romelTac xSirad
stumrobda ufali. aRmosavleTi napiri ki piriqiT, ukacrieli da
dausaxlebelia da ufali xSirad gadadioda tbiT iqiT ganmar-
toebisaTvis. `rodesac tbisken nazareT-tiberiadis gziT daeSve-
biT, wers o.o. olesnicki, marcxniv uzarmazar, mTis qedidan vul-
kaniT mowyvetil fiqalis kldes dainaxavT, romelsac tbamde
veRar miuRwevia da Sua gzaze gaSeSebula, da mudam arsebobs
misi Camovardnis saSiSroeba. albaT, am kldes gulisxmobda ufali,
rodesac mowafeebs uTxra: ùkueTu gaqundes sarwmunoebaÁ, viTar-
ca marcuali mdogÂsaÁ, hrquaT mTasa amas: miicvale amier iqi, da
miicvalos.~. SeiZleba iobsac, romelic genesareTis aRmosavleT
napirze cxovrobda, es mowyvetili klde hqonda mxedvelobaSi,
rodesac warmoTqva: `mTaÁ dacemiT daeces da klde daZueldes
adgiliT TÂsiT.~.
genesareTis tba dResac mdidaria TevziT. adgilobriv Tevzs
gansakuTrebuli gemo aqvs da aq is jiSebicaa, romelTac mxolod
nilosSi vxvdebiT. am tbis Cveulebrivi Tevzebia: qorWila, kapar-
Wina, Wanari da brtyeli Tevzi (qaSayis jiSis) 17 sm. sigrZi-
sa, romelsac qristiani mosaxleoba wm. petres Tevzs uwodebs.
TevziT simdidris wyalobiT qristes dros tbis Semogarenis mo-
saxleoba, ZiriTadad, meTevzeobas eweoda, da fararis sityviT,
oTxi aTasi navi dasrialebda tbaze.
genesareTis tbasTan mdebare yvela qalaqidan gansakuTrebiT
xSirad ufali kapernaumSi imyofeboda, aq idga petre mociqulis
sidedris saxli. ufali `movida TÂsad qalaqad~ (maT. 9,1), ambobs
maTe mociquli kapernaumze. es iyo didi savaWro qalaqi. tviros-
Si, damaskoSi, ierusalimSi, sepforisSi mimaval gzaTa gasayarze
mdebareoba kapernaums savaWro centrad aqcevda, da amave dros,
Zalian moxerxebuli adgili iyo baJis asakrefad.
kapernaumis maxloblad mdebareobda qorazani da beTsaida.
26
beTsaida, savaraudod, ubralo meTevzeTa sofeli iyo kapernaumis

maxloblad. saidi meTevzeobas niSnavs, beTsaida _ meTevzeTa saxls.
kapernaumis samxreTiT, tbasTan iyo sofeli magdala, romlis
macxovreblebs metad cudi saxeli hqondaT gavardnili. SemTx-
veviTi ar aris, ambobs olensicki, rom saxarebaSi monanuli cod-
vilis ti pad mariam magdalinelia SerCeuli.
tbasTan, kidev ufro samxreTiT, mdebareobda axladaSenebuli
didebuli tiberiada. herode anti pam tbis lamaz napirs misca
upiratesoba da tiberiadaSi daaarsa Tavisi rezidencia, risTvi-
sac aaSena aq brwyinvale sasaxle, taZari, amfiTeatri da qalaqs
Semoavlo galavani. iyo kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom uy-
vardaT galileis mmarTvelebs aq cxovreba; es imitom, rom am
qalaqis maxloblad miedineboda samkurnalo mTis mdinare. Tumca
herodes aSenebuli qalaqis adgili uwin uZvelesi akldamebiT
yofila dafaruli, da qalaqis Senebisas isini gadaTxares. amis
gamo ebraelebi am qalaqs uwmindurad miiCnevdnen, eSinodaT wina-
parTa saflavebze dasaxleba da Tavdapirvelad qalaqs sruliad
warmarTuli saxe hqonda. `Tu ieso qriste, wers farari, arasodes
Sesula warmarTul amfiTeatrSi, ar uvlia tiberiadis quCebSi,
romlebic saflavebze gadiodnen, albaT, is xSirad Sescqeroda
qalaqis koSkebiT gamagrebul galavans, anti pas oqros sasaxlesa
da Sors, tbaSi areklil marmarilos lomebis gamosaxulebebsa da
sxva skulpturul Zeglebs~.
palestinis da galileis ukidures CrdiloeTiT, mdinare ior-
danes saTavesTan, iyo qalaqi fili pes kesaria, an paneada (warm-
arTul RmerT panis saxelis mixedviT). fararis azriT, ufali am
qalaqSi ar Sesula da mxolod mis maxloblad mogzaurobda. ma-
gram am qalaqSi cxovrobda is sisxlmdinare qali, romelic uflis
samoselis SexebiT ganikurna. gadmocema azustebs, rom gankurnebu-
li adgilobriv cnobil gvars miekuTvneboda, da ieso qristes
samadlobelad paneadas moedanze, Tavisi saxlis win, Zegli daudga
macxovars. marmarilos kvarcxlbekze idga macxovris gamosaxuleba,
mis win _ muxlmodrekili, vedrebiT xelaRpyrobili qali da iqve,
uflis fexebTan _ ayvavebuli mcenare, gankurnebis simbolo.
maSasadame, galileaSi, rogorc uflis samSobloSi, pirvelad
gaisma saxarebis qadageba. magram mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma
yurad ar iRo es qadageba da mtrulad ganewyo mis mimarT. rode-
27
sac ufalma mSobliur qalaq nazareTSi iqadaga, mcxovreblebma

misi kldidan gadmogdeba moiwadines. kapenaumSi dasaxlebulsac
sruli uyuradReboba Seegeba misi swavlebis mimarT, aseve mox-
da mimdebare soflebSi _ qorazinsa da beTsaidaSi. `vai Senda,
qorazin! vai Senda, beTsaida! mimarTavda am xalxs, rameTu tÂross
Tumca da sidons iqmnes Zalni, romelni iqmnnes Tquen Soris, ma-
Sinve samemca ZaZiTa nacarsa zeda msxdomaresaTa Seinanes. xolo
getyÂ Tquen,rameTu tÂrosi da sidoni umolxines iyos dResa mas
sasjelisasa, vidre Tquen~ (maTe 11, 21-24).
saxarebis qadagebisadmi esodeni uyuradRebobis mizezad gal-
ilevelebSi mosaxleobis gansakuTrebul yofiT ganwyobilebas
miiCneven. igavebSi ufali Tanamemamuleebs praqtikul da cxovre-
biseuli interesebiT gatacebul xalxad gvixatavs: `yovelman,
romelman isminnes sityuani ese Cemni da yvnes igini, vamsgavso
igi kacsa goniersa, romelman aRaSena saxli TÂsi kldesa zeda~
(maTe 7,24). `visme ukue Tquengansa undes godoli Senebad, ara-
mea pirvelad dajdes da aRracxos, raodeni waragos, ukueTu aqus,
raÁTa kma-eyos mas aRsrulebadmde. nuukue dadvas safuZveli
da ver SeuZlos aRsrulebad misa, da yovelni romelni hxed-
ven mas, iwyon kicxevad misa da Tquan: kacman aman iwyo Senebad
da ver SeuZlo aRsrulebad~ (luka 14, 28-30). àravin dasdvis
Ãeli saÃnvelsa, da hxedavn igi gareSeukun da warmarTebul ars
sasufevelsa RmrTisasa~ (luka 9,62). isini ar Cqarobdnen, miecaT
Sesveneba daqiravebulTaTvis da dRis bolos usworebdnen anga-
riSs (Sdr: maTe 20,8); fiqrobdnen, rogor aeSenebinaT didi beReli
(Sdr: luka 12,18); amitomac hqondaT maT aseTi ganwyoba saxarebis
qadagebisadmi, msgavsad lxinze miwveuli monisa: `kacman vinme yo
puri didi da mouwoda mravalTa. da waravlina monaÁ TÂsi Jamsa
purisasa, raÁTa hrquas CinebulTa maT moslvad, rameTu: aha esera,
puri Cemi mza ars yoveli. da iwyo TiToeulman yovelman jmnad.
pirvelman man hrqua mas: agaraki viyide da unebeli zeda-mac
mislvad da xilvad igi. glocav Sen, ganmiteve, jmnulmca var
Sengan. da sxuaman Tqua: uRleuli ÃarTaÁ viyide xuTi da mival
gamocdad maTa; glocav Sen, jmnulca var.da merme sxuaman hrqua:
coli SevirTe da mis gamo ver Ãel-mewifebis moslvad (luka 14,
16-20)~.
uflis amaRlebis Semdeg mociqulebma, galileis mkvidrebma,
28
araerTxel iqadages TavianT samSobloSi. magram maTi qadagebis

warmatebaze an imaze, Tu kerZod, ra adgilebSi qadagebdnen, an
hyavdaT Tu ara mimdevrebi, araviTari cnoba ar Semonaxula.
iudevelTa omebis droidan, pirveli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
meoTxe saukunemde, galileaSi qristianuli eklesiis arsebobis
araviTari kvali ar iZebneba. ori mizezi ganapirobebs amas. jer
erTi, galileis qalaqebi, romlebic ebraelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,
omis dros daingra. Tavisuflebismoyvare galilevelebma aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRes iudevelTa ajanyebaSi romis winaaRmdeg, fla-
viosma 100 000 moxalise Sekriba da Taborze gamagrda, SeakeTa
Taboris cixe-simagre iTaburioni, romelic dResac dgas. genesare-
Tis tbis meTevzeTa navebi gadakeTda samxedro flotad da tbaze
mravali sisxlismRvreli brZola gaimarTa. am TanadgomisTvis sas-
tikad daisajnen galilevelni. genesareTis wylebze gamarTuli
brZolis aRwerisas, sadac 7 500 adamiani daiRupa, flaviosi wers:
àsobiT adamiani emsxverpla romaelTa Subebs. vinc cdilobda,
rogorme Tavi gadaerCina, wylis qveS imaleboda, magram rogorc
ki amoswevda Tavs, wamsve isrebiT ganigmireboda, xolo Tu ro-
maelTa navebTan micurdebodnen, an Tavs dakargavdnen, an _ xelebs.
zogierTebze devna xmeleTzec grZeldeboda, da yvela amowyda~.
`maSin, agrZelebs igive avtori, tba SeiReba sisxliT, aivso gva-
mebiT da veravin gadaurCa sikvdils. saSineli simyrale idga am
qveyanaSi momdevno dReebSi da mwuxare iyo es qveyana; tba savse
iyo gemebis namsxvrevebiTa da gasiebuli, mcxunvare mzis qveS gax-
rwnili gvamebiT. da ise iwamleboda haeri, rom es ubedureba
ara marto iudevelebis, aramed maT moZuleTa da am ubedurebis
mizezTa sibraluls iwvevda. mravali galileveli daiRupa am
omSi maxviliT, mravali tyve sastiki sikvdiliT dasaja vespasianem
ptolemaidasa da tiberiadas Soris. 1 200 moxuci da davrdomili
moakvdines stadionze; 6 000 tyve gaugzavnes nerons aTenis yelis
gasaTxrelad; 30 400 gayides monad.... sabolood daiqca galil-
eis qveyana. ase aRsrulda uflis sityvebi: vai Senda, qorazin! vai
Senda, beTsaida! vai Senda kapernaum! TviT zecamde amaRlebuli,
jojoxeTamde daemxobi~.
meore da mTavari mizezi imisa, rom qristianobis aranairi kva-
li ara Cans galileaSi me-2-3 ss-Si, iyo iudevelebis gadmosaxleba
ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg. rogorc viciT, galileis qalaqe-
29
bi metwilad warmarTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac, ra Tqma

unda, ar Sexebia zemoT aRwerili ubedureba. aseTi iyo, magaliTad,
qalaqi tiberiada. da ai, moxda metad ucnauri ram. ierusalimis
iudevelebi, romlebsac ase sZuldaT warmarTuli galilea da
ezizRebodaT maTi winaprebis saflavebze aSenebuli tiberiada,
iZulebulni gaxdnen, swored es adgili aerCiaT sacxovreblad.
70 wels, ierusalimis dangrevisa da, gansakuTrebiT, mis adgilze
elia kaptolinas daarsebis Semdeg, ierusalimis iudevelebi iw-
yeben masiur gadmosaxlebas galileis qalaqebSi da iqve aarse-
ben iudaizmis centrs. tiberiadaSi ewyoba cameti sinagoga. ti-
beriadis sinedrioni xdeba iudevelTaTvis umaRlesi religiuri
instancia; ierusalimidan gadmotanili iudeis umaRlesi skola
iudeuri mecnierebis centrad iqceva. tiberiadis skolebSi Segro-
vda is dadgenilebebi, romlebic qmnian miSnas, Talmudis ZiriTad
nawils. netari ieronime gviambobs, rom mis iudevel maswavleb-
els, romelic yvelas aocebda sibrZniT, ganaTleba tiberiadis
skolebSi hqonda miRebuli. qristianuli gadmocemis sapirispirod
iustinianes Sesaxeb, romelsac galileaSi 80 eklesia hqonda aSen-
ebuli, arsebobda iudevelTa gadmocema rabin simonze, romelmac
80 sinagoga aaSena am qveyanaSi. erTi mxriv, galileis amgvari ga-
partaxebisa, meore mxriv, aq fanatikuri ierusalimuri iudevelobis
centralizaciis gamo 1-li saukunis bolos, SeuZlebeli xdeboda
aq qristianuli eklesiis arseboba. am mxareSi me-4 saukunemde
qristianobis arsebobis araviTari kvali ar moi poveba. galileis
xelmeore `ganaTleba~ saxarebis swavlebis naTeliT da aq saepis-
koposoebis daarseba ukve me-4 saukuneSi iwyeba.
perea. vidre davamTavrebdeT Txrobas galileaze, vityodeT

mis ganaTlebaze qristianuli swavlebis sinaTliT me-4 s-Si, unda
vaxsenoT meore palestinis provinciis naxevari, iordanis gaRma
qveyana, romlis berZnuli saxeli iyo perea (sityvasityviT `gaRma
mxare~). zemoT iTqva, rom genesareTis tbis aRmosavleTi napiri, anu
iordanis gaRma mxare, udabnos hgavda. `genesareTis tbis meore mx-
areze, anu aRmosavleTiT, wers farari, im droSic ar Canda arc
erTi xe, arc suldgmuli vinme, arc sacxovrebeli. araferi iyo
dabali borcvebis garda, romlebic kldovani napralebiT iyo da-
serili da viwro da unayofo tbis napirisken eSveboda. macxovris
30
dros kontrasti am or mezobel mxares Soris saocari iyo~.

Tumca amgvari unayofoba da ukacrieleba iordanis mTel gaR-
ma mxareze ar vrceldeba. mis SemadgenlobSi Sedioda rubenisa
da gadis Stoebis olqebi, romlebmac odesRac daJinebiT sTxoves
moses, daetovebina isini am saZovrebiT mdidar iordanes gaRma
mxareSi da ar gadaeyvana iordaneze. arc isaa swori, TiTqos macx-
ovris dros sruliad ukacrieli iyo mdinaris gaRma mxare. aq,
sxva
Ta Soris, iyo berZnebiT dasaxlebuli, erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
buli aTi qalaqi, saidanac momdinareobs am olqis saxelwode-
ba `dekapolisi~ (aTi qalaqi). am qalaqTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda:
Radara, geraza, hi pposi, pella, filadelfia (dRevandeli amani),
kapitoliasi (beTrasi), kanaTa, rafana, gergesa, skviTopolisi.
rodesac macxovris mier am mxaris monaxulebasa da eSmakeu-
lis gankurnebaze mogviTxroben, markoz da luka maxareblebi mas
RadarinelTa mxares uwodeben. albaT, imitom, rom Radara dekap-
olisis mTavari qalaqi iyo. maTe mociquli ki mas gergesevelTa
mxared ixseniebs, savaraudod,Y imitom, rom gankurneba aRsrulda
qalaq gergesis midamoebSi, romelic doqtor tomsonis kvleviT,
iordanes gaRma mxareSi, kapernaumis pirdapir mdebareobda. moci-
qulebi mogviTxroben: rodesac Radarinelis gankurnebisas misgan
gamosuli eSmakebi Rorebis koltSi Sevidnen da kbodedan gal-
ileis zRvaSi gadacvivdnen, Radarinelebma sTxoves ufals, gas-
cloda maT. amitom saWiro araa, vilaparakoT uflis qadagebis
warmatebaze iordanes gadaRma.
Tu Tvals gavadevnebT istoriis Semdgom ganviTarebas ior-
danis gaRma mxareSi, vxvdebiT iseT faqtebs, romlebsac, eklesiis
istorikosebis azriT, erTob didi mniSvneloba hqonda qristian-
uli eklesiis istoriaSi. es iyo ierusalimis qristianuli Temis
gadasaxleba pereaSi, romelic tiberiadaSi ierusalimis iudevel-
Ta gadasaxlebis Tanadroulad moxda. evsevi gviambobs: angelozis
brZanebiT, ierusalimis qristianebma titusis mier ierusalimis
dangrevamde cota xniT adre datoves ierusalimi da gadasaxld-
nen pellaSi. es qalaqi, romelic mxolod berZnebiT iyo dasax-
lebuli, SesaZlebelia, makedonelebiTac, radganac makedoniaSic
arsebobda qalaqi pella, sruliad ar TanaugrZnobda iudevelTa
ajanyebas. miT umetes, rom 150 wlis win, aleqsandre ioanes dros,
is mTlianad gaapartaxes iudevelebma. ierusalimisadmi mtrulad
31
ganwyobili, is usafrTxo TavSesafari iyo ierusalimeli qris-

tianebisTvis. ìerusalimis iudvel-qristianebis am gadasaxlebas
pellaSi, gviambobs lange `mociqulTa saukunis istoriaSi~, qa-
laqSi, romelic berZnebis kolonia gaxldaT iudevelTa qveyanaSi
da dakavSirebuli iyo RadarasTan, gerazasa da sxva qalaqebTan,
sadac batonobda berZnuli ganaTleba, ar SeiZleba, ar mohy-
oloda ierusalimidan gadmosaxlebulebis religiur Sexedule-
baTa gavlena. pellaSi mcxovrebi ierusalimis iudevel-qris-
tianebi iZulebulni iyvnen, mWidro urTierToba daemyarebinaT
warmarTebidan gamosul qristianebTan da maTi zegavleniT unda
SeeZinaTYmeti Tavisufleba moses kanonis dacvis valdebulebebSi,
SexedulebebSi, romlis avtoritetuli warmomadgenlebic aqamde
Tavad iyvnen~.
SemdgomSi pellaSi dasaxlebulma qristianebma datoves es
qalaqi da isev dabrundnen ierusalimSi. maT yofnas pereaSi uk-
valod ar Cauvlia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ueWvelia, rom me-2-3 ss-Si
skviTopolisSi,13 qalaqSi, romelic 3 km-iT iyo dacilebuli pel-
ladan, iyvnen qristianebi. Tumca es qalaqi mdebareobda iordanes
meore, dasavleT mxareze, magram radganac dasaxlebuli iyo upira-
tesad warmarTebiT (gadmocemiT, skviTebs dauarsebiaT 655 w-s. qr.
dabadebamde, midiasa da siriaze laSqrobis dros), dakavSirebuli
iyo dekapolisTan. SemdgomSi is dekapolisis mTavari qalaqi gaxda,
ufro mogvianebiT _ mTeli meore palestinis mitropolia. pir-
vel saukuneebSi skviTopolisSi qristianuli eklesiis arsebobaze
nawilobriv miuTiTebs is faqti, rom 305 w-s. kesariaSi ewama vinme
prokofi (medaviTne, katexizisti da ekzorcisti) skviTopolisidan,
ufro metad ki is, rom 325 w-s. skviTopolisSi ukve arsebobda
saepiskoposo kaTedra da misi episkoposi patrofile, ariozis fa-
natikuri mimdevari, eswreboda nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebas.
amave dros, konstantine didis zeobisas, skviTopolisSi cxov-
robda iudeveli iosebi. wminda epifane dawvrilebiT aRwers am
iudevelis saswaulebriv moqcevas qristes rjulze. konstantine
didma iosebs komitis14 wodeba uboZa. iosebi, TiTqmis erTaderTi
13 skviTopolisi _ dRevandeli beiT-Seani, wminda miwis erT-erTi uZ-
velesi qalaqTagani, romelic Cv. w. aR-mde mesame aTaswleulidan arsebobs.
arqeologiurma gaTxrebma da vrcelma sarestavracio samuSaoebma dRevande-
li beT-Seani (israelis miwis namdvil `pompead~ aqcia (red. Sen.).
14 komiti _ samoxeleo piri bizantiis imperiaSi. es Tanamdeboba gaCnda
32
marTlmadidebeli mTels skviTopolisSi, moSurneobiT avrceleb-

da qristianobas meore palestinis provinciebSi, gansakuTrebiT
galileaSi. man tiberiadaSi daaarsa eklesia da adrianumad
wodebul nangrevebze moawyo taZari petre mociqulis saxelze.
manve daaarsa eklesia nazareTSi.
me-4 saukuneSi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi arsebobda meore pal-
estinis kidev oTx mxareSi _ gabeSi, maqsimianopolisSi, hi ppossa da
kapitoliasSi. me-5 saukuneSi maT kidev oTxi saepiskoposo miemata:
pellaSi, iotabaSi, amaTussa da miraSi. me-6 saukuneSi ki, rode-
sac saepiskoposoebi gaixsna abelSi, elenopolisSi, diokesariaSi,
karpokratiasa da ekazalSi (am ukanasknelSi SeiZleba vigulisx-
moT Taboris mTa), saepiskoposoebis saerTo raodenobam meore
palestinaSi Teqvsmets miaRwia.
am mxares gansakuTrebulad mfarvelobda imperatori iustiniane
da zrunavda iq qristianobis gavrcelebaze. aqamde am provinciebs
saqristiano samyaros kided aRiqvamdnen da qalaqi skviTopolisi
eresebis dros xSirad iyo gandevnis adgili, zogierTisTvis ki _
TavSesafari. magaliTad, evsevi verCeleli15 didxans imaleboda
aq iosebTan. fanatikosebi, romlebic aRaSfoTebdnen palestinis
eklesias qalkedonis krebis Semdeg, dausjelad daesxnen Tavs
skviTopolisis eklesias, mokles episkoposi severiane da Seura-
cxyves misi msaxurebi.
iustinianes dros skviTopolisis episkoposi sapatio Rirsebas
iZens da 536 wlis ierusalimis krebaze xels awers uSualod
kesariis mitropolitis Semdeg. am dros skviTopolisSi cxovrob-
da beri kirile skviTopoliseli, romelmac Seadgina palestinis
eklesiis istoriisaTvis Zvirfasi, iqaur Rvawlmosil pirTa cx-
ovrebani, aRwera maTi brZola WeSmaritebisaTvis.
gansakuTrebiT gamococxlda galileis saeklesio da saero cx-
konstantine didis reformebis Sedegad; iyvnen rogorc samoqalaqo, ise _
samxedro saqmis komitebi. sityva laTinuri warmoSobisaa _ comes, comitas, _
da `Tanamgzavrs,~ àmxanags~ niSnavs (red. Sen.).
15 igulisxmeba wm. evsevi, verCelis episkoposi, me-4 saukunis (283-372)
italieli moRvawe. wm. evsevi aTanase aleqsandrieliseuli sarwmunoebis
simbolos gulanTebuli damcveli da ariozis mimdevarTa dauRalavi mow-
inaaRmdege iyo, risTvisac maT mier idevneboda. ambrosi mediolaneli erT
werilSi qebiT ixsenebs mas eparqiis keTilad gangebisaTvis, da, gansakuTre-
biT, samonastro cxovrebis mowyobisaTvis aRmosavluri eklesiis wesisa da
rigis mixedviT. wmindani italiaSi piemontis mxaris mfarvelad iTvleba
(red. Sen.).
33
ovreba imperator iustinianes dros. man tiberiadas myari gala-

vani Semoavlo da oTxmocamde eklesia aaSena. `Taboris mTa, ambobs
me-7 s-is erTi mogzauri, dafarulia balaxiTa da yvavilebiT, mis
mSvenier mwvervalze dgas monasteri da mravali senaki~. magram
didxans ar gastana meore palestinis keTildReobam. tiberiada
da sxva qalaqebi me-8 s-Si xalifa omarma daangria.
jvarosnobis dros, me-9 saukuneSi, saeklesio cxovrebis centr-
ma skviTopolisidan nazareTSi gadainacvla. skviTopolisis kaTe-
dram dakarga mniSvneloba da nazareTSi gaixsna samitropolito
kaTedra.
pirveli palestina
am provniciaSi Sedioda samaria, iudea da idumea.
samaria. galileis samxreTiT mdebareobda qveyana samaria. es

saxeli mas samariis (ebrauli gamoTqmiT `Somron~) mTaze mde-
bare misi mTavari qalaqis mixedviT ewoda. moculobiT samaria
ar yofila didi, magram, galileis msgavsad, uxvi nayofierebiT ga-
moirCeoda. is warmoadgenda msxmoiare tyeebiT daCrdilul xevs.
garda cnobili israelis velis samxreTisa, mis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda SesaniSnavi iordanis velis nawilic. aseTi noyieri naida-
gis gamo samaria kargad iyo damuSavebuli. Talmudis mixedviT,
samariis mxareSi uamravi qalaqi iyo. `daviTs, mogviTxrobs rabini
ionaTani, samariis mTebSi hqonda samoci aTasi qalaqi; da yovel
qalaqSi imdenive mosaxle iyo, ramdenic iricxeboda egvi ptidan
ebralebis gamosvlis dros~. mosaxleobis aseTi simWidrove arc-
Tu iseT did samariaSi aixsneba adgilis TaviseburebiT, is mofe-
nili iyo mTebiTa da borcvebiT, rasac velebi kveTda, amis gamo
qveynis zedapiri TiTqmis orjer izrdeboda. rabini ula ambobs
TalmudSi, `rom samariis mTebSi iyo 60 aTasi qalaqi, Tumca, erTi
SexedviT, iq 60 lerwmis buCqisTvisac ar aris sakmarisi adgili~.
samariis udabur da miuwvdomel mTis xeobebSi, sadac adamiani
ver saxldeboda, mravlad iyo mtredebi da ierusalimis taZaric
34
samsxverplo mtredebis umetes nawils samariis mTebidan iRebda,

rogorc tarigs _ qebronidan da Saronis velidan, xolo Rvinosa
da fqvils _ galileadan.
odesRac samaria israelis samefos nawils Seadgenda. rodesac
es samefo asurelebma dai pyres, samariaSi darCenili ebraelebi,
ZiriTadad dabali fena, Seerivnen mosul warmarT kolonistebs
da saxis wyobiTac ki araviTari saerTo aRar SerCaT ebraelebTan.
amasTan erTad, Seinaxes ra WeSmariti rwmena, ramdenadme Seicva-
les religiuri Sexedulebani. amitom aiTvalwunes iudevelebma
samariteli ebraelebi, rogorc Sebilwulebi. iudevelTaTvis si-
tyva `samariteli~ sagineblad iqca. isini ise eridebodnen sa-
maritelebTan urTierTobas, rogorc danaSauls. sinamdvileSi ki
samaritelebi ar imsaxurebdnen maT mimarT aseT ganwyobas. amitom
ieso qriste xSirad stumrobda samarias, vinaidan iudevelebze
ukeT icnobda da misabaZad warmoaCenda maT. zogierT religiur
warmodgenaSi samaritelebs upiratesobac ki hqondaT. magaliT-
ad, isini elodnen mesias, rogorc xalxis maswavlebels, sulier
moZRvars da ara, rogorc miwier ganmanTavisuflebels. zogierT
maTgans iudevelebze ukeT esmoda ieso qristes swavleba da gars
exveodnen moZRvars.
pirvel saukuneSi samariaSi qristianuli Temi daaarsa moci-
qulma fili pem. petre da ioane mociqulebi sagangebod iyvnen
movlinebulni ierusalimidan samaritelebis mosanaTlad. rogorc
erTi mwerali aRniSnavs, fili pe mociquls boZebuli hqonda gansa-
kuTrebuli saswaulmoqmedebis niWi (saq.moc. 8,5-40). swored amiT
aixsneba is didi warmateba, romelic mohyva mis qadagebas samaria-
Si, da gansakuTrebiT _ sebastiaSi, qveynis dedaqalaqSi. am qveya-
naSi metad Zlieri iyo saswaulTa rwmena da mowiweba yovelive
uCveulos mimarT. 36 w-s, anu samariaSi qristiani mqadageblebis
mosvlamde ori-sami wliT adre, didi moZraoba daiwyo erTi cru-
winaswarmetyvelis mier, romelic qadagebda moses kanonTan pir-
veladi saxiT dabrunebis aucileblobas. cnobilma simonma sofel
gitonidan Tu gitadan, romelmac SemdgomSi didi saxeli moixveWa,
daiwyo imiT, rom axdenda magiur saswaulebs, amitomac uwodeben
mas mogvs.16 samaritelTa moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, is iqamde
16 simon mogvis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs `saqme mociqulTa~ _ Tavi 8,9-25.
misi saxelis mixedviT ewoda `simonia~ sasyidlis safasurad mRvdelmsax-
35
mivida, rom mociqulebs fuli SesTavaza saswaulTa aRsrulebis

niWis sasyidlad.
samariis mxaris mTavar qalaqad iTvleboda samaria anu sebastia.
es someris mTaze, mogrZo, SemaRlebul adgilze mdebare qalaqi
ierusalimidan 13 km-iT iyo dacilebuli, gars msxmoiare veli da
borcvebi ertya. Tavdapirvelad samaria aaSena israelis mefe am-
brim, da qalaqi male iqca israelis samefos dedaqalaqad, romel-
ic yvelaze lamazi da gamagrebuli iyo qveyanaSi da eWira wreze
1 saaTis savali sivrce. `mefobda ambri zeda israelsa aTormet
wel da Tersas mefobda equs wel. da moigo ambri mTa igi so-
moroisi semeresgan, mefisa mis mTisa, oriTa sasworiTa vercxliTa
da aRaSena mTa igi da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli, romel aRaSena,
saxelsa mas semerassa, uflisa mTisasa, somoron (III mf. 16,23-24)~.
nayofieri, Tvalwarmtaci mTis SemaRlebaze da terasebze gan-
lagebuli sasaxleebidan israelis mmarTvelebs SeeZloT Tvali
xmelTaSua zRvamdec miewvdinaT. am adgilis SerCeva dedaqalaqad
mefis utyuar gemovnebaze miuTiTebs, aq xom ase Serwymuli iyo
silamaze bunebriv TavdacviT siZlieresTan da msgavsi adgili, ro-
gorc aRniSnaven mogzaurebi, ar iZebneboda mTels aRmosavleTSi.
samefos aT muxlad dayofis Semdegac samaria inarCunebs Tavis
politikur mniSvnelobas, Tumca religiur sakiTxebSi mas gadasZ-
lia siqemma. erTwliani alyis Semdeg ioane hirkani17 apartax-
ebs samarias. antoniusisa da kleopatras sikvdilis Semdeg mis
nangrevebs imperatori avgustusi Cuqnis herode dids. da man
am adgilas Seqmna saocreba: gaafarTova bibliuri qalaqis saz-
Rvrebi, gars ufro farTod Semoavlo galavani, qalaqis centrSi,
SemaRlebaze, aago brwyinvale taZari avgustusis sapativcemu-
lod, Tanamedrove gemovnebiT aRadgina yvela Senoba da qalaqis
dasacavad iq 6 000 romaeli veterani ganaTavsa. ai, amgvari saxiT
daxvda samaria (sebastia) axal aRTqmas.
samariis momdevno saukuneebis istoria mxolod medlebma
urebis uflebis mopovebis mcdelobas. Zveli qristiani avtorebi: iustine

filosofosi, irineos lioneli, i polite romaeli, tertuliane da sxvebi
simon mogvs miiCneven gnosticizmisa da eklesiis yovelgvari eresis mamam-
Tavrad (red. Sen.).
17 ioane hirkani _ iudeis mefe xasmonidebis dinastiidan, mefobda Zv.w-
is 134-104 ww-Si. mis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT makabelTa wignebSi, aseve _ fla-
viosTan (red. Sen.).
36
Semoinaxa, maTgan gansakuTebiT bevri SemorCa neronidan galamde

(karakalas Zma) warweriT q Sebasto~ meg. e.i. didi sebastiis
RmerTebi. septimus severusma sebastia koloniad gadaaqcia, anu
qalaqi gaaTavisufla xarkisagan. Tu rodis daingra herodes sa-
maria, zustad cnobili ar aris. utyuaria mxolod is, rom evsevim
ixila is, Tumca ieronimeseul palestinis mimoxilvaSi sebastia
ukve aRar arsebobda.
yovelive samariulisadmi zizRTan erTad iudevelebs SurdaT
samariis mdebareobisa da simdidrisa da bednier qalaqs uwodebdnen
mas. `visac unda simdidre, bednieri cxovreba, ambobdnen Talmud-
istebi, wavides samariaSi, Tumca ki brZenma ierusalimi unda amjo-
binos~. marTlac, samaria garegnobiT upiratesi iyo ierusalimze
_ ierusalimis garSemo arsebuli qvebisa da SiSveli flateebis
nacvlad aq ayvavebuli midamo iyo, silamaziTa da nayofierebiT
erT-erTi saukeTeso palestinaSi. amas Tu davumatebT mosaxleo-
bis gansakuTrebul sixalises, rasac kidev ufro zrdida Rvinisadmi
midrekileba (winaswarmetyvelebi samaritelebs loTebs eZaxdnen),
CvenTvisac naTeli xdeba, uZvelesi droidanve qveynierebis yove-
li kuTxidan ratom modioda am mxarisaken cxovrebaSi mxolod
grZnobier siamovnebasa da sitkboebas dawafebuli xalxi. simdid-
riT qedmaRali samaritelebi gamoirCeodnen mxolod maTTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli ieriT, riTac maT yvelgan advilad scnobdnen. isini
sxva kuTxis macxovreblebs zemodan dascqerodnen, ebraul sityvebs
cxvirSi gamoTqvamdnen, maTi Cveuli salaparako Tema maTi qalaqis
upiratesoba iyo: `Cveni qalaqi imgvari aguriT rodia naSeni, da-
vardnisas rom ifSvneba, aramed _ lodebiT, gana leRvis xiT, maleve
rom lpeba, aramed _ saukeTeso libanis kedariT~.
samariis qristianuli eklesiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom aq
qristianoba iqadaga fili pe diakonma (erTma SvidTagan), xolo
moqceulebi monaTles petrem da ioanem. saepiskoposo kaTedra
samariaSi 1-el saukuneSi daarsda da gadmocemiT, misi pirveli
episkoposi iyo diakoni nikolozi. me-4 saukuneSi samariis epis-
koposi eswreboda nikeis krebas. aqve, samariaSi didi xnis man-
Zilze inaxeboda akldama ioane winamorbedis neStiT, romelzec
mociqulTasworma elenem aago taZari. am akldamisa da taZris
naSTebi axlac arsebobs. Tumca ioseb flaviosi da evsevi io-
ane winamorbedis mowameobrivi sikvdilis adgilad maxeris cixe-
37
simagres miiCneven, mkvdari zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. magram

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom misi neSti mis mowafeebs sebastiaSi
gadaetanaT. amas sakmaod damajereblad adasturebs ieronime, ro-
melmac swored sebastiaSi ixila ioane naTlismcemlis akldama,
winaswarmetyvelebis _ elisesa da abdias _ akldamebTan erTad.
mogviano avtorebis mowmobiT (Teodorite), iuliane gandgomi-
lis dros ioane winamorbedis wminda nawilebi, romelic sebastia-
Si ganisvenebda, dawves da qars gaatanes. me-6 saukuneSi antoninem
sebastiaSi ixila qristianuli bazilika winamorbedis akldamaze,
Tumca, me-5 saukunis mwerali bilibaldi laparakobs winamorbedis
akldamaze bazilikis gareSe, romelic, albaT, im droisaTvis spars-
Ta mier iyo dangreuli. am faqtebze dayrdnobiT Cven ar vaniWebT
mniSvnelobas skeptikosTa hi poTezas, romlis mixedviTac gadmoce-
ma sebastiaSi winamorbedis saflavis Sesaxeb ar efuZneboda isto-
riul monacemebs da gamowveuli iyo mxolod paralelizmisadmi
midrekilebiT, raTa ierusalimSi, iudeis dedaqalaqSi, macxovris
saflavis arsebobis Sesatyvisi yofiliyo misi winamorbedis sa-
flavis arseboba sebastiaSi _ israelianTa samefos dedaqalaqSi.
neapolisi (nablusi) _ Zveli siqemi.18 siqemi ierusalimidan

64 km-ze mdebareobda, gebalisa da garizinis mTebs Soris. Tav-
ad saxelwodeba siqemi, anu mxrebi, mianiSnebda, rom qalaqi orive
mxridan mTebis ferdobebs efineboda. qalaqis mdebareoba Zalian
lamazi iyo, mas amSvenebda moregis Wala, didi muxa (romlis qve-
Sac iakobma damala colis kerpebi), mTebis _ gerizimisa da eba-
lis, mwvervalebi. qalaqi nablusi metad mdidaria wyliT. mis
midamoebSi oTxmocamde wyaroa. wylis siuxves unda umadlodes
qalaqi nairgvar mcenareulobasa da baRebis siqorfes. baRebSi
bevria xexili da yvavilebi, gansakuTrebiT _ iebi da vardebi, rom-
lisganac mzaddeboda vardis wyali, razec didi moTxovnileba
iyo palestinis yvela rwmenisa da religiis taZrebSi. bostanSi
uxvad mohyavdaT kitri, xaxvi da sxva bostneuli. iRumeni danieli
18 qalaqi siqemi bibliuri droidanaa cnobili, aq aris bibliuri pa-

triarqis, iosebisa da misi ori vaJis, efremisa da manases, gansasvenebeli.
qristemde 400 wels es qalaqi samaritelTa kulturul da religiur cen-
trad iqca. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi romaelebma dai pyres da imper-
ator vespasianes sapativcemulod flavia neapolisi daarqves, rac arabul-
Si damaxinjda, rogorc `nablusi~ (red. Sen.).
38
ambobs siqemze: `baRebi aq uricxvia da mravalferovani: leRvi,

Txili, tuxti, zeTisxili...…… qalaqs garSemo akravs maRnari ty-
eebi da yanebi. es mxare Zalian lamazia da mdidari zeTiT, RviniT,
xorbliTa da bostneuliT. aq uamravi Walaa. am simdidriT marag-
deba da cxovrobs ierusalimi~. nablusis simdidre da mdebareo-
ba odiTganve izidavda xalxs yoveli mxridan da is siriis sxva
qalaqebze metad xalxmravali iyo. es iyo SemaerTebeli savaWro
centri erTi mxriv, iafesa da beiruTs, da meore mxriv _ iordanes
gadaRma qalaqebs Soris. es qalaqi SesaniSnavia imiTac, rom Zveli
aRTqmis mixedviT, aq didxans cxovrobdnen abraami da iakobi.
israelis samefos dangrevis Semdeg siqemi, ra sakvirve-
lia, dazaralda iseve, rogorc danarCeni qalaqebi, magram ara
ZirisZirobamde, rogorc ierusalimi iudeis samefos dangrevis
dros. radganac israelis samefos dampyrobeli gegmavda da-
tyvevebuli aTi Stos Secvlas aRmosavleTidan gadmosaxle-
bulebiT. es ukanasknelni, romlebic jer kuteebis, Semdgom _
samaritelebis saxeliT arian cnobilni, ganuyoflad arian dakav-
Sirebulni TavianTi istoriiT siqemis istoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT
garizinze taZris aSenebis droidan. amis Semdeg siqemma igive mniS-
vneloba SeiZina samaritelTaTvis, rasac ierusalimi warmoadgens
iudevelebisTvis. TavianT taZars samaritelebi TviT ierusalimis
taZarze maRlac ki ayenebdnen, rogorc agebuls abraamis mier
isaakis msxverplad Sewirvis WeSmarit adgilze (morias mTas ieru-
salimSi samaritelebi am msxverplSewirvis namdvil adgilad ar
miiCnevdnen). saimperatoro medlebzec gamosaxuli garizinis mTa
taZriTurT siqemis, anu maSindeli neapolisis, gerbs warmoadgenda.
iudevelTa omis dros siqemi daingra da mis adgilze aSenda ax-
ali qalaqi neapolisi. siqemis mkvidri samaritelebi TavgamodebiT
erTgulebdnen TavianT, qristianobasTan dapirispirebul, kults.
gansakuTebiT Zlieri devna neapolisis qristianebma samaritelebi-
sagan iwvnies 487 wels, zenonisa da anastasis mmarTvelobis dros.
mravali qristiani daiRupa neapolisSi sulTmofenobas, radgan
maT eklesiaSi yofnisas daesxen Tavs. aseTive didi ubedureba ga-
daitanes qristianma samaritelebma 530 welsac, iustinianes dros,
rodesac samaritelebi ajanydnen vinme iulianes winamZRolobiT.
maT gaapartaxes eklesiebi, saSinlad awames qristianebi da cecxls
misces maTi wminda wignebi. amisTvis samaritelebi daisajnen da
39
gandevnil iqnen siqemidan, xolo maTi taZari gadaakeTes wminda

RvTismSoblis taZrad. imperatorma iustinianem siqemSi am peri-
odSi xuTi samarituli sinagoga gadaakeTa eklesiad.
siqemis maxloblad, garizinis mTis ZirSi, ierusalimis Zvel saqa-
ravno, damaskodan egvi ptisken mimaval gzaze iyo iakobis Wa, 2
m. siganisa da 20 m. siRrmis. amitom gasagebia samariteli qalis
sityvebi ieso qristesadmi:L ùfalo, arca savsebeli gaqus da
jurRmuli ese Rrma ars. vinaÁ gaqus Sen wyali cxoveli?~ (io-
ane 4,11). Wis mdebareoba ierusalimis gzaze garizinis mTis win
gasagebs xdis, rom macxovari swored aq gaCerda ierusalimidan
galileaSi dabrunebis dros da esaubra samaritel qals. xolo
aqedan aRmosavleTiT gadaSlili nayofierebiT cnobili israelis
veli, weliwadSi orjer rom iZleoda xorblis mosavlas (arc Tu
bevri adgilia aseTi palestinaSi), cxadyofs, rom swored im iako-
bis Wazea aq laparaki: ìxileT yanebi, rameTu spetak arian samka-
lad awve~ (in. 4,35). iakobis Wis namdvilobas adasturebs agreTve
im adgilze dedofal elenes mier agebuli monumenturi Zeglic,
raTa momdevno Taobebs ar daviwyebodaT adgili, romelic gaanaT-
la macxovarma Tavisi yuaradRebiT. Zegls hqonda jvris forma;
misi oTxive, erTnairi zomis viwro ganStoeba oTxi koridoris sax-
iT miemarTeboda jvris centrisaken, sadac iyo Wa. me-6 saukuneSi
aq idga wm. ioanes bazilika, romlis sakurTxevlis win iyo Wa da
xis Tasi, romlidanac, gadmocemiT, ufalma dalia wyali. mravali
avadmyofi midioda am WasTan da ikurneboda. xolo qva, romelzec
ijda ufali, iustinianes dros konstantinopolSi gadaitanes.
iudea. sakuTriv iudea moicavda palestinis ukidures samxreT

nawils (idumeis CaTvliT). iudea galileasa da samariaze bevrad
vrceli iyo. sigrZe Seadgenda 32 km-s, xolo saSualo sigane ior-
danidan xmelTaSua zRvamde _ 16-18 km-s. iudeis zedapiri zedmiw-
evniT mTiani iyo da mis Sua, yvelaze maRal wertilSi idga ieru-
salimi. amitomac am provinciis nayofiereba ver gautoldeboda
galileisa da samariis nayofierebas.
iudeis mosaxleoba erTob mravalricxovani iyo, radganac aq
idga mTeli dedamiwis dedaqalaqi ierusalimi, yvela adgilobrivi
da ucxoeli iudevelis Sekrebis adgili, xelosnobis centri
mravali xalxisTvis, romlebic verafers, an imdens ver gaxdebodnen
40
palestinis sxva mxareebSi. es iyo mTeli dedamiwis savaWro centri,

yvela axlomdebare qveynidan momavali qaravnebis mizani. reli-
giuri dResaswaulebis dros aq imarTeboda xmauriani da mdidari
bazrobebi, rac aTasobiT adamians asazrdoebda da siuxvisa da
keTildReobis wyarod efineboda mTels provincias. `wminda qa-
laqi ierusalimi _ werda agri pa kaligulas, mxolod iudeis saxe
rodia, aramed is aris saxe iudevelTa yvela dasaxlebisa mezobel
qveynebSi, esenia: egvi pte, finikia, siria, kerZod, pamfilia, kilikia,
mcire aziis mravali adgili, TviT biTvinia da ponto, evropaSi _
Tesalia, beotia, makedonia, italia, atika, argosi, korinTo, pelo-
ponesis udidesi da ukeTesi nawili, TviT evbea, kvi prosi, kreta~.
garda amisa, iudeaSi iyo bevri sazRvao qalaqi, romlebic
mdidari savaWro saqmianobiT gamoirCeodnen.
iudeis ukeTesi mimoxilvisTvis jer Cven SevCerdebiT sazRvao
qalaqebze, Semdeg mimovixilavT Sua iudeaSi mdebare qalaqebs,
xolo dasasruls SevexebiT samxreT-aRmosavleT iudeis adgilebs.
palestinis kesaria. xmelTaSua zRvis napiras mdebare iudeis

qalaqTagan yvelaze SesaniSnavi iyo kesaria, romelic ierusalim-
idan 600 stadioniT iyo daSorebuli. odesRac am adgilebSi
iyo qalaqi krokodilopolisi. am qalaqs icnobdnen pliniusi,
straboni da ptolemeusi. isini axseneben or mdinaresac, sadac,
Turme, icoda niangebi. pokoki19 cdilobs, axsnas niangebis arsebo-
ba aRTqmul qveyanaSi da qalaq krokodilopolisis warmoSoba.
misi varaudiT, uZveles patriarqalur epoqaSi am ori mdinaris
midamoebi ekuTvnoda egvi ptis romeliRac kolonias da maTi re-
ligiuri rwmenidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac niangi keTil-
dReobis simboloa, moaSenes kidec niangebi palestinis am samflo-
beloSi. `me Tavad vixile, gviambobs pokoki, flumen mortuum-Si20
daWerili niangebi. maTi sigrZe 160-180 sm-s udrida~. rwmunebas,
rom niangebi egvi ptidan palestinaSi gadmoiyvanes, adasturebs
Tanamedrove arabuli gadmocemac, romlis mixedviT mdinare zerqa
da aqdari odesRac sruliad usafrTxo mdinareebi iyo. magram
egvi ptidan Camoiyvanes niangebis ori wyvili, romelTagan erTi
19 eduard pokoki (Eduard Pococke) _ me-17 saukuneSi moRvawe ingliseli

orientalisti da bibliis mkvlevari (red. Sen.).
20 Flumen mortuum _ laTinurad: mkvdarTa mdinare (red. Sen.).
41
gauSves nar-zerqaSi, meore _ nar-aqdarSi. es ori wyvili sakmari-

si Seiqna, rom xsenebuli mdinareebi nilosis Semdeg niangebis
meore samSoblod qceuliyo. amdenad, eWvi araa, rom qalaqi kro-
kodilopolisi daarsebuli iyo egvi ptis krokodilopolisidan
gadmosaxlebuli egvi ptelebis mier, romlebic am adgilis noyier-
ma niadagma miizida. magram krokodilopolisi didi xnis winaT
TiTqmis ukvalod gaqra. amis Semdeg imave adgilze, cota samxre-
TiT, egvi ptelTa niangebis qalaqis nacvlad qanaanelebma aaSenes
sxva qalaqi, romelic ioseb flaviosis drosac ki uZvelesad iT-
vleboda, es iyo Sortoni, an ufro srulad, migdal stratoni,
anu stratonis godoli. qalaqi stratonis godoli cnobili iyo
simdidriT. sidonis mefis, izmunis warweraSi qebiT moixseneba es
qalaqi amgvari formulirebiT: `dae, mefeTa ufalni gvmosavdnen
silamaziT tir-Stratonisa, narCevi xorbliT rom aRvsebula~.
rac Seexeba stratonis saxelwodebas, amaze SeiZleba vTqvaT
mxolod is, rom is semituri warmoSobisaa da unda vivaraudoT,
rom modis qalRmerT astartes an atargatis saxelidan, romlis
Tayvaniscema Secvala niangebis Tayvaniscemam...
ebraelTa istoriis bolo periodSi stratonis godoli daeca
da gapartaxda mtris xeliT. herode didma21 am qalaqis nacvlad
aaSena qalaqi kesaria. herodem qalaqi stratoni mcired da ulam-
azod miiCnia, Tumca misi mdebareoba vaWrobisTvis mosaxerxebeli
iyo da amitom gaafarTova qalaqi, gaalamaza, gaamagra, moawyo
SesaniSnavi navsadguri da misgan Seqmna kesaria, anu qalaqi, rome-
lic mieZRvna ara mxolod romis keisars, aramed romelsac hqonda
keisris sidiade. `SeniSna ra iudeis miRma, ambobs flaviosi, zRvis
napirze erTi moxerxebuli adgili, romelsac Zvelad stratonis
godoli ewodeboda, herodem aRadgina Zveli qalaqis nangrevebi,
didad gaafarTova, morTo Soreuli qveynebidan Camotanili Te-
Tri qvis masaliT. qalaqi damSvenda brwyinvale sasaxleebiT, gak-
virvebas iwvevda kerZo moqalaqeebis nagebobani~.
magram herodes kesariaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan nagebobad iTv-
leboda navmisadgomi, romelic Tavisi sadiadiT aTenisas usworde-
boda, da, SeiZleba, sWarbobda kidec mas. aq SemohyavdaT gemebi
dasadgomad. herodem kesariis navmisadgomisaTvis iseTi gegma dax-
21 igulisxmeba iudeis mefe herode I, anti patrosis Ze, beTlemis yrmaTa
momsvreli da ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis mkveTeli (red. Sen.).
42
aza, rom aq mTeli floti daeteoda. flaviosi aRwers kesariis

didebul navmisadgoms. aq gemebi SemohyavdaT CrdiloeTis qaris
dros, vinaidan am adgilas is metad wynardeba. navmisadgomis Ses-
asvlelSi sami kolosaluri Zegli iyo aRmarTuli, marcxniv _
godoli, marjvniv _ ori maRali sveti. sanapiros irgvliv mar-
marilos saxlebi idga, xolo SuaSi, navmisadgomis Sesasvlelis
mopirdapired, herodem araCveulebrivi brwyinvalebiTa da sila-
maziT gamorCeuli taZari aago, romelic avgustuss miuZRvna.
flaviosis am aRweraSi yuradRebas i pyrobs kesariisa da pireis
navsadgurebis dapirispireba. es dapirispireba ar aris SemTxveviTi,
rogorc Cans, herode cdilobda, miebaZa aTenis portisaTvis. kidev
Semdegis Tqmac SeiZleba: 1) orive ports bunebrivi dacvis garda
hqonda xelovnuri jebirebi; 2) orive navmisadgomis Sesasvlele-
bi zRvidan erTnairad iyo morTuli maRal svetebze aRmarTu-
li lomebisa da sfinqsebis simboluri gamosaxulebebiT; 3) pireis
navsadguris msgavsad, romelic Temistokles dros Semortymuli
iyo kedliT 60 stadionis sigrZis wreze, raTa yoveli mxridan
miuvali yofiliyo, kesariis navsadguric, rogorc zRvidan, ise xme-
leTidan garSemortymuli iyo kedliT, romlis simagre yvelas
gancvifrebas iwvevda; 4) rogorc pirea iyo aTenis calke nawili,
ise kesariis navsadguric, herodes azriT, unda yofiliyo qalaqis
calke sazRvao nawili. im cnobili sajaro gzis Sesabamisad, rome-
lic pireas aTenTan aerTebda, herodem aaSena cnobili mozaikuri
sanapiro, 25 m. siganis, romelic kesariis navsadguridan taZrisa
da Teatrisaken miemarTeboda da ucxoelebis sayvareli saseirno
adgili iyo. amgvari mowyobis miuxedavad kesariis porti mainc ar
iyo absoluturad daculi, vinaidan aq zRva Zalian boboqaria.
rodesac vewvieT kesarias, gviambobs olesnicki, Cven vixileT
navsadgurTan qariSxlisgan gamogdebuli Turquli gemi. sakiTxavia,
ra unda ganecadaT am gzaze uZveles zRvaosnebs, romlebic Tav-
ianT Tavs mokrZalebulad zRvis monebs uwodebdnen, Tuki Tana-
medrove gemebic ki, Tavs rom zRvis gamgeblebad Tvlian, aq usa-
frTxod ver curaven.
qalaq kesariis navsadguris irgvliv, rogorc centris garSe-
mo, ganlagebuli swori quCebi TeTri qviT nagebi SenobebiT iyo
damSvenebuli. SesaniSnav nagebobaTa Soris mogzaurTa yuradRebas
i pyrobda borcvze aRmarTuli keisrisadmi miZRvnili didebuli
43
taZari ori bumberazi qandakebiT _ erTi, argosis iunonas msgavsi,

warmoadgenda roms, xolo meore, olimpiis iupiteris qandake-
bis mixedviT nakeTebi, warmoadgenda romis keisars. taZris garda
herodem kesariaSi aaSena kldeSi SeWrili Teatri da qalaqis
samxreT nawilSi _ amfiTeatri, romelic didZal xalxs itevda,
da aq daawesa xuTwliani TamaSebi keisris sapativcemulod, um-
didresi prizebiT, romliTac ajildovebdnen ara mxolod pirvel,
aramed meore da mesame priziorsac. amasTan, rodesac miwis zemoT
igeboda aseTi didebuli nagebobani, samuSaoebi tardeboda miwis
qveSac, rac iTxovda aranakleb xarjebsa da jafas. miwis qveS gay-
vanili iyo swori gvirabebi, romlebSic Sedioda zRvis wyali da
gamohqonda qalaqidan Cadinebuli usufTaoba.
Tormeti weli Sendeboda herodes kesaria. navsadguris mniS-
vnelobasa da brwyinvalebasTan erTad is mniSvnelovani Seiqna
saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiTac da Tavi ierusalimis metoqed
ganacxada. axali qalaqis aseTi gandideba da `wminda ierusalimis~
daknineba, ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeboda wminda iudauri partiis
suls, miT umetes, rom axali zRvispira dedaqalaqi iyo sruliad
warmarTuli. aq iyo warmarTuli taZari, mmarTvelTa da maTi
col-Svilis qandakebebi amSvenebda moednebsa da Senobebs, Tumca
kanoni amas krZalavda; qalaqis mcxovrebni umetesad ucxoelebi
iyvnen, romlebic moses kanonis SezRudvebs ar scnobdnen da Tavi-
anT yofasa da qalaqis dawesebulebebs romis qalaqebis msgavsad
awyobdnen. kesariis mmarTvelebi advilad ibirebdnen xalxs romau-
li kerpTayvanismcemlobisaken. ufro metic, kesariaSi iudevelebi
sakmao devnas ganicdidnen warmarTebisagan. kesarieli berZnebi
abuCad igdebdnen iudevelebs da Sexvedrisas dacinviT wamoaZax-
ebdnen xolme ambavs egvi ptidan gamodevnil keTrovan iudeveleb-
ze. xandaxan saqme sisxlisRvramdec midioda. kesariaSi, gviyveba
ioseb flaviosi, iudevelebs hqondaT sinagoga, romlis mezoblad
cxovrobda erTi berZeni, iudevelTa Seurigebeli mteri. imisT-
vis, raTa mowinaaRmdegeTa religiuri grZnobebisTvis Seuracxyo-
fa mieyenebina, berZenma sinagogasTan sxvadasxva saxelosno aaSena,
romelTa xmauric erwymoda mlocvelTa wamoZaxilebs da xels
uSlida RvTismsaxurebas. amasTan, raki sinagoga kesariis farTo
da swor quCaze ki ara, erT miyruebulsa da viwro SesaxvevSi
mdebareobda, es saxelosnoebi masTan misasvlelsac xergavdnen. iu-
44
develebma mimarTes mmarTvel flors saCivriT da ZRvnad 8 ta-

lantic miarTves, magram verafers gaxdnen da iZulebulni Seiqnen,
droebiT daetovebinaT kesaria.
amis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba, ratom ixsenieba TalmudSi kesaria
uwmindur, sazizRar da dawyevlil qalaqad, bibliuri edomis
mxared (SeiZleba, es iyo miniSneba herodes warmoSobaze). Tal-
mudi gansakuTrebiT uwmindurad miiCnevs kesariis dasavleT na
wils, anu sanapiros, da aRmosavleTis nawils _ tetraforsidan
(oTxgasasvleliani godoli) miwisqveSeTamde. qalaqis am nawilSi
yofna ebraelisTvis iseTive wabilwvas niSnavda, rogorc safla-
vSi yofna. Tumca kesariaze dadebulma aseTma akrZalvam kanonis
maswavleblebis mier axalgazrda iudevelTa protesti gamoiwvia,
romlebsac SeuZlebelia, ar moswonebodaT dedaqalaqis brwyin-
valeba da misi ucxouri wes-Cveulebebi. ase rom, erTi rabi TviT
TalmudSic SeniSnavs, rom aRmosavleTi nawili, sadac mdebare-
obda cirki, mcdarad iyo miCneuli bilw adgilad. da saerTod,
Talmudistebi aRiarebdnen, rom kesaria yvela Tavisi uwminduro-
biT warmoadgenda `sicocxlis qalaqs~ materialuri keTildRe-
obis gagebiT. amitomac iudevelebi mainc etanebodnen kesarias.
vidre sabolood, iudevelTa omebis dawyebamde cota xniT adre,
imperatoris ediqtiT kesariis iudevelebs CamoerTvaT moqalaqe-
Ta uflebebi da bolos, erT dResac nawili amoxoces, nawilic
monebad aqcies. iudevelTa ukanaskneli omis dros kesaria romis
jarebis mTavari Sekrebis adgili gaxda.
qristianoba kesariaSi sakmaod adre gavrcelda da hyavda mim-
devrebi ara marto iudeveleTa da elinTa Soris, aramed _ warm-
arTebSic. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, diakoni fili pe, romelsac kesa-
riaSi hqonda saxli. swored aq cxovrobda is kesarieli asisTavi,
romelic pirveli moinaTla warmarTTa Soris. romaeli asisTavis
swored kesariaSi, umTavresad romaul qalaqSi, yofna sruliad
bunebrivi Cans. ierusalimSi qristianebis devnis dros mociqulebi
da sxva morwmuneebi, Cveulebriv, TavSesafars kesariaSi eZebdnen,
rogorc qalaqSi, romelic SedarebiT Tavisufali iyo iudevelTa
TviTnebobisagan. qalaqis centraluri savaWro mniSvnelobis gamo
aqedan iwyebdnen mociqulebi misionerul saqmianobas, rogorc zR-
viT, ise _ xmeleTiT. pavle mociquli ara mxolod xSirad Semo-
dioda am qalaqSi, aramed, raki romaeli mmarTveli iudevelebi
45
maSin aq cxovrobdnen, swored aq iqna igi, rogorc patimari, moy-

vanili ierusalimidan, da ori weli dahyo cixeSi romSi gagza-
vnamde. me-4 saukuneSi, gadmocemiT, kesariaSi miuTiTebdnen erT
Zeglze, romelic ukavSirdeboda mociqulTa istorias. piligrimis
mowmobiT 333 w-s. kesariaSi uCvenebdnen embazs, romelSic petre
mociqulma monaTla asisTavi korneliusi Tavisi ojaxiT (moc. saq.
16). ieronimes mowmobiT, aq ixiles fili pe maxareblisa da misi ori
asulis (orive winaswarmetyveli iyo) saxli (saqm. 21.8,9), agreTve
sapyrobile, sadac datusaRebuli iyo pavle mociquli. kesariaSi
karga xans, me-2-3 saukuneebSi, Semonaxuli iyo eklesiis istoriis
kvali. Sua saukuneebSi, gadmocemiT, uCvenebdnen saxls, sadac Sedga
198 wlis kreba, romelmac gansazRvra paseqis dResaswaulis aRniS-
vnis dro; uCvenebdnen agreTve saxls, sadac cxovrobda origene
kesariaSi yofnisas, da agreTve, _ pamfilesa da evsevis22 saxls. maT
aq daaarses qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo skola, pirveli qris-
tianuli biblioTeka, Tan iseTi moculobisa, rac savsebiT sakmarisi
aRmoCnda evsevisTvis istoriis dasawerad.
saepiskoposo kaTedra kesariaSi daarsda mociqulTa dros da
am kaTedris episkoposTa memkvidreoba didxans uwyveti iyo. kesa-
riis episkoposTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen Teoqtiste
_ origenes megobari da damcveli; evsevi _ eklesiis gamoCenili
istorikosi; misi memkvidre akaki, Taviseburi mwvalebluri seqtis
meTauri. kesariis mitropolias mTel palestinaSi didi xnis man-
Zilze hqonda upiratesi mniSvneloba, ase rom ierusalimis, ufro
sworad, elia kapitolinas kaTedra mis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofe-
boda. me-4 saukuneSic ki episkoposi akaki imiTicaa cnobili, rom
ierusalimis episkoposs pirvel adgils edaveboda. magram me-5
saukunidan kesariis saeklesio mniSvneloba nel-nela ecema, me-7
saukuneSi kesaria politikur mniSvnelobasac kargavs. xolo me-13
saukuneSi mogzaurebi kesarias warmosaxaven sruliad gapartax-
ebul qalaqad, afTrebisa da turebis sabinadrod.
iope, sxvagvarad iafa. Aaranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo sanapiro

qalaqi iope, mdebare samxreTiT, saronis velis boloSi, im adgil-
ze, sadac zRva CrdiloeTisaken Rebulobs mimarTulebas. qalaqma
22 igulisxmeba evsevi kesarieli (263-340) _ saeklesio istoriis mama
(red. Sen.).
46
saxelwodeba misi Tvalwarmtaci Semogarenisagan miiRo, sityva

ìope~ ebraulad niSnavs `sixarulis sanaxaobas~. iope zRvidan
did STabeWdilebas axdens mogzaurebze da amaRlebul ganwyobas
uqmnis mxilvels. zogjer iopes uwodeben `mefis qaliSvils~, rome-
lic warmomdgara wminda miwaze mosuli mogzauris Sesaxvedrad.
Tumca, es gamoTqma pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac SeiZleba gavigoT,
vinaidan Zveli ebraeli mwerlebi iudeis qalaqebs uwodebdnen
samefo ierusalimisa da israelis asulebs. es poeturi Sedareba
Zalian Seefereba iopes _ qalaqs garSemo artyavs didebuli
baRebis yvavilwnuli. erTmaneTs keklucad mikruli Senobebi am-
fiTeatriviT rom ganlagebulan, Soridan saTburebsa da taZrebs
hgvanan, xolo Tavad borcvi, romelzec qalaqia gaSenebuli, ada-
mianis profils gagonebT da mas ukavSirdeba legenda persevsis
mier zRvis urCxulisgan andromedas daxsnis Sesaxeb. dResdReo-
biTac uCveulod nayofieria es adgili. visac iopes maradmwvane,
ayvavebuli da keTilsurnelovani baRebi unaxavs, ambobs erTi Ta-
namedrove mogzauri, SeuZlia warmoidginos, miwieri kurTxevis ra
siuxviT duRda RvTis rCeuli xalxis miwa. limonis, forToxli-
sa da broweulis erTmaneTSi ferwerulad gadaxlarTuli xeebi
Seadgens iopes baRebis mTavar nawils da gansacvifrebeli nayof-
ierebiT gamoirCevian. lamis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi daxunZlu-
lan nayofiT _ jer pirveli mosavlis aReba araa damTavrebuli,
rom xeebi axlad iwyeben ayvavebas. cnobilia, rom iopes baRebi
amarageben evropisa da aziis mraval portsa da ruseTis bazars
limoniTa da forToxliT. aq uxvad xarobs, aseve, leRvis, nuSis,
atmis, gargaris, TuTis xeebi, aseve _ giganturi palmebi. bananisa
da Saqris lerwmis moSenebas naklebad misdeven. unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom iopes baRebis keTildReoba mTlianad xelovnur mor-
wyvazea damokidebuli, ris gareSec aq warmoudgenelia mcenaris
gaxareba, radganac niadagi Savmiwa ki ara, mSrali, wyalsmowyure-
buli silaa. yovel baRs sakuTari ramodenime mosarwyavi Wa aqvs,
saidanac arxebis saSualebiT wyali TiToeuli xis Ziramde miedi-
neba. vinaidan baRebi ganuwyvetlad irwyveba, aq gamudmebiTa ismis
Wis borblebis Wriali da virebis yroyini, romlebic am borblebs
atrialeben.
qalaqidan iSleboda SesaniSnavi xedi zRvaze, vakeebze marcxniv
da marjvniv da aRmosavleTiT mTaze, romelzec gadioda ieru-
47
salimisken mimavali gza.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, qalaqi uZveles droSi, jer kidev war-
Rvnamde daarsebula. ebraelTa gadmocemiT, noem aq, zRvis napirze
aago kidobani, xolo misma Svilma iafetma daaarsa qalaqi iafe.
miTologiiT, andromeda iopeSi misces veSaps SesaWmelad. iq, sadac
napiri uxvevs marjvniv, gviambobs norovi,23 da moCans zRaparuli
kldeebi, persevsma ixsna andromeda zRvis urCxulisagan. mecnierTa
nawili varaudobs, rom es miTi iona winaswarmetyvelis ambavzea
dafuZnebuli, radganac swored aq gadaylapa iona veSapma.
iopes navsadguri mainc da mainc moxerxebuli araa. `qalaqsa da
navsadgurs Soris, agrZelebs Txrobas norovi, naxevar km-ze napiri-
dan, uwyvet mwkrivad amoSverila usasrulod araswori formisa
da zomis qvebi. rodesac uyureb, rogor exeTqeba maT talRebi
xmauriTa da qafiT, ggonia, rom ai, axla daimsxvreva es lodebi.
srulebiTac ara! isini dganan da sul ar adardebT, ras fiqroben
maTze mTeli aTaswleulebi ~. qvebis swored es mwkrivi gaxlavT
iopes uZvelesi navmisadgomi, patara da mouxerxebeli. rodesac
maT umzer, cocxlad warmogidgebaT Tvalwin odisevsis gemebi,
romelTa wyalSi CasaSvebad ormocdaaTi kaci iyo saWiro, zRvaze
curvis dros ki, vergiliusis sityviT, _ sammagi spilenZiT naWedi
guli.
uZveles droSi iope ebraelTa erTaderTi navmisadgomi iyo.
iopes navmisadgomSi tirosis mefe qirami tiviT gzavnida libanis
kedarsa da sxva masalas solomon mefis taZrisTvis. aseve moxda
taZris meored aSenebis drosac. aq, iopeSi Cajda TarSisken mi-
maval xomaldSi iona winaswarmetyveli. iudeaze ucxoelTa ba-
tonobis dros iope araerTxel qceula ajanyebis adgilad, gan-
sakuTrebiT, makabelTa dros. `mociqulTa saqmidan~ viciT, rom
petre mociquli stumrad iyo iopeSi vinme simon dabaRTan, da rom
is saxli zRvis piras idga. aq ixila mociqulma petrem gaxsnili
ca da misken Camomavali didi tilos msgavsi raRac WurWeli
(moc. saq. 10,6,10). iopeSi simon dabaRis saxlis mdebareobaze Ta-
namedrove mecnierebs Soris azrTa sxvaobaa. norovi miiCnevs, rom
23 avraam norovi (Авраам Сергеевич Норов) _ me-19 saukunis rusi saxelm-

wifo moRvawe, mecnieri, mogzauri, mwerali. rogorc Cans, damowmebuli ci-
tata moyvanilia misi naSromidan “Путешествие по Святой Земле” _ mogzauroba
wminda miwaze (red. Sen.).
48
es saxli mdebareobda laTinuri monastris midamoebSi, zRvis pi-

ras. igive avtoris gadmocemiT, monastris eklesiis sakurTxevlis
Tavze moTavsebul tiloze warmosaxulia RvTaebrivi aRtacebiT
moculi petre mociquli misken cidan CamoSvebuli didi tabliT,
romelzec yovelgvari oTxfexa miwieri cxoveli, qvewarmavali
da cis frinvelebi arian. sul sxva adgils miuTiTebs olesnicki.
ìopes Senobebs Soris mosanaxuleblad Rirs meCeTi jamaeT-tabie
(meCeTi bastioni), wodebuli amgvarad koSkTan siaxlovis gamo,
romelic qalaqs saxmreT-dasavleTidan icavs da axloa zRvasTan.
adgilobrivi gadmocema am adgils Tvlis simon dabaRis saxlad,
sadac cxovrobda petre mociquli iopeSi yofnisas. simonis saxlis
arsebobas am musulmanuri salocavis adgilas,zRvis siaxloves,
eTanxmeba mociqulTa saqmeebis wigni. ueWvelia, rom Zvel droSi
petre mociqulis saxelze nagebi eklesia gadakeTda am meCeTad.
franciskaneli berebis axali versia, rom simon dabaRis saxli iyo
laTinuri monastris midamoebSi, usafuZvloa~.
petre mociqulma iopeSi aRadgina mkvdreTiT erTi mowafe qali,
saxelad tabiTa. es gadmocema dResac Semonaxulia xalxSi. iopeSi
is adgili, sadac axla rusuli baRia, didi pativiscemiT sarge-
blobs, rogorc tabiTas saflavis adgili. dRemde, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es adgili dacilebulia qalaqs da siliania, dResas-
waulebze xalxi aq modis saseirnod, Tumca qalaqSi bevrad ukeTe-
si daCrdiluli baRebia.
SemdgomSi iopes bedi amgvari iyo: pirveli saukunis damlevs,
rodesac ebraelebi aujanydnen romaelebs, iope ieriSiT aiRo
cestiusma da gadawva, romaelma jariskacebma rva aTasi adamiani
daxoces. ramodenime xnis Semdeg ebraelebma axlad aaSenes qalaqi.
magram mekobreebma, romlebic aq afarebdnen Tavs da esxmodnen
finikiisa da siriis napirebs, kvlav miiqcies romaelTa yuradRe-
ba. vespasiane moulodnelad, RamiT SeiWra qalaqSi da sruliad
aaoxra. Semdeg qalaqis adgilze aaSena cixe-simagre da Caayena
romis garnizoni. konstantine didis droidan arabebis Semosevam-
de es adgili metad mniSvnelovani iyo qristianebisTvis, rogorc
navsadguri, iseve rogorc axla, radgan aqedan iwyeba momlocvel-
Ta mogzauroba wminda miwaze.
ufro samxreTiT mdebare sazRvao qalaqebidan Cven movixseniebT
aSkelonsa da Razas _ filistimelTa uZveles qalaqebs, sadac
49
imogzaura da iqadaga fili pe diakonma.
aSkeloni _ filistimelTa Zveli sanapiro qalaqia, 85 km-iT

dacilebuli ierusalims. vilhem tirelis24 sityviT (XVII,21), qa-
laqi naxevar wred iyo gaSenebuli. mTel qalaqs zRvisken daqa-
nebuli Rrmulis forma hqonda, yvela mxridan garemoculi iyo
xelovnuri SemaRlebebiT, romlebzec aSenebuli iyo galavani.
kedlis wres kveTda oTxi WiSkari, romelTa Tavze aRmarTuliyo
koSkebi. pirvel, aRmosavleTis WiSkars uwodebdnen Porta major-s,
aseve _ ierusalimisas, raki wminda qalaqisaken iyo mimarTuli.
mis Tavze aRmarTuli iyo sakmaod maRali ori koSki; meore
mTavar WiSkars, mimarTuls zRvisken, uwodebdnen zRvis karibWes,
Porta maris-s. mesame mimarTuli iyo samxreTiT, qalaq Razasken da
ewodeboda `Razis~. meoTxes, mimarTuls CrdiloeTisaken, uwodebd-
nen ìopes WiSkars~. aSkelons Tavisi adgilmdebareobis gamo ar
hqonda da arca aqvs ramdenadme moxerxebuli navmisadgomi. misi si-
lovani napiri TandaTan scildeboda qalaqs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
aSkelonis maxloblad Seiqmna navsadguri, wodebuli aSkelonis
maiumad. sityva `maiumi~ niSnavs àdgils zRvasTan~. aq igive moxda,
rac odesRac daemarTa kesarias _ Tu adre qalaqi zRvis piras
idga, axla is misgan mocilebiTaa. qalaqis mimdebare adgili sili
ania da ar eqvemdebareba damuSavebas. miuxedavad amisa, aSkeloni
adre umdidresi qalaqi iyo. gadmocemebi aSkelonis nangrevebSi
gadamalul saganZurze efuZneba Talmudis cnobebs am qalaqis
uzomo simdidris Sesaxeb ierusalimis pirveli da meore taZ-
ris xanaSi. cnobilia, rom ierusalimis mRvdelmTavrebi aSkelonSi
yidulobdnen efodisTvis saWiro Zvirfas qvebs.
uZvelesi legendis Tanaxmad, qalaqi aSkeloni daaarsa vinme
aSkelosma, romelic lidiis mefes jariT siriaSi warugzavnia.
24 vilhelm tireli (1130-1186) _ Sua saukuneebis cnobili moRvawe, qalaq

tiris arqiepiskoposi, mematiane. ganaTleba miiRo parizsa da boloniaSi,
Tavisuflad flobda ramodenime evropulsa da aRmosavlur enas. pirveli
jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdgom daarsebuli ierusalimis samefos mefem,
amalrik I-ma, mas aRsazrdelad miabara Tavisi Ze, bolduin IV, romlis xel-
zec vilhelmma keTris kvali aRmoaCina. misi umTavresi naSromia brwyinvale
laTinuriT Sesrulebuli, 22 wignisagan Semdgari qronikebi, saTauriT Histo-
ria rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum _ `zRvis gadaRma aRsrulebul saqmeTa is-
toria,~ anu mokled: ierusalimis istoria, sadac yovelive miukerZoebladaa
moTxrobili (red. Sen.).
50
erTi sirieli qaliSvilis siyvarulis gamo is ukan aRar mibruneb-

ula da dRevandeli aSkelonis adgilze dasaxlebula. uZvelesi
droidanve qalaqi qalRmerT veneras mieZRvna. am qalaqSi arsebu-
li veneras, an ufro sworad, astartes, taZari, herodotes azriT,
uZvelesia qalRmerTis taZarTa Soris. SeiZleba am garemoebiTac
aixsnas is, rom iulianes dros, rodesac qristianebi gansakuTrebuli
sisastikiT igvemebodnen warmarTTa mier, aSkeloneli warmarTebi
umetesad qristian qalwulebs erCodnen. dRemde gansakuTrebu-
lad miageben pativs aSkelonSi `qalwulebis Was~ da `qalwulTa
bastionad~ wodebul uZveles nayars. es saxelwodebebi uZvelesi
warsulidan gadmogveca memkvidreobiT. jvarosanTa laSqrobis
dros icodnen kidev erTi uZvelesi `qalwulTa koSki~, romelic
ionitebis raindebis samflobeloSi imyofeboda.
Raza. xmelTaSua zRvis piras mdebare filistimelTa Zveli

qalaqi, navsadguriTa da dagonis25 taZriT, romlis nangrevebis
qveSac daiRupa samsoni,26 aSkelonidan samxreTiT, 29 km-ze mde-
bareobs. es iyo palestinidan egvi ptisken mimavali gzis ukanaskne-
li qalaqi, mis iqiT unayofo udabnoebi gadaWimuliyo. sozomenis
sityviT, Raza dacilebuli iyo 20 stadioniT, xolo strabonis
mowmobiT _ 7 stadioniT zRvidan. zRvisken mimavali gza, romel-
ic silian borcvebze gadioda, metad rTuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom qalaqis mimdebare midamoebi udabno iyo, Tavad qalaq Razas
ayvavebuli saxe hqonda, radgan zRvidan da udabnos mxridan ori
rigi borcvebiT iyo daculi. bibliur aRmosavleTSi zeTisxilis
baRebi, ambobs olesnicki, adgilis keTildReobis mTavari maCvene-
belia. qalaqi, romelsac aqvs zeTisxili, yovelTvis SeZlebulia.
Razas SeiZleba siriis yvelaze mdidari qalaqi vuwodoT. pales-
tinis arc erT qalaqs ara aqvs iseTi zeTisxilis tyeebi, rogoric
gasdevs Razas CrdiloeTidan dasavleTamde. xolo aRmosavleTiT
25 dagoni _ filistimelTa RvTaeba kacTevzis saxisa, miwaTmoqmedebisa

da nayofierebis simbolo (red. Sen.).
26 samsoni _ filistimelebTan mebrZoli bibliuri gmiri. misma colma,
dalilam, ZilSi SeaWra grZeli Tma, ris Semdegac samsonma Zala dakarga,
mtrebma Sei pyres da Tvalebi daTxares. maT dResaswaulze brma samsonma,
romelsac amasobaSi Tma gazrdoda da Zalac dabruneboda, taZris svetebi
moangria da ase gaanadgura Mmravali filistimeli, Tavadac nangrevebSi
daiRupa (red. Sen.).
51
ki vrceli, egvi pturi nayofierebiT gamorCeuli xorblis yanebia.

ufro axlos, qalaqTan, gaSenebulia xexilis baRebi, romlebsac
kaktusis bunebrivi Robeebi akravs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
i pyrobs palmebis siuxve, amis msgavsi palestinis arc erT kuTxeSi
ar gvxvdeba. aleqsandre makedonelis dros qalaqi mdebareobda
borcvze, iyo didi da SemosazRvruli magari kedliT. aleqsn-
dres Semdeg qalaqis umetesi nawili daingra egvi ptisa da siriis
batonobis dros da iudevelTa omebis dasawyisSi. gapartaxebis
Semdeg Raza gabiniusis wyalobiT isev aSenda, Tumc uwindeli
silamaze veRar daibruna. herode didma Raza idumeas miakuTvna,
xolo misi sikvdilis Semde avgustusma is gadasca siriis prokon-
sulebs, rogorc berZnebiT dasaxlebuli qalaqi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom Raza mravaljer iyo iudevelTa gamgeblobis qveS, aq mainc
Zalze Zlieri iyo warmarTuli elementi. gansakuTrebuli mowi-
webiT aq Tayvans scemdnen iupiters da uwodebdnen mas marnas, anu
ufals.
saxarebis qadagebiT RazaSi diakoni fili pe mivida, xolo misi
pirveli episkoposi filimoni gaxda, romelsac pavle mociqulma
gaugzava epistole. qristianTa raodenoba RazaSi pirvel sauku-
neebSi metad mcire iyo. aqaur qristianebs Zlier aviwrovebda
warmarTi mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT diokletianes dros, rode-
sac aq awames ramdenime qristiani, maT Soris episkoposi siluani,
man daiTmina dasaxiCreba, jurRmulSi Cagdeba da wamebiT sikvdi-
li 303 wels.
konstantine didis dros Razas warmarTebma uari ganacxades
qristianobis miRebaze. iulianes dros konstantine didis mier
daarsebuli qristianuli taZrebi daangries da oTxi qristiani
wamebiT mokles. mxolod imperator arkadis brZanebis safuZvelze
da Razas episkopos porfiris didi mondomebiT Seiqna SesaZle-
beli aq arsebul rva warmarTuli taZris dangreva. xolo erTi
maTganis adgilas qristianuli eklesia aSenda.
imave dros, me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi, eklesiis istorikosis, so-
zomenis mowmobiT, romelic warmoSobiT Tavad iyo Razadan, qa-
laqis mimdebare udabnoSi gavrcelda meudabnoveTa cxovreba.
swored aq, Razasa da maiums Soris daiwyo mosagreoba ilarionma,
palestinaSi ber-monazvnobis pirvelma damaarsebelma.
52
Razas maiuma. `maiuma~ niSnavs navmisadgoms (egvi pturi si-

tyvaa ma _ àdgili~ da jam _ `zRva~). strabonis Tanaxmad,
Svidi stadioniT, xolo sxva mwerlebis mixedviT, _ 20 stadioniT
iyo dacilebuli Razadan. sozomenis sityvebiT, àdgili qalaq
RazasTan, maiuma, gamoirCeoda crumorwmuneobiT da aqamde Zve-
li wes-Cveulebebis erTguli iyo. konstantine didis dros uceb
yvela moeqca qristianad. aseTi RvTismoSiSebisaTvis mefem mai-
umelebs didi jildo uboZa: am patara adgils mianiWa qalaqis
mniSvneloba da Tavisi sayvareli vaJis, konstancis, saxeli, daarq-
va. amasTan, misca TviTmmarTvelobac, radganac, fiqrobda mefe, us-
amarTloba iqneboda maiumelebi damorCilebodnen Razas mcxovre-
blebs, romlebic moSurne warmarTebi iyvnen~. magram iulianes
dros mdgomareoba Seicvala. `rogorc ki samefo taxtze avida
iuliane, mogviTxrobs igive avtori, Razelebma daiwyes dava kon-
stancelebTan. mosamarTleoba Tavad mefem ikisra da konstanca
Razas miakuTvna, Tumca isini erTmaneTisagan oci stadioniT arian
dacilebulni. am droidan konstancam dakarga Tavisi saxeli da
atarebs Razas zRvispira nawilis _ maiumis saxels. maT aqvT saer-
To samoqalaqo mmarTveloba, saerTo saxalxo saqmeebi da hyavT
saerTo mxedarTmTavrebi. mxolod saeklesio saqmeebSi isini aqamde
or qalaqad aRiqmeba, radganac orTaves hyavs sakuTari episkoposi
da sasuliero pirni, awyoben gansakuTrebul Sekrebebs wamebulTa
mosaxseneblad da aqvT dadgenili TiToeuli eklesiis (Razasa da
maiumis) adgil-mamulis ganmsazRvreli sazRvrebi. marTalia, erT
dros, maiumis eklesiis winamZRvris gardacvalebis gamo Razas
episkoposi Seecada, daeqvemdebarebina orive saepiskoposo im mo-
tiviT, rom ukanonoa erT qalaqs marTavdes ori episkoposi. magram
maiumelebi amas ar daTanxmdnen. adgilobrivma krebam samarTli-
anad miiCnia maTi moTxovna da sxva episkoposi iqna xeldasxmuli,
raTa maiumis eklesias ierusalimis eklesiaTa rigSi ar daekarga
adre naboZebi upiratesoba~.
maiumis episkoposTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian: zenoni,
romelic RazaSi ewama or ZmasTan erTad, da kozma, romelic me-8
saukuneSi cxovrobda, cnobili sagaloblebis avtori. wmida kozma
iyo oboli, naSvilebi hyavda sergis, ioane damaskelis mamas. is da
ioane erTad izrdebodnen da mTeli cxovreba erTad gaatares.
rodesac wminda ioane damaskodan palestinaSi wavida, wminda sa-
53
bas monasterSi, wminda kozmac mas mihyva. am monasterSi orive er-

Tad mosagreobda da ierusalimis patriarqma isini erTad aiyvana
wminda xarisxSi _ wm. ioane presviterad ekurTxa, xolo wm. kozma
_ maiumis episkoposad.
iudeis zRvispira qalaqebis mimoxilvis Semdeg SevudgeT Sua
iudeaSi mdebare mSvenieri qalaqebisa da dabebis aRweras.
Zveli gza iopedan ierusalimamde qveiTad ori dRis savalia,
viwro da Zneli, qviani, kirqviT dafarul mTebze, romelic aramc
Tu raime saxis transportiT, aramed fexiTac Zneli gadasalaxavia.
lida, igive diospolisi, anu zevsis qalaqi, Talmudis gan-

sazRvrebiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom iopedan _ 3 saaTis, ierusalimi-
dan erTi dRis savaliT iyo dacilebuli. ìerusalimis bazrebis
gamosacocxleblad, ambobs Talmudi, dadgenili iqna, moetanaT mo-
savlis nawili naturiT. magram radgan es rTuli iqneboda ieru-
salimidan dacilebuli adgilebisTvis, es dadgenileba Semdegnai-
rad Semoklda: nayofTa nawili naturiT mxolod im adgilebidan
unda moitanon, romlebic ierusalimidan erTi dRis savalzea dac-
ilebuli; kerZod, aRmosavleTiT iordanis velamde, CrdiloeTiT
akrabamde, samxreTiT elatamde, dasavleTiT lidamde.~ Tumca es
gansazRvra ar eTanxmeba Talmudis Semdeg adgils: `qalaq lidiis
qalebi comis mozelvis Semdeg wavidodnen ierusalimSi da brun-
debodnen comis amJavebamde~.
lida odesRac metad mdidari qalaqi iyo. marTalia, flavio-
si mas uwodebs dabas, magram es daba tols ar udebda nebismier
qalaqs. qalaqis mTavar simdidres Seadgenda nairgvari xexiliT
savse baRebi, romlebic WebiT iyo savse; da erT maTgans elia
winaswarmetyvelis Was uwodebdnen. baRebSi Warbad iyo fini-
kis palmebi, Tumca Talmudi namdvilad hi perbolas mimarTavs,
rodesac gvamcnobs, rom lidas macxovreblebi muxlamde eflobian
finikis wvenSi~. garda amisa, lidas moqalaqeni sargeblobdnen
tyis siuxviT da eweodnen xis nakeTobaTa rewvas, riTac uZvelesi
droidanve ganTqmuli iyo lidas bazrebi. ierusalimis da taZris
dangrevis Semdeg lidas nayofiereba da mrewveloba ecema, magram,
amasTan erTad, qalaqis zneobrivi done maRldeba; aq daarsda
metad mniSvnelovani iudauri skola, romelic farTo zneobriv
sawyisebze iyo dafuZnebuli. amas adasturebs Semdegi dadgenile-
54
ba, romelsac Talmudi qalaq lidas miawers: `sikvdilis asac-

ileblad dasaSvebia moses kanonis yvela dadgenilebis darRveva,
garda kerpTmsaxurebis, mkvlelobisa da sisxlis aRrevisa~. lidas
rabinebze, romlebsac samxreTelebs uwodebdnen (galilevelTa da
tiberiadelTa sapirispirod), andazac Seiqmna: `visac sibrZnis mox-
veWa unda, wavides samxreTiT, lidaSi, xolo vinc simdidres eZiebs,
is CrdiloeTiT, galileaSi gaemgzavros.~
ebraelTa droTa aRricxvis _ CarTuli Tveebis da saero
kalendris _ Sesworeba mxolod lidas skolaSi SeeZloT da am
ganmartebisTvis aq igzavnebodnen sinedrionis sagangebo dele-
gatebi. me-3 saukunidan, lidaSi qristianebis damkvidrebis Semdeg,
iudauri skolis reputacia ecema, mas ampartavnobasa da reli-
giur indiferentizmSi sdeben brals. qristianuli saepiskoposos
daarsebis Semdeg lidas ebrauli skola ixureba. Tumca, SeiZleba,
amis mizezi mosaxleobis ukiduresi gaRaribeba ufro iyo, rasac
midraSi am sityvebiT asaxavs: `mTeli adamianuri siRatakis cxra
meaTedi lidaze modis~.
saeklesio istoriisaTvis lida metad mniSvnelovani qalaqia.
aq petre mociqulma gankurna dambladacemuli eneasi. SemdgomSi,
rodesac lidam diopolisis saxeli miiRo, is ierusalimis sapatri-
arqos erT-erT saarqiepiskoposos warmoadgenda ocdaxuTTa So-
ris, romelTac gamgeblobaSi saepiskoposoebi ar gaaCndaT. lidas
episkoposTagan gamoirCeoda deciosi, ariozis megobari, evstaTi
atnioqielis mteri. me-5 saukuneSi, 415 w-s, aq mowveuli iqna kreba
pelagiosis saqmeze. me-12 saukuneSi aq aSenda bazilika wmida
giorgis saxelze. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, lida iyo wminda giorgis
mSobliuri qalaqi da aq iqna igi dakrZaluli. imave dros aigo
ioane naTlismcemlis taZari sebastiaSi.
rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT ierusalims, garemo miT ufro udabno
xdeba. nayofsavse iopes simwvane klebulobs, saronis veli Tan-
daTan SiSvldeba da amzadebs mogzaurs ierusalimis nangrevebis
xilvisTvis.
ierusalimi. iudeis provinciis centrSi idga iudeisa da mTe-

li aRTqmuli qveynis mTavari qalaqi, ierusalimi. ierusalimis
adgilmdebareoba yvelaze maRali iyo mis SemogarenTa Soris.
amitomaa, rom wminda saxarebaSi mudmivad laparakia ìerusalimSi
55
amosvlaze~. qalaqis nawili mTebzea Sefenili, nawili SemaRle-

bul vakeze iSleba. ierusalimi Semdeg mTebzea gaSenebuli: sioni
(amgvarad wodebuli mSrali da mkacri niadagis gamo), akra, moria
da bezeTa.
sionis mTa yvelaze maRalia. masze mdebareobda zeda qalaqi,

daviTis cixe-simagre, arsenali, gmirTa saxli, pirvelmRvdelmTavris
sasaxle, qalaqis sapyrobile da sxva sazogado da kerZo Senobebi.
mTa akra _ saxeli asurevelTa mefe antioqos epifanes mier

aSenebuli maRali cixe-darbazis mixedviT miiRo. es cixe taZris
asaRebad iyo gamiznuli. simon makabelis brZanebiT, akris nawili
gadaTxares, raTa ar gameorebuliyo antioqosis msgavsi mcdeloba.
akraze idga qveda qalaqi da mefe solomonis agebuli sasaxle,
sadac cxovrobda yvela iudeveli mefe.
mTa moria, romelzec idga solomonis taZari, uswormasworo

formisa iyo. amitom taZris mSeneblobis dros mis aRmosavleT
mxares gakeTda araCveulebrivi miwayrili, romelic dResac aoc-
ebs mnaxvels. morias mTeli zedapiri ekava taZars. Crdilo-dasav-
leTiT taZars ekvroda cixe-simagre, aSenebuli qristes Sobamde
140 w-s. simon makabelis mier, romelsac herode didma antoniu-
si uwoda romaeli antoniusis sapativcemulod. am cixe-simagres
TandaTan avrcobdnen da yoveli mxridan gluvi qvis filebiT
amagrebdnen, mters rom ver SemoeRwia; mas gars ertymoda mtkice
kedlebi da koSkebi, xolo SigniT savse iyo yvelafriT, rac gar-
nizons sWirdeboda. cixe taZars uerTdeboda kibeebiTa da saidum-
lo gasasvlelebiT. aqedan erTob ioli iyo Tvalyuris devneba
taZarsa da qalaqze, radgan is 15 m. simaRlis gorakze idga.
mTa bezeTa, anu àxali qalaqi~ mas ewoda imis gamo, rom aSenda
xalxis momravlebis Semdgom.
qalaqi gaSenebulia am oTx mTaze. mas samxreTiT _ erTi, xolo
CrdiloeTiT sami kedeli ertya. am kedlebze gansazRvruli
SualedebiT aRmarTuli iyo oTxkuTxedi mtkice koSkebi, saidanac
advilad SeiZleboda qalaqis dacva. pirvel kedelze 60 koSki
iyo meoreze _ 14, xolo mesameze _ 90. amiT aixsneba is rTuli da
56
xangrZlivi alya, romelic win uswrebda titusis mier ierusali-

mis saboloo damorCilebas.
qalaqis garSemovlas ornaxevari saaTi sWirdeboda.
mTebze gayvanili quCebi da gzebi bunebrivad eSvebodnen Zirs,
zog adgilas ki isini metad cicabo iyo. aRmosavluri wesisamebr,
xelosnebs saxelosnoebi da duqnebi sacxovrebel binebSi, an iqve,
saxlis win, quCaSi hqondaT mowyobili da es quCebic Sesabamis
saxelebs atarebda: mepureebis, yasbebis, Salis mCeCavebis da sxv.
ierusalimis buneba Raribi da mWmunvarea. zeTisxili moCans mxo
lod CrdiloeT sibrtyeze da eleonis mTis ferdobze, irgvliv
garemo ki carieli da gadaxrukulia. es gamowveulia wylis
simciriT. ierusalimis wylis simdidred iTvleba siloamis mcire
wyaro da gigonis nakadis Stoebi. amitom ierusalimi wyliT be-
Tlemidan momdinare wyalsadenebis saSualebiT maragdeba.
qalaqis mosaxleobis Cveuli raodenoba 120 000 _ 150 000
suls aRwevda. Tumca, didi dResaswaulebis dros, rodesac aq Tavs
iyridnen sxva qveynebidan Camosuli iudevelebi, xalxis raodenoba
milionamde izrdeboda. amiT aixsneba daRupulTa uricxvi odenoba
titusis mier ierusalimis dangrevis dros. didi dResaswaulebis
dros xalxi qalaqSi ver eteoda da mis irgvliv gaSlil karvebSi
cxovrobda. ierusalimis mudmiv mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen adg-
ilobrivi iudevelebi, nawilic _ ucxoeTidan droebiT, swavlisT-
vis an savaWrod Camosaxlebulebi, dabolos, romaelebi TavianT
ufrosebTan erTad. ucxoel iudevelebs ierusalimSi TavianTi sin-
agogebi hqondaT.
ierusalimSi ieso qristes dros sruli sidiade da brwyinvale-
ba sufevda. pliniusi Zvel ierusalims ara marto iudeis, aramed
mTeli aRmosavleTis umniSvnelovanes qalaqad miiCnevs. strabonis
mowmobiT, daviTis qalaqs iseTi grandiozuli nagebobani hqonda,
rom iopedanac ki moCanda. es niSnavs imas, rom ierusalimis danaxva
mTeli iudeisTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, rakiRa iope qveynis yvelaze
dabali da mocilebuli punqtia. ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg,
rodesac iudevelebs aekrZalaT TavianT Zvel dedaqalaqTan mi-
axloveba, mocilebuli adgilebidan nangrevebis mzeriTRa inug-
eSebdnen Tavs. ierusalimis Senobebis maRali terasebidan, ambobs
flaviosi, SegeZloT, dagenaxaT mTeli qveyana xmelTaSua zRvidan
mkvdar zRvamde. Tavad titusma, gaocebulma damarcxebuli ieru-
57
salimis sidiadiT, qalaqis darbevisas STamomavlobas samaxsovrod

dautova sami brwyinvale koSki _ Tazaeli, hi piku da mariamnu, da
dasavleTis kedeli.
ieso qristes dros gansakuTrebulad mCqefare saqmianobiT ga-
moirCeoda taZris moedani. vin da ra aRar iyo aq! saqmeSi Ca-
fluli levitelebi win da ukan darbodnen. wreSi Camjdari
farisevlebi msjelobdnen dogmatebze da arCevdnen sadukevlebis
axal gandgomebs. sinedrionis sxdomis gaxsnis momlodine mRvdlebi
da mecnierebi kanonis gakveTilebs atarebdnen meore ezos ganyo-
filebebSi. axladmomkili Znebis konebiT datvirTuli sofleli
aq xvdeboda nasuqi xariTa da cxvriT mosul mdidar qalaqels.
keTrovani da gansawmendi ezos kibeebze ejaxebodnen eWvian qmars,
sajarod gasakicxad rom moaTrevda qarafSuta cols. gareTa
ezos ganieri portikebis27 qveS xalxis gundi xmauriT ertymoda
gars kidev erTxel gamoCenil winaswarmetyvels, momaval droebze
rom qadagebda. mtredebisa da namcxvrebis gamyidvelebi uklebliv
yvelas epatiJebodnen duqnebSi. zarafebi erovnuli Sekelis im-
peratoris dinarze da berZnul draqmaze gacvlas gTavazobdnen.
vaWrobis, kamaTebis, locvis xmauri bukis xmas, dasaklav cxovelTa
bRavils, cocxali cxovelebis frutuns, samsxverploebze cecxlis
tkacuns ereoda. moednis am suraTSi, amboben rabinebi, yuradRe-
biani damkvirvebeli SeamCnvda aT idumal Taviseburebas, anu
taZris sisufTavisa da siwmindis aT saocrebas: arasdros yofila
sakurTxevlis moedanze ara mxolod morielebi da xvlikebi, ri-
Tac axla savsea moedani, aramed ar yofila mcire mwerebic ki Ses-
awirav ZnebSi, da buzebi _ sawmidaris samzareuloebSi; arasdros
Seurxevia qars cisken swor svetad aRmarTuli samsxverplos kvam-
li, da arc wvimis wveTi dacemula kmevisas sakurTxevelze; ra-
oden didi xalxmravlobac unda yofiliyo taZris ezoebSi, aravis
arasodes dauCivlia: `nu maviwroebT, locvaSi xeli meSlebao~;
arasodes damdgara cxovelTa suni; sawmindaris moedanze aravis
arasodes hqonia uwminduri da uxeSi zraxva, iahves didebis wminda
adgilis Sesaferi rom ar yofiliyo.
saeklesio istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ierusalimi, upirveles
yovlisa, SesaniSnavia, rogorc uflisa Cvenisa, ieso qristes, tanjvis,
27 portiki _ (laT. porticus) sayrdeni svetebiTa da TaRebiT Seqmnli, sami
mxridan gaxsnil nageboba (red. Sen.).
58
sikvdilis, aRdgomisa da zecad amaRlebis adgili.
sionis mTaze, `sionis darbazSi~ ufalma fexebi dabana mowa-

feebs da aRasrula saidumlo seroba. es darbazi is adgilia,
sadac SemdgomSi moxda upirvelesi, ierusalimis eklesiis yvela
umniSvnelovanesi movlena. aq moiyares Tavi mocuqlebma uflis
amaRlebis Semdeg da aq moefina maT aRTqmuli suli wminda _ nu-
geSinismcemeli. aq aResrula RvTismSobeli da aqedan gadaasvenes
geTsemaniis mRvimeSi. aq daido bina ierusalimis pirvelma episko-
posma iakobma da aq iqna mowveuli pirveli qristianuli kreba.
aq wilis yriT airCies axali mociquli iudas nacvlad da Svidi
diakoni. aq iyo pirveli qristianuli eklesia msoflioSi, omnium
urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput,28 rogorc gvamcnobda am ekle-
siis mogviano warwera. epifanes, palestinis mkvidris, mowmobiT, es
sionis eklesia ar dangreula titusis mier ierusalimis ganad-
gurebis dros, da ormocdaeqvsi wlis Semdeg, rodesac aq impera-
tori adriane movida, erTiRa is idga uvneblad nangrevebs Soris.
golgoTaze konstantines bazilikis arsebobis periodSi moixsenie-
ba mociuqlTa eklesia, romelic sionis zeda taZrad iwodeboda,
macxovris saflavis sapirispirod (kirile ierus. XVI,4). prokofis
mowmobiT, aris safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom ierusalimSi, maRal
borcvze aSenebuli iustinianes bazilika swored am adgilze iyo.
sionze miuTiTeben iakob alfesis mowameobrivi aRsasrulis adg-
ils da im adgilsac, sadac markoz mociqulis saxli idga. axla aq
moCans Cadgmuli karebi isriseburi TaRiT. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, am
karebze daakakuna petre mociqulma RamiT, sapyrobilidan saswau-
lebrivi daxsnis Semdeg (saq. moc. 12,12-16). sionis mTaze, darbazis
maxloblad, uTiTeben adgils, sadac cxovrobdnen mRvdelmTavarni
ana da kaiafa. aqve uCveneben macxovris sapyrobiles, adgils, sad-
ac petre mociqulma uaryo moZRvari, da adgils, sadac mamalma
iyivla. cota aRmosavleTiT gviCveneben mRvimes, sadac, gadmocemiT,
petre mociquli dastiroda uflis uaryofas.
saidumlo serobis Semdeg ufali wavida geTsemaniaSi, ieru-
salimis aRmosavleTiT, qalaqgareT, albaT, alayafis karebidan,
28 laTinuri: yvela qalaqisa da mTeli msoflios eklesiaTa deda da

Tavi (red. Sen.).
59
romelsac odesRac uwodebdnen iosafatisas, amJamad ki stefanes

an geTsemaniisas. alayafis karebis marjvniv aris patara moedani,
sadac, gadmocemiT, mokles stefane pirvelmowame.
geTsemania ewodeboda ierusalimis aRmosavleTiT, eleonis

mTis ZirSi, ugalavno da yvelasTvis misawvdom zeTisxilis Walas,
romelic sawmidaris sakuTreba iyo. aq umTavresad TavSesafars
poulobdnen ierusalimSi sadResaswaulod Camosuli Raribebi.
geTsemania zeTis saxdels niSnavs, aq iyo mRvime, sadac wuravd-
nen aq moweul zeTisxils. mRvime moqmedebda mxolod zeTisxilis
mosavlis aRebis dros, ise ki carieli iyo. aqac Ramis gasaTevad
dgebodnen Camosuli Raribebi. gadmocemiT, am mRvimeSi gaatara
ufalma ieso qristem mwuxarebisa da sulieri tanjvis saaTebi
iudas Ralatis win. aq loculobda da ambobda: `mamao Cemo!
ukueTu SesaZlebel ars, Tana-warmÃedin sasumeli ese Cemgan~. am-
Jamad es mRvime kaTolikeebma gadaakeTes kapelad da uwodes
mwuxarebis mRvime. misi sigrZe udris 27 nabijs (dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTisken), gani ki 14 nabijs da inaxavs bunebrivi mRvimis
Tavdapirvel saxes. gumbaTis xvrelidan, romelic amJamad sarkme-
lis rols asrulebs, yridnen zeTis saxdelSi zeTisxils. ieronimes
dros am mRvimis Tavze idga eklesia.
`geTsemaniis baRad~ amJamad iwodeba oTxkuTxedi sivrce, rome-
lic ramdenime nabijiTaa dacilebuli mwuxarebis mRvimidan da
Semovlebulia qvis maRali galavniT; am baRSi dgas rva aTaswlo-
vani zeTisxilis xe, uZvelesni eleonis mTis zeTisxilTa Soris. ma-
gram saeWvoa, es is xeebi iyos, romelTa CrdilSi isvenebda macxo-
vari mowafeebTan erTad. vinaidan, flaviosis mowmobiT, jer kidev
pompeusma gaanadgura ierusalimis irgvliv mravali baRi, titusma
ki _ mTlianad yovelgvari mcenare oc stadionze ierusalim-
is garSemo. maSasadame, axlandeli zeTisxilis xeebi geTsemaniis
baRSi da ierusalimis CrdiloeT WalaSi warmoadgens bibliuri
baRebidan aRmocenebul nekers. geTsemaniis baRSi miuTiTeben kl-
deze, sadac eZinaT mociqulebs macxovris ukanaskneli locvisas
da adgils, sadac iudam mzakvruli amboriT gasca moZRvari. es
adgili, rogorc aRweren wina saukuneebis mogzaurebi, savsea ken-
WebiT, romelTac isvrian aq gamvlelebi, ise, rogorc amas akeTeben
ebraelebi abesalomis ZeglTan.
60
geTsemaniis baRis marcxena nawilSi amJamad arsebobs RvTism-

Soblis akldamaze aSenebuli eklesia. ùZvelesma xalxurma gad-
mocemam, gviambobs norovi, daadastura am adgilis siwmindis, ro-
gorc yovladwminda RvTismSoblis samarxi mRvimis, WeSmariteba.
Tumca efesos eklesiam miiwera macxovris dedis dasaflavebis
adgili, wm. dionise areopagelisa da ioane damaskelis mowmobam
unda gadaswonos am SemTxvevaSi. da Tu amas dedofal pulxerias
mimarTvasac davumatebT ierusalimis patriarq iubenalisadmi (450
w.) yovladwminda RvTismSoblis saflavis sakiTxze, ueWvelia, rom
is mdebareobs ierusalimSi~. momdevno xanebSi RvTismSoblis sa-
flavze gamarTes eklesia. kldis nawili, sadac dasvenebuli iyo
RvTismSobeli, gamoiyo qvis kedliT da warmoiSva kubis formis
Senoba, romlis Tavzec moewyo pirveli eklesia.
eleonis mTa, saidanac amaRlda ufali zecad, yvelaze maRali

mTa gaxldaT ierusalimis midamoebSi, simaRle misi 800 metramdea.
es mTa metad qviania da amitom _ Raribi mcenareulobiT, mxolod
iqa-iq gafantula monacrisfro, tanmorCili zeTisxilis xeebi. mis
mwvervalze, zustad macxovris amaRlebis adgilze, amJamad aRm-
arTulia patara meCeTi. aqeT mimaval gzaze uTiTeben im adgils,
sadac macxovarma aswavla mociqulebs sauflo locva da iwi-
naswarmetyvela ierusalimis dacema, da _ im mRvimesac (laTinTa
gadmocemiT), sadac mociqulebma Seadgines rwmenis simbolo.
qalaqgareT, ierusalimis samxreTiT, ginomis velis ukan, iyo ùs-
julo sabWos~ (boroti saTaTbiros) mTa. Ziri am mTisa kldovania
da dafarulia akldamebiT. gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom aq imale-
bodnen mociqulebi uflis dapatimrebis Semdeg. usjulo sabWos
mTaze aris adgili, romelsac uwodeben gak-el-damas (sisxlis
miwa). Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, romelic netari ieronimes droidan mo-
dis, es iyo meTunis miwis adgili, romelic iyides iudas Ralatis
safasurad aRebuli vercxliT. jvarosnebis laSqrobebis dros
aq asaflavebdnen mogzaurebs. meTunis miwas miawerdnen ocdaoTx
saaTSi gvamis gaxrwnis Tvisebas. aqedan didi raodenobiT miwa
gadaitanes pizas cnobil kampo-santoSi 1228 wels. da bolos, am
usjulo sabWos mTis mwvervalze, rogorc fiqroben, idga kaiafas
qalaqgare saxli, sadac ebraelebma gadawyvites macxovris mkvl-
eloba. aqve uCveneben xes, romelzec CamoixrCo Tavi iudam.
61
geTsemaniis baRSi Sepyrobili macxovari miiyvanes pirvel mRvde

lmTavar annas saxlSi, sionis karibWis maxloblad, iqedan ki _
kaiafasTn, romlis saxlic 170 m-iT iyo dacilebuli annas saxls.
kaiafasgan macxovari waiyvanes mTeli qalaqis gavliT romis
pretoriaSi, pilatesTan, romelic cxovrobda moris mTaze, anto-
niusis cixesimagreSi.29
aqedan ufali gaiyvanes dasavlTiT, golgoTaze, wamebis adgil-
ze. mTeli `vnebis gzis~ sigrZe pilates pretoriidan samsjavros
karibWemde, romlis maxlobladac iyo golgoTa, sul aTasamde
nabijs iTvlida. saxeldobr: pilates samyofelidan TaRamde, sa-
dac man gaiyvana samosSemoZarculi ufali xalxis winaSe, iyo 100
nabiji; TaRidan simon kvirinelTan Sexvedris adgilamde _ 245
nabiji30; aqedan wminda veronikas savaraudo saxlamde _ 450 nabi-
ji; da veronikas saxlidan samsjavros karebamde _ 300 nabiji.
Zveli romaelebi qalaqis dasavleT mxares, bneleTis samefos-
ken mimarTuls, mzes rom STanTqavda, ubedurebis mxared miiCnevd-
nen. aseTive mniSvneloba miiRo ierusalimis dasavleTis mxaremac
romaelebis batonobis dros. maSin, rodesac qalaqs sxva mxareebs
amSvenebda triumfaluri wminda WiSkrebi, dasavleTis mxares iyo
mxolod `samsjavros kari~, romelzec gadioda sajaro sikv-
diliT dasjis adgilisaken mimavali gza. es adgili samsjavros
karebs ukan, qalaqis kedelTan iyo. aq iyo mcire zomis, qvaburiv-
iT amoRrmavebuli moedani, Tiqmis yvela mxridan Semortymuli
fiqalebiani borcvebiT. qvaburis aRmosavleT mxares koncxiviT ga-
moSveriliyo kldovani, dabali borcvi, romelsac adamianis Tavis
qalis forma hqonda. es iyo golgoTa, namdvili bunebrivi eSafoti,
damnaSaveTa sajarod mokvdinebis adgili. rogorc am adgilis
umetes borcvebSi, golgoTas SigniTac iyo bunebrivi gamoqvabuli,
sadac, albaT, sikvdiliT dasjilTa gvamebs yridnen. mogviano gad-
mocemiT, am gamoqvabulSi iyo dakrZaluli adamis Tavis qalac,
romelic gvian aRmoaCines, dauzianebeli saxiT. qvaburis dasavleT,
ufro dabal da naklebad cicabo mxares, gamokveTili iyo ori
akldama. erTi maTgani, rogorc Cans, ekuTvnoda SeZlebul gvars
29 sxva TqmulebiT, pilate cxovrobda qalaqis im nawilSi, sadac cxov-

robdnen pirvelmRvdelmTavrebi, e.i. sionze, kerZod, daviTis cixesimagreSi.
magram teqstSi moyanili mosazreba ufro miRebulia.
30 sigrZis sazomi erTeuli `nabiji~ 71 sm-s Seadgenda (red. Sen.).
62
da daemzadebinaT ierusalimSi sazogadod miRebuli formiT, e.i.

jer iyo patara oTaxi, romelic gadioda mozrdil oTaxSi, sadac
mowyobili iyo sami sareceli. magram es akldama, romelic amJamd
ìosebisa da nikodimosis samarxis saxeliTaa~ cnobili, ar iyo
sakmarisi didi ojaxisTvis. da ai, ojaxi axal samarxs awyobs, irCevs
axal mRvimes golgoTasTan ufro axlos. ukve gakeTebuli iyo am
axali akldamis wina oTaxi da samarxis oTaxi daumTavrebeli sax-
iT da, TiTqos, gangebam SeaCera misi Semdgomi mowyoba. mouwyobe-
li samarxis oTaxi saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli erTaderTi ubralo
sareceliT, iqceva macxovris saflavad. saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli
grZeli skami swevda kubos gansasveneblis magivrobas. es iqidanac
Cans, rom samarxTan misuli mariami, mRvimis dabal SesasvlelTan
daxrili, ixilavs spetaki samosiT mosil or angelozs, erTi Tav-
TiT, xolo meore ferxTiT ijda im adgilas, sadac esvena iesos
sxeuli (ioane 20, 12). akldamidan cota ufro aRmosavleTiT iyo
uwylo cisterna. ai, am cisternaSi, gadmocemiT, Cayares jvrebi,
romlebzec gakrulebi iyvnen macxovari da masTan erTad dasjili
ori avazaki.
qristes dabadebidan 70 wels ierusalims daatyda didi ubed-
ureba, titusma ierusalimSi qva qvaze ar datova. gakvriT aRvniS-
navT, rom sionze TavdasxmisaTvis yvelaze moxerxebul adgilad,
iq, sadac odesRac iyo annasa da kaiafas saxlebi, titusma uflis
saflavis axlomdebare adgili miiCnia, sadac iyo pirvelmRvdelm-
Tavar ioanes samarxi. `rodesac gars moadgnen sionis cixe-simagres,
ambobs flaviosi, titusma i pova moxerxebuli adgili ioane mR-
vdelmTavris ZeglTan. radganac kedeli aq iseTi maRali ar iyo,
rogorc sxva mxareebidan da Tanac aqedan ixsneboda gza meore,
antoniusis simagrisaken. amasobaSi titusis jaris meore nawili
(meaTe legioni) ierusalims eleonis mTidan (uflis amaRlebis
adgilidan) Semoertya gars.
am dros ierusalimis qristianebi gaixiznen iordanis gaRma qvey-
anaSi, qalaq pellaSi, xolo mTeli vnebis gza, romelzec gaiara
ufalma jvarcmis adgilisaken, nangrevebis, namsxvrevebisa da mt-
vris qveS moeqca. uflis winaswarmetyveleba aRsrulda, wminda
qalaqi daingra, mxolod ramodenime koSki da Senoba gadarCa sio-
nis mTaze. da am awiokebas, sxvaTa Soris, gadaurCa saqristianos
eklesiis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli _ sionis darbazi.
63
ierusalimis dangrevidan 48 wlis Semdeg imperatorma elius

adrianem ierusalimis adgilze daaarsa axali qalaqi, romelsac
imperatoris saxelisa da kapitoliumis iupiteris pativsacemad
ewoda elia kapitolina. es iyo sruliad warmarTuli qalaqi;
iudevelebs kategoriulad aekrZalaT am qalaqSi dasaxleba. maT
weliwadSi erTxel hqondaT nebadarTuli qalaqSi Semosvla didi
bazrobis dRes, isic Sesvlis safasuris gadaxdiT. qalaqis mTavari
karebis Tavze daedgaT Roris gamosaxuleba, raTa am israel-
TaTvis saZulveli emblemiT aeZulebinaT isini, kidev ufro Sors
ganSorebodnen wminda qalaqs. ZirZveli mosaxleobisgan daclili
axali qalaqi siriidan, saberZneTidan da arabeTidan gadmosaxle-
bulebma daikaves. mxolod sionisa da morias mTis samxreT ferdo-
bebs ar gakarebian isini, aq odesRac pirvelmRvdelmTavarTa da
mefeTa sasaxleebi aRmarTuliyo, xolo elia kapitolinas daarse-
bis Semdeg dRemde qalaqis galavnis miRma aRmoCndnen. solomonis
taZris adgilze adrianem moawyo kapitoliumis iupiteris taZari
da am saxiT fiqrobda adriane, dartyma mieyenebina iudevelTaTvis.
wminda qalaqidan gaaZeves, agreTve, iudevelTa wiaRidan gamosuli
qristianebic da elia kapitolinaSi darCa mxolod umniSvnelo
ricxvi warmarTobidan moqceuli qristianebisa. qristianTa sarw-
munoebis gasanadgureblad adrianem waarTva qristianebs macxovris
saflavi da nayari miwiT gadaasworebina RmerTkacis sikvdilisa
da daflvis adgili anu golgoTa mimdebare adgilebiTurT. ase-
Ti nayari miwiT amaRlebul golgoTis adgilze aago taZari da
astartes an veneras qandakeba, xolo uflis saflavis adgilze _
iupiterisa. Tumca am warmarTulma gamosaxulebebma _ sikvdilis,
aRdgomisa da aRorZinebis Zeglebma, romlebic namdvili kacRmer-
Tis WeSmariti sikvdilisa da aRdgomis adgilze iyo aRmarTuli,
daicves daviwyebisagan wminda adgilebi. rodesac imperatorma
konstantine didma ganizraxa uflis saflavze taZris aSeneba, mas
daubrkoleblad miuTiTes is adgili. cxadia, ierusalimis dan-
grevam, mis nacvlad warmarTuli qalaqis daarsebam, SebRalulma
saqristianos wminda adgilebma da ierusalimis qristianebis gan-
devnam, elia kapitolinas saepiskoposo kaTedras, romelic mxolod
ieso qristes sisxliT naTesavebs ekavaT, daukarga mas gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba da kaTedra mogvianebiT daeqvemdebara pal-
estinis kesariis mitropolits. aseT mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda
64
ierusalimi me-2-3 saukuneebSi.

saqristianos salocavebis aRdgena ierusalimSi daiwyo me-4
saukunidan, imperator konstantine didis droidan. man ierusalims
Zveli saxeli daubruna da xarjebis dauzogavad aRadgina da
daamSvena qristianuli siwmindeebi. mociqulTaswori konstan-
tines deda, wminda elene, TviTon Camovida ierusalimSi patio-
sani da cxovelmyofeli jvarisa da uflis samarxis mosaZieblad.
am dros amoTxares veneras taZari, aiRes uflis samarxidan nayari
miwa, gaxsnes akldama, romelic savsebiT dauzianebeli iyo da
i poves uflis wminda jvari. dRemde uCveneben uflis saflavis
taZris gverdiT agebul wminda elenes saxelobis eklesias da
sarkmels, saidanac wm. elene Tvalyurs adevnebda samuSaoebis
mimdinareobas. wminda adgilebis aRmoCenis Semdeg Seudgnen aq
Sesaferi taZrebis agebas. aSenda ori eklesia: eklesia uflis
saflavze _ aRdgomis eklesia jAnavstash~, da eklesia Txemis
zdgilze Marthvrion. garda amisa, wminda samarxis aRmosavleTiT
aRmarTes bazilika, romelic, savaraudod, Sedgeboda Sua mTavari
da oTxi gverdiTi gasasvlelisagan. am taZrebis mosawyobad kon-
stantine didi ar zogavda xarjebs. `dae, Senma keTilgonierebam,
werda konstantine didi ierusalimis episkoposs, uTaosnos am adg-
ilze aRmarTvas eklesiisa, romelic msoflioSi arsebul didmSve-
nier eklesiebze aRmatebuli iqneba, raTa es nageboba yvela
misi kuTvnilebiT saukeTeso iyos qalaqSi. rac Seexeba uSualod
Senebasa da kedlebis galamazebas, Cven es davavaleT Cvens mego-
bars drakelions, Tqveni provinciis mmarTvels; mas nabrZanebi aqvs,
Tqveni RvTismoSiSebis moTxovniT, dauyovnebliv moggvaron mxat-
vrebic, xelosnebic da yovelive, Tqveni gamWriaxobis Sexedulebi-
samebr, mSeneblobisTvis. rac Seexeba svetebsa da marmarilos, ra-
sac uZvirfasesad da sasargeblod miiCnev, safuZvlianad gansaje
da dauyovnebliv momwere, raTa Seni weriliT gavigo, ramdeni da
rogori masalaa saWiro da yoveli mxaridan mogawodo is. amas
garda, minda vicode, rogori taZris kamara mogwons _ mozaikuri
Tu sxvagvarad mokazmuli. Tu mozaikurs airCev, maSin sxva dan-
arCeni SeiZleba oqroTi gaewyos.~ samwuxarod, wers olesnicki,
konstantine didis dros uflis samarxis Tavdapirveli Sesaxedao-
ba Zlier Secvales. jer erTi, samarxisTvis samlocvelos forma
rom miecaT, is gamoyves kldidan, rogorc _ RvTismSoblis samarxi
65
geTsemaniis mRvimeSi; Semdeg, vinaidan samarxi did adgils ikavebda

masze daSenebul bazilikaSi, moxsnes wina oTaxi, ase rom darCa
mxolod erTi Sida oTaxi, winas gareSe. ai, ras ambobs amis Taobaze
wm. kirile ierusalimeli: ùflis samarxis mRvimeSi Sesasvleli
gamoWrili iyo kldeSi, rogorc yvela adgilobrivi samarxebisa,
magram amJamad is ukve aRar arsebobs, radgan taZris agebisas mo-
Sales.~ Cven did pativs vcemT mSeneblebis gulmodginebas wminda
samarxis morTvisaTvis. magram ar SegviZlia, ar aRvniSnoT isic,
rom konstantinopolis presviteri evstaTi, romelsac, rogorc
ieronime ambobs, davalebuli hqonda imperatorisagan xarjebis
dauzogavad moxmareba macxovris wamebisa da sikvdilis adgilas
taZris Senebisas, ukeTess izamda, Tu samarxis Sida nawils ar Se-
exeboda, da orive oTaxs pirvandeli saxiT datovebda. wminda
saflavis ubralo monacrisfro qva Tavisi siSiSvliT aranakleb
STambeWdavi iqneboda qristianuli grZnobisaTvis, vidre amJamin
deli momrgvalo formis qveS moqceuli oqroTi da marmarloTi
mopirkeTebuli akldama.
kldidan gamocalkavebuli da sakmaod dapataravebuli safla-
vis mRvime mTlianad moeqca mrgval samlocveloSi, romelsac
gars artyia Tormeti sveti, mociqulTa ricxvis Sesabamisad. kon-
stantines bazilikaze srul warmodgenas gviqmnis miunxenis bavari-
is nacionalur muzeumSi daculi spilos Zvlisgan Sesrulebuli
reliefi, romelzec gamosaxulia uflis samarxis xedi macxovris
aRdgomis Semdgom.
zemoT aRniSnuli taZrebis garda wm. elenem aagebina taZari
eleonis mTazec, uflis amaRlebis adgilas, riTac es adgili aR-
niSna, rogorc macxovris cxovrebis Sesaxeb mokrZalebuli mogone-
bebis centri. wm. elenes mier aRmarTuli Zegli uflis amaRlebis
adgilze warmoadgenda momcro, mrgval nagebobas Ria gumbaTiT.
salocavis centrSi iyo lodi adamianis terfis anabeWdiT, rome-
lic, ieronimes Tanaxmad, mimarTuli iyo ad orientem, unde oritur sol
justitiae.31
wm. konstantinesa da elenes mowiwebas wminda adgilebis
mimarT mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. qristianuli samyaros yove-
31 laTinuri: aRmosavleTiT, saiTac ixilvebis mze samarTlisa (red.

Sen.).
66
li kuTxidan daiZrnen qristianebi ierusalimis wminda adgilebis

Tayvansacemad. imperatorma iulianem scada, ierusalimi kvlav iu-
develTa wminda qalaqad eqcia, amisTvis man morias mTaze taZaric
aaSena, magram, rogorc cnobilia, am mcdelobas warmateba ar mo-
hyolia. ierusalimi yovlad qristianul qalaqad darCa.
cnobil piligrimTa Soris, romelTac me-4-6 saukuneebSi imog-
zaures ierusalimSi da aq didi qvelmoqmedeba gaswies, unda ga-
vixsenoT dedofali evdokia, romelmac aq mravali taZari moawyo
(maT Soris wm. stefane pirvelmowamis saxelobisa), agreTve _
romaeli qalbatonebi: melania, pavla da sxv. aseve, ieronime da
rufinusi. melanias qvelmoqamedebis Sesaxeb paladiusi ase ambobs:
`da raodeni simdidre gasca man Raribebze! cecxlis alebic ver
SeZlebdnen amodena ganZis daferfvlas.~ sxvaTa Soris, man eleo-
nis mTaze aago monasteri ormocdaaTi qalwulisTvis.
am mTis mTeli dasavleTi mxaris, ierusalimisken mimarTuli,
ferdobi me-4-5 saukuneebSi mofenili iyo mRvimeebiTa da Zveli ak-
ldamebiT, romlebSic cxovrobdnen gandegilebi. netari ieronimes
mowmobiT, gandegilebi locvasa da umwikvlo cxovrebasTan erTad
dakavebulni iyvnen uZveles TxzulebaTa gadaweriT. sxvaTa Soris,
rufinusma swored aq Seadgina `wminda mamaTa cxovreba~, me-5
saukunis meudabnoeTa yofis amsaxveli SesaniSnavi Zegli.
piligrimebis momravlebam ierusalimSi sasikeTo nayofi ga-
moiRo. erTi, rom qalaqis mosaxleoba momravlda da misi quCebi
sul ufro viwrovdeboda. jer kidev me-4 saukunis ierusalimSi
gadaadgilebis saSualeba etli iyo, magram me-6 saukunidan mas
sazogadoebis maRali fenisTvis cvlis taxtrevani, xolo yvela
danarCeni fenisaTvis _ cxeni. ioane mosxTan (Tavi 33-e) vkiTxu-
lobT: erTxel patriarq Teodores taxtrevaniT miabrZanebdnen
ierusalimis quCebSi, roca man gamcilebel presviters SesTavaza,
gaecvala misTvis adgili. pasuxad ki miuRia: presviters ar SeS-
venis taxtrevanSi jdoma, rogorc patriarqs _ cxenze amxedrebao.
piligrimTa simravlis meore Sedegi is gaxldaT, rom ierusalimis
saepiskoposom sapatriarqo kaTedris mniSvneloba miiRo.
piligrimebis momravlebas cudi mxarec hqonda. upirvelesad is
unda aRiniSnos, rom maT Tan mihqondaT adgilobrivi udidesi siw-
mindeebi. macxovris jvari misi mopovebis Semdeg patara nawilebad
daaqucmaces da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi waiRes, ierusalimSi mxolod
67
misi mcire nawiliRa darCa. aseve, espaneTSi gemiT gaitanes kirqva

miwa `sisxlis sofelidan.~ xolo romSi waiRes kibe, romliTac
macxovari Sevida pilates samsjavroze; gatanili iqna mravali
sxva siwmindec.
aseve zogierTi cudi Sedegi moitana ierusalimSi didi masS-
tabebiT ganxorcielebulma qvelmoqmedebamac. qalaqs moawydnen
usaqmurebi, romelTac qvelmoqmedTa xarjze daiwyes cxovreba.
gaunaTlebel, usaqmur, religiisadmi fanatikurad ganwyobil pal-
estinis brbosac xSirad ar erideboda, Riad gamoexata aRSfoTeba.
ai, ierusalimidan imperatoris saxelze me-6 saukuneSi gagzavnili
erT-erTi epistole, romelic cxadad axasiaTebs iq arsebul re-
ligiur viTarebas. `gvaocebs, rom Sen, wminda rwmenaSi gazrdilma,
dauSvi Sens samflobeloSi aseTi qariSxali eklesiebis dedis,
aRdgomis taZris winaaRmdeg, rac mTeli samyaros TavSesafaria. ai,
misi episkoposi, mRvmdelmsaxurebi, berebi idevnebian warmarTebis,
ebraelebis, samaritelebis Tvalwin uwmindursa da ukurTxebel
adgilebSi. maTgan sulmokleebi sacTurad eqcevian yoveli mxri-
dan sulis gadasarCenad mosul Tayvanismcemlebs, romlebic axla
ZrwoliT brundebian ukan. nuTu sarwmunoebis aRmsareblobis gamo
esxmian Tavs am wminda qalaq ierusalims, romelic aris samyaros
Tvalis Cini da mnaTobi?! winaswarmetyvelTa mixedviT, sionidan
gamova kanoni da sityva RvTisa _ ierusalimidan. gana am wminda
qalaqis mcxovreblebi ar xedaven sakuTari TvaliT da bageebiT
ar eamborebian am saRvTo saidumloebebis movlenebiT ganaTebul
adgilebs?! maS, rogor moxda, rom qristes dabadebidan 500 wlis
Semdeg kidev Cven unda gvaswavlon Cveni sarwmunoeba? gana sax-
eSecvlili, rogoradac surT misi gadakeTeba, SeiZleba modiodes
ufal iesosgan? ... gevedrebiT, keTilismyofelo, SeiwyaloT sioni,
deda yvela eklesiisa da Seni samflobelos mfarveli. Cven yvela
erTi azrisani varT oTxive msoflio krebis miRebaSi. am gancxa-
debis Semdeg Cven kidev vevedrebiT Tqvens brwyinvalebas, Sewydes
wminda qalaqisa da wm. arqiepiskopos ioanes devna, radganac Cve-
ni sarwmunoebis mtrebi, keTilsindisierebis niRabs amofarebulebi,
sCadian yovelive sisastikes. vadasturebT Seni didebulebis wi-
naSe, iseve rogorc RmerTisa da misi angelozebisa, rom ar Segvi-
Zlia daveTanxmoT raime siaxles rwmenis sakiTxebSi. sjobs, daiR-
varos Cveni sisxli wminda adgilebs Soris.., saxelis siwmindeSi
68
raRa darCa, Tu Tavad SebRalulia~...

konstantine didis Semdeg ierusalimis garegnuli keTil-
dReoba arc ise didxans gagrZelebula _ samasiode weli. 614
wels ierusalimi dai pyro da gaapartaxa sparseTis mefe xosrom.
ierusalimis qristianebs saSineli ubedureba daatydaT Tavs ara
marto sparselebisagan, aramed ebraelebisaganac. am ukanasknelT
sparselebisagan 30 000 tyve qristiani gamoisyides mxolod imisT-
vis, rom ewamebinaT. aRdgomis taZari dangreul iqna; jvari ufli-
sa gaugzavnes sparseTis mefes, masve gaugzavnes ierusalimis patri-
arqi zaqaria didZal xalxTan erTad.
mtris gaZevebis Semdeg Teodosis monastris iRumenma modestim
aiRo Tavis Tavze ierusalimis eklesiis saqmeTa marTva. marxavda
mkvdrebs, zrunavda Raribebze, aRadgenda eklesiebsa da monastrebs.
sayovelTao siRaribem sparselTagan qveynis gapartaxebis Semdeg
ar misca modestis saSualeba, aRedgina uflis saflavis taZari
imave brwyinvale saxiT, rogorc is konstantine didis dros iyo.
amitom iZulebuli gaxda, aeSenebina cal-calke oTxi eklesia.
ieso qristes saflavis mRvimeze axlad aRimarTa mrgvali taZari,
rogorc wm. konstantines dros; Semdeg aaSenes ori mcire zomis
taZari _ golgoTasa da uflis jvris mopovebis adgilze, da bo-
los, meoTxe _ RvTismSoblis saxelze aages iq, sadac amJamad aris
mironcxebis qva. wm. modestis mier aSenebulma taZrebma TiTqmis
oTxasi weli, 1009 wlamde iarseba.
wm. modestis garda am gaWirvebis Jams ierusalimelebs didad
exmareboda wm. ioane mowyale, aleqsandriis patriarqi. is ieru-
salimSi uxv Sesawiravs agzavnida, gamoisyidda tyveebs, ifarebda
sabralo xalxs, egvi pteSi rom eZebdnen TavSesafars. ToTxmeti
wlis Semdeg, 628 wels mefe xosro dasneulda da misma ufrosma
vaJma kavad II-m zavi dado berZnebTan, daabruna yvela datyveve-
buli qristiani ierusalimis patriarq sofronTan erTad, da aseve
_ cxovelmyofeli jvari uflisa, romelic jer konstantinopol-
Si gaigzavna da momdevno, 629 wels is ierusalimSi Tavad imper-
atorma iraklim CaabrZana.
magram sul male ierusalimis eklesias yvelaze mZime Jami
daudga. muhamedis mesame memkvidrem, xalifa omarma, 636 wels
dai pyro palestina da oTxTviani alyis Semdeg aiRo ierusalimi.
qristianebica da iudevelebic mZime uRlis qveS aRmoCndnen, rac
69
amjerad jvarosnebis gamoCenamde, 1096 wlamde gagrZelda.
beTlemi. Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi beTlemi patara, umniSvnelo

qalaqi iyo, magram SesaniSnavi, rogorc daviTis dabadebis adgili,
ris gamoc am qalaqs daviTis qalaqs uwodebdnen. beTlemi ieru-
salimidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, sul mcire manZiliT, 8 km-iT iyo
dacilebuli da mdebareobda mSvenier, borcviansa da nayofsavse
adgilze. saxeli beTlemic mas am adgilmdebareobisaTvis ewoda _
`beTlemi~ ebraulad `puris saxls~ niSnavs. beTlemSi, puris saxlSi,
iSva ufali Cveni ieso qriste, zeciT gardamosuli RvTiuri puri.
is daibada pirutyvis sadgom bagaSi, mRvimeSi, sastumros gverdiT.
SesaZloa, swored am adgilze idga boozis an ieses, daviTis mamis,
saxli. mRvime, romelic macxovris akvani Seiqna, imTaviTve qristian-
Ta siwminded iqca. arsebobs gadmocema, Tumca naklebad cnobili,
rom pirvel qristianebs am wminda adgilze taZari hqoniaT da
rom is RvTiuri yrmis Tayvansacemad aRmosavleTidan mosul sam
mogvs augia. qristianobis pirvel xanaSi beTlems Tavs daatyda
didi ubedureba _ herodem gaJlita beTlemis bavSvebi. 70 wels
romaelebma daangries beTlemi da qalaqi TiTqmis dacarielda.
Tumca me-2 saukunis dasawyisSi aq jer kidev cxovrobdnen iudev-
elebi. cnobilia, rom romis papi evaresti wrmoSobiT beTlemeli
iudeveli iyo. magram imperatorma adrianem aukrZala iudevelebs
aq dasaxleba da cxovreba, ufro metic _ qalaqSi Sesvlac ki
aukrZala maT. amis Semdeg beTlemSi arc erTi iudeveli aRar cx-
ovrobda. `romel mesiasRa elodebiT beTlemidan, mimarTavda ter-
tuliane amis gamo iudevelebs, rodesac erTi adamianic aRar dar-
Ca israelis Teslidan beTlemSi~. adrianem ierusalimSi baginebiT
wabilwa golgoTa da uflis saflavi, da aseve moeqca beTlemSic
qristes Sobis mRvimes. misi brZanebiT, aq gaaSenes warmarTuli
Walebi da aRmarTes adonisisa da veneras samsxverploebi. amis
miuxedavad morwmuneebs ar SeuwyvetiaT maTTvis wminda adgilis,
uflis Sobis mRvimis molocva. meore da mesame saukuneebis qris-
tian mwerlebs, wm. iustine filosofossa da origenes, sakuTari
TvaliT uxilavT es mRvime da TavianT naSromebSi mowmoben amas.
maSin is qalaqgareT, Ria adgilze yofila.
konstantine didis dros mociqulTasworma elene dedofalma
bagis Tavze didmSvenieri taZari aago da es bneli da carie-
70
li mRvime mefurad morTo. Soreuli qveynebidan modiodnen be-

TlemSi qristianebi, magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT grigol noseli.
netari ieronime ramdenime xans asketurad mosagreobda beTlemsa
da mkvdar zRvas Sua udabnoSi, Semdeg beTlemSi dasaxlda roma-
el megobrebTan erTad. aq maT gamarTes monasteri da ramdenime
sastumro saxli. beTlemSi amJamadac aris erTi mogrZo Senoba,
romelsac netari ieronimes skolas uwodeben. am ganswavluli
kacis mosasmenad iyridnen aq Tavs gandegilebi da mecnierebi.
aq, beTlemSi, orjer gadaTargmna ieronimem laTinur enaze Zve-
li aRTqma, jer berZnulidan, Semdeg ebraulidan. aqve, beTlemSia
ieronimes akldamac.
530 wels imperatorma iustinianem aRadgina beTlemis kedlebi
da wm. elenes mier qristeSobis mRvimeze agebuli didi taZari,
romelic silamaziT ierusalimis imdroindel yvela eklesias
aRemateboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad gauZarcvavT, misma Ta-
vdapirvelma kedlebma da svetebma Cvenamde moaRwia. rogorc
arqiteqturuli Zegli, is umniSvnelovanesia ara marto palesti-
naSi, aramed mTels qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da imsaxurebs,
Seswavlil iqnes, rogorc qristianobis adrindeli epoqis uZve-
lesi taZris erTaderTi originali, aTasxuTaswlovani istoriiT.
beTlemis qristesSobis taZari Signidan warmoadgens jvars, rom-
lis grZeli, dasavleTis bolo amJamad gamoyofilia kedliT da
warmoadgens cariel galereas, romelic aRarafriT hgavs taZars.
sicarielis miuxedavad nagebobis mefuri sidiade metyvelebs saku-
Tar Tavze. mravali elferis porfiriT gawyobili, oTx mwkrivad
ganlagebuli ormoci sveti iWers taZris maRal TaRebs. Semd-
gomSi taZris kedlebi mozaikuri ferweriT dafares. es naxatebi
asaxavda ieso qristes Camomavlobasa da yvela marTlmadideblur
krebas, rogorc msoflio, ise _ adgilobrivs. samxreTis kedelze
gamosaxuli iyo ioseb damwindvelis Svidi ukanaskneli winapari
im rigiT, rogorc maTes saxarebaSia CamoTvlili: azori, sadoki,
aqimi, eliudi, eleazari, mataTani da iakobi. isini TavSiSvelebi,
SaravandiT, grZeli TmebiTa da wveriT, tunikiTa da beWebze mosx-
muli mantiiT iyvnen warmodgenilni. warwerebidan irkveva, rom es
mozaikuri samoseli, romelic faravda taZris mTel kedels, me-12
saukuneSi gakeTebula, rodesac palestinas jvarosnebi ganagebdnen,
bizantiis imperatoris, manuel komnenosis SemowirulobiTa da
71
efremis, berisa da istoriografis, musiatoris (anu mozaikis osta-

tis) xeliT.
beTlemis naTelsa da mxiarul, msxmoiare da xalxmraval mi-
damos, vkiTxulobT erT aRweraSi, mivyavarT msoflios mxsnelis
Sobis qalaqisaken, da piriqiT, ierusalimis moRuSul kedlebs, SiS-
vel kldeebian usicocxlo udabnos _ qristes devnisa da wamebis
qalaqisaken.
palestinis bermonazonTa savaneebi. palestinaSi, da umTavresad

iudeaSi, me-4-dan me-7 saukunemde arsebobda 130 samonastro sa-
vane. udabno, rogorc mowmoben Zveli mwerlebi, dasaxlebuli iyo
aTi aTasobiT angelozTa msgavsi adamianiT.
palestinaSi monazvnobis pirvel fuZemdeblebad iTvlebian
wminda ilarion didi da wm. xariton aRmsarebeli. isini mos-
agreobdnen jer kidev devnis epoqis dros, me-3 saukunis damlevi-
dan. wminda ilarionma filistimelTa midamoSi, xmelTaSua zRvis
maxloblad, qalaq RazasTan daaarsa savane. am savanis kvali dRes
aRar arsebobs. wminda xaritonma ori savane daaarsa: erTi aT
km-ze ierusalimidan, iordanis mimarTulebiT, faranis lavra, meore
_ mkvdar zRvasTan, udabnoSi _ sukiis lavra. me-12 saukunis rusi
momlocveli, iRumeni danieli ase aRwers am adgils: `wminda
xaritonis monasteri mdebareobs beTlemis samxreTiT, xuTi km-is
manZilze, sodomis zRvis maxloblad, did udabnoSi, saSiS da
uwylo adgilas, mTebs Soris~.
me-5 saukuneSi cnobili moRvaweebi iyvnen efTvime da Teok-
tiste.
eklesiis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda
wm. sabas lavrasa da wm. Teodosis, warmoSobiT kapadokielis,
kinovias.
wm. sabas lavra daarsda 483 w-s. `glovis velze~, daqanebul

kldeze, kedronis velis gagrZelebaze, 12 km-ze ierusalimidan da
erT saaTze cota meti xnis savalze beTlemidan, mkvdari zRvis
mimarTulebiT. is mdebareobda kldis napralSi, yvelaze ud-
abur adgilze. ierusalimidan lavrisaken mimaval gzas SemTxveviT
rodi daerqva `mwuxarebis veli~, daRlili Tvali aq veraferze
SeCerdeba, niadagi carcovania da TvalisTvis usiamovnod ufe-
72
ro, gavarvarebuli haeri ar iZvris; garSemo samariseburi siCume

sufevs. magram kidev ufro sevdiania sabas xeoba. mas `cecxlis
mdinares~ uwodebdnen, radganac vulkanurma Zvrebma warmoqmna;
miwa gaskda da gaCnda veluri xeoba daqanebuli napirebiT, mkvdar
zRvamde rom grZeldeba. am miwis napralis dakidebul kedleb-
ze moCans mRvimeebi da xvrelebi, es aris kurTxeuli meudabnoes
mimdevari uricxvi mosagris senakebi. `mwuxarebis velis~ mraval
senakTa Soris gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania ioane mdumaris,
Rirsi qsenofontesa da misi sulieri Svilebis, ioanesa da arkadis,
mRvimeebi, xolo umTavresia wminda sabas mRvime savanis aRmosav-
leT, e.i. mopirdapire mxareze, sadac is Tavdapirvelad dasaxlda
angelozis miTiTebiT. aqedan yvelaze saukeTeso xedi iSleboda
savaneze.
savane mdebareobda ferdobze, 120 m. simaRleze xevis fsker-
idan. Znelia, zustad aRuwero sabawmindis savane mas, vinc iq
ar yofila da ar uxilavs cicabo kldeze Sefenili, mercxlis
budeebiviT Camokidebuli senakebi. mnaxvels uxdeba kibeebiT erTi
iarusidan meoreze gadasvla, xan Zirs, xanac zemoT svla, sad-
ac siRrmeebSi moCans senakebi, zogi qvebiT Sekruli, zogic _
kldeSi gamokveTili. es kldis senakebi zafxulis cxel dReebSi
RumeliviT xurdeba da gandegilebi iZulebulebi arian, wyliT
morwyan isini, Tu sadme moi poves. wminda sabas savaneSi Tavda-
pirvelad saerTod ar iyo wyali da mis mosatanad monastridan
15 stadioniT dacilebul wyaroze midiodnen. uwyloba Zalian
Semawuxebeli iyo autaneli sicxis dros. magram SemdgomSi wm.
sabam saswauliT i pova kldis ZirSi, erT mRvimeSi wyaluxvi wy-
aro. axladmowyobil savaneSi wm. sabam sicocxlis ormocdaaTi
weli gaatara, orjer iqna devnili Tavisive berebis mier. man am
savanes maxloblad kidev Svidi axali lavra da kinovia daaarsa,
ebrZoda mwvaleblobebs, romelic imJamad Zlier aRelvebda Rv-
Tis eklesias. misi wyalobiT am ganmartoebulma adgilma male
moixveWa didi saxeli da mTis usicocxlo qvabulebis mTeli es
sivrce beTlemidn mkvdar zRvamde, sadac nadiric ki ar binad-
robda, dasaxlda moRvaweTa krebuliT. imperatorma iustinianem
rodesac Seityo wm. sabas saqmianobis Sesaxeb, SemozRuda savane
kedlebiTa da koSkebiT. manve aaSena savanis mTavari taZari, ro-
melic SemdgomSi, ioane kantakuzenis dros iqna restavrirebuli.
73
wminda sabas savane pirvelad sparseTis mefe xosros Semosevis

dros daingra. magram aRadgina irakli keisarma. darbevebis dros
berebs didi ubedureba atydebodaT Tavs. magaliTad, xosros dros,
614 w-s. savaneSi SemoWrilma sparsebma awames berebi, egonaT, isini
did ganZs malavdnen, da rom veraferi i poves, ormocdaoTx bers
erTmaneTis miyolebiT mokveTes Tavi, erTsa da imave qvaze, maTi
senakebi ki gaZarcves da dalewes. mogvianebiT, iRumeni basilis
dros, 792 w-s. arabebma aseve saganZuris moTxovniT wamebiT mokles
oci beri.
sabawmindis savane gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc
saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebis centri. sabas monasterSi WeSmarit
siwmindes gverdSi edga Wemariti mecniereba. aq dResac uCveneben
kirile skviTopolelis, wminda mamaTa cxovrebis aRmwerelis, sen-
aks. aq mecnierma berma antioqem Seadgina mravali Sroma wminda
werilis ganmartebiT. aq saxelovnad moRvaweobdnen mgaloblebi
kozma, ioane damaskelis megobari, SemdgomSi maiumis episkopo-
si, da stefane. aq, kurTxeuli sabas kalTis qveS moiyara Tavi
wminda mamaTa gundma _ iakob saWurisi, anTimozi, afrodisiosi,
flaisi, gelasi, kiriake, aTanase, kalinike, leonti mwerali, ioane,
iona, sergi, patrikiosi da anastasi _ sarkinozTagan wamebulebi,
miqael Savadmosili, Teodore pirdawerili, Teofane aRmsarebe-
li da Teodore, edesis episkoposi. da es mxolod yvelaze cno-
bilTa saxelebia, romelTa naRvawsac maT saxelebTan erTad Cve-
namde mouRwevia. magram wm. sabas lavris ganmadidebel wmindanTa
krebuls Soris misi damaarseblis Semdeg yvelaze cnobilia wm.
ioane damaskelis saxeli.
ioane, damaskoeli didebuli, saba ganwmendilis gardacva
lebidan orasi wlis Semdeg cxovrobda. imJamad qveynis mdgo-
mareoba Secvliliyo, palestina aRar yvaoda, aramed gapartax-
ebuli, urjulo arabebis uRelqveS aRmoCnda. ormocdaaTi wlis
ioane damaskelma, ukve cnobilma marTlmadideblobis qomagma da
xatmbrZolTa mowinaRmdegem, miaSura sabawmindis lavras, pales-
tinaSi moqmed erTaderTi monasters. wm. ioane wadierad daemor-
Cila lavris wesdebas, romlis Tanaxmadac yoveli axalmosuli
jer gamosacdelad sulier cxovrebaSi gamobrZmedili brZenkacis
zedamxedvelobis qveS unda damdgariyo. wm. ioanes moZRvarma mas
upirvelesad aukrZala werilebis, TxzulebaTa da sagalobelTa
74
wera, mecnierul sakiTxebze kamaTic ki, erTi sityviT, yovelgvari

samecniero saqmianobisagan ganayena. magram xangrZlivi gamocdis
Semdeg wm. ioanes mieca Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad wer-
is ufleba. calke keliaSi icxovra man kidev TiTqmis naxevari
saukune, Camoayaliba RvTismetyvelebis dogmaturi nawili da Se-
qmna RvTiuri galobani. amitomac eklesia netarad racxs mas, ro-
gorc keTilgonierebisa da siwmindis moZRvars, marTlmadideblo-
bis maswavlebels, msoflio mnaTobs, sulier nestvs, romelmac
swori dogmatebiT daamarcxa manesis mimdevrebis, nestorianelTa
ganwvalebis, severusis Serwymis gmobani da TviTneburi ugunure-
ba~. pirvelma rusma momlocvelma mweralma, iRumenma danielma,
1106 wels sabas savaneSi ixila ioane damaskelis wminda nawilebi,
romlebic mogvianebiT konstantinopolSi gadaabrZanes.
Rirsi Teodosis kinovia. Rirsi Teodosi, wminda sabas megobari

da Tanammarxveli (romelmac misi gardaicvalebis Semdgom sami
weli icocxla), warmoSobiT kapadokiidan iyo. sulis xsnisaTvis
moSurneobiT, Teodosim gadawyvita wminda adgilebis monaxuleba;
antioqiaze gavlisas man moinaxula svimeon mesvete. ierusalimSi
Teodosi ewvia iubenalis sapatriarqos 450 wels da dasaxlda
erT mTaze, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, beTlemisken mimaval gzasTan, im
mRvimeSi, sadac, Zveli gadmocemiT, Rame gauTeviaT Cvili iesos Tay-
vansacemad aRmosavleTidan wamosul sam mogvs ukan dabrunebisas
. ai, aq daaarsa man Tavisi savane, romelic savsebiT gansxvavdeba
wm. sabas lavrisagan, dawyebuli adgilmdebareobiT. wm. sabas sa-
vane iyo pirquS xeobaSi, Teodosisa _ piriqiT, maRal adgilze,
saidanac iSleboda vrceli xedi, erTi mxriv beTlemamde, meore
mxriv ki iordanis gaRma mTebamde. Tuki wm. sabas savaneSi SemoRe-
buli iyo cxovrebis mkacri wesi da yvaoda ganaTleba, Teodosis
savanis mTavari mizani iyo qvelmoqmedeba. yoveli mxridan mo-
sul adamianebs Teodosi xvdeboda didi siyvaruliT, mowyalebiT,
maspinZlobda da uxvad asaCuqrebda maT. yofila SemTxvevebi, roca
samonastro trapezi as kacze gauSliaT stumrad myofi mom-
locvelebisa da RatakebisTvis. wmindanma savanesTan aaSena Tav-
Sesafrebi da saavadmyofoebi: erTi _ berebisTvis, erTi _ saero-
TaTvis da erTic _ didebulebisa da uxucesebisaTvis. Cven viciT,
rom ubedurebis Jams, xosros Semosevis dros da ierusalimis
75
dangrevis Semdgom, Teodosis savanis iRumenma aRadgina ierusa

limi. Teodosis savaneSi Tavmoyrili Zmoba sxvadasxva tomisa da
modgmisa iyo. amitomac man aaSena ramdenime eklesia, raTa yovel
ers SeZleboda RmerTis dideba mSobliur enaze: berZnebs, qa-
rTvelebs, somxebs. Teodosis savanis sulier SvilTa raodenoba
eqvsas oTxmocdacamets udrida.
marTalia, Raribulad, magram wm. Teodosis savanem me-15 sauku-
nemde iarseba. amis Semdeg is dacarielda da nangrevebsRa war-
moadgenda.
es orive, wm. sabasa da wm. Teodosis, savane, TiTqosda zeciuri
gangebiT, erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd iyo, naTel mtkicebad imisa,
rom orive gzas SeuZlia adamianis cxonebamde miyvana.
idumea. iudeis olqis samxreTi nawili ekava idumeas. es mx-

are dasaxlebuli iyo idumielebiTa da edomelebiT, esavis modg-
miT, romlebic adre momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen da babilo-
nis tyveobis dros damkvidrdnen iudeis samxreT nawilSi. iudeis
xalxis erT-erTma beladma hirkanma 135-106 w-s. qristes dabade-
bamde dai pyro idumea. mosaxleobas iZulebiT gaukeTa winadacveTa,
miaRebina moses kanoni da samudamod miuerTa idumea iudeas.
herodes gvari, romelic gabatonebuli iyo iudeaSi macxovris
dros, warmoSobiT idumeadan modioda, herode anti pas mama war-
Cinebuli idumieli gaxldaT.
zemoT aRweril qalaqTa garda pirveli palestinis provnici-
aSi kidev ocze meti qalqi iyo, romlebsac me-4-6 saukuneebSi
episkoposebi hyavdaT, kerZod: dora, anti patrida, iamnia, sozuza,
Radara, rafia, serifea, antedoni, elevTeropolisi, diokle-
tianopolisi, ieriqoni, libia, sikamazoni, azota, gerara, petra,
menoada, beTeli, zebuloni, arqelaida.
76
mesame palestina
es provnicia warmoadgenda udabur adgils idumeadan sinas

mTamde da cnobili iyo petres arabeTis saxelwodebiT. am adgil-
ma mesame palestinis saxeli miiRo traianis dros. me-4-8 saukneeb-
Si aq ramodenime qalaqs gaaCnda saepiskoposo kaTedra: petra,
arindela, aradi, xarakomba, areopolisi, eluza, zoara (sigori),
fedoni, farani, elia (sxvagvarad elafi), metrokomia anu bakofi,
parembola (e.i. banaki) da medaba.
rogorc Cans, sinamdvile aris Zveli mwerlebis gadmocema, rom
mociqulTasworis konstantines droidan herakle keisris dromde
qristes dResaswaulis dRes eklesiis zarebis rekva ganuwyvetel
jaWvad gadadioda antioqiidan sinas mTamde, 800 km-ze met man-
Zilze.
mesame palestinis udaburi da Soruli provinciis eklesiur
cxovrebaSi araviTar gansakuTrebul movlenas ar hqonia adgili.
saeklesio-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT mxolod sinas mTa aris mniS-
vnelovani.
farani da sinas mTa. faranis udabno, romelzec gadaiares

ebraelebma aRTqmuli qveyanisaken mimaval gzaze, dasaxlebuli
iyo yamalekebiT. albaT, maTi daarsebuli iyo qalaqi faranic.
igi elafidan (qalaqi da navsadguri arabeTis sruteSi) sami dRis
savalze iyo dacilebuli. ase aRwers am qalaqs misi usamRvde-
loesoba porfiri (uspenski): `gza faranis baRebs Soris keklucia.
dadixar da tkbebi mwvane xeebis sixasxasiTa da granitis mwver-
valebis silamaziTa da nairgvarobiT. baRebis miRma ukve sul sxva
sasiamovni sanaxaoba warmogidgeba: faranis veli farTovdeba da
gadadis wiwvovan tyeSi; SesaniSnavi ialRunebi (tamarix manifera),
igive manana, izrdeba maRla, totebgaSlili, xSir koromebad da
Sors miwaze garTxmula maTi mZlavri fesvebi, romelTagan nor-
Ci amonayari wamozrdila. zogan SemWidroebiT dganan xeebi da
Crdilsavse xeivnebs qmnian, zogan ki, rogorc xelovnur baReb-
Si, maT Soris patara mdeloebi anaTebs. mTis Ziri dafarulia
balaxiT, TiTqos mwvane lentebiT mouqargavTo. velis SuagulSi
iklakneba zamTris niaRvari, xan Rrma, xan Txeli, xan silovani,
77
xanac riyiani. Cans, rom aq kokispiruli wvimebi icis. vinmes rom

sakmarisi Tanxa gaeRo faranis baRebis mosavlelad da aq cistern-
ebi moewyo, es adgili edemad gadaiqceoda. faranis velis nayo-
fiereba, xangamoSvebiTi uxvi wvimebi da wiTeli zRvis siaxlove
gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom aaSenes es qalaqi yamalekebma da ratom
iyo aq mWidro dasaxleba~. faranSi cxovrobdnen arabeTis mmarT-
velebi, ramdenadme daqvemdebarebuli romis imperators. qveyanas
xSirad esxmodnen sarkinozebi. saepiskoposo kaTedra aq jer kidev
diokletianes dros arsebobda. mogvianebiT ki, iustinianes dros,
faranis eklesias sinas episkoposi marTavda. Tumca sinas kaTedra
ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi im ocdaxuT saarqiepiskoposos miekuT-
vneboda, romelTac daqvemdebarebuli saepiskoposoebi ar gaaCnda.
sinas monasteri mdebareobda qorebisa da sinas mTebis si-

axloves. misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri mogviTxrobs: `Tvalmi-
uwvdomel silis zRvaSi Cems winaSe kedeliviT azidula cad
veeberTela qarafebiani, kldovani kunZuli. misi Ziri farTo da
mtkicea, zemoT TandaTan viwrovdeba, xolo zustad samad dayo-
fili Txemi dakbilulia, gulmkerdi da gverdebi cicabod daqa-
nebuli, Sua nawili cota win aris gamoSverili, danarCenebi
ukan gadaweulan. damabrmavebeli Suqi efineba am RvTis mTas da
vardisfer sxeuls oqrosfrad uelvarebs. mis Tavze ki laJvar-
di caa. odesRac am cidan ismina ganTavisuflebulma israelma
RvTis sityva, RvTis wminda rjuli da mTa iyo kvarcxlbeki
Zveli kanonmdeblisa~. msgavsadve aRwers moZRvari sinas mTasac:
`sina saocrad didebulia. piramidasaviT gancalkevebiT mdgari da
cisken aziduli, Rirsad meCvena, ieRovas kvarcxlbeki yofiliyo.
misi kuTxovani gverdebi zemodan qvemoT ise eSveba, TiTqos elvis
texilebi gaqvavebulao. es xazebi da napralebi, aseve misi naruji
feri alag-alag Wvavis puris qerqs damsgavsebia. naTlad warmo-
midga is grgvinva, elva, cecxlis sveti da mTebis zanzari, Tan
rom axlda israeli xalxisaTvis aTi mcnebis RvTisgan boZebas~.
sinas monasteri 527 w-s. imperator iustinianes brZanebiT aaSe
nes da kedlebiT gaamagres, saxelmwifo xarjiT. mis maxloblad
dunais napirebidan da egvi ptidan orasi ojaxi daasaxles monas-
tris ymebad; isini icavdnen da emsaxurebodnen mas. amas mow-
mobs warwera monastris dasavleTis kedlis karebis Tavze: ès
78
sinas mTis wminda monasteri, sadac RmerTi esaubreboda moses,

aRmarTulia Tavmdabali romaeli mefis, iustinianes mier, misi
da misi meuRlis Teodoras saukuno xsenebisaTvis da mSenebloba
dasrulda misi mefobis 30 wlis Tavze. xolo iRumenad iustini-
anem daayena dulu; es moxda adamis droidan 6021, anu qristes
dabadebidan 557 wels~.
radgan senakebis arsebobis niSnebs ver miagno, misi usamRvde-
loesoba porfiri mivida im daskvnamde, rom senakebs saerTod
ar aSenebdnen `maSindeli Zveli mamebi~, aramed Zveli wesiT cx-
ovrobdnen mTis mRvimeebSi, napralebSi da mxolod SabaTobiT
iyridnen Tavs taZarSi da kviris wirvis Semdeg ubrundebodnen
mdumarebas TavianT samyofelSi. SesaZlebelia, Zveli eklesiis
gverdiTi ekvderebi asrulebdnen sakrebulo darbazis (ejxevdai)
rols. xolo episkoposi da mkiTxveli koSkSi cxovrobdnen.
sinas monastris mosagreTa da winamZRvarTa Soris gansakuTre-
biT gamoirCeva ioane kibisaRmwereli, `sulieri kibis~ avtori.
misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri ase aRwers wm. iones moRvaweobis
adgils: `kibisaRmwerlis samyofelis myudroeba gasaocaria, is
ufro saflavis Zegls hgavs, veeberTela lodebmiyrils, vidre
adamianis sacxovriss... es aris bunebrivi mRvime mTebSi, didi da
patara qvebis grovebiT savse, odesRac rom dagorebulan sumras
simaRlidan da SeCerebulan aq, raTa Tavi Seefarebina meudabnoes.
am qvis nayaridan sami kedelia amoyvanili, ori sarkmliT. Rirsi
ioanes samyofeli pirvel, antoni didis parexze cotaoden didia,
mis SuaSi gamarTulad dgoma SeiZleba, magram gverdiT daqanebul
siRrmeSi mxolod oTxadmokecili Tu SeaRwev. iq araferia erTi
patara, kedelSi gamokveTili niSis garda, sadac wmindani, al-
baT, awyobda wminda werilisa da Tavis TxzulebaTa gragnilebs.
msgavsi niSa hqonda antoni didsac. didxans videqi sinas savanis
kurTxeuli iRumenis Rvawlis adgilze da mikvirda misi Tavgan-
wirva, moTmineba, TavSekaveba, mdumareba da RmerTSi CaZirva.
gansakuTrebuli midrekilebaa saWiro amgvari WvretiTi cxovre-
bisaTvis, adamianis udidesi Sinagani simtkice da madlis mravali
niWi da nugeSiscema, raTa am pirquS qvabulSi ramodenime weli
ise dahyo, rogorc samoTxis naTelSi~.
saerTod, palestinis yvela gadarCenili monasteri, rogorc
aRweriT vxedavT, sakmaod erTnairad iyo agebuli _ zRuded gars
79
ertya koSkebiT damSvenebuli kedeli. ezos SuagulSi aRmarTu-

li iyo mTavari taZari, xolo kedlebis gaswvriv gayolebuli
iyo senakebi da sxva samonastro nagebobebi, Cveulebriv, or an
samiarusiani miwisqveSa sardafebiT. monastris karibWesTan aRm-
arTuli iyo saguSago koSki, raTa monasteri daculi yofiliyo
nadirTa uecari Tavdsxmebisgan.
sinas mTis eklesiis istoria Semdegia: me-3 saukuneSi, deciosis
devnis dros, aq egvi ptis olqebidan gadmosaxldnen qristianebi.
me-4 saukuneSi sinaze aleqsandriidan didmowame ekaterines wmin-
da nawilebi gadmoasvenes da daarsda gandegilTa savane. me-6
saukuneSi, rodesac iustinianem savanes zRude Semoavlo, sinas iRu-
meni akurTxes episkoposad.
80
aleqsandriis sapatriarqo
aleqsandriis patriarqs eqvemdebareboda mTeli egvi pte1, lib-

ia da pentapolisi.
gadmocemiT, egvi pteSi qristianoba Tavdapirvelad markoz mo-
ciquls gauvrcelebia. egvi ptis qristianuli eklesia pirvel
saukuneSi gacilebiT susti iyo, vidre aRmosavleTis sxva qveyneb-
Si. Aamis mizezad miiCneven aleqsandriisa da palestinis iude-
velTa Soris mtrul damokidebulebas, rasac mohyva kontaqtebis
gaiSviaTeba. zogic am gaTiSvis mizezad aleqsandriis iudevelebis
filosofiiT gansakuTrebul gatacebas Tvlis. imJamad egvi pteSi
moRvaweobdnen filoni2 da Terapevtebi3. iudeveli xalxis saukeTe-
so Svilebi mTeli arsebiT erTgulebdnen axali religiis ama Tu
im mimarTulebas. amasTan, egvi ptel warmarTTa Sorisac religiu-
ri kulti im dros ufro mZlavri iyo da meti sasicocxlo Zala
gaaCnda, vidre romaelebisa da berZnebis kults. daaxloebiT am
dros egvi pteSi imgvari warmarTuli taZrebi Sendeboda, rom-
lebic tols ar udebdnen uZveles faraonTa nagebobebs.
ukve meore saukunidan aleqsandriis eklesia ikavebs metad
mniSvnelovan adgils. Aaleqsandriis saepiskoposo kaTedris mniS-
vnelobis zrda ganpirobebuli iyo Tavad qalaqis sidiadiTa da
im faqtiT, rom aq pirvelad markoz mociqulma iqadaga. mecniere-
bisadmi swrafvam, romelic am qveyanaSi sufevda, biZgi misca qris-
tianuli RmrTismetyvelebis mecnierebis farTo ganviTarebas. rac
Seexeba qristianuli moZRvrebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, am
mxrivac aleqsandriis eklesiam udidesi roli iTamaSa. aq, egvi p-
1 Tavad egvi pte Semdeg nawilebad iyofoda: zeda, igive pirveli

egvi pte, nilosis deltaSi mdebare; meore egvi pte (avgusmanikis pirveli
da avgusmanikis meore provinciebi); Sua egvi pte (arkadiisa da heptanomosis
provinciebi); samxreTi egvi pte (Tebaidas pirveli da Tebaidas meore provin-
ciebi).
2 filon aleqsandrieli _ ebrauli elinizmis gamoCenili warmomad-
geneli, mistikosi-mwerali, iudaizmis apologeti (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
3 Terapevtebi _ (berZnuli sityvidan qerapeiva – msaxureba, Tayvanisce-
ma) axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukunis ebrauli asketuri seqta (red.
Sen.).
81
aleqsandria.
xarebis marTlmadidebluri taZari.
82
tis didebul udabnobSi me-4 saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli qris-

tianul asketur cxovrebas. `nacvlad usargeblo molaybeebisa,
_ wers erTi gandegili mwerali, da mxedvelobaSi hyavs ale-
qsandriis warmarTi filosofosebi _ mogvevlinnen didebuli da
mdumare, ganmartoebis moyvaruli uxucesebi, raTa daubrkoleblad
miscemodnen sulier Wvretas~.
egvi ptis ZirZveli xalxi, koptebi, gansakuTrebiT iyvnen midre-
kilni asketuri Rvawlisadmi da gamoirCeodnen gasaocari moT-
minebiTa da gamZleobiT. egvi ptelebs SeeZloT, udrtvinvelad
aetanaT saSineli wameba da mzad iyvnen, umal sicocxle daeTmoT,
vinem gaecaT WeSmariteba. Tu aseTi adamianebi miecemodnen re-
ligiur STagonebas, advilad SeeZlebodaT meudabnoe moRvawee-
bad qceva. egvi pteSi bermonazvnobis gavrcelebas xels uwyob-
da, agreTve, am qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba da klimaturi
pirobebi: miwis dayofa oazisebad da SiSveli udabnosa da nilo-
sis msxmoiare velebis mkveTri kontrasti. amasve uwyobda xels
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis WvretiTi bunebac, Terapevtebis magali-
Ti da aleqsandrieli mamebis zneobrivi moZRvreba, gansakuTrebiT
origenes Teoria umaRles da dabal zneobaze, nebayoflobiTi
siRaribisa da uqorwineblobis did mniSvnelobaze.
qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel periodSi egvi ptis mosaxle-
obis raodenoba milions aRwevda. aTanase didis dros, rodesac
egvi pte gabrwyinebuli iyo qristianobiT, aleqsandriis sapatri-
arqoSi asamde saepiskoposo kaTedra iricxeboda. magram vinaidan
aleqsandriis sapatriarqos sivrce arc ise didi iyo, misi saepisko-
posoebis olqebic mcire zomisa gamodioda, swored ierusalimisa
da antioqiis saepiskoposo olqebis msgavsad. es gansakuTebiT exeba
egvi ptes, xolo libiasa da pentapolisSi, raki sivrce egvpteze
ramdenadme didi iyo (kirena aleqsandriidan 700 km-iT iyo dac-
ilebuli), 22 saepiskoposo moqmedebda.
ai, am vrcel saeklesio samyaroSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnoda ale-
qsandriis didi eklesiis pirvelmRvdelmTavars. vinaidan egvi pteSi
ar arsebobda mitropoliebi da mitropolitebi, misi Zalaufleba
sxva meTauri ierarqebis Zalauflebaze ufro didi iyo. maSasadame,
aleqsandriis mwyemsmTavari uSualod waradgenda episkoposebs
aleqsandriis sapatriarqosTvis. maT ki, rogorc qalkedonis krebis
istoria gviCvenebs, misi nebarTvis gareSe ar SeeZloT mniSvnelo-
83
vani gadawyvetilebis miReba.

aleqsandriis sapatriarqos mosaxleobas ori ZiriTadi erovne-
ba Seadgenda: egvi ptis adgilobrivi, ZirZveli tomebi, romlebic
SemdgomSi cnobili Seiqnen `koptebis~ saerTo saxeliT da Camosax-
lebuli xalxebi, umetesad berZnebi. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, Zir-
iTadad, centraluri da samxreTi egvi ptis soflebsa da provin-
ciebSi cxovrobda, xolo berZnebi _ zRvispira qalaqebSi. koptebi
ganaTlebas moklebulebi iyvnen, berZnebi swavlisadmi siyvaruliT
gamoirCeodnen. abba makaris berZnulad martivi winadadebis Tq-
mac ar SeeZlo. kopturi sasaubro enis sazRvari aleqsandriasTan
Zalian axlos gadioda. efesos 449 wlis krebaze arsinoas episko-
pos kalisiriss missive arqidiakoni iuliusi uwevda Tarjimnobas
da mis nacvlad manve moawera krebis aqtze xeli (arsinoa, amJamad
medinet-eT-faiumi, aleqsandriidan 205 km-ze mdebareobda). antoni
didi, romelic arsinoadan 23 km-ze dacilebuli herakleopolisis
maxloblad daibada, mxolod kopturad laparakobda. pimeni didi,
romelmac mTeli sicocxle aleqsandriasTan axlomdebare qveda
egvi ptis udabnos savaneebSi gaatara, saerTod ver laparakobda
berZnulad. mowame isaaki, romelic warmoSobiT qveda egvi ptis
tifrosidan, aleqsandriidan 100 km-iT dacilebuli adgilidan
iyo, 304 wels dakiTxvaze pasuxebs Tarjimnis saSualebiT aZlevda.
saerTod, me-4-5 saukuneebSi CrdiloeT egvi pteSic ki iSviaTad
SexvdebodiT moRvawes (rogoricaa, magaliTad, abba iosebi), ro-
melmac kopturic icoda da berZnulic. ber-monazonTa Soris
umravless ramodenime berZnuli sityva esmoda, rogorc abba Te-
odores. cxadze ucxadesia, rom Tebaidis udabnos moRvaweni, mag-
aliTad paxomi didi († 348 w.) da ioane likopoliseli († 395 w.)
mxolod kopturad laparakobdnen.
ueWvelia, qveynis am or ers Soris dayofa da dapirispireba
iarsebebda. es eklesiis istoriaSic aisaxa. adgilobrivi koptebis
nacionalurma opoziciurma sulma berZnuli zegavlenis winaaRm-
deg gamosavali monofizitobis saxiT i pova. varaudoben, rom ale-
qsandriis patriarqi dioskore4 warmoSobiT kopti unda yofili-
4 dioskore I aleqsandrieli _ aleqsandriis 25-e patriarqi. iyo kirile

aleqsandrielis piradi mdivani. ewinaaRmdegeboda nestoris mcdar swavle-
bas, Tumca mxari dauWira evtixianelTa moZRvrebas qristes erTi bunebis
Sesaxeb. amis gamo qalkedonis krebam igi mis mxardamWer episkoposebTan
84
yo. efesos krebaze mas Tan wauyvania 23 episkoposi. me-6 saukunis

II naxevarSi koptebma sabolood daiWires monofizitebis mxare,
RvTismsaxurebaSi berZnuli ena Secvales sakuTari eniT da Seqmnes
TavianTi nacionaluri seqtanturi eklesia, saTaveSi gansakuTrebu-
li patriarqiT. leonti bizantielis5 TqmiT, `dioskores Semdeg
eklesias CamoSorda mTlianad aleqsandriisa da egvi ptis xalxi,
da proterios aleqsandrielTan6 aRaravis hqonda urTierToba~.
zaqaria mitilenelis7 sityviT, `457 wlis vnebis kviraSi mxolod
xuTma adamianma isurva, monaTluliyo wm. proteriosis xeliT, yve-
la danarCeni sxvagan wavida~. amasobaSi berZnebi kvlav marTlma-
dideblebad rCebodnen. qalkedonis krebis damswre oTxive egvi p-
tis episkoposi, romelTac marTlmadideblobas dauWires mxari,
meore egvi ptidan iyo da maTi kaTedrebi erTmaneTis mezoblad
mdebareobda. maTi es qmedeba gvaZlevs saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom
es gabeduli koleqtiuri nabiji egvi pteSive hqondaT Cafiqrebu-
li. maSasadame, aleqsandriasTan sul axlos mwifdeboda diosko-
resadmi opozicia, romelic mis gamWriax Tvals gamoepara.
xalifa omaris mier egvi ptis dapyrobis dros, 640 w-s. 300 000-
ze meti berZeni unda gasaxlebuliyo egvi ptidan. marTlmadide-
beli eklesia maSin imdenad daeca, rom TviT aleqsandriaSic ki
marTlmadideblebs mxolod erTi, sabawmindis taZari ekavaT. me-9
saukuneSi, mefe leon brZenis mmarTvelobis dros egvi ptesa da
mis mosazRvre qveynebSi 6 mitropolia da 105 saepiskoposo yo-
fila; me-12 sSi _ 8 mitropolia mravali saepiskoposoTi da 5
mitropolia uepiskoposod; me-15 s-Si, Turqebis dapyrobamde (1517
erTad gadaayena. gadasaxlebuli iqna kunZul gangraze, sadac gardaicvala

kidec 454 w. (red. Sen.).
5 leonti bizantieli _ (445-543) bizantieli beri da RvTismetyveli.
dabadebula ierusalimSi, axalgazrdobaSi nestoris mimdevari yofila, Sem-
deg miubrunda marTlmadideblobas; sami mniSvnelovani polemikuri Txzu-
lebis avtori: `nestorisa da evtixis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg~, `30 Tavi sever-
us antioqielis winaaRmdeg~, àpolinaris mimdevarTa sicruis winaaRmdeg~
(red. Sen.).
6 proterios aleqsandrieli _ aleqsandriis patriarqi, kirile ale-
qsandrielis mowafe, aleqsandriis patriarq dioskores monofizituri swav-
lebis mowinaaRmdege. mowameobrivad aResrula monofizitebis xeliT 457 w-s;
xsenebis dRe 28 Tebervali (axali stiliT _ 12 marti) (red. Sen).
7 zaqaria mitileneli _ igive zaqaria sqolastikosi, zaqaria ritori.
bizantieli istorikosi, iyo monofizituri mimdinareobis warmomadgeneli.
misma ìstoriam~ Semoinaxa uaRrsad sayuradRebo cnobebi maiumis episkopo-
sis, petre iberis Sesaxeb (red. Sen.).
85
w.) _ 16 mitropolia da 25 saepiskoposo. magram es kaTedrebi da-

kavebuli hqondaT monofizit episkoposebs.
aleqsandria. egvi ptis dedaqalaqi aleqsandria qristianobis

pirvel saukuneebSi msoflio mniSvnelobis rigiT meore qalaqs
warmoadgenda romis Semdeg, 700 000 mosaxliT. qalaqi Tavis arse-
bobas aleqsandre makedonels unda umadlodes. qalaqi daarsda
332 w-s. qristes dabadebamde carcovan da silovan, im dros SiSvel,
mwire, uwylo da virTxebiT savse8 miwis viwro zolze xmelTaSua
zRvidan mareoTis tbamde. mis asaSeneblad xarjebi ar dauzogavT.
mTavari quCa, romlis gani udrida 30 m-s, xolo sigrZe 5 km-s, gaW-
imuli iyo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTamde (nekropolisamde) da
morTuli iyo portikebiT, taZrebiTa da sxva didi nagebobebiT.
meore aseTive quCa samxreTidan, mareoTis tbidan CrdiloeTisaken
miemarTeboda. am ori quCis gadakveTis adgilze iyo didi moedani,
saidanac moCanda qalaqis orive, mudam gemebiT savse navsadguri.
qalaqis pirdapir, kunZul farosze, aRmarTuli iyo 130 m. simaRlis
msoflios xelovnebis saocrebad cnobili Suqura. kunZuls qa-
laqTan aerTebda xelovnuri miwayrili, romelsac heptastadions
uwodebdnen, radganac sigrZiT 7 stadions aRwevda. qalaqi sufTa
wyliT maragdeboda nilosidan myari wyalsadenis qseliT.
magram mTavari, razedac unda SevCerdeT aleqsandriis Sesaxeb
saubrisas, aris muzeumi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo biblioTeka da
cxovrobdnen yoveli mxridan Camosuli poetebi, mecnierebi, or-
atorebi da sofistebi. muzeumi mdebareobda qalaqis yvelaze
mdidarsa da vrcel ubanSi, romelsac bruxions, anu sasaxleebis
ubans uwodebdnen. muzeumis biblioTekaSi daculi iyo berZnuli,
egvi pturi, eTiopuri, sparsuli, qaldeuri, ebrauli da laTinu-
ri wignebi. am biblioTekisTvis, rogorc cnobilia, Sedga bibliis
ebraulidan berZnul enaze Targmani, romelic samocdaaTTa Targ-
manis saxeliTaa cnobili. filadelfos ptolemeosma9 muzeumis
biblioTekisTvis iyida aristoteles biblioTeka. everget ptol-
8 virTxebis simravle aq, nilosis SesarTavTan, savsebiT gasagebia.

egvi pte yovelTvis puris beRel qveyanas warmoadgenda,saidanac puri sxva
qveynebs, TviT romsac egzavneboda. romamde savali gza pirqaris drosac ki
mxolod 6 dRes Seadgenda.
9 ptolemeos II filadelfosi _ egvi ptis mefe 285-246 ww-Si, metad gan-
swavluli pirovneba (red. Sen.).
86
emeos III-is10 brZnebiT, yvela mogzaurs sabaJoebze CamorTmeuli

wignis originalis nacvlad ubrundeboda wignis asli, origina-
li ki biblioTekas rCeboda. ptolemeosebma saerTod akrZales
egvi ptidan papirusis gatana, radganac ar surdaT, vinmes maTsaviT
mdidari biblioTeka hqonoda. amitom pergamosis mefe mcire azi-
aSi, romelmac aseve moiwadina biblioTekis Seqmna, iZulebuli
gaxda, gadasawerad tyavi exmara. da ai, ase mogvevlina pergamen-
ti. ptolemeosebis energiis wyalobiT aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi
Tavi moiyara uamravma xelnawerma, romelTa raodenoba Seadgen-
da 400 000-s (sxva CvenebiT _ 700 000-s). magram es cifrebi sworad
rom aRviqvaT, unda gavixsenoT, rom tomebad an, ufro sworad,
gragnilebad im dros arc Tu ise didi moculobis teqstebi
iwodeboda. magaliTad: ovidiusis `metamorfozebi~, romelic
Cvens droSi erT wignadaa gamocemuli, maSin 15 wigns Seadgenda;
evsevis 10 wignad warmodgenili èklesiis istoria~ amJamad erTi
300-gverdiani wignia. amitomac aRar iwvevs gaocebas didimis mier
misi sicocxlis manZilze dawerili 3500 tomi.
aleqsandriis meore RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgenda serapi-
sis, an iupiteris serapeumis taZari. is mdebareobda rexetisis
ubanSi da maRlidan dascqeroda yvela Senobas, gars ertymoda
galereebi da isic did biblioTekas itevda. serapisis taZari
aRmarTuli iyo miwidan asi kibis simaRleze da, TiTqos, mbrZane-
blobda qalaqs. am egvi ptur sakurTxevelSi dasvenebuli iyo
RmerT serapisis veeberTela kerpi. kerpi orive xeliT eyrdnoboda
iataks da imgvarad moeTavsebinaT, rom misi saxe mudam ganaTebuli
yofiliyo faruli naxvretidan momdinare mzis sxiviT. oTaxebis
uricxvi raodenoba mdebareobda taZarSi an portikebis qveS, isini
gankuTvnili iyo warmarTebSi metad dafasebuli, qurumTa maRa-
li fenisTvis. am taZarSi xSirad tardeboda xalxmravali saxalxo
krebebi, sadac filosofiuri sakiTxebi da qristianuli rwmenis
dogmatebi gacxovelebuli ganxilvisa da daxvewili msjelobis
sagnad iqceoda xolme.
yovelive aman aleqsandria ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis er-
TaderT kerad aqcia. da ai aq, aleqsandriaSi, Caeyara safuZve-
10 ptolemeos III evergeti _ egvi ptis mefe, ptolemeos II-is vaJi, ptol-
emeosTa dinastiis erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri warmomadgeneli, mefobda 246-
222 ww-Si (red. Sen.).
87
li Tavisebur mecnierul mimarTulebas, samecniero moRvaweobis

Tavisebur saxes, romelic cnobilia aleqsandriuli moZRvrebis
saxeliT. aleqsandrieli mecnierebis damsaxurebas, sxvaTa Soris,
ar warmoadgenda axali da originaluri Txzulebebis simravle.
berZnuli literaturis nayofsavse SemoqmedebiT xanas mohyva Tav-
moyris, dazustebis, mowesrigebis periodi. aleqsandriis period-
sac Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT ufro kritikuli, filologiuri,
gramatikuli Ziebebis dro, vinem dro poeturi Semoqmedebisa da
sakuTriv filosofiuri azrovnebisa. aleqsandriis mravalricxo-
vani iudevelebic metad aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen mecnierul
saqmianobaSi, amis magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT filoni.
aleqsandriaSi qristianuli eklesia, gadmocemiT, daaarsa mar-
koz mociqulma da didi xnis manZilze aq liturgias im formiT
atarebdnen, romlis Sedgenac am mociquls miewereboda. magram
qristianTa raodenoba aleqsandriaSi pirvel saukuneebSi mcire
iyo da aleqsandrieli mowamenic bolo devnebis periodSi moixse-
niebian. aleqsandre severusis dros ewama leonide, origenes mama,
da potaminosi. deciusis dros idevneboda aleqsanriis episkoposi
dionise. qristianebis gansakuTrebulad sastiki devna moxda diok-
letianes periodSi. maSin wm. antoni, egvi pteli mosagre, sagange-
bod swvevia aleqsandrias, raTa gaemxnevebina morwmuneebi.
eklesiis istoriis meore periodSi, konstancis drosac ki, warm-
arToba aleqsandriaSi metad Zlieri iyo. mis batonobas bolo
moeRo 391 wels serapisis taZris dangreviT, romelSic uamravi
virTxa aRmoCnda. taZris dangrevas mSvidad ar Cauvlia. fiqroben,
rom swored maSin ganadgurda taZarTan arsebuli biblioTeka.
rodesac 20 wlis Semdeg oroziusma11 taZari moinaxula, mxolod
carieli karadebiRa ixila. aleqsandriis swavlulobas sabolood
wertili daesva 640 wels, xalifa omaris mier dapyrobis Semdeg.
hyvebodnen, TiTqos mas 4 000 abano gaexurebina aleqsandriis bib-
lioTekis wignebiT.
am ambebamde cota ufro adre, me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi ale-
qsandriaSi keTildReoba sufevda. rogorc Cven viciT, 614 wels
11 pavle oroziusi _ me-5 saukunis qristiani Teologi da istorikosi,

warmoSobiT espaneli, netari avgustines mowafe. mis kalams ekuTvnis cnobi-
li ìstoria warmarTTa winaaRmdeg.~ oroziusi dantes `RvTaebrivi komedi-
is~ erT-erTi personaJia (red. Sen.).
88
ierusalimi dai pyro sparseTis mefe xosrom. am dros aleqsandriis

patriarqma ioane mowyalem didi Tanadgoma gamoiCina ierusali-
mis mosaxleobisadmi, agzavnida iq uxv Sewirulobebs, gamoisyidda
tyveeebs da ltolvilebs egvi pteSi aZlevda TavSesafars. magram
arabebis Semosevis dros, rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandriis marTl-
madidebeli eklesia aRmoCnda ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi.
am xanaSi marTlmadideblebs dautoves mxolod erTi, sabawmindis
eklesia, vinaidan yvela danarCeni koptebs mietacebinaT. Semdgom-
Si am eklesiis adgilze aRmocenda sabawmindis monasteri, romel-
ic marTlmadidebelTaTvis am umZimes xanaSi qristianTa Semowir-
ulobebiT aSenda. monasteri mdebareobda aleqsandriis boloSi,
e.w. kleopatras nemsebis12 mopirdapired, axal navmisadgomTan
axlos. misi sarkmlebidan moCanda es granitis ornamentebiani nem-
sebi, lurji zRva da kunZul farosis dakbiluli cixe-simagre.
aleqsandriis qristianuli eklesiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom
am ganswavlul qalaqSi male ganviTarebula eresebi da cru gno-
sisi. eklesiis pirvelma mwvaleblebma _ simon mogvma, apolosma da
kerinTem _ aq miiRes ganaTleba. aqve gamoCndnen gansakuTrebuli
saxis gnostikosebi, romlebic aleqsandrielebad arian cnobilni.
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen vasilidi da valenti.
aqve iyvnen neoplatonikosebi, romlebic cdilobdnen dacemis piras
misuli warmarTobis aRdgenas da werdnen qristianobis winaaRm-
deg:Lamonius sakasi, porfiri da iambliqe. magram aqve, aleqsan-
driaSi, Caeyara safuZveli WeSmarit qristianul mecnierebas da
gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebic icavdnen qristianobas eresebisa
da warmarTobisagan. meore saukunis dasawyisSi aq ukve arsebobda
katexizmos skola, imave saukunis damlevs skolam miiRo ufro se-
riozuli da mecnieruli saxe. am skolis maswavleblebi _ panTeni,
klimenti da origene icavdnen eklesias neoplatonikosebis Tav-
dasxmisagan da Seadgines mravali mecnieruli naSromi qristianu-
12 `kleopatras nemsebi~ aris sami egvi pturi obeliskis popularuli

saxelwodeba, amJamad isini aRmarTulia londonSi, parizsa da niu-iorkSi,
sadac me-19 saukuneSi gadaitanes. londonisa da niu-iorkis wyvili daumza-
debiaT qristemde 1450 w-s. da tuTmos III-is brZanebiT aRumarTavT egvi ptis
q. heliopolisSi. dedofalma kleopatram isini aleqsandriaSi gadaatanina
qristemde 12 w-s. obeliskebi gamokveTilia wiTeli granitisagan, dafarulia
ieroglifebiT, TiTeuli daaxl. 21 metris simaRlisaa da iwonis 224 tonas
(red. Sen).
89
li RvTismetyvelebis sferoSi. eklesiis ayvavebis xanaSi, me-4-dan

me-7 saukunemde, aleqsandriis ierarqebi yvelaze qmediTi wevrebi
iyvnen saeklesio saqmeebSi. mxolod isini iyvnen uflebamosilni,
yovelwliurad gamoeTvalaT aRdgomisa da sxva dResaswaulTa
TariRebi da yvela eklesiisaTvis daegzavnaT saaRdgomo epis-
toleebi. aq aTanase aleqsandrieli ebrZoda arianelebs; kirile
aleqsandrieli, romelic ilaSqrebda iulianes winaaRmdeg, ebrZo-
da nestorianelebs, rac sxvaTa Soris, egvi ptisTvis ar yofila
adgilobrivi mwvalebloba; Teofile aleqsandrieli mxurvale
monawileobas iRebda origenes irgvliv gamarTul kamaTSi da io-
ane oqropiris sasamarTloze. dioskorem SemoiRo monofizitoba,
romlis warmomadgenlebic SemdgomSi iyvnen eluriosi da salko-
fiale. patriarqma kirosma SemoiRo monoTelitoba. es ukanaskne-
li mwvaleblobani adgilobriv xasiaTs atarebdnen da farTod
gavrceldnen aleqsandriis sapatriarqoSi.
dabolos, ramdenime sityva unda iTqvas aleqsandriis SesaniSnav
taZrebze. aseTebi iyo bavkaliis eklesia, kesarioni da wm. ioanes
eklesia.
bavkaliis wm. markozis saxelobis eklesia, romlis presvitera-

dac msaxurobda ariozi, iyo uZvelesi da qalaqSi mas gansakuTre-
buli pativi miegeboda. amasTan, mdebareobda qalaqis savaWro
centrSi. yovelive aman ganapiroba ariozis gavlenis zrda. mas
mxars uWerdnen mRvdlebi: karpioni da sarmati, aiTala, aqila
da misi Tanamosaxele ariozi; diakvnebidan: evzoi, makari, iuliusi,
mina da geladi. aleqsandriis presviterebisa da diakvnebis kreba-
ze ariozis partias miemxro xuTi presviteri da amdenive diakoni,
xolo ocdaTeqvsmetma presviterma da ormocdaoTxma diakonma
xeli moawera sabraldebo ganaCens.
kesarionis eklesia mdebareobda qalaqis centrTan, oTxi karib-

Wis moedanze, gimnaziis adgilze, romelic pirvelad iwodebo-
da adrianonad, Semdgom ki _ likonianonad. am taZris mSeneb-
loba daiwyo aleqsandriis arqiepiskoposma, ariozis mimdevarma
grigolma (22 marti, 339 w. _ 26 ivnisi, 245 w.) imperator kon-
stantis xarjebiT (aqedanaa misi saxelwodeba kesarioni). rogorc
Cans, taZris mSenebloba daasrula aTanase didma (21 oqtomberi,
90
346 w. _ 9 Tebervali, 356 w.). Tumca, arianeli giorgis drosac,

361 w. aq raRac miSeneba mimdinaroebda. 365 w-s. es taZari gada-
vida marTlmadidebelTa gamgeblobaSi, magram 366 w. ajanyebis
dros, 21 ivliss igi dawves warmarTebma. imperatoris brZanebis
safuZvelze aTanase didma kvlav daiwyo kesarionis aRdgena 368
w-s. 1 maiss, gardacvalebamde zustad xuTi wliT adre (aTanase
didi gardaicvala 373 w-is. 2 maiss) da saqme bolomdec miiy-
vana. ukve is faqti, rom adgilobrivma qronikam Semogvinaxa am
eklesiaze zusti monacemebi, da isic, rom wm. epifane kvi preli
gansakuTrebiT gamoarCevda mas, migviTiTebs, rom nageboba metad
SesaniSnavi yofila. TviT aTanase didi uwodebda kesarions `did
eklesias~, rac Seesabameba Tanamedrove `kaTedralur taZars~.
eklesiis moculobaze da qristianTa raodenobaze me-4 saukunis
meore naxevarSi metyvelebs is faqti, rom paseqis dResaswaulze
es taZari mTlianad itevda aleqsandriis qristianul mosaxleo-
bas. Tu romeli iyo is `didi eklesia,~ sadac 432 wlis 25 dekem-
bers da 433 wlis 1 ianvars iqadages pavle emeselma da kirile
aleqsandrielma, danamdvilebiT cnobili araa, magram metad sa-
varaudoa, rom es kesarioni unda yofiliyo. 452 w-s. am taZarSi
Sedga kreba, romelmac proteriosi arqiepiskoposad airCia. 457
wels `did eklesiaSi~, anu kesarionSi Sedga eluriosis arakanon-
ikuri qirotonia. 415 w-s. kesarionis eklesiasTan iqna mokluli
cnobili hi patia.13 da bolos 483 w. kesarionis bazilikaSi qveda
egvi ptis berebi aRdgnen petre mongis winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans,
mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi kesarioni asrulebda aleqsand-
riis kaTedraluri taZris rols.
aleqsandriis kidev erTi SesaniSnavi nageboba iyo agreTve wm.
ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia, yofili serapisis taZari, romelic
gamoirCeoda silamaziTa da sididiT. rodesac 391 w-s. qristianeb-
ma warmarTebs CamoarTves es taZari, arqiepiskoposma Teofilem
13 hi patia aleqsandrieli _ me-4 s-is aleqsandrieli TvalsaCino mecn-

ieri qali, filosofosi, maTematikosi da astronomi. siZulviliT savse
ubirTa brbom is Caqola. hi patias saxe keTilSobili, ganswavluli qalis
simbolodaa qceuli, is araerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebisa da filmis perso-
naJia, misi portreti gamosaxulia rafaelis àTenis skolaSic.~ roman `bau-
dolinoSi~eko gvixatavs zRaprul hi patiebis toms – garegnobiT mSveniers,
mecnier qalebs, TiTqosda aleqsandriidan gaqceul hi patias STamomavlebs
(red. Sen.).
91
is qristianul eklsiad aqcia. mSenebloba dasrulda arkadis

(395-408 w.) dros da axalma eklesiam misi saxeli miiRo. Senoba
Sedgeboda mTavari (ejkklhsia) da mcire (martuvrion) taZrebisagan.
am martirionSi 398 w. 27 maiss gadmoasvenes ioane naTlismcemlis
neSti. JamTa svlis manZilze eklesiis pirvandeli saxelwodeba
miviwyebuli iqna da mas wm. ioanes taZrad ixseniebdnen. savaraudoa,
rom amave wlebSi aqve gadmoasvenes elise winaswarmetyvelis neS-
tic, rac aq 464 w-is 11 maisamde iyo dabrZanebuli. mexuTe sauku-
nis pirvel naxevaSi wm. ioanes eklesiaSi arsebobda biblioTeka,
romelic daarsebuli iyo am adgilis mecnieruli didebis Sesan-
arCuneblad.14 wm. ioanes eklesiasTan 465-467 ww-Si mSeneblobebi
mimdinareobda, rac mis mzard mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. 480 wlis
maxloblad ioane talaia (SemdgomSi aleqsandriis arqiepisko-
posi) iwodeba wm. winamorbedisa da naTlismcemlis, ioanes kerZo
taZris ikonomosad. bolos, 517 w-s. wm. ioanes eklesia imgvari
mniSvnelobisa Seiqna, rom kaTedraluri taZris saxiT Seenacvla
kesarionis uZveles `didebul eklesias~.
Tmuisi. aTanase aleqsandrielis TxzulebaTa Soris gansakuTre-

biT SesaniSnavia oTxi werili Tmuisis episkopos serapionisad-
mi. qalaqi Tmuisi mdebareobda aleqsandriis maxloblad, nilosis
deltaSi. amiane marcelinosis TqmiT, me-4 saukuneSi is egvi ptis
umTavres qalaqTa Soris iricxeboda. Tmuisis episkoposTa isto-
riidan Cans, rom maTi umravlesoba friad ganaTlebuli yofila.
aTanase aleqsandrielis naSromebidan, sxvaTa Soris, gamoirCeva
oTxi werili Tmuisis episkopos serapionis mimarT. kerZod, ieronime
serapionis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom am episkoposma Tavisi ganswavlu-
lobiT sqolastikosis saxeli daimsaxura, is iyo antoni didis
megobari, Seadgina wigni maniqevelTa winaaRmdeg, wigni fsalmunTa
Sesaxeb da mravali sasargeblo werili. SemdgomSi, rogorc Cans,
is eswreboda sardikiis krebas da, SesaZloa, marTlmadideblobisa
da aTanase didis erTgulebis gamo aleqsandriis patriarqma gi-
orgim, ariozis mimdevarma, Tavisive eklesiidan gaaZeva.
14 wm. ioanes eklesiis biblioTeka ar yofila eklesiasTan arsebuli

erTaderTi biblioTeka aleqsandriaSi. me-6 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wm.
markozis eklesiasTanac arsebobda mdidari biblioTeka (red. Sen.).
92
peluziumi. qalaqi peluziumi, legendaruli gadmocemebis

mixedviT, auSenebia aqilevsis mamas, pelevss, rodesac Zmis mkvl-
elobisTvis gaafTrebulma furiebma is samSoblodan gandevnes.
qalaqi mdebareobda Zalian axlos aleqsandriasTan, nilosis aR-
mosavleT SesarTavze, Waobian da udabur adgilebs Soris. da
miuxedavad amisa, mZlavri kedlebiT garSemortymuli, is egvi ptis
saukeTeso qalaqad iTvleboda. ebraelebi am qalaqs uwodebdnen
`sinas~, rac niSnavs `gasaRebs~, raki mas mTeli egvi ptis gasaRe-
bad racxdnen. peluziumis mimdebare udabnoSi mravali gandegili
moRvaweobda. aq me-5 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxovrobda wm.
isidore pelusioti, an peluzieli, warmoSobiT aleqsandrieli,
eklesiis istoriaSi SesaniSnavi pirovneba Tavisi mosagreobiTa
da saRvTismetyvelo SromebiT. peluziumis eklesia maSin sava-
lalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. mis saTaveSi idga vinme evsevi,
romelmac Tavisi biwieri yofiT didi areuloba Seitana eklesiis
cxovrebaSi. medidurobis gamo eklesiebs garegnulad kazmavda,
magram ukargavda mis mTavar mSvenebas _ Rirseul msaxurebs, da
biwier xalxs ikrebda gars. maTgan erTni simoniiT Rebulobdnen
xarisxs, sxvebi _ yiddnen mas. maT Soris iseTebic iyvnen, vinc saero
kanonmdeblobiTac imsaxurebdnen sasjels. saRmrTo msaxurTa ara-
jansaRma SerCevam iseTi areuloba moitana, rom eklesias ganud-
ga mrevli, radgan ar surdaT uwmindurTagan siwmindis miReba.
Rirsebamoklebul cxovrebas eweodnen berebic; zogi gaurboda
Sromas, zogic aqeT-iqiT daexeteboda kargi sakvebis ZebnaSi, sxvebi
saucxoo samoselze zrunavdnen. aranaklebi areuloba datrial-
da saero cxovrebaSic. qalaqis mmarTveli kireniosi ara Tu gam-
amarTlebel sityvas ar ismenda SesmenilTagan, aramed maT eklesi-
aSi TavSesafris Ziebac ki aukrZala. man mZime gadasaxadi daakisra
mosaxleobas, ris gamoc xalxi iZulebuli Seiqna, daetovebina
samSoblo da gadasaxlebuliyo ucxo mxareSi. kireniosi qonebas
arTmevda ara marto kerZo pirebs, aramed eklesiasa da saqvel-
moqmedo organizaciebsac daado xeli. Txrida saflavebs, Seecada
saqorwino kavSirebis gauqmebasac. didi boroteba moutana pelu-
ziums kvestorma astanosmac, Tavad am qalaqSi gazrdilma. swored
aseTma mdgomaroebam ubiZga wm. isidore pelusiots, araerTgzis
daewera da daegzavna mamxilebeli werilebi.
93
babiloni. petre mociquli pirvel epistoleSi, sxvaTa Soris,

wers: `mogesalmebaT Tqven babilonis eklesia.~ zogierTi, rogorc
cnobilia, am gamoTqmaSi, gulisxmobs roms, zogic ki _ egvi ptis
babilons. dasaSvebia, rom petre mociquli yofiliyo egvi pte-
Si, vinaidan mis mowafesa da mimdevars, markoz mociquls uqada-
gia aleqsandriaSi da kirenaSi. qalaqi babiloni mdebareoda Sua
egvi pteSi, memfisis maxloblad, mdinare traianeze. qalaqi aSenda
sesostrisis mier datyvevebul babilonelTa xeliT. babiloneli
tyveebi ajanyebulan egvi ptelTa winaaRmdeg da Tavi Seufarebi-
aT nilosis maxloblad mdebare bunebrivad gamagrebul adgil-
isaTvis, saidanac advilad igeriebdnen egvi ptelebs, usargebliaT
dausjelobiT da augiaT kidec qalaqi, romelsac TavianTi samS-
oblos saxeli, babiloni, uwodes. me-6 saukuneSi cnobili iyo babi-
lonis episkoposi zosime, romelic sinas mTis gandegil berTagan
iyo gamosuli.
arsenoa. ptolemeosebis sagvareuloSi bevri atarebda saxel

arsenoas, ase magaliTad, ptolemeos I-is qaliSvili, Semdgom-
Si ptolemeos II filadelfosis meuRle; cnobili kleopatra,
ptolemeos III-is qaliSvili. bunebrivia, egvi pteSi bevri qalaqi
da adgili iyo, romelTac am samefo pirTa sapativcemulod saxe-
lad arsenoa erqva. erTi qalaqi arsenoa mdebareobda kerenaikSi,
meore _ arabeTis yuris ukidures ganapira mxareSi, da bolos,
Sua egvi pteSi, memfisis axlos, iyo arsenoas mTeli olqi nilossa
da meridis tbas Soris. eklesiis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania es ukanaskneli, sadac me-3 saukuneSi gansakuTrebu-
li ZaliT ganviTarda xiliasturi cToma. am moZRvrebis mTavari
warmomadgeneli, arsenoas olqis episkoposi nepoti, wm. dionise
aleqsandrielis azriT, metad sapativcemulo pirovneba iyo. wm.
dionise aleqsandrielma saWirod miiCnia, piradad moenaxulebina
nepoti, raTa gacnoboda mis mier Sedgenil swavlebas aTaswlo-
van meufebaze. rodesac wm. dionise Cavida arsenoaSi, nepoti ukve
gardacvlili daxvda. wm. dionisem Tavi mouyara arsenoas olqis
presviterebs da sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi umtkicebda maT am
swavlebis mcdarobas. es saubari mimdinareobda darbaislurad.
`me mixaroda, wers dionise, roca vxedavdi Zmebis safuZvlian si-
yvaruls WeSmaritebisadmi, maT yuradRebasa da gulisxmierebas.
94
Cven vTavazobdiT kiTxvebs, eWvebs, Tanxmobas Tanmimdevrulada da

Tavazianad; erTxel gamoTqmul azrs jiutad ar vicavdiT, ar
varidebdiT Tavs kamaTs, ar gvrcxvenoda azris Secvlisa da sxvis
mosazrebaze daTanxmebisa, Tu amas moiTxovda msjeloba~. tilemoni
varaudobs, rom es arsenoeli pirebi, Tavi rom mouyara seriozu-
li saubrisTvis wm. dionise aleqsandrielma, iyvnen egvi ptis is
moRvaweebi, romlebic, wm. aTanases sityviT, jer kidev wm. antoni
didze adre gasuliyvnen soflebSi da eweodnen mosagre cxovre-
bas Rrma, ganmartoebul WvretaSi. me-4 saukuneSi aq miicvala wm.
antoni didi. aqve mosagreobda misi mowafe abba siso (†429 w.).
berebis raodenobam me-5 saukuneSi aq aTi aTass miaRwia.
nitria. moreoTis tbis samxreTiT, romlis maxloblad dgas

aleqsandria, aris udabno, sadac, gadmocemiT, ganmartoebul cx-
ovrebasa da moRvaweobas eweodnen egvi ptis pirveli asketebi
_ Terapevtebi. aqve mdebareobda nitriis udabno, romelsac es
saxeli mis tbebSi arsebuli gvarjilis (nitrati) siuxvis gamo
daerqva. es udabno warmoadgenda borcviansa da unayofo sivrces.
nitriis udabnoSi bermonazvnobas safuZveli wm. amonma, wm. anto-
nis Tanamedrovem, daudo. man Sua nitriis udabnoSi daaarsa mon-
asteri. erTxel, masTan stumrobisas antoni didma am adgilebSi
SearCia senakebi im ZmebisaTvis, romelTac meti ganmartoeba ewa-
daT. am saxiT nitriis monasterTan axlos uZveles xanaSive Seiqmna
meore monasteri _ keliebi. moxerxebuli zedamxedvelobisTvis
berebi daiyvnen jgufebad: aTeulebad da aseulebad. ufrosi beri,
romelsac uwodebdnen mamas, xelmZRvanelobda maT da angariSs
abarebda mTavar abbas. sul male nitriis udabno aivso bere-
biT, rac ganapiroba aleqsandriasTan siaxlovem da mosaxleobis
mWidro dasaxlebam. me-4 saukunis meore naxevarSi aq iyo TxuT-
meti monasteri, romlebic paxomi didis wesdebis mixedviT iyo
mowyobili. iq hqondaT Svidi puris sacxobi, saidanac maragde-
bodnen mezobeli libiis udabnos gandegilebic. amasTan, nitri-
is udabnos berebi gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen
saRvTismetyvelo mecnierebebs, razec aq aRmoCenili uamravi da
mniSvnelovani xelnaweri metyvelebs. me-4 saukunis damlevs am
udabnoSi moRvaweobda 6 000 beri, romlebic 50 monasterSi iyvnen
danawilebulni. sxvaTa Soris, aq mosagreobdnen: makari aleqsan-
95
drieli, didimi, wm. pafnuti. nitriis udabnos moRvaweni aras-

dros rCebodnen gulgrilni aleqsandriis sapatriarqos saqmeebis
mimarT. kirile aleqsandrielis dros 500 beri gamocxadda ale-
qsandriaSi TavianTi episkoposis dasacavad aleqsandriis nacval
orestes mier Seviwroebisagan. eklesiis istoriaSi nitriis berebi
cnobili arian, rogorc origenul kamaTebSi mxurvale monawileni.
nitriis moRvaweebze mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdis rufinu-
si, romelmac aq eqvsi weli dahyo. netarma ieronimem me-4 saukunis
damlevs moinaxula nitriis udabno da aRfrTovanebulma uwoda
mas `qalaqi RmrTisa~. `vumzer wm. makaris monastersa da mis max-
lobel usicocxlo udabnos, wers arqimandriti porfiri (uspenski),
da me vxvdebi, ra aris gandegili. es aris Tavdadebuli mebrZoli
borot sulebTan da vnebebTan, iq, sadac aRar arsebobs sicocxlis
kvali. im qvis napralSi, sadac dgas kurTxeuli sabas lavra, jer
kidev budoben mtredebi, dafrinaven SaSvebi, cxovroben turebi
da Sors xmauriT moedineba kedronis nakadi. nitriis udabnoSi ki
araferia qvebis, silisa da mkvdari wylis meti. aq aris meudabnois
ganSoreba erisagan _ saflavis msgavsi, maradiuli,…misi mraval-
daTmena _ zebunebrivi. aq is nulia, oRond gazomili samoTxis
sazomi erTeulebiT, raSic me vgulismxob niWsa da madlis nugeSs.
aq gandegiloba amtkicebs, rom adamiani aris suli, romelic gan-
kuTvnilia usxeulo sulTa dasSi maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis.~…
nitriis berebze is wers: ìq cxovrobdnen zecisa kacni da miwisa
angelozni. maTi bageebi mouklebelad adidebdnen RmerTs. ud-
abno dRiTa da RamiT aJRerebuli iyo maTi fsalmunebiT. isini
sakuTar TavSi umal suls Seicnobdnen, vidre sxeuls. codvil
fiqrebTan da vnebebTan brZola da ganwmenda maT filosofosebze
ukeT icodnen. es wvimas mowyurebuli udabnos miwa uxvad ir-
wyveboda maTi cremlebiT. da ra cremlebiT, RmerTo Cemo! es iyo
angelozTa cqeris Rirsi margalitebi. iqauri uflis saTnomyo
felTa rwmenas da locvas gamohqonda RmrTis wiaRidan sicocx-
lis Wavli micvalebulTaTvis, sinaTlis naperwkali brmaTaTvis
da axali Zalebi sneulTaTvis. es uflis saTnomyofelni lapara-
kobdnen gonebiTa da guliT maradiul xsnaze. da maTi madli iyo
ganxorcielebuli saxareba da fsalmuni. TiTqmis yvela maTgani
iyo cocxali leqsi am ori RmrTivsulieri wignidan. Rirs amons
ar uxilavs Tavisi sareceli, Rirsi ioane mcire morCilebiT yvela
96
wyenas dumiliT pasuxobda da yvelas axsenebda uflis sityvebs:

ìswaveT Cemgan, rameTu mSÂd var da mdabal guliTa~. wm. pambusi
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda wminda mamis pirvelmicemul
gakveTils da sikvdilis win gaando Tavis Zmebs, rom arasodes
unania arc erTi naTqvami sityvisTvis: `wesi daudgina enasa TÂssa~.
SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom maTken uwyvet nakadad moedinebodnen
qristianebi yoveli mxridan, raTa eswavlaT, rogor ecxovraT da
momkvdariyvnen RmerTisTvis~.
skitis udabno. nitriis mTidan samxreT-dasavleTiT 24 saaTis

savalze mdebareobda skitis udabno, is ufro mrisxane bunebiT
gamoirCeoda. es iyo veluri, siliani udabno, moklebuli yovelg-
var sasicocxlo wyaros. aq Zneli iyo dasalevad vargisi wylis
povna. skitSi gandegiluri cxovrebis damaarsebeli iyo wm. ma-
kari megvi pteli. am savanis moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobil-
ni arian: arseni didi, imperatorebis: arkadisa da honoris (†450
w) moZRvari; pimeni didi, Teodosi umcrosis Tanamedrove, ioane
koloviusi. skitis gandegilebi Zlier mkacrebi iyvnen moTmine-
baSi. `skitis mamebi, ambobs ioane koloviusi, iRebdnen pursa da
marils da ambobdnen: ar unda davitvirToT puriTa da mariliT.
amitomac iyvnen isini Zlierni RmrTis saqmeebSi~. berebis senakebi
imdenad ubralo iyo, rom maT erT dReSi aSenebdnen. isini Zvel,
palmis foTlebisgan Sekeril samoss atarebdnen. eZinaT, rogorc
wesi, iatakze, Wilofze, sasTumlad xmarobdnen lerwmis konebs,
rasac skamis daniSnulebac hqonda. berebis xelsaqme martivi iyo:
wnavdnen tilos, kalaTebs lerwmisagan, qsovdnen badeebs. maT xel-
saqmes hqonda is upiratesoba, rom marxviT gaTangulebs SeeZloT
sagangebo energiis dauxarjavad keliaSive aResrulebinaT ise, rom
fiqrebi ar gafantodaT. skitSi ar arsebobda gandegilTa saer-
To kelia, moRvaweebi cxovrobnden cal-calke senakebSi, zogjer
_ ramdenime mowafiTurT da TavianTi naSromiT irCendnen Tavs.
SabaTsa da kviras, rogorc wesi, berebi gamodiodnen senakebidan
da Tavs iyridnen eklesiaSi saerTo locvisa da ziarebisTvis.
berebis sulier meTvalyureobas axorcielebdnen oTxi eklesiis
presviterebi, xolo eklesiis qonebis ganmkarguleblad irCevdnen
sagangebo ekonomoss. eklesiis saxsrebi ixarjeboda eklesiebis Ses-
anaxad; maTTan, sxvaTa Soris, arsebobda saavadmyofoebi moxucebu-
97
li da avadmyofi monazvnebisaTvis. skitis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis

gadawyvetilebas iRebda uxucesTa kreba, romelic, Cveulebriv,
eklesiaSi tardeboda, umetesad, SabaT-kviras. skitis udabnos mo
RvaweTa raodenoba ramdenadme mcire iyo nitriisaze, me-4 s-Si
berTa ricxvma 3500-s miaRwia. marTalia, skitis savane nitriidan
24 saaTis savali gziT iyo daSorebuli, magram orsave udab-
nos mTavar mamebs Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTTan xSiri urTierToba
hqondaT. zogierT nitriel gandegils skitis udabnoSic hqonda
senaki, sadac didi mdumarebis periodSi eZleodnen ganmartoebas.
magram origenes sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT skitisa da nitriis udab-
noebis moRvaweTa Sexedulebani mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda.
me-6-7 ss-Si arabma musulmanebma sruliad gaapartaxes orive
udabno. Tumca, rogorc Cans, momdevno saukuneebSic savaneebSi kidev
iyo SemorCenili beroba. es imiT dasturdeba, rom me-9 s-Si imper-
atori mixeil II icavda skitis udabnos gandegilebs arabebisgan.
Tebaida. Tebaidas saxels atarebda mTeli samxreTi, an, sxvag-

varad, zemo egvi pte, romlis dedaqalaqic odesRac iyo cnobili
Tebe. nilosis dasavleT napirze Tebaida sakmaod kargad iyo
dasaxlebuli, magram mdinaris aRmosavleTi napiri kldovansa da
tramal udabnos warmoadgenda. sxvaTa Soris, Tebaida iyofoda or
nawilad: CrdiloeT anu qveda Tebaidad (sadac iyo likopolisi,
komana da pisperi) da samxreT anu zeda Tebaidad (sadac iyo tabe-
na). TebaidaSi qristianuli eklesia sakmaod adre da myar sawy-
isebze daarsda. diokletianes dros Tebaidas qristianebi sasti-
kad idevnebodnen, magram yovelive udidesi simamaciT gadaitanes.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania Tebaida eklesiis istoriaSi imiT, rom
aq gaatares mosagre cxovreba monazvnobis damaarseblebma _ wm.
antoni didma da wm. paxomim. me-4-5 ss-Si aq hyvaoda beroba. magram
me-6-7 ss-Si Tebaida gaanadgures arabma musulmanebma. mahmadis
mimdevrebisaTvis gaugebari iyo monazvnobis arsi da isini yovelT-
vis ukiduresi sisastikiT epyrobodnen gandegilebs.
likopolisi. qalaqi likopolisi mdebareobda nayofier xeo-

baSi, libiis mTebis ZirSi, romlis uzarmazari kldeebi ifaravd-
nen mas udabnos silisagan. amJamad aq aris q. iuzefi, sadac Tavs
iyris afrikis siRrmeebidan wamosuli yvela qaravani, aqaa maTi
98
sawyobebi da gacxovelebuli vaWrobaa gaCaRebuli egvi ptesTan.

SesaZleblia, rom Zveladac am qalaqs aseTive, savaWro centris
mniSvneloba hqonda. rogorc unda yofiliyo, qalaqis episkoposs,
meletis (III s.) Seswevda Zala, winaaRmdegoba gaewia aleqsandri-
is arqiepiskoposisaTvis. zogierTi saeklesio mwerali am viTarebas
imiT xsnida, rom likopolisis kaTedra meore iyo egvi pteSi da
meletis uwodebdnen arqiepiskoposs. es dapirispireba likopoli-
sel episkopossa da aleqsandriis arqiepiskoposs Soris sakmaod
didxans gagrZelda da warmoSva aleqsandriis eklesiis istoriaSi
sakmaod mniSvnelovani _ meletianelTa ganxeTqileba.
komana. qvemo Tebaidis es umniSvnelo da patara sofeli imiTaa

RirsSesaniSnavi, rom aq daibada wm. antoni didi da Tavdapirve-
lad mis SemogarenSi eweoda mosagreobas. roca antoni didma
gadawyvita, gahyoloda saxarebis rCevas, daTmo kuTvnili sakmaod
noyieri yanebi, 300 aruris farTobisa, da TviTon daunawila me-
zoblebs, rom SemdgomSi maT Soris dava ar amtydariyo. straboni
wers, rom egvi pturi nomebi iyofoda toparqebad, es ukanasknelni
_ arurebad, rac gaxldaT miwis umciresi farTobi da Seadgenda
200 kv. m-s. aqve dasZens, rom mindvrebis zedmiwevniT zusti dayofa
aucilebeli iyo imis gamo, rom nilosis kalapotidan gadmosvla
iwvevda mijnebis walekvas da mindvrebis saxis Secvlas. ai, amiT
aixsneba antoni didis qmedeba.
pisperi. 285 w-s. antoni didma datova sacxovrebeli adgili,

gadavida nilosis aRmosavleT napirze da iq, mitovebul simagre-
Si daiwyo moRvaweoba. SemdgomSi aq gaCnda patara monasteri _
pisperi, sadac berebis, antoni didis mowafeTa, raodenoba aRwevda
5000-s. maT Soris cnobilia pafnuti, SemdgomSi Tebaidis episko-
posi, romelic eswreboda I msoflio saeklesio krebas. adgili,
sadac dgas monasteri, warmoadgens nilosze dakidebul, uzarma-
zar qvian kldes. nilosidan sruliad miuvali am kldis zedapi-
ri umcenaroa. monastris irgvliv midamo usicocxloa, ar xarobs
balaxi, arsad wveTi wyali araa. mdinaridan wylis amosatanad
berebs kldis mwvervalidan didi da saxifaTo gzis gavla uxdebo-
daT. cicabo kldidan, romelzec dgas monasteri, iSleba vrceli
xedi: erTi mxriv, nilosi uzamazar sivrceze, palmebisa da Walebis
99
ori mwvane zoliT; meore mxares _ dasavleTiT _ bolo ar uCans

libiis udabnos qviSas; aRmosavleTiT, uSualod monastridan
gadaWimuli silovani mTebis usicocxlo qedebi arabeTis yuremde
aRweven. ai, aseTi iyo is adgili, sadac moRvaweobda antoni didi
da sadac daaarsa man Tavisi pirveli monasteri.
wm. antoni didis monasteri. wm. antonim kvlav moisurva ganmar-

toeba, datova pisperis monasteri da gavida Sida udabnoSi,
e.i. arabeTis yuris napirebisa da nilosis saTavisaken, pisperidan
sami dRis savalze. mivida is 1000 nabijis simaRlis mTasTan da
dasaxlda am mTis mRvimeSi. es mTa TiTqmis miuwvdomelia, dRes aq
momlocvelebi ahyavT sabagiro gziT. mTis mwvervalidan iSleba
vrceli xedi: aRmosavleTiT, arabeTis yuris miRma _ qorebi da
sinais mTa; samxreTiT _ Tebaidis mTebis qedebi; CrdiloeTiT _
mwiri vake; dasavleTiT, siliani zolis miRma _ egvi ptis nayofieri
velebi. mTis ZirSi moedineba patara nakaduli, mis maxloblad
izrdeboda palmebi da alamazebda garemos. ai, aq moawyo wm. an-
tonim patara senaki, sadac mxolod dawola SeiZleboda, gaaSena
baRi da bostani. amJamad aq aris wm. antonisa da wm. pavles saxe-
lobis patara monasteri, sadac moRvaweobs 20 beri.
Tabena. zeda TebaidaSic mravlad iyo gandegilebis moRvaweo-

bisaTvis metad mosaxerxebeli udaburi adgilebi. Tebaidis mefeTa
sasaflaoebis xeobaSi, ambobs erTi mwerali, sicocxle Cerdeba da
sikvdili namdvili devizia am aRuSfoTveli mdumarebisa. ufro
pirquS adgils ver SearCevdnen mefeebi samudamo gansvenebisTvis.
am mefeTa sasaflaoebis maxloblad mdebaroebda Tabena, kunZuli
mdinare nilosze, veluri tyiT Semosili adgili, sadac izrdeba
saukeTeso finiki. aq wm. paxomim moawyo pirveli monasteri Tavi
si gansakuTrebuli samonazvno wesdebiT. SemdgomSi wm. paxomim,
RmrTis nebiT, aqve daaarsa sxva monastrebic; da maTac daudgina
mkacri wesdeba. yvla es monasteri, sul cxra, eqvemdebarebo-
da erT saerTo winamZRvars; monastrebis erTianoba gamoixateba
imaSic, rom weliwadSi orjer yvela monastris Zmoba erTad
iyrida Tavs, erTxel _ paseqis sadResawaulod, meored _ agvis-
toSi, saerToO ekonomosis winaSe angariSis warsadgenad, agreTve
axali brZanebis misaRebad, da Tu amas saWiroeba moiTxovda, axali
100
winamZRvrebis asarCevad. Tabenis mTavar monasters ewodeboda

pabau. Tabenis mkvidrni sanimuSo meurneebad iyvnen cnobilni, maTi
Sromis nayofiT datvirTuli gemebi xSirad miemarTebodnen ni-
losiT aleqsandriisken. me-4 s-Si Tabenis monastrebSi moRvaweob-
da 1300 beri. es monastrebi moinaxules aTanase didma da kasiane
romaelma. am ukanasknelma aRwera aqauri gandegilebis cxovreba
dasavleTis mosagre berTaTvis sanimuSod.
libia. am saxelwodebis qveS igulisxmeba afrikis is olqi, sad-

ac amJamad aris tri polisi. aq, zRvispira nawilSi iqadaga markoz
mociqulma. gadmocemiT, aq yofila mociquli iudac an Tadeozi.
ufro sarwmunoa, rom am ukanasknelma iqadaga siriis libanis mTeb-
Si. Cans, saxelebis (libia, libani) msgavsebam warmoSva gadmocemaSi
es uzustoba.
libiis samxreTi nawili warmoadgens qviSian, ukacriel udabnos
da iTvleba saharis udabnos dasawyisad. aq arsebobda libiis sa-
vane, sadac me-7 s-Si iRvwoda abba Talasi (†660 w.). magram libi-
is CrdiloeTi, zRvispira mxare uZveles droSi mWidrod yofila
dasaxlebuli. aq iyo ori olqi: pentapolisi anu pirveli libia
da marmorika anu meore libia.
pentapolisi. es olqi dasaxlebuli iyo berZnebis mdidari

koloniebiT. olqSi iyo cxra patara da xuTi didi qalaqi, saidanac
warmoiSva kidec misi saxelwodeba (`pentapolis~ brZnulad `xuT
qalaqs~ niSnavs).
kirena. kirena Tavdapirvelad iyo berZnebis kolonia pentap-

olisSi, da am saxelis qveS xSirad mTel pentapoliss gulisxmobd-
nen. gadmocemiT, es qalaqi spartel batonomoss dauarsebia. is
SemaRlebul, zRvidan ramdenadme dacilebul, msxmoiare zeganzea
gaSenebuli, apolonis wyarosTan, saidanac momdinareobs qalaq-
is saxeli (`krene~ berZnulad `wyaros~ niSnavs). axlomdebare
qvis sabadoebi uzrunvelyofda qalaqs saSeni masaliT, amitomac
aq Senobebi qvisaa da uzarmazari. aqamdea SemorCenili Teat-
ris, nekropolisisa da wyalsadenis kvali. savaWro TvalazrisiT,
kirena afrikis aRmosavleT nawilSi warmoadgenda imasve, rasac
dasavleTSi _ karTageni. kirenas mosaxleoba did pativs scemda
101
berZnul ganaTlebas. romis batonobis droidan aq bevri iudeve-

li gadmosaxlda, romlebic mWidro kavSirs arasdros wyvetdnen
ierusalimTan; aq maT hqondaT TavianTi gansakuTrebuli sinago-
ga da emterebodnen adgilobriv berZnebs. ierusalimis dangre-
vis Semdeg aq gamoiqca ierusalimis SeiaraRebuli xalxi. kirenas
mmarTvelma isargebla berZnebis gaRizianebiT da angarebis mizniT
daarbia yvela mdidari iudeveli. kidev ufro didi areuloba
datrialda kirenaSi adrianes dros. aRSfoTebulma iudevelebma
daarbies aTasobiT berZeni, xolo romaelma jariskacebma _ yvela
iudeveli.
kirenas saxeli araerTxel gvxvdeba Tavdapirveli qristianuli
eklesiis istoriaSi. simon kvirineli SeeSvela macxovars jvris
zidvaSi. suliwmindis gardamosvlis dRes damswreTa Soris iyvnen
kirinelebic. pirvelmowame stefanem kamaTi gaumarTa iudevelebs
aleqsandriisa da kirenas sinagogebSi. qristianobis pirveli max-
areblebi antioqiaSi iyvnen kvi prosisa da kirenas mkvidrni. kire-
naSi, gadmocemiT, markoz mociqulma iqadaga. diokletianes dros
aq iyvnen wamebulebi.
ptolemaida. qristianobis periodSi ptolemaida iyo pentap-

olisis mTavari qalaqi. ufro adrindel xanaSi am qalaqs uwodebd-
nen barkas; ptolemaidam saxelwodeba udavaod ptolemeosebisagan
miiRo. qalaqi, kirenas msgavsad, dacilebuli iyo zRvis napiridan
da ganicdida wylis naklebobas. amis gamo es mniSvnelovani adgi-
li TandaTan icleboda da ukacrieldeboda. iustinianes dros am
qalaqma daibruna Tavisi mniSvneloba, imperatorma aq SesaniSnavi
wyalsadenebi gaiyvana. ptolemaidis mosaxleoba, aleqsandrielTa
msgavsad, gamoirCeoda mecnierebisadmi swrafviT, da aq vpoulobT
rogorc WeSmarit, ise _ cru qristianul swavlebas. aq cxovrob-
da savle, antitrinitaruli mwvaleblobis mniSvnelovani warmo-
madgeneli. ptolemaidaSi episkoposi iyo sekundusi, ariozis uax-
loesi megobari da damcveli. kidev erTi episkoposi iyo sineziosi,
hi patias mowafe, SesaniSnavi saeklesio mwerali da pentapolisis
olqis mosaxleobis mfarveli andronikes mmarTvelobis Seviwroe-
bisagan, rac, misive sityviT, iyo saSineli sasjeli mosaxleobisaTvis
miwisZvris, kaliebis Semosevisa da dawylulebis Semdeg, radganac
am imperatorma qveyanaSi Semoitana manamde gaugonari sasjelis
102
saxeebi: fexebis gadatexva, yurebis mokveTa, enis amogleja da misT.

episkoposma sineziosma ara marto amxila, aramed gankveTa kidec
es mmarTveli eklesiidan.
marmarika iyo libiis CrdiloeTi, zRvispira nawili, kirenasa

da aleqsandriis olqebs Soris mdebare. marmarikis episkoposi
Teona, sekundusi pentapolelis msgavsad, iyo ariozis uaxloesi
megobari da damcveli. imperator iustinianes dros libiis oazisi
miekuTvna marmarikas; da imperatorma aq ramdenime eklesia aaSena.
aleqsandriis patriarq dioskores gaumaZRari sixarbis aRsaw-
erad saeklesio mwerlebs Semdegi magaliTi mohyavT: mis sapa-
triarqoSi Semavali libia cnobili iyo, rogorc unayofo, Raribi
provincia, sadac eric da beric Znelad moi povebda purs da xSir-
ad SimSiliT ixocebodnen. amis gamo libiis episkoposebi SeTanxmd-
nen, imperator TeodosisaTvis sursaTiT yovelwliuri daxmareba
eTxovaT, raTa eklesiebSi RaribTa da gaWirvebulTaTvis daerige-
binaT. magram dioskorem, rogorc libiis eklesiebis meTaurma, ga-
moiTxova sanovagis ganawilebis ufleba. miiRo ra mefis xazinidan
puri, miiTvisa is, daabinava beRlebSi da umosavlo wlebSi hyidda
Tavis sasargeblod. libias araferi miuRia.
aleqsandriis sapatriarqos mezobeli qveynebidan qristianoba
Zvel droSive miiRes abisiniam da samxreT arabeTma.
abisinia anu eTiopia nilosis zemowelSi mdebareobda da mas

Tebaidisgan egvi ptis raioni hyofda. es qveyana me-4 s-Si gaanaT-
les ezanam da frumentiusma. misi mitropolia iyo avqsuma. me-7
s-Si abisiniis mcxovreblebma evtixianoba miiRes, Semdeg isini ara-
bebma dai pyres. 727 wlidan aq koptebis ierarqia daiwyo.
gomeritebi, samxreT arabeTis mkvidrni, Teofile indoel-

ma, avqsumis meore episkoposma, gaanaTla. gomeritel episkoposTa
Soris cnobilia pavle, romelic abisiniis mefe dunaanma mokla;
ioane, romelic iustinianes dros moRvaweobda; da wm. grigoli,
marTlmadideblobis moSurne.
103
antioqiis sapatriarqo.
104
antioqiis sapatriarqo
antioqiis sapatriarqos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda romis cameti

provincia, romlebic umetesad xmelTaSua zRvasa da sparseTs So-
ris iyo moqceuli. yvela am provincias ewodeboda àRmosavluri~,
àRmosavleTis~, amitomac eklesiis istoriaSi aRmosavleTis epis-
koposebis saxelis qveS antioqiis sapatriarqos epis koposebi ig-
ulisxmebodnen. zusti monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra farTobze
vrceldeboda antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia, ar arsebobs.
cnobilia mxolod is, rom sapatriarqos mTavari provinciebi,
finikia da siria, xmelTaSua zRvidan evfratamde iyo gadaWimuli.
mTlianad am sivrceze ganlagebuli iyo mxolod ormocdaTeqvsme-
ti diocezi da, aqedan gamomdinare, antioqiis sapatriarqos epar-
qiebi mniSvnelovnad vrceli iyo, vidre ierusalimisa.
antioqiis eklesia daarsda da ayvavebas miaRwia qristianobis
dasawyisSive. antioqiam didi roli iTamaSa qristianuli eklesi-
is ganmtkicebasa da gavrcelebaSi. swored aqedan daiwyo pavle
mociqulma misioneruli mogzauroba da male wm. egnate antio-
qielic sazeimod gahyva mis kvals _ mcire azia, saberZneTi, romi
_ raTa wamebiT aRsrulebuliyo.
misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri amgvarad warmosaxavs sirielTa
wvlils qristianobis gavrcelebaSi: `qristianobis pirvel sauku-
neSi sirielebi gacxovelebul saqmianobas eweodnen, gansakuTrebiT
romSi. yovelgvar patara xelobas misdevdnen, rogoricaa moed-
nis movla, vaWroba, mebarguloba. sirieli yvelgan iyo miRebuli
da Tan atarebda sakuTar enasa da samSoblodan gamoyolil
zne-Cveulebebs. mas arc Zala gaaCnda, arc _ evropelis mediduro-
ba; susti sxeuliT, fermixdili, xSirad cieb-cxelebiT gaTanguli,
iq iZinebda, sadac uRamdeboda. nivriTa da gogriT nakvebi iSvi-
aTad aRwevda siberes. misi sulieri Tvisebebi iyo: uwyinaroba,
Tavmdabloba, gulkeTiloba, alersianoba da simarjve, saqmeSi
muyaiToba da, amasTan, Semparavoba. sirieli arasodes dakavebula
politikiT, magram religiur saqmeebSi yvelaze cocxal monawil-
eobas iRebda. maT miutanes da auwyes saxareba suliT glaxakebs,
105
guliT mgloviareebs, simarTles mowyurebulebs finikiaSi, mesopo-

tamiaSi, sparseTSi, in
doeTsa da CineTSic ki. sadac ki daadgamda
fexs, yvelgan iyo keTili da mimtevebeli, xelgaSlili naTesav-
ebTan da misawvdomi yvela RaribisaTvis. is esaubreboda monebs da
TavSesafars uyofda maT, batonebisgan Cagrulni masTan poulobd-
nen mcire nugeSs. berZnebi da laTinebi, rogorc eri, mowodebul-
ni iyvnen mbrZaneblobisa da didi saqmeebis aRsasruleblad, isini
monebs ver eqceodnen samarTlianad da mowyaled. amitom iyo, rom
monebi xSirad ilaSqrebdnen maT winaaRmdeg da yovelgvari uz-
neobiT vnebdnen da samagieros uxdidnen maT. gulkeTili sirieli
ki arasodes umtrobda vinmes, itanda yovelgvar damcirebasa da
upatiobas, mxolod ewada, moexveWa batonis keTilganwyoba, icoda
masTan laparaki, SeeZlo qalbatonis gulis mogebac. amgvarad, es
demokrati cot-cotaobiT arRvevda Zveli aristokratiis qsovi-
lis Tvlebs da mis moqalaqeobriv Tavmoyvareobas. Zveli saxel-
mwifoebi, romlebic efuZnebodnen tomTa uTanasworobas, maRalTa
zizRs mdabalTa mimarT, monobas, samxedro da policiis Zalas, ga-
nadgurdnen, Tumca ki sami saukunis manZilze ebrZodnen qristian-
ul demokratias, romlis uZlurebaSic moqmedebda Zala RmrTisa.
romis didebulebs swyindaT, Riziandebodnen, rodesac xedavdnen
aseT mdabioebs, siriel-iudevel-qristianebs, romlebic bedavdnen,
erwmunaT RmerTi, hyvarebodaT is da hqonodaT misi imedi. aseTi
`sazizRari xalxis~ daRupvas keTil saqmed miiCnevda istorikosi
tacitusic: Si interissent, vile damnum.1 magram sxvagvarad iyo gad-
awyvetili zecaSi. sirielma, Rar ibma kacma, Tavisive msgavs upo-
varTa moyvarulma da gulRiam, gaimarjva, romis didebulebma ki
marcxi iwvnies, radganac ar icodnen sibraluli suliT glaxakTa,
guliT mglovareTa, mSvidTa, romelTac saxarebam aRuTqva nugeSi,
1 romaeli istorikosis, tacitusis ànalebis~ II wignis 85-e TavSi

vkiTxulobT: ìyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom akrZaluliyo egvi pturi da
ebrauli Tayvaniscema da senatma gamosca kanoni, rom monobidan gaTavisu-
flebul pirTagan am crurwmeniT daavadebuli oTxi aTasi kaci, samxedro
asakisa, kunZul sardiniaze gadaeyvanaT, raTa CaexSoT am adgilas gavrcel-
buli yaCaRoba. da Tu isini mavne klimatiT daixocebian, iafi Sesawiravia.~
es bolo fraza: si interissent vile damnum (didi rame, Tu daixocebian) cnobili
gaxda, rogorc adamianis sicocxlis arad Cagdebis aRmniSvneli. sazogadod,
tacitusi Tavis naSromSi ufro antisemitad gvevlineba da naklebad exeba
qristianobas, savaraudod, qristianul religias iudaizmis erT-erT seqtad
miiCnevda (red. Sen.).
106
sasufeveli caTa da miwieri keTildReobac.~

antioqiis eklesia devnis xanaSi mtkiced adga Tavis mrwamss
da kidev ufro gaZlierda. gakvriT aRvniSnavT, rom me-3 saukunis
romis imperatorebi _ elagabalusi (igive heliogabalusi), ale-
qsandre severusi da fili pe arabi,2 romlebic rjulSemwynare-
blobiT eqceodnen qristianebs, warmoSobiT sirielebi iyvnen.
rodesac me-4 saukuneSi iulianem3 antioqiis olqebSi imogzau-
ra, ixila mosaxleobis sruliad gulgrili damokidebuleba warm-
arTuli kerpTmsaxurebisadmi, nizibias man Segnebulad auara gver-
di, vinaidan is mTlianad qristianuli iyo, da mxolod damaskos
mcxovrebTa warmarTuli kultisadmi Tavdadebam mohgvara siame.
antioqiis eklesiam warmoSva didi mamebi, eklesiis maswavleblebi
da saeklesio mwerlebi _ wmindanebi: egnate antioqieli, ioane
oqropiri, efrem asuri, ioane damaskeli da mravali sxva. meore
mxriv, antioqiis sapatriarqoze saubrisas isic unda aRvniSnoT,
rom aq qristianobas mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavda da sxvadasxva
saxis eretikosi upirispirdeboda. gavixsenoT lukiane samosateli,
pavle samosateli, sirieli gnostikosebi, apolinari laodikieli,
2 elagabalusi _ markus avrelius antonius avgustusi, romis impe-

tratori 218 – 222 ww-Si, severusTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli siriel aris-
tokratTa gvaridan. ymawvilobaSi gaxda finikiuri mzis RmerTis, elagaba-
lis, qurumi. didi dartyma miayena romis oficialur religias sxvadasxva
kultis SemotaniT, gansakuTrebiT saSineli iyo adamianTa msxverplSewir-
va, rasac mTels italiaSi aRasrulebdnen. gamoirCeoda gaugonari garyv-
nilebiT. jariskacebi aujanydnen axalgazrda SeSlil imperators da de-
dasTan erTad mokles.
aleqsandre severusi _ romis imperatori 222 – 235 ww-Si. cameti wlis asak-
Si avida taxtze, ibrZoda samxreTiT sasanidebis saparseTisa da Crdiloe-
TiT _ germanuli tomebis winaaRmdeg. ajanyebulma legionerebma isic dedas-
Tan erTad mokles. Tumca, misi momdevno imperatoris, maqsimianes, Camogdebis
Semdeg senatma igi RvTaebis rangSi aiyvana.
fili pe arabi _ markus iulius fili pusi, romis imperatori 244 - 249 ww-Si.
warmoSobiT sirieli, dabadebula romis provincia arabeTSi, iyo pretori-
anelTa prefeqti imperator gordianusTan, romlis sikvdilis Semdeg avida
taxtze. fili pes xvda wilad, aReniSna romis daarsebis aTasi wlisTavi, rac
didi zeimiT Caatara. evsevi kesarieli miiCnevs, rom fili pe romis pirveli
qristiani-imperatori iyo, mogviano istoriuli wyaroebic amasve amtkice-
ben da sagangebod aRniSnaven, rom romis aTasi wlisadmi miZRvnil dResas-
waulze mas warmarTuli msxverplSewirva ar aRusrulebia. fili pe daiRupa
uzurpator deciusTan brZolaSi (red. Sen.).
3 igulisxmeba iuliane gandgomili – flavius klaudius iulianus
avgustusi (Cv.w. 332-363), qristianobis moZule imperatori, romelic Seecada
warmarTobis restavracias. (red. Sen.)
107
gavixsenoT isic, rom erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli eresi, romelic

me-5 saukunis eklesiaSi gaCnda, nestorianeloba, warmoSobasa da
gaZlierebas antioqiis olqSi mcxovreb mwerlebs unda umadlodes,
da Tavad nestoric warmoSobiT sirieli iyo. nestorianeloba
antioqiis sapatriarqosTvis iseTive adgilobrivi mwvalebloba
Seiqna, rogorc arianeloba da monofizitoba _ aleqsandriisaT-
vis. rogorc aleqsandriis sapatriarqoSi kopturma mosaxleobam
miiRo monofizitoba, xolo marTlmadideblebad mxolod berZnebi
darCnen, antioqiis sapatriarqoSic berZnebma SeinarCunes marTl-
madidebeloba da sirielebma ki miiRes nestorianeloba, nawilic
sparseTSi gadavida.
antioqiis sapatriarqo olqebi, romlebic romis samflobe-
loebsa da sparseTis sazRvrebs Soris iyo moqceuli, gamudmebiT
omis Teatrad qceuliyo. maT xSirad sparselebi i pyrobdnen da
me-7 saukuneSi mahmadianebis uRelqveS aRmoCndnen. ai, ramdenime
striqoni, romelic asaxavs antioqiis sapatriarqos mdgomareobas
Zveli droidan dRemde: àntioqiis sapatriarqo taxti, erT-erTi
uZvelesi aRmosavleTSi, didi xania, aRar aris sakuTriv antio-
qiisa, radganac qalaq antioqiis dakninebam da dacarielebam da
adgilobriv mTavrobasTan siaxlovis aucileblobam eklesiisa da
xalxis usafrTxoebisaTvis, aiZules antioqiis patriarqebi, TavianT
mudmiv adgilsamyofelad damasko aerCiaT, mTeli siriis saxelmwi-
foebrivi centri. amitom ufro upriani iqneboda, es sapatriarqo
damaskos sapatriarqod wodebuliyo, vidre antioqiisad. magram
antioqiis uwindel didebas, sadac qristes mcnebaTa mimdevrebma
pirvelebma dairqves qristianebi, iseTi ganuzomeli xibli aqvs aR-
mosavleTis qristianTa TvalSi, rom isini didi mowiwebiT uwode-
ben am kurTxeul saxels sakuTar sapatriarqos. swored aseve,
antioqiis taxtis eparqiebi titulebad im uZvelesi qalaqebis
saxelebs atareben, romlebic didi xania, aRgvilan miwis piridan.
antioqiis marTlmadidebeli patriarqi atarebda tituls: `pa-
triarqi didisa RmrTis qalaqisa antioqiisa, siriisa, arabeTisa,
kilikiisa, iberiisa, mesopotamiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTisa~. ma-
gram nawili am titulebisa mxolod warsulis sevdiani mogone-
baRaa, vinaidan yvela im eparqiidan, romlebic antioqiis sapatri-
arqos ekuTvnoda, amJamad mxolod Cvidmeti darCa~.
uZveles xanaSi antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda Semdegi pro-
108
vinciebi: arabeTis provincia, romelic esazRvreboda damaskosa da

palestinas; finikiisa da siriis provinciebi xmelTaSua zRvasTan
da libanze; kilikiisa da isavriis provinciebi mcire aziaSi da
xmelTaSua zRvasTan; evfratisa da mesopotamiis provinciebi mdin-
areebis _ evfratisa da tigrosis _ olqebSi.
arabeTis provincia
antioqiis sapatriarqos ukidures samxreT nawilSi mdebareobda

romis imperiis patara provincia arabeTi, romlis saxelwodeba,
ra Tqma unda, udidesi arabeTis qveynis momijnaved yofnam gana-
piroba. es provincia iyo damaskosa da palestinas Soris, Zalian
axlos damaskosTan. rodesac `saqme mociqulTaSi~ vkiTxulobT,
rom pavle mociquli damaskoSi naTlisRebis Semdeg arabeTSi gav-
ida, unda vifiqroT, rom swored damaskos mosazRvre arabeTzea aq
laparaki da ara _ didi arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Sesaxeb, sadac
iyo meqa da medina.4 swored am arabeTis mkvidri gaxldaT romis
imperatori fili pe. igi am provinciis erTi patara soflidan
gamovida da rodesac taxtze avida, es sofeli qalaqad aqcia, da
uwoda mas fili popolisi sakuTari saxelis sadideblad. iustini-
anes dros arabeTis provincia gadaeca ierusalimis sapatriarqos.
bostra. bostra, rac ebraulad `banaks~ niSnavs, warmoadgen-

da moabelTa uZveles qalaqs, romelsac axseneben ptolomeusi da
straboni, Tumca arafers gvatyobineben misi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
romis batonobis xanaSi am patara moabituri qalaqis adgilze
warmoiqmna romis kolonia, romelsac ewoda axali troa, ale-
qsandre severusis dros _ aleqsandriis troa. me-6 s-Si amianus
marcelinusi5 bostras arabeTis mniSvnelovan qalaqebs miakuTvnebs,
4 meqa da medina _ muslimTa wminda qalaqebi, maTi momlocvelobis

centri. dedamiwis romel kuTxeSic unda iyos musulmani, locvisas meqasken
pirSeqceviT dgeba (red. Sen.).
5 amianus marcelinusi – me-4 s-is romaeli jariskaci da istorikosi
(red. Sen.).
109
xolo me-8 s-Si imperator leonis noticiebSi bostras arabeTis

mitropolia ewodeba. qristianuli eklesiis daarseba bostraSi
miekuTvneboda mociqulTa xanas da am qalaqis pirvel episko-
posad miCneulia wm. timoni, erTi Svid diakonTagani. mis gviandel
eposkoposTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia berilus bostreli, ro-
melic me-3 saukuneSi moRvaweobda da Tavisi cxovrebisa da gan-
swavlulobis gamo didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda. Tumca mogvi-
anebiT antitrinitarebis mwvaleblobaSi Cavarda da am eresis
erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli gaxda. berilusTan sasaubrod
sagangebod iyo palestinidan mowveuli aleqsandriis eklesiis
udidesi mecnieri origene, romelmac gamowvlilviT daumtkica
beriluss misi mcdaroba. cnobilni arian, agreTve, episkopose-
bi: tite, saxarebis ganmmartebeli da maniqevelTa ganmaqiqebeli
_ me-4 s; anti patrosi, origenes irgvliv gamarTul kamaTebSi
monawile; iuliane, severusis mamxilebeli, me-6 s-is moRvawe.6
dasavleTis provinciebi
finikia. finikiis provincia (`finikis palmebis qveyana~) moi-

cavda uZveles finikias, viwro zRvispira miwis zols xmelTaSua
zRvis aRmosavleT napirze (pirveli finikia), da libanis mTian
qveyanas _ uZveles damaskosa da palmiras samefoebs (meore anu
libanis finikia). veberis aRwerilobiT, es mxare gamoirCeoda sa-
ocari cvalebadobiTa da formebis mravalsaxeobiT. zRvis viwro
zoli, TiTqos, Tavad istumrebda mosaxleobas Ria, ukidegano zRve-
bisken. yureebiTa da koncxebiT daculi SesaniSnavi navmisadgomebi
xels uwyobda zRvaosnobas. liTonisa da samSeneblo tyis siuxve
ki aviTarebda vaWrobas, rac kacobriobas am adgilas pirvelad
gaexsna mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT. Rrma xeobebisa da mTis ferdo-
bebis nayofiereba puris, yurZnis, bostneulisa da xilis moyvanas
6 istoriuli bostra dRevandeli qalaqi bosraa samxreT siriaSi; war-
moadgens qveynis mTavar arqeologiur tritorias romauli, bizantiuri da
musulmanuri periodebis ZeglebiT. gansakuTrebiT kargadaa SemorCenili
romauli Teatri, sadac yovelwliurad ewyoba erovnuli musikis festivali.
1980 wlidan iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSi Sedis (red. Sen.).
110
uadvilebda kacs, xolo mTis mSvenieri ialaRebi mwyemsur yofas

xdida saamos. finikiis napiri, misi zRvisa da mTis haeris Sezave-
biT, zRvaosnobiTa da mTian mxareSi cxovrebiT, sruliad sapirisp-
iro iyo aRmosavleTis papanaqebis damasustebeli zegavlenisa;
is im stiqiebs aerTianebda, romlebic xalxis sasicocxlo Zalas
mxneobasa da siqorfes hmatebs. Tuki zRva Sors giwvevda da misi
talRebi xalxis moZravsa da saqmian bunebas aZlevda biZgs, mTis
mkacri mxare da xeobebis Caketiloba ufro martivi da zomieri
cxovrebisaken migizidavda, ganamtkicebda erTgulebas imisadmi,
rac uxsovari droidan memkvidreobiT migiRia winaparTagan.
finikiis sanapiro 200 km-ze iyo gadaWimuli, xolo siganiT _
30-35-ze. ise erTianad iyo dafaruli qalaqebiT, rom es zRvispira
mxare erT grZel qalaqs waagavda, mdidars, Zliers, saqmiani
xalxiT dasaxlebuls. finikielTa nawarmidan yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani iyo: sidonis qsovili, SeRebili saqoneli _ tirsis Zoweuli,
muqwiTlad naRebi Salisa da selis qsovili, romlis saRebav-
sac Zowis niJaridan moi povebdnen; aseve, sxvadasxva niJaridan da
mcenareuli wvenebidan damzadebuli saRebavebiT sxva ferebad
naRebi qsovilebi da minis nakeTobani.
religiuri cnebebis Seqmnaze sxva xalxebis msgavsi moSurneo-
biT finikielebs ar uzruniaT. maTi RmrTismsaxureba aerTianebda
nawilobriv uzneobas, nawilobriv _ sisxlian sisastikes, da umal
avxorcobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre vnebebisa da sisastikis
moTokvasTan. mdidari finikieli vaWrebi ukiduresad garyvnilebi
iyvnen, mogebasa da simdidris dagrovebaze mimarTuli maTi cxovre-
ba moklebuli iyo Rrma zneobriv safuZvels. libanSi mrewavi
finikielebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen mebrZoli, yaCaRi tomebi _
iTurielebi, sikarielebi da sxv. baalisa da astartes Tayvanis-
cemis wes-Cveuleba sruldeboda avxorcobiTa da garyvnilebiT.
magram kidev ufro aRmaSfoTebeli iyo wes-Cveulebni, romlebic
aerTianebda moloqis _ omis gamanadgurebeli Zalebisa da cecx-
lis RmerTis, da Subosan qalwul astartes Tayvaniscemas. mZlavri
da mrisxane moloqis gulis mosalbobad swiravdnen bavSvebsa da
ymawvilebs, xelebs awyobinebdnen nakvercxlebze da maT gminvas
fleitebisa da dafdafebis xmauriT axSobdnen; xolo qalwul
astartes swiravdnen qalwulebs da zeimis gniasSi misi qurumebi
TavgamodebiT iSoltavdnen da imaxinjebdnen sakuTar sxeuls. ase-
111
Ti iyo finikia ufro mogviano xanaSic.

finikiis qveyana, ambobs amianus marcelinusi, xibliTa da mSven-
ebiTaa savse, morTuli didebuli da lamazi qalaqebiT. zRvispi-
ra finikiis saeparqio olqebi, palestinis msgavsad, mcire zomisa
unda yofiliyo. aq sul TerTmeti saepiskoposo qalaqi iyo. cota
ufro didi iyo saepiskoposo olqebi meore, anu libanis finikiaSi,
sadac mxolod cxra saepiskoposo qalaqi arsebobda gacilebiT
did teritoriaze.
tvirosi iyo finikiis mTavari qalaqi. mas, aseve, uwodebdnen

`surs,~ saidanac miiRo saxelwodeba mTelma qveyanam. `tvirosi~
niSnavs `napirs.~ sidonelebis mier uZveles xanaSi, qristemde me-13
saukuneSi (anu iesu naves dros), zRvis napirze aSenebuli qalaqi
aRmosavleTiT meoTxedi saaTis savalze iyo gadaWimuli. 586 w-s.
qristemde qalaqi daangria nabuqodonosorma da mosaxleoba ga-
davida mopirdapire kunZulze. finikiuri sityva `suri~ niSnavs
~kldes~: is kunZuli, romelzec daarsda tvirosi, CaquCis formis
SiSvel kldes warmoadgenda, romlis yeli aerTianebda xmeleTs
kunZulTan. pliniusis gadmocemiT, kunZuli 25 km-is garSemoweri-
lobisa iyo, yelis sigrZe 3 km-s aRwevda. Tavad kunZulze mdebare
qalaqi 3,5 km-is wreze iyo gaSenebuli. napiris mxridan axali
tvirosi da misi Sida navsadgurebi, romelTagan erTs egvi ptisa
ewodeboda, mSvenivrad iyo daculi. yures orive mxridan kedeli
da koSkebi sdarajobdnen, wyals rom gadmohyurebdnen zemodan,
da omis SemTxvevaSi navsadguris Sesasvleli jaWvebiT ixerge-
boda. qalaqi tvirosi Zvelad Zalian mdidari da gamagrebuli
iyo, simdidris wyaro iyo vaWroba da tviroselTa mier yvelaze
Soreul qveynebSi daarsebuli mravali kolonia. tviroseli vaW-
rebi, winaswarmetyvel esaias TqmiT, iyvnen `sasaxelo warCinebul-
ni qveynisa.~ maTi yvelaze SesaniSnavi kolonia iyo karTageni
CrdiloeT afrikaSi. iesu nave tviross kerket qalaqs uwodeb-
da. qalaqis simagreze metyvelebs is faqti, rom nabuqodonosors
Tormeti wlis manZilze hqonda moqceuli alyaSi qalaqi, ale-
qsandre makedoneli ki Svidi weli cdilobda mis aRebas. rac
Seexeba zneobasa da religias, is tvirosSi ganviTarebis yvelaze
dabal safexurze idga. iudeveli winaswarmetyvelebi am qalaqs
xSirad uwodeben `mruSs.~ warmarToba tvirosSi erTob Zlieri
112
iyo, Tayvaniscemis sagnebad aq umTavresad herkulesi da apoloni

gvevlinebodnen. tvirosis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb me-2 s-Si qristes
Semdgom straboni aRniSnavs: `sidonis Semdeg yvelaze didi da
gamarTuli qalaqi finikiaSi aris tvirosi, erTica da meorec
axlac da Zveladac erTnairad didebuli iyo, vinaidan erTica
da meorec finikiis metropoliad iwodeboda~. filonis sityviT,
metropoliis uflebebi tviross eboZa adrianes dros tviroseli
oratoris, pavles SuamdgomlobiT.
ieso qriste miwieri cxovrebis dros ewvia tviross da iqauri
xalxic midioda palestinaSi misi swavlebis mosasmenad. `saqme
mociqulTas~ mowmobiT, pavle mociquli antioqiidan ierusalim-
Si mgzavrobis dros gaCerda tvirosSi da iq Svidi dRe da-
hyo. `xolo isini, suliT aRZrulni, uSlinen pavles ierusalimSi
asvlas (moc. saq. 21.3,4)~. klimentinebSi Cawerili eklesiis gadmo-
cemiT, kesariidan antioqiaSi mimavali petre mociquli tvirosSi
SeCerda da iq yofnis ramdenime dReSi qristes sjulze didZali
xalxi moaqcia, daaarsa eklesia da erT-erTi Tanmxlebi presvit-
eri episkoposad daadgina. amitomaa, rom, naTqvamia klimentinebSi,
tvirosi eklesiurad iyo ara mxolod antioqiis sapatriarqos mi-
tropolia, aramed pirvelsaydaric. tvirosis saepiski posos Tavad
olqi sakmaod didi iyo da Seadgenda 35 km-s orive mimarTulebiT.
devnis xanaSi tvirosis mkvidri mravali qristiani mowameobrivad
aResrula. ase magaliTad, aq 306 wels evno axalgazrda ulano-
si, diokletianes dros as ormocdaTeqvsmeti qristiani awames,
xolo 313 w-s. moakvdines episkoposi meTodi tviroseli, cnobili
saeklesio mwerali, adre q. olimpiadis episkoposi. tvirosSi gar-
daicvala origene, romlis saflavs me-6 saukuneSic uCvenebdnen
aq.
radganac tviroselebi movaWre xalxi iyo da bevrgan daedgaT
fexi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom qristianobis gavrcelebaSic
mieRoT monawileoba. sxvaTa Soris, abisiniaSi qristes moZRvreba
tviroselebs SeutaniaT, ramdenadac qristiani filosofosi ma-
roniusi da misi ori mowafe edesosi da frumentosi warmoSobiT
tvirosidan iyvnen. kidev erT ramesac SevniSnavT: Zveli aRTqmis
xanaSi tviroselebi mixmarebian iudevelebs solomonis taZris
mSeneblobaSi. axali aRTqmis xanaSic pirveli SesaniSnavi taZari
konstantine didis dros aaSena tvirosis episkoposma pavlinusma
113
da 314 wels didi zeimiT akurTxa. evsevi kesarieli dawvrilebiT

aRwers tvirosis meore, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi aRmarTul
taZars, romelic man 335 w-s. akurTxa, da aq Sedga kreba aTanase
aleqsandrielis saqmeze.7
sidoni. tvirosidan CrdiloeTiT, 35 km-Si, mdebareobda uZvele-

si qalaqi sidoni. sidoni imdenad amaRlebuli iyo finikiaSi, rom,
Cveulebriv, sityva `sidonuri~ `finikiurTan~ iyo gaigivebuli.
Zveli aRTqmis wminda werilSi am gagebiT gvxvdeba gamoTqmebi:
sidonis RmerTebi, sidonis ena, sidonis qsovilebi. mociqulTa dros
sidoni tviross utoldeboda. srtaboni ase ambobs maTze: òrive
qalaqi cnobilia da brwyinvale dResac; romeli unda iTvle-
bodes finikiis mTavar qalaqad, sadavod rCeba~. sidonelebi re-
ligiis WeSmarit sityvas iolad iTvisebdnen (maT. 15, 21 ; luk. 16,
17-19; maT. 11,21). macxovari stumrobda tvirossa da sidons, iq man
gankurna qanaaneli qalis Sepyrobili gogona. WeSmaritebas dawa-
febuli sidonelebi da tviroselebi Tavad midiodnen ufalTan
moZRvrebis mosasmenad. unda vivaraudoT, rom qristianoba sidonSi
Tavidanve gavrcelda. magram SemdgomSi sidonma dakarga Tavisi
mniSvneloba da me-9 s-mde misi mxolod rva episkoposis saxeli
aris SemorCenili.8
beriTi, amJamad beiruTi. eklesiurad kidev ufro mniSvnelo-

vani iyo finikiis sanapiro qalaqi beriTi, romelic sidonidan Crdi-
loeTiT, 40 km-Si mdebareobs. strabonis gadmocemiT, es uZvelesi
qalaqi odesRac (varaudiT 140 w-s. qristemde) trifon tiranis
mier iqna dangreuli. SemdgomSi aRadgines romaelebma da maT
iq ori legioni ganalages. albaT amitom pliniusi beriTs romis
kolonias uwodebs (`bednier iulias~). es iyo finikiis erT-erTi
umSvenieresi qalaqi brwyinvale SenobebiT, abanoebiT, amfiTeatre-
biT... qalaqis gamSvenierebaSi didi Tanxebi gauRiaT TviT iudeis
Tavadebsac herodes gvaridan. magram es qalaqi gansakuTrebiT
7 tvirosi _ Tanamedrove qalaqi suri libanis teritoriaze, 90 000

mcxovrebiT (red. Sen).
8 sidoni – libanis sididiT mesame qalaqi 200 000 mosaxliT, xmelTa-

Sua zRvis sanapiroze, beiruTsa da surs Soris (red. Sen.).
114
gamorCeuli gaxldaT Tavisi skoliT, sadac iswavleboda saero

mecnierebebi da, gansakuTrebiT, _ romis iurisprudencia. iulius
keisari werilSi ase urCevda herode dids: `moewyos sasamarTlo
kreba beriTSi, sadac imyofebian romaelebi da gasamarTldnen misi
Svilebi~. aq namdvilad Sedga sasamarTlo da gamoitanes sikvdil-
iT dasjis ganaCeni. beriTis skolaSi iurisprudenciis swavlebis
kursi xuT wels grZeldeboda. beriTis skolaSi aTenidan gadmov-
ida saswavleblad grigol Tavmaturgi, aqve swavlobda eklesiis
istorikosi sozomeni. warmoSobiT beriTidan iyo ganswavlulo-
biT cnobili pamfile, palestinis kesariis presviteri, evsevi kes-
arielis megobari. iurisprudenciis amgvari ayvavebis gamo beriTs
iustiniane I-mde finikiis `Tvals~ uwodebdnen. magram iustinianes
dros, 549 w-s, saSinelma miwisZvram qalaqi daangria da beriTis
iuristebi qalaqis aRdgenamde sidonSi gadasaxldnen. Teodosius
umcrosma Tavisi mefobis ukanasknel wlebSi isurva, beriTi gamx-
dariyo pirveli finikiis metropolia da mas eqvsi qalaqi dau-
qvemdebara, xolo beriTis episkoposebma moiwadines, eklesiuradac
SeenarCunebinaT es ufleba.
beriTis mosaxleobaSi romidan gadmosaxlebuli elementi sWar-
bobda, iudevelebi aq sZuldaT. romidan Camosulebi daundoblobiT
gamoirCeodnen. flaviosis mtkicebiT, beriTis mosaxleoba siamovne-
bas Rebulobda amfiTeatris arenaze jariskacTa ori 700-kaciani
SenaerTis samagaliTo brZolis yurebiT, vidre ukanasknelic ar
daiRupeboda. SeiZleba amitomaa, rom Cven araferi viciT am qa-
laqSi mociqulebis qadagebis Sesaxeb. Tumca gadmocemiT, beriTis
pirveli episkoposi iyo is kvartosi, romelic moxsenebuli hyavs
pavle mociquls romaelTa mimarT epistoles bolo TavSi. beri-
Tis momdevno episkoposebidan cnobilia evsevi, SemdgomSi niko-
midiis episkoposi, romelic aqtiurad monawileobda arianelTa
SfoTSi; da timoTe, laodikiis episkopos apolinaris, cnobili
eretikosis, megobari, da mis mer xeldasmuli beriTis episkoposad,
Tumca papma damasma da sxva episkoposebma igi ar cnes da apoli-
naris sxva mimdevrebTan erTad gakicxes.
damasko. damasko libanis finikiis umTavresi da uZvelesi qa-

laqi iyo. daviTis xanaSi es qalaqi damoukidebel saxelmwifos
warmoadgenda, romelic SemdgomSi daviTma Tavis Zalauflebas
115
dauqvemdebara. qalaqi male ganTavisuflda da Tavisi Zalaufle-

ba TiTqmis mTel siriaze gaavrcela. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imxanad is
iyo siriis saukeTeso qalaqi, vinaidan sxva SesaniSnavi qalaqebi _
antioqia, palmira, laodikea, apomea mxolod aleqsandre makedone-
lis Semdeg gamoCndnen. aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg damaskos
samefo garkveulwilad inarCunebda Tavisuflebas, magram siria
makedoniisa da arabeTis Tavadebis mmarTvelobis qveS moqceuli-
yo. 1-li saukunis dasawyisidan is gadavida romaelebis xelSi da
gaxda romis gansakuTrebuli provincia, gansakuTrebuli nacval-
iT. es qalaqi, strabonis sityviT, yvela qalaqze cnobili gaxda.
mdebareobda mSvenier ayvavebul xeobaSi, mdinare qrizoroaze.
uZvelesi droidan dRemde damaskos RvTiur samoTxes uwodeben.
rodesac mociqulma pavlem fexi daadga damaskos velze, mis ukan
aRmarTuliyo maradiuli TovliT dafaruli, didebuli ermonis
mwvervali, marjvniv _ gavroni (ori mcire mTis jaWvi, romlebic
zRudavdnen mdinare farfaris9 qveda dinebas) da tbis mxaris yor-
Ranebi, marcxniv _ antilibanis ukanaskneli, ermonisaken mimarTu-
li Sverilebi. am SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli velebis, mSvenieri,
nayofsavse baRebis xilva did siamovnebas aniWebs kacs. Tu imasac
davsZenT, rom gza xeebis CrdilSi miemarTeba, Savmiwa niadagze da
alag-alag gadakveTilia arxebiTa da gzispira TxrilebiT, Semoz-
Rudulia zeTisxilis xeebiT, TxiliT, qliaviT, WeramiTa da xeebze
Semoxveuli vaziT, advilad warmovidgenT, rogori iyo is adgili,
sadac aRsrulda pavle mociqulis saocari moqceva.
damaskos mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen warmarTebi da iudev-
elebi. es ukanasknelni 1-li saukunis dasawyisSi metad mrav-
lad iyvnen. im dros damaskos mTavroba efereboda iudevelebs,
aZlevda maT religiur Tavisuflebasa da prozelitebis moZiebis
uflebas. damaskos iudevelTa sinagogebi uSualod eqvemdebare-
bodnen ierusalimis sinedrions. gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom gaemg-
zavra pavle mociquli qristianebis dasarbevad damaskoSi ieru-
salimis sinedrionis uflebamosilebiT. magram iudevelTa bedi
damaskoSi metad savalalo aRmoCnda. iudevelTa omis dros, ioseb
9 qrizoroa da farfari - siriis ori didi mdinare, saTaves antili-

banis mTebSi iReben. isini naxsenebia Zvel aRTqmaSi – 2 mf. 5,12. berZnulad
`qrizoroa~ oqros nakaduls niSnavs, mdinaris Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa
barada – damaskos mTavari mdinare (red. Sen.).
116
flaviosis sityvebiT, warmarTma mosaxleobam erT saaTSi 10 000

iudeveli daarbia. aqedan SegviZlia vimsjeloT, Tu raoden mra-
valricxovani iyo es qalaqi.
rogorc cnobilia, qristianoba damaskoSi gavrcelda uZvelesi
droidan. aq pavle mociquli ananias xeliT moinaTla. eklesiuri
TvalsazrisiT, damasko yovelTvis iyo mitropolia da antioqiis
arqiepiskopos ioanes sityviT, meore mitropolias warmoadgenda
antioqiis sapatriarqoSi tvirosis Semdeg. magram qristianulma
eklesiam mainc sustad moikida fexi aq da misi bedic sevdiani aR-
moCnda. damaskoSi warmarToba metad Zlieri iyo TviT iulianes
dromdec ki. aq iyo Zveli taZari saucxoo sakurTxevliT,10 sad-
ac sisxliani msxverplSewirva aResruleboda. damaskos mcxovre-
blebis amgvar Tavdadebas warmarTobisadmi iuliane did pativs
miagebda da am qalaqs gansakuTrebiT aqebda, uwodebda mas ìupi-
teris WeSmarit qalaqs, mTeli aRmosavleTis Tvalsa da wminda
da didebul damaskos~. damaskos mosaxleoba midrekilebas avlen-
da, agreTve, eresebisadmi. 518 w-dan damaskoSi damkvidrdnen iako-
biteli episkoposebi. 632 w-dan _ nestorianelebi. me-7 saukunidan
(613-635 ww.) qalaqi dai pyres mahmadianebma da gadaaqcies is xal-
ifebis rezidenciad. mravali dadgenileba iqna maT mier miRebuli
eklesiis sazianod. ase magalid, xalifa validma 706 w-s. ioane
winamorbedis saxelobis eklesia gadaakeTa meCeTad, Tumca qalaqis
aRebis sigelSi miTiTebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis xelSeuxe-
bloba. 718 w-s. xalifa omarma akrZala Rvino da sasamarTloze
qristianis Cveneba musulmanis winaaRmdeg. me-8 s-Si damaskos xal-
ifebi gansakuTrebiT devnidnen qristianebs xatTa TayvaniscemisaT-
vis. wm. ioane damaskelma, xatTa upirvelesma damcvelma, datova
damasko da Tavi Seafara saba ganwmendilis monasters pales-
tinaSi. damaskos episkopos petres ki miusajes enis mokveTa da
gadaasaxles arabeTSi.
palmira. libanis finikiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvleboda
10 igulisxmeba hadadis saxelze agebuli uZvelesi arameuli taZari. ha-

dadi iyo semituri qariSxlisa da wvimis RvTaeba, mas romaelebi iupiterTan
aigivebdnen da taZari iupiteris saxelze ganaaxles. imperatorma Teodo-
siusma is ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesiad gadaakeTa, SemdegSi is
meCeTad gadaiqca. dRes am taZris nangrevebis naxvaa SesaZlebeli (red.Sen.).
117
palmira, an tadmori, orive dasaxeleba `palmebis qalaqs~ niSnavs.

solomonis mier siriis udabnoSi daarsebuli es qalaqi cnobili
iyo vaWrobis gziT SeZenili simdidriT. palmiras mmarTvelebi
sargeblobdnen garkveuli damoukideblobiT, rac ganpirobebuli
iyo misi mosazRvreobiT or did samefosTan _ romsa da spar-
seTTan, da xan erTTan iyvnen vasalur damokidebulebaSi, xan _
meoresTan. strabonis sityviT, adrianes dros palmiras ewoda
adriania da Zlier ayvavda. es qalaqi, ambobs pliniusi, SesaniSnavi
niadagiTa da mSvenieri sarwyavebiT, oTxkuTxiv Sors gadaWimuli,
dgas romisa da sparseTis sazRvrebze, selevkiidan daSorebulia
400 km-iT, damaskodan _ 200 km-iT. me-3 s-Si palmiras dedofali
zinobia, sparseTis vasali, mTels sirias marTavda sparseTis saxel-
mwifos saxeliT. es dedofali mfarvelobda cnobil eretikoss,
antioqiis episkopos pavle samosatels. 273 w-s. palmira aiRo da
daangria avreliusma. me-5 saukuneSi palmira iyo gadasaxlebis
adgili da aq gadmoasaxles emesis episkoposi kvirike, wm. ioane
oqropiris megobari. iustinianes dros palmira ukve nangrevebad
iyo qceuli.11
emesa. libanis finikiis mesame SesaniSnavi qalaqi iyo emesa,

mdebare mdinare orontesze. am qalaqSi iyo finikielTa mzis
RmerTis, eliogabalis, cnobili warmarTuli taZari. aqedanve iyo
warmoSobiT biwieri cxovrebiT cnobili romis imperatori elio-
gabali, romelmac es saxeli miiRo am taZarSi qurumad yofnis
dros. saerTod, emeselebi warmarTobis mtkice mimdevrebi iyvnen.
diokletianes dros aq maT awames adgilobrivi episkoposi sil-
viane. imperatori konstanci cdilobda, emesaSi daemkvidrebina
arianeloba. man aq eliogabalis sakerpos adgilze aaSena sakmaod
koxta qristianuli taZari da am taZris episkoposoba isurva
yvelaze ganswavlulma arianelma evsevim, ris gamoc man uari
ganacxada aleqsandriis kaTedraze. emesas mcxovreblebma arc is
miiRes, rogorc gadmocema gveubneba, misi maTematikuri mecnier-
ebebiT gatacebis gamo. mas ekuTvnis naSromebi rwmenis Sesaxeb
da iudevelTa winaaRmdeg. imperatori iuliane aqebda emeselTa
11 amJamad palmiras adgilze aris siriuli sofeli da did terito-

riaze gadaWimuli udides nagebobaTa nangrevebi, romlebic Zveli romauli
arqitqturis saukeTeso nimuSebs miekuTvneba (red. Sen.).
118
kerpTayvanismcemlobas da kicxavda antioqielebs, rom ùyvarT

qriste da is airCies mfarvelad da qalaqis RmerTad, zevsis,
apolonisa da kaliopes nacvlad.~ iuliane aqebs emeselebs, rom-
lebmac àmoTxares da dawves galilevelTa Zvlebi da ar Sei-
yvares qriste.~ iulianes dros aq ewama ramodenime qristiani _
medaviTne moni da eqimi iuliane. amis Semdeg ar aris gasakviri,
rom emesa gadaiqca marTlmadidebel episkoposTa gadasaxlebis
adgilad. nestorianuli mRelvarebis dros emesaSi iyo SesaniS-
navi episkoposi pavle, romelic ioane antioqelis davalebiT mi-
vlinebuli iyo kirile aleqsandrielTan, rogorc antioqiis sapa-
triarqos warmomadgeneli, da didad iRvawa am ori sapatriarqos
SerigebisaTvis da nestorianelTa cru swavlebis aRmosafxvre-
lad. emesas episkoposebidan cnobilni arian mwerlebi: nemesiosi,
grigol RmrTismetyvelis Tanamedrove, romelic adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb werda, da basili, Teodore edeselis naTesavi, romelmac
misi cxovreba aRwera. 452 w-s. emesaSi meored moi poves wm. ioane
wanamorbedis Tavi.12
siria
siria. romis provincia siria mdebareobda xmelTaSua zRvasa

da evfrats Soris. is iyofoda CrdiloeT anu dablob siriad (ke-
lesiria), mSvenieri grZeli xeviT libanisa da antilibanis qedebs
Soris, da samxreT siriad, cxeli da mSrali klimatiT. rogorc
xmelTaSua zRvis napirze mdebare qveyanas, sirias finikiis msgavsi
fizikuri pirobebi gaaCnda, oRond kidev ufro noyier niadagze
iyo da samxreTuli xilis siuxviT gamoirCeoda. mTels qveyanaze
miedineboda sakmaod didi mdinare orontesi, romelic saTaves
libanis mTebSi iRebda da xmelTaSua zRvaSi Caedineboda. es mdin-
are xmelTaSua zRvis SesarTavamde 40 km-is manZilze sanaosno
iyo, xolo antioqiasTan axlos misi gani daaxl. 60 m-s Seadgenda.
aleqsandre makedonelis memkvidreebma aq ramodenime SesaniSnavi
qalaqi aaSenes.
siria, rogorc romis provincia, iyofoda or nawilad _
12 istoriuli emesa aris Tanamedrove homsi, samrewvelo qalaqi dasav-
leT siriaSi, milionamde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).
119
pirvel da meore siriad. pirvel siriaSi iyo eqvsi saepiskoposo

qalaqi, meoreSi _ Svidi. amasTan, saeparqio olqebi sakmaod mniS-
vnelovani sididisa iyo da 25 km-ze mets Seadgenda.
antioqia daaarsa selevki nikatorma qristes dabadebamde 300

w-s. da es qalaqi Tavis brwyinvalebas selevkidebs unda umad-
lodes. saerTod, selevkidebi romaelebze upiratesni iyvnen didi
qalaqebis morTvis xelovnebaSi. taZrebi, wyalsadenebi, abanoebi,
bazilikebi _ es yvelaferi brwyinvale iyo da antioqia siri-
is udides qalqad warmogvidgeboda. antioqiis olqic udidesi
iyo, ori dRis savalze qalaq kiramde. qalaqi Sedgeboda oTxi
nawilisagan. kolonadebiT morTuli quCebi, gzajvaredinebze qa-
ndakebebiT damSvenebuli, ise sworad da simetriulad iyo gan-
lagebuli, rogorc sxvagan arsad. orontesis CrdiloeT nawilSi
aRmarTuliyo samefo Senobebi, maTsa da mdinares Soris gadioda
didi quCa leoforosi, romlis nimuSiTac Sendeboda quCebi si-
riis sxva qalaqebSi: palmira, glereza, gadara, sebastia. es quCa
morTuli iyo kolonadebis oTxi rigiT, rac qmnida or daxurul
galereas SuaSi farTo gasasvlelebiT, qalaqis erT nawils meor-
esTan akavSirebda da 6 km-ze manZilze gadaWimuliyo.
mTlianad antioqiis garSemoweriloba Seadgenda 18 km-s. antio-
qiis irgvliv cicaboebze, borcvebze, maT mwvervalebsa da Txemebze
miyolebiT aSenebuli cixe-simagreebis kedeli qmnida qongurebiani
gvirgvinis STabeWdilebas. kedlebis amgvarad, gorakidan gorakam-
de da maT qvemoT aRmarTva iyo makedoneli mefeebis sayvareli
forma, razedac metyvelebs solunis,13 smirnas, efesosa da selevki-
is uZvelesi kedlebi. magram antioqiaSi, garda sazogado miznebi-
saTvis gankuTvnili uzarmazari nagebobisa, iyo isic, rac siriis
sxva qalaqebis umetesobas ar gaaCnda: aq iyo Tavmoyrili berZnu-
li xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi, brwyinvale qandakebebi, Zveli
mxatvrobis klasikuri nimuSebi. romis batonobis dros antioqiis
es didebuleba aramc Tu ar daRupula, aramed kidev metad gam-
didrda.
antioqiis adgilmdebareoba msoflioSi yvelaze ufro warmta-
cia. qalaqi mdebareobda mdinare orontesisa da silviis mTebis
13 soluni – Tanamedrove saloniki (red. Sen.).
120
ferdobebs Soris, romelic kasiis nawilia. am mTebis dakbiluli

mwvervalebi xeobis irgvliv Soridan qmnidnen daxlarTuli maq
manis STabeWdilebas. arsad iyo amdeni lamazi wyaro, rogorc
aq. am nairgvar landSaftze qalaqi metad Tvalwarmtacad iyo
gaSenebuli. kedlis SigniT, TviT antioqiaSi mTebis simaRle aR-
wevda 700 nabijs, wawvetebuli kldeebi, CanCqerebi, ufskrulebi,
nakadulebi, miuvali xeobebi da maT Soris _ mSvenieri baRebi. mir-
tis xSiri tevrebi, ayvavebuli buCqebi, dafnebi, xasxasa mwvaned
Semosili mindvrebi, zeTisxilis Walebi, sumbuliT xaliCasaviT
dafaruli kldeebi _ yovelive es am velur simaRleebs cad
atyorcnili yvavilnaris iers aZlevda. antioqiis am usasrulod
mSvenieri bunebis WvretiT izrdebodnen iseTi Seudareblad mWev-
rmetyveli, enamziani adamianebi, rogoric iyo wm. ioane oqropiri.
antioqiis mdebareoba, amasTanave, did gare sargebelsac ganap-
irobebda. didi mdinare orontesis dineba, romelic dasavleTidan
qobasaviT Semovleboda qalaqs, warmoadgenda dasakavSirebel
Sida arxs xmelTaSua zRvasTan, anu mTel maSindel cnobil sam-
yarosTan. ioane oqropiris mixedviT, antioqiis mosaxleobis ra-
odenoba Seadgenda 20 000-s da es wminda mama Tvlis, rom petre
mociqulma didi ndoba gamoucxada egnate RmerTSemosils esoden
didi mrevlis CabarebiT.
antioqiis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen berZnebi, ro-
melTa ricxvi aq yvelaze didi iyo aleqsandriis Semdeg, magram
sakmaod mravlad iyo ZirZveli mosaxleobac _ sirielebi. berZnebi
cxovrobdnen qalaqis centralur nawilSi, sirielebi ki, rogorc
dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi, qalaqis gareubnebSi da soflebSi,
romlebic gars ertymodnen qalaqs sakmaod did sivrceze: qaran-
dama, xizara, gandigura, apati. Tavad es saxelebi mowmobs, rom es
sirielTa soflebi iyo. berZnebsa da sirielebs garda antioqiaSi
kidev SexvdebodiT sxvadasxva tomis kolonistebsac, romlebic
selevkidebis humanur gankargulebas moezida aq: yvela ucxoeli,
romelic gamoTqvamda darCenis survils, aRiarebuli iyo am qvey-
nis moqalaqed. antioqiaSi Sereuli qorwineba sxvadasxva xalxebs
Soris sruliad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda da samnax-
evari saukunis arsebobis manZilze antioqia iseT qalaqad iqca,
romlis rasac yvelaze Sereuli iyo.
amis Sedegad moxda mosaxleobis zneobrivi dacema, ramac aq
121
ukiduresobas miaRwia. narkvevebs uzneobiT cnobili aRmosavluri

qalaqebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, sadac batonobda intrigebi da sadac
yvelaze wvrilmani angariSebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, ar SeuZlia
Segviqmnas warmodgena im zneobrivi aRviraxsnilobis Sesaxeb, ra-
sac adamianis modgmam antioqiaSi miaRwia. erTdroulad flide-
bi da umadurebi, damcinavi da qedmaRlebi, antioqielebi iyvnen
saukeTeso nimuSebi imperiuli droebis xalxis masisa, romelTaTvis
ucxoa patriotizmi, yovelgvari erovnulobis grZnoba, ojaxis si-
yvaruli, da araferi wminda ar gaaCnia; antioqia warmoadgenda
aTasi juris misnebis, marCielebis, mimebis, jadosnebis, kudianebis,
saswaulmoqmedTa Tavyrilobas. TamaSebi, sanaxaobebi, gasarTobebi,
RmerTebis sadResaswaulo procesiebi da bakqanaliebi, aRmosav-
leTis yovelgvari sigiJe, yvelaze boroti crurwmenebi, SeSli-
lobamde misuli garyvnileba, _ yovelive es uyvarda antioqiels.
religiuri TvalsazrisiT, dRidan Tavisi daarsebisa, antioqia
wminda elinuri qalaqi iyo. makedoniis mkvidrebma, antigonusma
da selevkiosma, moitanes am qveyanaSi cocxali xsovna TavianTi
kultisa da im saxelebisa, rac maTTvis samSoblis wminda mogone-
bas niSnavda. berZnulma miTologiam aq, TiTqos, meore samSoblo
hpova; iyo mcdeloba, aq moeZebnaT uamravi `wminda adgili,~ ber-
Znuli miTologiis gadmocemebTan dakavSirebuli. mTels qalaqSi
aResruleboda msaxureba apolonisa da nimfebisadmi.
rac Seexeba ganaTlebas, ciceronis mtkicebiT (pro Archia 3), aq
yvaoda mecniereba, filostrates sityvebiT ki, apolonios tian-
elis cxovrebaSi (III, 58), aq ZalaSi iyo mxolod ritorikuli
sityviereba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, antioqia mWidrod iyo
dasaxlebuli berZnebiTa da ZirZveli mosaxleobiT, romlebic sir-
iulad saubrobdnen. maT sxva ucxotomelebTan erTad, romelTac
arc saxl-kari gaaCndaT, arc istoria, arc sagvareulo TviTda-
faseba da warmoadgendnen brbos, gaevsoT antioqiis leoforosi.
es brbo yovelTvis iyo qarafSuta, meryevi, meamboxe, damcinavi,
abezari, utifari. maT hyavdaT mamiseuli RmerTebi _ patrwvoi qeoiv
erTi uzenaesi RmerTis, kerZod mzis, Zmebi: baali, nergali, Tam-
muzi, dagoni, nebo, astarofi da sxva. am RmerTebs gansakuTrebuli
mondomebiT emsaxurebodnen sirieli qalebi, romlebic gamoirCeod-
nen silamaziTa da tanadobiT, rogorebic arian dResac _ iSviaTi
silamazisa, swori, TeTri saxis nazi da metyveli nakvTebiT.
122
sxvadasxva kolonistebs Soris, romlebic miizida siriis dedaqa-

laqSi selevkidebis humanurma gankargulebam, Zalze bevri iu-
develi iyo. isini aq dasaxldnen selevkios nikatoris dros da
sargeblobdnen imave uflebebiT, riTac berZnebi. ìudevelTa mra-
valricxovani modgma, ambobs flaviosi, gafantulia adgilobriv-
Ta Soris, magram misi umetesi nawili palestinis mezobel siria-
Sia da gansakuTrebiT ki _ antioqiaSi. imitom, rom didi iyo
es qalaqi da ufro imitom, rom mefe antioqosis modgmam maT
aq dasaxlebis neba darTo~. am antioqosma, metsaxelad epifanem,
ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gaZarcva iqauri taZari, xolo misma
TanaSemweebma mTeli iq Sewiruli spilenZi gadasces antioqiis
iudevelebs, rogorc ZRveni sinagogisTvis da uboZes elinebTan Ta-
nasworuflebani moqalaqeoba. raki momdevno mefeebic msgavsadve
eqceodnen maT, iudevelebi gamravldnen da TavianTi sakurTxeveli
mowyobilobiTa da mdidari SewirulobiT brwyinvaled aqcies.
gansakuTrebuli eTnarqis yolis miuxedavad, antioqieli iudevele-
bi mainc mWidrod urTierTobdnen adgilobriv warmarTebTan. re-
ligiuri aristokratizmis gancda, riTac gamoirCeodnen ierusali-
mis iudevelebi, imave sazomiT ar axasiaTebdaT sxva did qalaqebSi
mcxovreb iudevelebs. maTi horizonti ufro farTe iyo, xolo
iudaizmisadmi erTguleba _ nakleb fesvgadgmuli. warmarTebTan
siaxlovesTan erTad antioqiis iudevelebi warmatebiT eweodnen
religiur propagandas. prozelitebis raodenoba aq metad mniS-
vnelovani iyo. moazrovne warmarTebi xedavdnen ra gamefebuli
kultis sisustes, cdilobdnen TavianTi swrafvis dakmayofilebas
filosofiasa da iudaizmSi. aq am mxriv iyo SesaniSnavi niada-
gi qristianuli eklesiis dasafuZneblad. ltolvas WeSmaritebis
Sesacnobad sWirdeboda mxolod madlis sxivi, rom gamJRavnebuli-
yo da moetana uxvi mosavali.
antioqiis eklesia Tavis daarsebas unda umadlodes kvi pro-
sisa da afrikaSi mdebare kirenaikis zogierT mkvidrs. antioqi-
aSi mosvlamde maT mraval qalaqSi eqadagaT da mxolod iude-
velebs mimarTavdnen. magram antioqiaSi sxvagvari viTareba iyo
_ aq erTad cxovrobdnen bunebiT iudevelni anu WeSmaritebis
prozelitebi, RvTis moSiSi xalxi anu sicruis prozelitebi, dab-
olos, warmarTebi, romelTac saerTod ar izidavda iudaizmi aq
erTi garkveuli jgufisadmi mimarTululi qadageba SeuZlebeli
123
iyo. amis gamo kvi proseli da kirenaikeli misionerebi iZule-

bulni iyvnen, daerRviaT saerTo wesi da eqadagaT warmarTebsa
da iudevelTa Soris ganurCevlad. gansakuTrebulma mdgomareo-
bam garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo antioqiaSi qristianobis swraf
gavrcelebas. mosaxleobis mexsierebaSi jer kidev cocxali iyo
is ubedureba, romelic 37 wlis 23 marts miwisZvram Tavs daa-
texa qalaqs. mTeli qalaqi laparakobda vinme deborize, romelic
dahpirda xalxs msgavsi ubedurebis acilebas ucnauri Tilismebis
saSualebiT. ubedureba aRagznebda gonebas zebunebrivze fiqri-
saken da yvelaze znedacemul moqalaqesac ki afxizlebda. moxda
raRac reaqciis msgavsi, ramac SemdgomSi antioqia meudabnoeTa
da mesveteTa samSoblod aqcia. ase iyo Tu ise, qristianuli qad-
agebis warmateba antioqiaSi metad didi iyo. antioqiis eklesia
dafuZnda umokles droSi da Sedgeboda sruliad gansxvavebuli
elementebisagan: berZnebis, sirielebisa da iudevelebisgan. oron-
tesis napirebze pirvelad moxda erebis is religiuri gaerTianeba,
razec gvauwyebdnen ieso qriste da winaswarmetyvelebi eqvsi
saukunis manZilze. suliwmindis madli moefina am eklesias da
ioli warmosadgenia, rom is iqneboda meore akvani da dasabamiTi
centri qristianobis misiisa warmarTTa Soris. antioqiis eklesiis
mTavarma xelmZRvanelebma, pavle da barnaba mociqulebma, mis-
ioneruli moRvaweoba daiwyes aqedan, petre mociquli miCneulia
antioqiis pirvel episkoposad. antioqiis pirveli episkoposi, wm.
egnate RmerTSemosili, pirveli saukunis damlevs, 114 w-s. antio-
qiaSi yofnis dros piradad dahkiTxa imperatorma traianem da
Zlieri dacvis TanxlebiT gadaagzavna romSi. zogierTis azriT, is
moerida adgilze mis dasjas xalxis amboxebis SiSiT. qristianTa
devnis dros antioqiis eklesiaSi didi iyo wamebulTa ricxvi.
marTlmadidebluri qristianuli swavlebis gverdiT antioqia-
Si pirvel saukuneebSi gavrcelda siriuli gnosisi. me-3 saukunis
meore naxevarSi antioqia dai pyres sparselebma da maTi saxeliT
qalaqs marTavda palmiras dedofali zinobia, romelic mfarve-
lobda pavle samosatels (anu qalaq samosatis mkvidrs), pavle
qadagebda cru swavlebas da iyo antitrinitarebis eresis war-
momadgeneli. antioqiis krebis mamebma, romelTac amxiles is er-
esSi, aseTnairadnairad aRweres am episkoposis saqcieli: `pavles,
amboben krebis mamebi, ufro metad ducinaris saero Tanamdeboba
124
uyvarda, romelic uboZa zinobiam, vidre episkoposis qristianuli

wodeba. Cveulebriv, mdidrulad da priala samosiT imoseboda,
SubosanTa didi amalis TanxlebiT dadioda saxalxo moednebze da
xmamaRla ukiTxavda xalxs werilebsa da saxelmwifo gankargule-
bebs. misi moqmedeba eklesiaSic ki gamoirCeoda dauSvebeli Te-
atralobiTa da medidurobiT. eklesiis kaTedra da taxti iseTi
maRali aiSena, rogoric ar ekadreboda qristes morCil mowafes,
da iqidan moednis oratorebis da msaxiobebis msgavsad arigebda
xalxs Wkuas. qadagebda Teatraluri JestebiT, menjebze irtyam-
da xelebs, kaTedraze abakunebda fexebs. xalxisagan moiTxovda
mowonebis garegnul gamoxatulebas, rogorc sazogado sanaxaobis
dros _ fexze wamoxtomiT, yviriliT, cxvirsaxocis frialiT.
lanZRavda da kicxavda yvelas, vinc ar aqebda mas. imdenad gakad-
nierda, rom Seexo ieso qristes RvTaebriv pirovnebas. man akrZala
RvTismsaxurebis dros uflis sadidebeli galoba da aRdgomis
udides dResaswaulze brZana, SeesrulebinaT misdami miZRvnili
galoba qalebis amazrzeni SesrulebiT. misi momxre TvalTmaq-
ci episkoposebi da presviterebi adidebdnen xalxSi, uwodebdnen
dedamiwaze ciT Camosul angelozs misive TandaswrebiT. am dros
Tavad ara Tu uSlida maT amgvar mkrexelobas, aramed kmayofi-
li ismenda yovelives. Raribi mSoblebis Svils, uadgilmamulos,
araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnda, Tavisi SromiT SeeZina qoneba,
pavle samosateli episkoposis wodebaSi gaxda didi simdidris
patroni, cxadia, ukanono gziT, mkrexelobiTa da devniT~. pavle
samosatelis es daxasiaTeba, gadmocemiT, Sedgenili iyo antioqiis
qristianuli skolis maswavleblis, malqionis mier. rodesac romis
imperatorma kvlav daibruna siria, antioqiis qristianebma SeZles
pavle samosatelis gandevna, romelic sparseTis saxeliT mmarTve-
li zinobias erTguli msaxuri iyo.
ioane oqropiris mowmobiT, antioqiaSi me-4 saukuneSi mosaxle-
obis saerTo raodenoba Sedgenda 200 000-s, aqedan 100 000 qris-
tiani iyo. sxva adgilas imasac ambobs, rom antioqiaSi meti iyo
qristiani, vidre konstantinopolSi. qristianobisadmi gansakuTre-
buli erTgulebiT gamoirCeodnen antioqieli qalebi. iuliane
brazmoreviT laparakobda antioqiis mcxovreblebze, romlebsac
ar surdaT gaeRoT Sesawiri warmarT msaxurTaTvis, colebs ki ar
125
ukrZalavdnen qrisrtianebis daxmarebas. libaniosi14 sayvedurebs

gamoTqvams, rom isini èmorCilebian imaT, viszec unda batonobdnen
da religiis sakiTxebSi ujereben colebsa da dedebs.~ iuliane
werilSi aleqsandres mimarT (siriis mmarTveli) wers, rom antio-
qielebs ZaldatanebiTa da motyuebiT saxlis gareT, Cumad miaqvT
Sesawiri warmarTTa RmerTebTan, igiveni Semdeg TavianTi colebis
rCeviTa da cremlebiT midian daTmobaze da ubrundebian qristia-
nobas.
antioqieli qristianebi TavianTi episkoposebisadmi erTgulebas
iCendnen. ioane oqropiris sityviT, meleti episkoposma imdenad
miizida antioqielebis gulebi, rom marto misi saxelis xseneba
aRafrTovanebda maT da yvela mis saxels arqmevda axalSobilebs.
am saxeliT wmindani Semodioda maT ojaxSi. metic, misi saxis ga-
mosaxulebas aRbeWdavdnen beWdebze, fialebsa da saxlis kedleb-
zec ki. wminda meletisadmi siyvaruli gansakuTrebuli ZaliT
gamomJRavnda imperator konstancis ediqtis gamocemis Semdeg,
romlis safuZvelze mas miesaja antioqiidan gaZeveba da rodesac
mihyavdaT is, xalxma mmarTvels dauSina qvebi da wminda meletim
gadaafara mas Tavisi mantia.
moZRvarsa da mrevls Soris mtkice siaxlovis faqts antioqia-
Si Cven vawydebiT wm. ioane oqropiris msaxurebis drosac. romisa
da sparseTis omis periodSi romis jarebi Tavs iyrida antioqiaSi,
ase iyo traianes, avreliusisa da iulianes dros, rac did tvir-
Tad awveboda mosaxleobas da iwvevda mis aRSfoTebas. antioqiis
amboxis istoria, episkopos flavianes cremliani Suamdgomloba
imperatorTan damnaSave qalaqis gamosaxsnelad, am Suamdgomlobis
warmateba, oqropiris niWierad agebuli qadagebebis praqtikuli
mimarTuleba, _ sakmaod cnobili ambebia.
antioqiis mosaxleobis mravalferovnebam ganapiroba eklesiis
gayofa, berZnebma mxari dauWires romaelebs da mtkiced inaxavdnen
marTlmadideblobas, xolo sirielebma _ sparselebs da gadaix-
arnen monoTelitebis eresSi, Semdgom damkvidrdnen libansa da
antilibanis mTebSi da amJamadac maronitebis seqtaSi arian gaer-
14 libaniosi iyo sofistTa skolis berZnulenovani maswavlebeli me-4

s-Si, misi mowafeebi iyvnen ioane oqropiri da Teodore mopsueteli (momp-
sueteli _ Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis mixedviT), Tumca Tavad mounaTlavi
darCa (red. Sen.).
126
Tianebulni, romelTaTvis siriuli ena wmindad iTvleba.

qalaqis garegnuli istoria aseTi iyo: miuxedavad xSiri da
damangreveli miwisZvrebisa, romelic Tavs atydeboda antioqias
sxvadasxva dros, misi mniSvneloba ar dacemula meeqvse saukunis
Suaxanebamde. am dros sparseTis mefe xosrom dai pyro is da mi-
wasTan gaaswora. xosros laSqrobis Semdeg iustinianem aRadina
qalaqi da gars Semoavlo magari, 4 m. sisqisa da 15 m. simaRlis
galavani, romlis narCenebi amJamadac arsebobs da 6 km-zea gad-
aWimuli.
antioqias me-7 saukuneSi Tavs esxmian sarkinozebi. 637 wels is
aiRo omarma. 996 w-s. nikifore fokam waarTva is arabebs, magram
4 wlis Semdeg is kvlav daibrunes arabebma. 1098 w-s. jvarosneb-
ma aiRes is da gadaaqcies qristianul sahercogod, magram 1264
w-s. egvi ptis sulTanma waarTva is qristianebs da yvela eklesia
daangria. Semdgom ukve TurqeTis batonobis xanaSi antioqiam ve-
Rar SeZlo aRedgina verc savaWro da verc _ politikuri mniS-
vneloba.15
dafna warmoadgens antioqiis mSvenier gareubans da dacilebu-

lia misgan ori saaTis saval manZilze. aq iyo SesaniSnavi dafnis,
kvi parosisa da sxva saxis didebuli xeebis Walebi. foTlebisa da
totebis sixSire erTgvar TaRs qmnis da ar atarebs mzis sxivs.
berZnuli legendiT, aq imaleboda mdinare ladonas qaliSvili
dafna, apolonis satrfo, da Tavad apolonic didxans cxovrobda
aq. am gadmocemis gamo dafnas did pativs miagebdnen aqauri warm-
arTebi. amis Sedegad, TiTqosda aq siriis mefe selevkosma aaSena
apolonis didi da brwyinvale taZari, sadac daidga apolonisa
da dafnas skulpturuli figurebi. warmarTebs isic sjerodaT,
rom iq arsebul erTaderT momdinare wyaros winaswarmetyvelebis
Zala gaaCnda da masTan mimsvlelebs momavals agebinebda. amitom
dafnaSi Zvelad ganTqmuli iyo apolonis orakuli. ambobdnen,
rom imperator adrianes, jer kidev ubralo eriskacs, wyarom
uwinaswarmetyvela momavali gamefeba, da SeSinebulma, sxvisTvisac
igive ar euwyebina, brZana wyaros qviSiT amovseba. iulianes tax-
15 antioqia _ Tanamedrove anTaqia TurqeTis samxreTiT, haTais pro-

vinciis administraciuli centri, 145 000 mcxovrebiT (red. Sen.).
127
tze asvlamde dafnaSi aSenda brwyinvale sastumroebi, abanoebi

da sxva didmSvenieri nagebobani. nawilobriv Zveli, erotiuli
Sinaarsis mqone gadmocemis, ufro ki sasiamovno da lamazi gare-
mos gamo, dafna axalgazrdebis TavSeyrisa da seirnobis, aseve _
saidumlo Sexvedrebisa da erotiuli Tavgadasavlebis adgilad
iqca. rodesac galusi, iulianes Zma, gaxda siriis nacvali kon-
stancis dros, man dafnaSi gamefebuli sxvadasxva aRviraxsnilobis
aRsakveTad aaSena qristianuli taZari da gadmoasvenebina wminda
babilas nawilebi. rogorc adgilobrivi wamebuli, babila didi
mokrZalebiTa da TayvaniscemiT sargeblobda antioqiaSi. magram
iulianem daufiqreblad Seuracxyo misi wminda xsovna da amiT sab-
olood aimxedra antioqiis qristianebi. es ambavi ase moxda: gaxsna
dafnaSi didi xnis winaT gauqmebuli apolonis taZari da didi
pativi miago am salocavs, gars Semoartya brwyinvale kolonebis
axali rigi, daasxa zeTi da akmia nelsurneleba; brZana, aRedginaT
winaswarmetyveluri Zalis mqone dafnas wyaro. sparseTTan omis
mzadebis win sxva misnebTan erTad gadawyvita dafnas orakulis
azris gagebac. am mizniT didi Sesawiri da saCuqrebi uZRvna samsx-
verplos, magram orakuli dumda. maSin iulianem dumilis mizezi
gamoiZia qurumebTan, romlebmac mizezad miiCnies orakulTan
micvalebulis siaxlove da qristianTa xSiri locvebi wmindanis
samarxTan. amitom iulianem brZana, gaetanaT wmindanis neSti daf-
nadan. maSin antioqiis qristianebma araCveulebrivi zeimiT, fsal-
munTa galobiT waasvenes wminda babilas neSti antioqiaSi. kacebi,
qalebi, axalgazrdebi, moxucebi da yrmebic ki erTxmad gmobdnen
kerpTayvanismcemlebs. ganrisxebulma iulianem brZana, SeepyroT
yvelaze Tavgamodebuli qristianebi, magram male Tavisive brZane-
ba gaauqma. vinaidan amiT qristianebs eZleodaT SesaZlebloba,
gamoexataT TavianTi rwmenis simtkice da damokidebuleba warm-
arTobisadmi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, iuliane imedovnebda, rom apol-
onis dResaswauli miizidavda antioqiis mcxovreblebs, msxverplis
Sewirvis survils aRuZravda maT, magram misive aRiarebiT, aravis
araferi miutania garda erTi batisa da qurumma esRa Seswira
baginSi. iulianesa da mis Tanamoazreebs kidev erTi marcxi elo-
daT: wminda babilas neStis gadasvenebis Semdeg dafnas taZris
saxuravi da qandakebebi gaanadgura cecxlma. warmarTebma didi
gulistkiviliTa da aRSfoTebiT miiRes es ambavi da eWvi miitanes
128
qristianebze. magram mkacri gamoZiebis miuxedavad damnaSave ver

aRmoaCines. qristianebs ki sjerodaT, rom cecxli cidan gadmovida
da es iyo RmrTis risxva gandgomilebze. wminda ioane oqropiri
aRniSnavda, rom TviT xanZris nakvalevi miuTiTebda imaze, rom
cecxli zemodan Camoagdo uxilavma xelma, romelmac gansazRvra,
ra unda ganadgurebuliyo sakerpoSi da ra dazogiliyo. xanZris
Semdeg darCa mxolod kedlebi da svetebi, rogorc niSani wamebu-
lis eSmakze gamarjvebisa, darCenili imisaTvis, rom auwyos dafna-
Si Semomsvlel Tanamedrovesa Tu momdevno Taobebs qristianobis
zeimi warmarTebze.
me-6 saukuneSi aq arsebobda mTavarangeloz miqaelis saxelobis
taZari.
selevkia pieria. es qalaqi sami mxridan miuval pieriis kl-

deze, TiTqmis orontesis SesarTavTan, mdebareobs, antioqiidan 5
km-Si. Zvelad mas `mdinaris wylebi~ erqva. strabonis sityvebiT,
qalaqi iyo uZleveli da metismetad mdidari monumenturi nage-
bobebiT. pompeusma is gamoacxada Tavisufal qalaqad. selevkios
nikatorma aRadgina, gaamagra qalaqi da amis Semdgom ewoda mas
selevkia. mociqulTa saqmis mixedviT pavle da barnaba mociquleb-
ma upirvelsad selevkia moinaxules. egnate RmerTSemosilic ro-
misaken mogzaurobis dros am qalaqSi SeCerebula.16
laodikea. am saxels siriaSi eqvsi qalaqi atarebda, yvela

maTgani selevkios nikatorma aaSena da saxeli Tavisi dedis, la-
odikeas sapativcemulod daarqva. erTi-erTi am qalaqTagani, ro-
melzedac aq aris laparaki, nikatorma antioqiasTan, selevkia
pieriasa da apameasTan erTad daaarsa. es oTxi qalaqi megobrobda
erTmaneTTan, amitom maT debad moixsenebdnen da isini tetrarqias
Seadgendnen. laodikea mdebareobda zRvasTan, mTis ZirSi, mSvenier
adgilze da hqonda Tavisi navsadguri. laodikeas olqSi buneba
ufro mrisxane iyo, magram vaziT mdidari. aqauri Rvinis umete-
si nawili gahqondaT aleqsandriaSi. iulius keisris dros lao-
dikeam miiRo Tavisufali qalaqis statusi da amitom mas iuliac
16 selevkia pieria – dRes am qalaqis nangrevebi aris TurqeTSi, zR-

vispira sofel Cevlikis teritoriaze, qalaq samandaRis maxloblad, hatais
provinciaSi (red. Sen.).
129
uwodes. septimus severusis dros man kidev ufro meti uflebebi

moi pova da qalaqs septimia ewoda. iustinianes dros, malalas
sityvebiT, laodikea gaxda metropolia Teodoras provinciisa,
romelic iustinianem daafuZna Tavisi meuRlis, Teodaras sapa-
tivcemulod. Tumca, saeklesio TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, amiT
qalaqs ar miuRia meti uflebebi.
eklesiis istoriaSi cnobili pirebidan gansakuTrebiT unda ga-
vixsenoT presviteri apolinari da misi Svili apolinari umcrosi,
jer mkiTxveli, Semdeg ki ieropolisis episkoposi, cnobili Tavisi
cruswavlebiT. apolinari umcrosi, iseve rogorc misi mama apo-
linari ufrosi, warmoSobiT aleqsandrieli, gamoirCeoda RvTismo-
savi cxovrebiT, klasikuri ganaTlebiT, mecnieruli apologeturi
moRvaweobiT qristianobis dasacavad porfirisa da imperator
iulianes Tavdasxmebisgan, nikeis swavlebis erTgulebiTa da ekle-
siaSi gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen mas. misi cTomis dasawyiss
Semdegnairad aRwers wm. epifane: `zogierTebma, romelTac uka-
viaT maRali adgili da sargebloben marTlamadidebelTa Soris
udidesi pativiscemiT, SesaZleblad miiCnies daSveba, TiTqos xor-
cielad gamocxadebul ieso qristes ar hqonda adamianis suli;
mtkiceba imisa, rom miiRo ki adamianis sxeuli da samSvinveli,
magram ar miuRia adamianis suli, da maSasadame, ar hqonia srul-
qmnili adamianoba. uxucesma apolinari laodikielma, didad pa-
tivcemulma TviT netari aTanasesa da yvela marTlmadideblisa-
gan, pirvelma SeTzxa da gaavrcela es swavleba. Cven ar gvindoda
dagvejerebina, rom aseTma adamianma daiwyo amis qadageba. Cven
miviCnevdiT, rom misma moswavleebma ver gaiges aseTi ganswavlu-
li da seriozuli adamianis Rrma azrovneba da daamates raRac
Tavisi, rasac is ar aswavlida da ase Semdeg. orive laodikiis
apolinarim, rodesac iulianem aukrZala qristianebs klasikuri
ganaTlebis miReba, Seadgina mravali Txzuleba qristianebisaT-
vis, romlebic Seucvlida maT klasikur Txzulebebs. apolinari
ufrosma homerosis mibaZviT, egreT wodebul heroikuli leqsis
formaSi gadaitana moses wignebi, xolo sozomenis mixedviT, amave
leqsis formiT gadaitana mTeli uZvelesi ebrauli istoria sau-
lamde da mTeli naSromi dayo 24 nawilad. TiToeuli aRniSna
berZnuli anbanis asoTi. saerTod, iRebda Temebs wminda weril-
idan, cdilobda, warmoesaxa sxvadasxva saxe uZveles avtorTa qm-
130
nilebaTa msgavsad; werda saRmrTo komediebs menandres mibaZviT,

tragediebs _ evri pides magaliTiT, lirikul leqsebs _ pindares
mibaZviT. xolo apolinari umcrosma mociqulTa saqmeebi da epis-
toleebi platonis msgavsad gadmogvca saubris formiT. mizani,
risTvisac am mwerlebma gamoiyenes leqswyobisa da Txrobis amdeni
forma, rogorc ambobs sokrate, iyo is, rom berZnuli enis aranairi
saxe qristianebisTvis ucnobi ar yofiliyo.17
meore siria
meore siriis provinciaSi iricxeboda rva eparqia, TiToeuli

eparqiis diocezis manZili udrida 25 km-s. am provinciis gamoyofa
pirveli siriidan moxda imperator Teodosius umcrosis dros.
apamea. meore siriis mTavar qalaqad iTvleboda mdinareebis

orontessa da marsiis SesarTavTan mdebare apamea. qalaqi daaarsa
selevkios nikatorma da apamea uwoda Tavisi meuRlis sapativce-
mulod. borcvze ganlagebuli qalaqi kargad iyo bunebrivad
daculi. apamea megobrobda, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, antioqi-
asTan, laodikeasTan, selevkiasTan; straboni maT `debs~ uwodeb-
da. saepiskoposo kaTedra aq mociqulTa droidan daarsebula.
qalaqis pirveli episkoposi, gadmocemis mixdviT, swored is aris-
tarqe yofila, romelsac pavle mociquli epistoleSi kolasel-
Ta mimarT (4, 10) Tavis mokavSires uwodebda. qalaqs amSvenebda
mravali mdidrulad mowyobili warmarTuli taZari da amitom
warmarTobam aq TviT Teodosius didis mmarTvelobis dromdec
ki gastana. qristianebma ver SeZles, warmarTebis Tavdasxmisagan
daecvaT TavianTi episkoposi markeli, romelmac wamebiT sikvdi-
li iwvnia warmarTuli taZris dangrevisaTvis. qalaqis mimdebare
teritoriaze mravlad iyo monasteri. me-5 saukuneSi aq cnobili
iyo episkoposi poliqroniosi, Zveli aRTqmis ganmmartebeli, Te-
odore mopsuetelis umcrosi Zma.18
17 istoriuli laodikea aris dRevandeli latakea, siriis mTavari por-

ti xmelTaSua zRvaze, naxevari milioni mosaxleobiT (red. Sen.).
18 dRes apameadan mxolod grandiozuli kolonada aris darCenili
(red. Sen.).
131
antioqiis sapatriarqos miekuTvneboda mcire aziis provinciebi

_ kilikia da isavria, romlebic mdebareobdnen mcire aziis samx-
reT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, xmelTaSua zRvis napirze.
siria.
wm. svimeon mesvetis saxelobis uZvelesi monasteri.
132
kilikia
kilikiis provincia mdebareobda siriasa da isavrias Soris,

CrdiloeTiT mas esazRvreboda tavris mTebis jaWvi, xolo samxre-
TiT _ xmelTaSua zRva. Teodosius II-is droidan kilikia iyofoda
or provinciad: kilikia I da kilikia II. kilikia I dasavleTiT,
isavriasTan iyo, kilikia II _ aRmosavleTiT, siriasTan. pirvelSi
rva saepiskoposo qalaqi iricxeboda, xolo meoreSi _ aTi. kiliki-
is buneba mTagoriani gaxldaT, mosaxleoba umetesad mwyemsobiT
iyo dakavebuli. kilikielTa nacionalur xelobas warmoadgenda
karvebis gadasafarebeli Salis qsova, ramdenadac iqauri Txis be-
wvi gansakuTrebuli xarisxiT gamoirCeoda.19
tarsi. pirveli kilikiis mTavari qalaqi iyo tarsi. tarsele-

bi qalaqis damaarseblad Tvlidnen Rormucela sardanapals. qa-
laqTan axlos mdgari misi qandakeba imgvarad gamoeZerwaT, TiTqos
viRacas wki purti uTavazao. qandakebis warwerac mis damaxasiaT-
ebel sentencias gadmoscemda: `Wame, svi da iybede. sxva danarCens
ra fasi aqvs~. es sentencia pavle mociquls moyvanili aqvs korin-
TelTa mimarT epistoleSi.
tarsis, anu kilikiis karebis mdebareoba savaWro gzaze, mdinare
kidnusis saTaveSi, xmelTaSua zRvis yuresTan, metad momgebiani iyo.
tavris mTebis jaWvidan da mis gadaRma olqebidan modinebuli
tvirTi Tavs iyrida tarsSi da isic bunebrivad gadaiqca satran-
zito savaWro sawyobad. amaze mowmobs tarsis fuli. erTze ga-
mosaxulia hermesi qisiT xelSi, sxvaze _ qali, mdinare kidnusis20
simbolo, irgvliv Semowyobili saqonlis sapalneebiT. avgustu
sma gaiTvaliswina qalaqis olqis sidide, udidesi savaWro mniS-
vneloba, misTvis kanoniT naboZebi TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba da
gaaTavisufla qalaqi xarkisagan da uboZa mas metropoliis sapa-
tio wodeba _ amis Semdeg tarsi gamocxadda Tavisufal qalaqad.
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas axorcielebda sami saxelmwifo instan-
19 istoriuli kilikiis teritoria mTlianad Seesabameba Tanamedrove

TurqeTis raion Cukurovas, ramodenime provinciiT (red. Sen.).
20 mdinare kidnusi anu tarsis mdinare – Tanamedrove saxelwodeba:
berdani (red. Sen.).
133
cia: heruzia, romlis wevrebi irCeodnen samudamod; sabWo, rome-

lic Tavs iyrida weliwadSi orjer, wevrTa cvalebadi Semadgen-
lobiT; dabolos, xalxi, romelic monawileobas iRebda eklesiis
marTvaSi _ saxalxo krebis formiT. monetebica da werilobiTi
wyaroebic mowmoben, rom tarsis samive instanciaSi sakmao erT-
sulovneba sufevda, uTanxmoebis sagnad mxolod fulis moWris
sakiTxi xdeboda xolme, ris gamoc aq iseve, rogorc sxva patara
olqebSi, adgili hqonda intrigebs.
tarsSi ganaTleba maRal safexurze idga. tarseli filoso-
fosebi gamoirCeodnen xalasi niWiT, improvizaciis unariTa da az-
ris simsubuqiT. magram aqauri sofistebis zneobrivi mxare zustad
aleqsandrieli sofistebis zneobisnairi iyo. maTi wvrilmani ka-
maTi da ganxeTqileba gamudmebiT aRelvebda qalaqs, strabonis
wyalobiT viciT, ra uazrobamde midioda zogjer maTi kinklaoba.
ìsini javrs epigramebiT iyridnen, da Tu gonebamaxviloba aRar hy-
ofnidaT, RamiT sasacilod Txi pnidnen mowinaaRmdegeebis saxlebs.
akademiuri disputebi xandaxan sisxliani cema-tyepiT sruldebo-
da.~ ra Tqma unda, aseTi mdare dapirispireba gasaqans ver misce-
mda mecnieruli azrovnebis ganviTarebas da CvenTvis nawilobriv
gasagebia, Tu ratom aiTvalwuna pavle mociqulma agrerigad
yovelgvari saxis sofistika. da saerTodac, tarselTa zneoba er-
Tob dabal safexurze idga. tarselebi sxvebze metad eltvodnen
fufunebas, uyvardaT ybedoba, mxiaruleba, brwyinvale samoseli,
da garegnul moxdenilobas ufro metad afasebdnen, vidre aTe
nelebi _ sibrZnes. isini Camosxdebodnen xolme mdinare kidnusis
napirebze da ase elodnen tkbobas. wyalSi mainc CadiT, aqi-
likebda maT apolonios tianeli, egeba, wyalma dagaTroTo.
tarsis maxloblad gardaicvala imperatori konstanci.
qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi qalaq tarss metad SesaniS-
navi faqti ukavSirdeba. aq daibada da gaatara bavSvoba wminda
pavle mociqulma. tarsSi qristianuli sarwmunoeba dasawyisSive
gavrcelebula. ukve ierusalimis samociqulo krebis dadgenilebiT
iyvnen mivlinebulni sagangebo pirebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, da maT
Soris, tarsSic, raTa iqauri qristianuli TemebisaTvis euwyebinaT
krebis gadawyvetilebebi. tarsis pirveli episkoposi, iasoni, iyo
pavle mociqulis TanaSemwe (rom. 6, 21). meore episkoposi urbanic,
aseve, pavle mociqulma daadgina. devnis dros tarsSi mravali
134
adamiani awames. aq me-3-4 ss-Si wamebiT aResrulnen: episkoposi

aTanase (xseneba 22 agvistos); qalwuli pelagia (xseneba 4 maiss);
provosi da andronike (xseneba 12 oqtombers); kvirike da ivlita
(xseneba 15 ivliss); iuliane, cnobili ioane oqropiris mier war-
moTqmuli qebis wyalobiT (xseneba 21 ivniss); da lukiane (xseneba
3 ivniss). momdevno periodis tarsis episkoposTa Soris gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoirCeoda diodore tarseli. arianuli SfoTis dros
diodore iyo presviteri da maswavlebeli antioqiaSi. rodesac
ariozis uwminduri moSurne valenti Camovida antioqiaSi, daiwyo
marTlmadidebelTa devna da man Sors, gadasaxlebaSi gaaZeva an-
tioqiis episkoposi meleti. antioqiis eklesiis is nawili, romelic
meletis aRiarebda episkoposad, presviterebis xelmZRvanelobis
amarad darCa. maT Soris RvawliT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli iyo
diodore. is, rogorc mociqulTa sadari cxovrebis kaci, saRmrTo
saqmis mxurvale moSurne, saxarebis WeSmaritebis mtkice damcveli,
farTo Tvalsawieris mqone, miT ufro _ RmrTismetyvelebaSi, gan-
sakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da pativiT sargeblobda antioqiel
qristianTa wreSi. Raribsa da uqonels mudmivi Weric ara hqonia,
meletis gaZevebis Semdeg dadioda kardakar, yvelas amxnevebda,
anugeSebda da Seagonebda. marTlmadidebelTa devnis dros is
erTi dadga yvelas damcvelad, rogorc maRali da uZleveli
klde, amsxvrevda, musravda eretikosTa yovelgvar xlarTebs da
icavda eklesiis simSvides. aranaklebad cnobili iyo diodore, ro-
gorc qristiani axalgazrdobis maswavlebeli da ganmanaTlebeli.
sulier ganaTlebasa da saTno cxovrebas mowyurebuli mravali
qristiani iyrida masTan Tavs da misi xelmZRvenelobiT ewafeboda
wminda werils. diodorem 600-mde wigni SeTxza, romlebSic wmin-
da werilis arsia gaxsnili. ieronimes SefasebiT, diodore evsevi
emeselis meTodiT aswavlida da masve utoldeboda seriozulo-
biT, Tumca, CamorCeboda mWevrmetyvelebiT, raki cota mogvianebiT
daeufla saero mecnierebas. basili didi axsenebs diodores or
wigns da aqebs misi sityvis sicxades, sisadavesa da ubraloebas,
rogoric Seefereba wesier qristians, raki wers ara Tavis war-
mosaCenad, aramed _ saerTo sargeblobisaTvis. aseTive ganwyobiT
esaubreboda diodore mowafeebs da maTTan erTad kiTxulobda
saRmrTo werilis wignebs. erideboda RmrTis sityvis ganmarteba-
Si ukiduresobebs, radgan aseTi xerxiT wminda werilSi gadmocemu-
135
li naTqvamebi da ambebi xSirad namdvilis saxeebad da aCrdilad

gadaqceula da maTTvis ucxo da miuRebeli mniSvneloba SeuZenia,
Tavad ganmmarteblis gamogoneba romaa. sxvaTa Soris, diodores
mowafeebi iyvnen wm. ioane oqropiri, Teodore _ SemdgomSi mop-
suestiis episkoposi, da flavianosi _ SemdgomSi antioqiis epis-
koposi. wm. ioane oqropiri yovelTvis RmrTis madlieri iyo da
sxvebsac amisken mouwodebda, radgan im areulobis Jams ufalma
uboZa maT aseTi brZeni mama da maswavlebeli. 379 w-s. meleti
antioqielma daasxna xelni diodores tarsis episkoposad. epis-
koposad yofnisas diodore aqtiur monawileobas iRebda mTels
saeklesio saqmeSi da antioqiis sapatriarqos yvelaze gamoCeni-
li warmomadgeneli iyo. konstantinopolis msoflio krebam, ro-
melsac diodore eswreboda, daavala mas moexsenebina antioqiis
eklesiisaTvis msoflio krebis saqmianoba, gaemZlavrebina marTl-
madidebloba da daemxo mwvalebloba. momdevno wels imave kre-
bis mamebma, axlad rom Seikribnen konstantinopolSi, diodores
rekomendaciiT akurTxes warmoSobiT kilikieli neqtariosi kon-
stantinopolis arqiepiskoposad. dabolos, meleti antioqielis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, TviT diodorem akurTxa mis nacvlad fla-
viane. am faqtebidan kargad Cans, raoden mniSvnelovan figuras
warmoadgenda eklesiaSi diodore. Tumca mogvianebiT diodore
gakicxes misi swavlebis gamo: raki misdia apolinaris cTomas
da Seiqna nestorianelTa winamorbedi. amitom mexuTe msoflio
saeklesio krebam damsaxurebulad gakicxa is Tavis mowafe Te-
odore mopsuetis episkoposTan da iba edeselTan erTad.21
anazarbi. meore kilikiis mTavar qalaqad da metropoliad

iTvleboda qalaqi anazarbi, romelic amave saxelwodebis mTasTan
axlos mdebareobda da 100 km-iT iyo dacilebuli zRvidan. mas
agreTve uwodebdnen kesarias. prokofi anazarbs kilikiis yvelaze
gamoCenil qalaqad Tvlida. misive mowmobiT, iustiniane ufrosis
dros qalaqi meoTxed daingra sastiki miwisZvris Sedegad, magram
aRdgenili iqna da ewoda iustinopolisi. anazarbel episkoposTa
rigi iwyeba ariozis eresis droidan da grZeldeba me-11 saukunem-
21 tarsi – dRevandeli TurqeTis qalaqi Tarsusi mersinis provinciaSi,

xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze (red. Sen.).
136
de. anazarbis pirveli episkoposi, morisi, iyo lukiane aRmsareb-

lis mowafe da ariozis yvelaze mxurvale mimdevari.22
mopsuestia. meore kilikiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvle-

boda mopsuestia. prokofis mowmobiT, is daaarsa qurumma mopsma.
qalaqi mdebareobda mdinare piramusze,23 romelic gars ertymoda
mas da iyo misi mSvenieri samkauli. qristianobis pirvel sauku-
neSi mopsuestelebis ajanyebis gamo qalaqi nangrevebSi aRmoCnda.
magram SemdgomSi aRdga, ayvavda da Tavisufal qalaqad iqca.
rogorc Cans, qalaqs imperatori adriane gansakuTrebiT mfarve
lobda, amaze miuTiTebs monetebze amotvifruli saxelwodeba:
adriano-mopsuestia. am qalaqis episkoposTa Soris eklesiis isto-
riaSi gansakuTrebiT cnobilia Teodore mopsuesteli, nestorian-
uli Sexedulebis erT-erTi pirveli mqadagebeli. Teodore war-
moSobiT antioqieli iyo da episkoposad kurTxevamde antioqiaSi
presviterad msaxurobda. ioane oqropirTan erTad swavlobda di-
odores xelmZRvanelobiT. adre Teodore, wm. ioanes msgavsad or-
ator libaniosTan dadioda gakveTilebze, mondomebiT swavlobda
Zvel berZnul literaturas da emzadeboda saero samsaxurisaT-
vis. magram Semdeg, ioane oqropiris magaliTiT, manac monazvnuri,
ganmartoebuli cxovreba arCia. mgznebare Teodore dasawyisSi
araCveulebrivi TavgamodebiT Seudga mkacr monazvnur cxovrebas,
yvelas aocebda sikeTisadmi swrafviT. mTeli misi moSurneoba
garegani sibrZnisadmi axla RmrTis sityvis Seswavlisaken miiq-
ca. mTels dReebs kiTxvaSi atarebda, mTels Rameebs _ locvaSi.
magram es wminda mimarTuleba didxans ver SeinarCuna. mis gul-
Si RmrTisadmi mijnurobis adgili am qveynisadmi sevdam daikava,
da iCqara, dabruneboda Zvel, amao cxovrebas, axalgazrdisaTvis
macdunebels garTobiTa da maRal wreSi trialiT. erTi qal-
wulis silamaziT moxiblulma daqorwineba gadawyvita. am gad-
awyvetilebam metad atkina guli mis megobrebs da, gansakuTrebiT
_ ioanes, romelic mis mimarT mxurvale siaxloves grZnobda. am
22 anazarbi sabolood egvi ptis mamluqTa imperiam gaanadgura 1374 w-s.

cixe-qalaqis nangrevebi dRes TurqTis Cukurovas raionis adanas provincia-
Sia, mis maxloblad aris patara sofeli dilekkaia (red. Sen.).
23 mdinare piramusi, Tanamedrove saxelwodeba _ jeihani, mdebareobs
samxreT TurqeTSi, Caedineba xmelTaSua zRvaSi (red. Sen).
137
erTgulebam aiZula ioane oqropiri, misTvis ori baraTi gaegzavna,

romlebSic emudareboda Teodores, mietovebina abneuli cxovreba
erSi da dabruneboda mSvidobian ganmartoebas megobrebis wreSi.
am werilebis wakiTxvis Semdeg Teodorem naTlad gaiazra Tavisi
mdgomareobis saSiSroeba, igrZno amqveyniur siamovnebaTa amaoeba
da daubrunda Zvel, mosagre cxovrebas. am ambiT damSvidebuli da
gaxarebli Teodores megobrebi masTan erTad Seudgnen axal moR-
vaweobas. cxovrobdnen erTsulovnad, icavdnen da mxarSi udgnen
erTmaneTs siyvaruliT, dros Aatarebdnen RamisTevaSi, locvebSi,
saTno fiqrebsa da saubrebSi, da gulmodgined agrZelebdnen Rm-
rTis sityvis Seswavlas. rodesac saxeli gaiTqva ganswavlulo-
biT, Teodore akurTxes mopsuestis episkoposad. aq man 36 weli
(391-427 ww.) dahyo da agrZelebda mecnierul Sromas. mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze man 600 Txzuleba dawera. magram vinaidan
misi azrebi axlos iyo im dros eklesiaSi warmoSobil nestori-
anelTa cTomasTan, mexuTe msoflio saeklesio krebam gakicxa is,
rogorc eretikosi da misi saxeli amoSales mopsuestis eklesiis
di ptixebidan.24
24 mopsuestia – Sua saukuneebSi qalaqs erqva mamistra. me-15 s-dan,

Turqebis batonobis qveS, is aris sofeli misisi, 1960 wels kvlav gadaerqva
saxeli da gaxda iakapinari, mdebareobs TurqeTis samxreTiT, adanas provin-
ciaSi (red. Sen.).
138
kilikia.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aq iqadaga pirvelad
wm. petre mociqulma
139
isavria
provincia isavria mdebareobda kilikiasa da pamfilias Soris.
es saxelwodeba provinciam miiRo aq mdebare Zveli qalaqis, isav-
riisagan an amave saxelis matarebeli ori soflisgan. SemdgomSi
isavriis mTavar qalaqad iqca selevkia, romelic odesRac emi-
jneboda mas. amis gamo mTlianad isavria, romelic uwin lika-
onias, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos provincias, miekuTvneboda,
kilikiasTan erTad miuerTda antioqiis sapatriarqos. es moxda
nikeis krebis Semdeg da gagrZelda mxolod imperator leon
isavrielamde, romelic warmoSobiT iyo isavriidan. imperatorma
gaiTvaliswina antioqiis olqis mZime mdgomareoba sarkinozebis
Tavdasxmebis gamo da isavriis provincia kvlav dauqvemdebara
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos. isavriis qveynis buneba mTiani
iyo, mis SuagulSi miedineboda mdinare celidoniumi. mosaxleo-
bis umetes nawils zRvaosnoba SeeZlo da mekobreobas misdevda.
saepiskoposo qalaqebi isavriaSi ise cota iyo, rogorc arsad
sxvagan, saxeldobr, ocdaaTi, da isavriis episkoposebi eklesiis
cxovrebis aqtiuri monawileni iyvnen. nestorianuli SfoTis dros
isini marTlmadideblebTan dadgnen.25
selevkia. isavriis mTavari qalaqi selevkia mdebareobda zR-

vasTan axlos, mdinare celidonze da mravalmxriv iyo cnobili, ise
rom, didebiT tarss ar Camouvardeboda. qristianoba selevkiaSi
Seitana wm. mowame Teklam, romelic, gadmocemiT, pavle mociqu-
lis mowafe yofila. selevkiis pirveli episkoposic, aseve, pavle
mociqulis mowafe artemoni iyo. magram selevkiis episkoposTa
uwyveti rigi iwyeba I msoflio saeklesio krebis Semdeg da gr-
Zeldeba VI msoflio saeklesio krebamde.
isavriaSi, ise rogorc ierusalimis sapatriarqos iordanes
gadaRma olqSi, iyo aTi qalaqis kavSiri _ dekapolisi. aq saxeli
gaiTqves prokofi aRmsarebelma leon somexis dros da grigol
dekapolelma me-9 saukuneSi.26
25 isavriis provinciis sazRvrebi daaxloebiT emTxveva dRevandeli

bozkiris raions TurqeTis konias provinciaSi, qveynis samxreTiT (red.Sen.).
26 antikuri selevkiis adgili dRes daaxl. 1 kilometrzea Turqul
sofel bukaqSeihleridan, antaliis provinciaSi. is gorakze mdebareobs da
140
antioqiis sapatriarqos
aRmosavleTis provinciebi
a) evfratis provincia. evfratis provincias miekuTvneboda

ori olqi, romelTac odesRac sxva saxelwodebiT icnobdnen: kom-
agene da kirosi. komagenes olqi mdebareobda evfratis marjvena
napirze, sadac ganlagebuli iyo mravali SesaniSnavi qalaqi, gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani uZveles xanaSi. magram romis batonobis
dros maTi dideba cotaoden gafermkrTalda. imperatori iustin-
iane sparseTTan omis gamo iZulebuli Seiqna, evfratis napirze
mdebare qalaqebi gaemagrebina. evfrtis provinciis meore olqi
kirosi, romelsac saxeli aq mdebare qalaq kirosis gamo ewoda,
siriasTan ufro axlos iyo; romis batonobis dros am olqis qa-
laqebi ufro yvaodnen, vidre komagenes olqisa, rac gamowveuli
iyo maTi siaxloviT antioqiasTan.
samosati. komagenes mTavari qalaqi samosati mdebareobda ev-

fratis napirze, mTebis maxloblad. strabonis mixedviT, is Tavad
bunebas gaemagrebina. es raioni patara iyo, magram sakmaod nayof-
ieri. flaviosi am qalaqs uwodebs dids. magram flaviosis droi
dan mokidebli qalaqi Zlierebas kargavs. manamde samosati koma-
genes samefos dedaqalaqi iyo, es mefeebi selevkidebis dinastiidan
momdinareobdnen. romis gabatonebiT aRmosavleTSi maT dakarges
qveyanaze Zalaufleba, Tumca mefis tituls kvlav atarebdnen.
misi ukanaskneli mefis, antioqos IV-is beds aRgviwers ioseb fla-
viosi. romis iudeasTan omis dros antioqosis jari unda SeerTe-
boda romis jars. omis damTavrebis Semdeg romis mTavarsardalma
brali dasdo komagenes mefes romis Zalauflebis sawinaaRmdego
zraxvebSi. antioqosi iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo samosatidan,
magram gzaSi daiWires da borkildadebuli romSi gagzavnes. es
moxda 72 wels. romis mTavrobis mier Serisxulsa da gadasaxle-
bul samosatis mkvidrTa Soris iyo vinme mariusi, romlis `wer-
ilSi Tavisi vaJis, serafionisadmi~, vkiTxulobT: `rodesac qa-
laqi didebiT sufevda, mravalTa siyvaruls imsaxurebda.… axla
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis miuxedavad misi umetesi nawili kvlav FfiWvis
tyes uWiravs (red. Sen.).
141
ki, agrZelebs avtori, roca zogierTebi ZalmomreobiT gvdevnian,

amisTvis isini daisjebian. Cven vuCveneT maT erTguleba, da isic,
rom borotganzraxviT ara varT imperiasTan. magram Tu romaelebi
samSobloSi dabrunebis nebas dagvrTaven, maSin isini daimsaxure-
ben samarTlianis saxels, maTi qveyanac isiamovnebs mSvidobiT. dae,
gagvaTavisuflon da Cven mzada varT, davemorCiloT maT Zalas.~
am amonarididan cxadia, rom samosatis olqi Serisxuli iyo romis
mTavrobis mier.
cnobili ar aris, rodis gavrcelda samosatSi qristianuli
sarwmunoeba. meore saukuneSi aq cxovrobda qristianuli religi-
is didi mteri _ filosofosi lukiane samosateli, romelmac
Tavis nawarmoebSi peregrinus proteosze27 ganusjelad dascina
qriatianTa Zmur siyvarulsa da ltolvas mowameobrivi aRsas-
rulisadmi. mesame saukuneSi samosatSi warmoiSva meore mteri
WeSmariti qristianuli swavlebisa _ pavle samosateli. man ar
ikmara iseT ubralo, patara qalaqSi moRvaweoba, rogoric iyo
maSin samosati, da met didebas daewafa. pavle, rogorc viciT,
gadasaxlda antioqiaSi, gaxda episkoposi da am wodebaSi myofma
gaavrcela aq antitrinitarebis eretikuli swavleba.
27 laparakia lukiane samosatelis nawarmoebze `peregrinusis sikvdi-
li.~
lukiane samosateli (daaxl. 125-180 ww.) iyo berZnulenovani oratori da
satirikosi, warmoSobiT sirieli. mis kalams 80-ze meti nawarmoebi miew-
ereba: filosofiuri dialogebi, biografiuli da saTavgadasavlo romanebi.
amasTan, yvela misi naweri aris parodia da daundobeli satira. miiCneva
erT-erT pirvel romanistad dasavlur civilizaciaSi, samecniero fantas-
tikis pirvel avtorad. misi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebebia: `namdvili am-
bavi~, sadac moTxrobilia mTvaresa da veneraze gafrenasa da varskvlavur
omebze, `RmerTebis dialogi~ da `mkvdrebis dialogi~.
peregrinus proteusi realurad arsebuli berZeni kinikosi filosofosi
iyo q.parionidan. adreul asakSi palestinel qristianTa TemSi cxovrobda,
iqidan gaaZeves mamis mkvlelobaSi braldebiT, Semdeg damkvidrda saberZneT-
Si. sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula 165 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebisas,
jer sityva warmoTqva sakuTar sikvdilze da Semdeg samsxverplo koconSi
gadaeSva. mis satirul biografias warmoadgens lukianes `peregrinusis sik-
vdili~. avtori gansakuTrebiT qristianobas aqilikebs. ai, Tavad lukianes
Sesaxeb ras wers svidas leqsikoni: `lukiane samosateli RmrTismgmobad
da borotsityvad iwodeba, radganac Tavis dialogebSi dascinis RvTaebas.
cxovrobda imperator traianes da mis memkvidreTa dros. Tavidan advokati
iyo. bevrs werda. amboben, rom ZaRlebs dauglejiaT, radgan WeSmaritebas
ebrZoda. da marTlac, `peregrinusis cxovrebaSi~ is Tavs esxmis qristianebs
da es uwminduri Tavad qrites Seuracxyofs. am cofiani TavdasxmebisTvis
iwvnia Sesaferi sasjeli amqveynad, da momavalSic maradiul cecxls moim-
kis.~ (red. Sen.).
142
me-3 saukuneSive samosatSi daibada da moRvaweobda cnobili

antioqiuri qristianuli mecnierebis damaarsebeli lukiane, Sem-
dgomSi antioqiis presviteri. samosatis episkoposebi cnobilni
xdebian mxolod konstantine didis droidan. magram am drosac
samosatis episkoposebi (garda evsevisa, romelic amxelda arian-
elebs valentis dros), ufro TanaugrZnobdnen eklesiaSi war-
moSobil mwvaleblobebs, vidre marTal swavlebas. maT Soris
gansakuTrebulia andria samosateli, romelic Teodorite kvire-
lTan erTad TanaugrZnobda nestors, Tumca Teodorites CamorCe-
boda ganaTlebiT. sxvaTa Soris, simxdalis gamo man uari ganacxada
efesoSi wasvlaze nestoris saqmis dasacavad.
mwvalebloba samosatSi gavrcelebuli iyo efrem asuris dro-
sac. erTxel, rodesac efremi kesariidan edesaSi midioda samosa-
tis gavliT, qalaqis SesasvlelSi erTma mwvalebelma SeniSna.
Tavxedurad aigdo masxrad Raribi beri da saxeSic ki gaartya. ma-
gram samosatSi iyvnen RvTismoSiSi keTilmsaxurnic. aseTebi iyvnen
wminda daniel mesvete Trakieli († 489 w-s.) da Rirsi rabbula
me-6 saukuneSi. me-9 saukuneSi mahmadianTa darbevebisa da sxva
ubedurebebis gamo qalaqi samosati qalaq amidasTan erTad erTi
episkoposis mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca. am dros (810 w.) samosati
gaxda pavlikianelTa centri, romlsac konstantine somexi uZRve-
boda.28
hierapolisi. mTeli evfratis provinciis metropolia da

kireis olqis mTavari qalaqi iyo hierapolisi. am qalaqSi gansa-
kuTrebulad eTayvanebodnen siriis qalRmerTs, amitomac daarqva
selevkosma mas wminda qalaqi, anu hierapolisi. mosaxerxebeli
mdebareobis gamo es qalaqi, marcelinusis gadmocemiT, romis mTav-
robam mTeli evfratis provinciis metropoliad aqcia da amiT
is Zvel qalaq samosatze ufro mniSvnelovani Seiqna. prokofic
hierapoliss uwodebs mTavarsa da qveynis umniSvnelovanes qa-
laqs. hierapolisis mitropolitTagan aRsaniSnavia aleqsandre,
28 uZvelesi qalaqi samosati md. evfratis zemo welze mdebareobda.

Cvens dromde patara dabis saxiT moaRwia. Tumca antikuri samosati mTeli
misi ZeglebiT aTaTurqis saxelobis udidesi kaSxalis mSeneblobas Seewira,
rac 1983-dan 1990 wlamde grZeldeboda. samosati mTlianad dafara wyalma
1989 w-s, xolo misi mcxovreblebi iqve axlos, axladaSenebul dasaxleba
samsatSi gadaiyvanes (red. Sen.).
143
nestoris mxurvale damcveli. mitropolit aleqsandres ar sur-

da kirile aleqsandrielTan urTierToba, vinaidan eWvobda, rom is
apolinaris swavlebis mimdevari iyo. amis gamo is swerda Tavisi
mitropoliis episkoposebs, rom umal kidurebs moikveTda, vidre
uars ityoda Tavis Sexedulebebze: Tu undaT, movidnen da sxva
dasvan Cems adgilzeo. netari Teodorites Txovnaze, mieRo wm.
kiriles swavleba, man ase miswera: `gTxov, nu iwuxeb Tavs. me ar
vuyureb, ras akeTeben kilikielebi da isavrielebi. Tund aRsdges
yvela, vinc ki sicocxlis dasawyisidan dabadebula da egvi ptel-
Ta swavlebas uwodos keTilmsaxureba, CemTvis mainc RmrTisagan
naboZebi Cemi codna ufro utyuaria~.
hierapolisis me-8 episkoposi filoqsene an qsenaia, warmoSobiT
sparsi, xeldasmuli petre fulonis mier, iyo monoTelitobisa da
xatmbrZolobis pirveli mqadagebeli. cnobilia ramodenime wmin-
dani, romlebic ierapolisis olqSi me-4 s-Si gandiddnen.29
kirosi. saeklesio istoriis TvalsazrisiT kirosis olqis meo-

re mniSvnelovan qalaqad iTvleboda kirosi. Teodorites mow-
mobiT, is dacilebuli iyo antioqiidan CrdiloeTiT ori dRis
savalze, anu 70 romis miliT (100 km.). amboben, es ori qalaqi
aaSenes babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebulma iudevelebma da qa-
laqsac uwodes maTi ganmanTavisuflebelis, kirosis saxeli. mTavar
gzebs dacilebuli qalaqi mcirericxovani da Raribi iyo. mosax-
leobas ar SeeZlo xarkis gadaxda da amitom isini tovebdnen
iqaurobas. qalaqis keTildReoba daiwyo am qalaqis episkoposis,
netari Teodorites dros. uangaro moZRvari kmayofildeboda
mxolod aucilebeliT. Teodorites sityviT, eklesiis msaxurebi
arasodes sZalavdnen ucxos pursa Tu kvercxs. piriqiT, Teodorite
eklesiis xarjiTa da sakuTari saxsrebiT qvelmoqmedebas eweoda
qalaqSi, aaSena ori xidi, daxuruli talanebi, aRadgina sazogado
abanoebi, uwylo ubnebSi gaiyvana wyalsadeni, wyaldidobisgan dam-
cavi arxebi, sxvadasxva qveynidan moiwvia eqimebi (magaliTad, ale-
qsandriidan Camoiyvana saeqimo saqmeSi daxelovnebuli mRvdeli),
29 antikuri ierapolisis Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa famuq-qale. qalaq-

is nangrevebi samxreT-dasavleT TurqeTSi, q.denizlidan 17 kilometrSia.
ierapolisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi da famuq-qales Termuli wyaroebi da
travertinebi iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSia (red. Sen.).
144
mxatvrebi, xelosnebi. qalaqis uflebebisa da privilegiebis gaz-

rdis Taobaze Suamdgomlobda imperatorTan, dedofal pulxe-
riasTan da sxva didebulebTan. dabolos, man Tavis mrevlSi iseTi
simSvide da siyvaruli daamyara, rom misi episkoposobis dros ar
wamoWrila arc erTi sadavo sakiTxi. piriqiT, yvela cdilobda,
erTmaneTs gajibreboda qvalmoqmedebaSi.
kidev ufro gandidda qalaqi iustinianes dros. am xelmwifem
scno qalaq kirosis mniSvneloba imperiisaTvis, albaT, ufro im-
itom, rom aq iyo kozmasa da damianes neStebi, amitomac gaamagra
es qalaqi kedlebiT da gaamSveniera taZrebiT. kirosis taZarTa
Soris gamoirCeoda kozmasa da damianes taZari, aRwerili Te-
odorites mier. kirosSi iyo kidev erTi taZari, wm. dionises
saxelobisa, Rvawlmosili iulianes aSenebuli. netari Teodor-
ites mzrunvelobiT kirosSi Tavmoyrili iqna mravali siwminde _
patriarqTa, winaswarmetyvelTa, mociqulTa nawilebi siriis, pal-
estinis, finikiis sxvadasxva adgilidan, rac pativiT iyo dasven-
ebuli axlad aSenebul taZrebSi. kvirosis eparqia mdidari iyo
eklesiebiT, aq 800-mde samrevlo arsebobda. qalaqs hyavda Tavisi
wamebulebic. imperator iulianes dros aq ewama wminda dometio-
si ori mowafiTurT. rodesac imperatori laSqriT wavida antio-
qiidan sparseTis winaaRmdeg, gzad kirosis olqSi ixila wminda
dometiosi mowafeebTan erTad, romlebic mRvimeSi damkvidrebu-
liyvnen. gaRizienebulma imiT, rom yoveli mxridan moedineboda
moRvawesTan uamravi xalxi daxmarebis saTxovnelad, brZana, qvebiT
amoeqolaT mRvime da amgvarad gamoasalma sicocxles keTilmsax-
uri beri da misi mowafeebi.
qalaq kirosis midamoebSi kidev mravali sxva moRvawe mos-
agreobda, ganTqmulni siwmindiTa da saswaulebiT. zog maTgans
cocxals veRar miuswro netarma Teodoritem, sxvebs piradad ic-
nobda. rogorc gardacvlilebze, ise Tavis TanamedroveTa Ses-
axeb mogviTxro man Tavis `RmrTismoyvareTa istoriaSi~. swored
kirosis maxloblad moRvaweobdnen: mavsima, mari, maroni, zevini,
poliqroniosi (SemdgomSi apameas episkoposi), akepsimosi, domnine,
iakob gandegili da abraami (SemdgomSi karis30 episkoposi). magram
kirosis samwysoSi mravlad iyvnen eretikosebic. aq SemorCeni-
30 qalaqi kari _ uZvelesi qarani, sadac cxovrobda abraami, mdebareob-
da osrohenas provinciaSi, kirosidan aRmosavleTiT, 80 km-ze.
145
li iyo zogierTi gnostikuri seqta. netari Teodorite yovel

Rones mimarTavda maT aRmosafxvrelad. man amoiRo tatianosis
mier damaxinjebuli 200-mde oTxTavi da Secvala isini axali da
Seuryvneli saxarebebiT. rva sofelSi gabatonebuli iyo markio-
nis mwvalebloba. netarma Teodoritem maTgan 10 000 markioniti
moaqcia. kirosis eparqiaSi sxva mwvaleblebic cxovrobdnen. mag-
aliTad, ori sofeli savse iyo arianelebiTa da evnomianelebiT,
romelTa marTlmadideblebad moqcevac, aseve, RmrTis wyalobiT,
moaswro kirosis netarma mRvdelmTavarma. eretikosebTan brZola
did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda da metad saxifaTo iyo: `mravaljer,
wers is, damiRvria sisxli, mravaljer usvriaT CemTvis qvebi~ ere-
tikosTa moqcevaSi warmatebas netari Teodorite gandegilebisa
da wmindanebis meoxebas miawers, romelTa wminda nawilebs pa-
tivs miagebdnen mis qalaqSi. am adgilobriv saqmianobasTan erTad
netarma Teodoritem dagvitova SesaniSnavi naSromebi eklesi-
is istoriisa da RvTismetyvelebis Sesaxeb. Tumca es gamoCenili
eklesiis moRvawe nestorianelTa da monofizitTa areulobis
Jams, Tavdapirvelad nestoris mxurvale damcvelad gvevlineboda.
nestorisadmi siyvaruli kirosis eklesiaSi Teodorites Semdegac
didxans gagrZelda. ase magaliTad, kirosis me-7 episkoposma sergim
nestori wmindanad Seracxa da mis saxseneblad sagangebo dResas-
wauli daafuZna. kirosis ukanaskneli, me-8 episkoposi, saxelad aseve
sergi, romelic iustines dros cxovrobda, 518 wels gadaasaxles.31
germanicia. amave kirosis olqSi, siriisa da kapadokiis sazR-

varze, mTa amanis maxloblad, mdebareobda qalaqi germanicia. ari-
anelTa areulobis dros am qalaqis episkoposi evdoqsi am crus-
wavlebas TavgamodebiT icavda. SemdgomSi is antioqiis, dabolos
_ konstantinopolis episkoposi gaxda. misi mcdelobis Sedegad am
cruswavlebas qalaqSi bevri mimdeveri gauCnda; da momdevno epis-
koposs, stefanes, didi Sroma dasWirda, raTa moqalaqeni marTlma-
dideblebad moeqcia. sxvaTa Soris, germaniciidan iyo warmoSobiT
Tavad nestori, magram am qalaqis episkoposebi ufro naklebad
TanaugrZnobdnen mis moZRvrebas, vidre am olqis sxva episkoposebi
31 antikuri kirosis nangrevebi dRes mdebareobs CrdiloeT siriaSi,

TurqeTis sazRvarTan, alepodan daaxl. 70 km-is daSorebiT (red. Sen.).
146
da am ukanasknelebze adre daubrundnen marTlmadideblobas.32
mesopotamia. mdinare evfratsa da tigross Soris mdebareob-

da mesopotamia (SuamdinareTi). mesopotamia uxvmosavlian msxmoi-
are baRs mogagonebdaT. mdinare evfrati da tigrosi saTaves aR-
mosavleT TurqeTSi, tavris mTebSi, iReben, kveTen mas da sakmaod
maRal tramalebze miedinebian, rasac erTferovnad, morigeobiT
enacvleba qviani borcvebi da tbebi. mdinareTa napirebi ki kvi pa-
rosebiTa da sxva xeebiTaa dafaruli. rac ufro dabldeba mxare,
miT ganze ifanteba msxmoiare baRebi, xolo mdinareTa Sua sivrce
xrioki da ukacrieli xdeba. aq mxolod momTabare mwyemsebi cxov-
roben, da kidev _ virebis veluri jogebi, siraqlemisa da savaTis33
gundebi. egvi ptis msgavsad, es uwvimo qveyanac yovelwliurad am
orive mdinaris gadmosvliT irwyveba. magram es wyaldidoba ni-
losis msgavsad zomieri rodia! tigrosi xSirad didi xniT faravs
bars wyliT da Tvaluwvdenel, boboqar zRvad gadaiqceva.
qristes sjuli aq pirvelsave saukuneSi uqadagiaT, xolo sab-
olood qristes eklesia me-4 saukuneSi, episkopos wm. maruTa
tagritelis dros damkvidrda. mesopotamiis olqi iyofoda or
provinciad: osrohena, romelic evfratis marcxena napirze mde-
bareobda da sakuTriv mesopotamia, tigrosis marjvena napirze
mdebare. orTave provincia erTad Teqvsmet eparqias moicavda.
osrohena. osrohenas provincia evfratis marcxena napirze

mdebareobda da ase misi erT-erTi pirveli mTavris, ozros saxelis
mixedviT ewoda. es provincia didi xani iyo arabTa mmarTvelobis
qveS da mas arabeTadac ixseniebdnen. osrohenas Tavadebs iqaur
enaze avgarosebs eZaxdnen.
edesa. osrohenas provinciis mTavari qalaqi iyo edesa. es qa-

laqi nebroTs dauarsebia. uwin mas uwodebdnen araxs, Semdgom _
antioqias, edesa ki makedonelebma daarqves, rodesac is aleqsan-
dre makedonelma dai pyro, mSobliuri makedonuri qalaqis, edesis
mosagoneblad. bolos imperatorma iustinianem uboZa mas axali
32 antikuri germaniciis adgilze dRes aris naxevarmilioniani Turqu-

li qalaqi qahramanmaraSi, qveynis samxreTiT (red. Sen.).
33 savaTi – didi zomis frinveli, werosnairTa rigisa (red. Sen.).
147
saxeli _ iustinopolisi, rodesac wyaldidobis Semdeg axlad

aRadgina. 612 w-s. edesa dai pyres sparselebma da Semdeg, maleve
_ mahmadianebma.
qristianobis matianeSi qalaqi edesa cnobilia misi mTavris, anu
avgarosis qristes sjulisadmi moSurneobiT. aq inaxeboda avga-
rosisadmi ieso qristes sapasuxo werili. aqedan gaiTqva saxeli
xelTuqmnelma qristes gamosaxulebam. aq iyo damarxuli Tavad
maxarebeli mociquli Tadeozi, romelmac rwmeniT gananaTla av-
garosi. efrem asuri edesas RmerTis mier kurTxeul qalaqs, moci-
qulTa bages uwodebs. Tadeoz mociquls, gadmocemiT, ori mowafe
hyolia _ morisi da agisi; isini moRvaweobdnen am mxareSi Tadeoz-
Tan erTad da mis Semdegac. meore saukunis dasawyisSi am qalaqis
episkoposad iyo wminda barsuma (xsenebis dRe 30 ianvars), romel-
mac mosaxleobis didi nawili moaqcia, moamzada isini wamebisaTvis
da TviTonac wamebiT aResrula traianes dros. am imperatorma
sparsTa winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas antioqiaSi msjavri dasdo wm.
egnates da, ueWvelia, edesaSic gaaCaRa qristianTa devna. barsumas
garda traianis Jams edesaSi awames sarbilosi da bibeosi (orives
xseneba 15 oqtombers). meore saukuneSi edesaSi, avgaros bar manus
sasaxleSi cxovrobda gnostikosi bardesani, kaci ganswavluli da
niWieri poeti. mas didi gavlena hqonda avgarosze da am ukanask-
nelma misi CagonebiT akrZala cibelasadmi miZRvnili usircxvilo
zeimebi, monetebzec mis dros baalis kultis amsaxveli sagnebis
nacvlad jvari iWreboda. deciosis dros aq ewamnen galaktioni
da epistimia (xsenebis dRe 5 noembers), diokletianes dros _ guri,
samoni da abibo (xseneba 15 noembers). saerTod, qristianul sarw-
munoebas edesaSi, oqropiris mowmobiT, gacilebiT meti mimdevari
hyavda, vidre imperiis sxva qalaqebSi. diokletianes devnis xanaSi
edesaSi eZebdnen TavSesafars imperiis sxva kuTxeebidan devnili
qristianebi. am dros edesis episkoposma kononosma qalaqSi didi
akldama moawyo. edesa iyo erTi im qalaqTagani, sadac ar Sery-
eula keTilmsaxureba iulianes drosac ki. sparseTSi laSqro-
bis dros, rodesac mesopotamiaze gadadioda, iulianem marcxniv
Camoitova es keTilmsaxuri qalaqi, Tumca Tavi ver Seikava, rom
ar gamoexata siZulvili edeselebis mimarT, rodesac amis Sesa-
Zlebloba mieca. valentinis mimdevrebma, savaraudod, bardesanis
skolidan, saCivriT mimarTes mas edesis taZrebis SeuracxyofisaT-
148
vis. iulianem isargebla am SemTxveviT da edesis eklesias Camoar-

Tva saganZuri da eklesiis kuTvnili uZravi qonebac miiTvisa. am
dros ar daviwyebia, Cveuli sarkazmiT daecina `saxarebiseuli
siglaxakis~ netarebaze. iulianes dros edesaSi evno gemelius
paflagoneli (xseneba 10 dekembers). me-2 saukunis dasasrulidan
edesaSi gavrcelda gnostikuri mcTaroba, upiratesad, swavlu-
li bardesanis meSveobiT, romelsac efrem asuri maxvilgoniers
uwodebda. bardesani cnobili iyo Tavisi brZoliT astrologiis
swavlebis winaaRmdeg adamianis bedze planetebis zegavlenasTan
dakavSirebiT, magram TviTon qadagebda gnostikur swavlebas ori
sawyisis Sesaxeb. Tavis swavlebas is gadmoscemda poeturi formiT,
werda momxiblavi eniT, Tavissave gamogonili saleqso sazomebiT.
man 150 simRera dawera fsalmunTa raodenobis mixedviT. misi Svi-
li harmoniac, asve, werda simRerebs, mas ganaTleba aTenSi hqonda
miRebuli. mama-Svilis simRerebma xangrZlivi droiT ganamtkices
bardesanis mcTari moZRvreba. imdenad, rom am simRerebis gavlenis
gamo ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda Teodoritec ki, romelic me-5
saukuneSi cxovrobda.
me-4-5 saukuneebSi edesis eklesia mtkiced icavda marTlma-
dideblobas imJamad gavrcelebul eresebTan brZolaSi. rodesac
valentim edesadan gaaZeva marTlmadidebeli episkoposi barsusi,
aRmsarebeli (373 w-s.), marTlmadideblebma qalaqgareT moawyves
krebebi. male TviTon valentic Camovida edesaSi da ubrZana pre-
toriis prefeqt modestis, daeSala xalxi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
iaraRis ZaliTac. magram rodesac modesti brZanebis Sesasruleb-
lad gaemarTa, mas gza gadauWra erTma qalma Cvili bavSviT xe-
lSi. _ saiT migeCqareba? _ SeekiTxa prefeqti. _ Cems Tanamorw-
muneebTan, raTa maTTan erTad miviRo Tqvengan sikvdili, _ upasuxa
qalma. prefeqti saswrafod gamobrunda da es ambavi valentis
Seatyobina, da brZanebac gauqmda. samagierod, valentim edesis
eklesiis 88 wevri gagzavna satusaRoSi.
arianuli SfoTis Semdeg qalaqSi damkvidrebuli simSvidis pe-
riodSi qalaqis mosaxleoba da episkoposebi Seudgnen taZre-
bis mSeneblobas. episkoposma kiros I-ma didebuli gumbaTi daad-
ga Toma mociqulis saxelobis brwyinvale taZars. nestorianul
mwvaleblobasac, arianobis msgavsad, edeselebi sruli gulgri-
lobiT Sexvdnen. es miT ufro ucnaurad gamoiyureboda, raki la-
149
mis mTeli antioqiis sapatriarqo pirvel xanebSi nestors metad

TanaugrZnobda. amasobaSi edesis me-15 episkoposma rabbulam efesos
msoflio saeklesio krebaze mxari dauWira kirile aleqsandriels,
risTvisac is sastikad gakicxa samosatis episkoposma andriam. ma-
gram rabbula ganTqmuli iyo ganswavlulobiT, swored mas miaw-
eren edesis saswavleblis daarsebas. efesodan dabrunebis Semdeg
rabbulam megobruli mimowera gaaCaRa kirile aleqsandrielTan,
da gamosca epistole, romliTac krZalavda Teodore mopsuete-
lis Txzulebebis kiTxvas. `Cveni qalaqis tirani, werda SemdgomSi
rabbulas am saqcielze misi memkvidre saepiskoposo kaTedraze, iba,
edesis episkoposi, romelic TanaugrZnobda nestoris mwvaleblo-
bas, _ rwmenis sababiT sjis ara marto cocxlebs, aramed didi
xnis aRsrulebulebasc. erTi maTgani aris netari Teodore, WeS-
maritebis mqadagebeli da eklesiis maswavlebeli, romelic ara
marto sicocxleSi moaqcevda eretikosebs WeSmarit sarwmunoe-
baze, aramed gardacvalebis Semdegac eklesiis Svilebs dautova
sulieri iaraRi. ai, vin gadasca kadnierad, Riad anaTemas rabbu-
lam, _ is, vinac RvTiT ara marto Tavisi qalaqi gaanaTla, ar-
amed Soreul eklesiebsac uqadaga WeSmariteba~… am nawyvetidan
naTelia, rom rabbulas memkvidre iba nestoris mimdevari iyo. da
marTlac, werilSi mari sparsisadmi iba acxadebs, rom nestori
usamarTlod gakicxa kirilem, urCevs mas, ikiTxos Teodore mop-
suetelis naSromebi da xSirad gamoTqvams aramarTlmadideblur
Sexedulebebs. magram edesis mrevlma ar TanaugrZno ibas imis
miuxedavad, rom ganswavluli kaci iyo da mzrunvelobda edesis
eklesias. man edesaSi taZaric aaSena mociqulTa saxelze. ibas
mamxileblad misive eklesiis samRvdeloni gamovidnen. imperator-
ma Teodosim CamoarTva mas kaTedra da edesis episkoposad daniSna
nonosi, romelic Tavisi mzrunvelobiT qalaqis keTildReobaze
netari Teodores msgavsi iyo. man edesaSi aago monasteri, taZari
ioane naTlismcemlis saxelze, avadmyofTa, RatakTa da obolTa
TavSesafari kozmasa da damianes eklesiasTan, aaSena simagreebi,
xidebi, SeakeTa gzebi.
mesopotamiis qalaqTa Soris edesa ganaTlebiTac gamoirCeo-
da. edesis erT-erTi maswavlebeli, makari, iyo mowame lukianes
moZRvari, romelic cnobili iyo ganswavlulobiT. edesaSi miiRo
ganaTleba codniT ganTqmulma evsevimac, romelic SemdgomSi eme-
150
sias episkoposi gaxda. is edesis erTi keTilSobili ojaxidan iyo.

siymawvilis wlebSi iqauri wesisamebr, rogorc sozomeni gvatyo-
binebs, Seuswavlia saRmrTo werili, xolo Semdgom _ elinuri
mecnierebani adgilobrivi maswavleblebis xelmZRvanelobiT.
magram edesis mniSvneloba, rogorc saRmrTismetyvelo centri-
sa, gansakuTrebiT amaRlda me-4 saukuneSi, rodesac aq Camovida
efrem asuri. wm. iakob nizibielis gardacvalebis Semdeg wm. efrem
asuri edesaSi gaemgzavra. rogorc grigol noseli mogviTxrobs,
efrems amoZravebda iqauri siwmindeebis Tayvaniscemis survili,
ufro metad ki iseT ganaTlebul kacs eZebda, visganac codnis
nayofs miiRebda. edesaSi Camosulma efremma ixila mosaxleobis
gataceba bardesanis himnebiTa da misi gnostikuri swavlebiT.
maSin wminda efremma am himnebs sakuTari daupirispira, marTlma-
didebluri swavlebiT gajerebuli. mdidari bunebrivi niWi, sulis
gamudmebuli amaRleba, daulevneli mgrZnobeloba, azrebis naT-
lad da gamomsaxvelad gadmocemis unari, iseTive sufTa kilo, ro-
goriTac werda bardesani (anu edesis kilo, romelic saukeTesod
iTvleboda siriuli enis sam cnobil kiloTa Soris) _ yovelive
aman ganapiroba efremis sagaloblebis warmateba. am warmatebebi-
saTvis efremma garkveuli garegani saSualebac ixmia. ufro metad
rom ganewyo edeselebi eklesiaSi siarulisaTvis, wminda efremma
moiwvia qalwulebi, romelTac RmrTis msaxurebas uZRvnes Tavi,
da TviTon aswavla maT galoba. es wamowyeba warmatebiT dag-
virgvinda. mwvalebluri cTomiT gatacebuli edeselebi tovebd-
nen TavianT Tavyrilobebs da ubrundebodnen eklesias.
udides poetur niWTan erTad wminda efremi Rrma mecnierul
codnasac flobda. icoda berZnuli enac. is Tavisuflad kiTxu-
lobda wm. irineos lionelis Txzulebebs, aTanase aleqsandrielis
mier aRweril antoni didis cxovrebas da a.S. isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom ramdenadme berZen folosofosebs _ sokrates, platons, ar-
istotelesac icnobda, romelTac mokled axasiaTebs. wminda wer-
ilis ganmartebisaTvis is xSirad xelmZRvanelobda samocdaaTTa
TargmaniT, da, amasTan, flobda ebraul enasac, rac aucilebelia
Zveli aRTqmis ganmartebisaTvis. wm. efrems mowafeebic hyavda,
romlebsac moZRvravda magaliTiTa da sityviT. isini dakavebulni
iyvnen wminda werilis ganmartebiT da baZavdnen TavianT moZRvars
leqsebis TxzvaSi. wminda efremma maT uanderZa, gaevrcelebinaT
151
qristianuli sinaTlis codna da marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba.

`simeon, mimarTavda is Tavis sando mowafeTagan erTs, gisminos
ufalma RmerTma; yovel qalaqSi, sadac ki mixval, aRavseb eklesias,
viTarca barZims.~ sxva mowafes ase eubneboda: `de, iyos sityva Seni
cecxlisa msgavsi, romelic mwvaleblobaTa ekals daferflavs.
dae, Semusros Senma sityvam cru swavlebani, rogorc xanZari gad-
awvavs jagnars da gaimarjveb daviTis msgavsad, xolo nacvlad
goliaTisa Sen daamarcxeb cTomisa Zeebs~. da marTlac, efremis
mier daarsebuli edesis saswavlebeli misi gardacvalebis Sem-
degac anaTlebda ara mxolod misi qveynis, aramed sparseTisa da
somxeTis qristianebsac. edesis skola daixura episkopos kiros II–
is dros, 488 wels da mis adgilze yovladwminda RmrTismSoblis
taZari gamarTes (albaT imitom, rom edesis saswavlebelSi maSin
gavrcelda nestoris cToma, romelic uaryofda wminda qalwu-
lis RmrTismSoblad saxeldebas).
edesis mogviano swavlulTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Teodore ede-
seli, romelic edesis mahmadiani mmarTvelis dros cxovrobda.
man qristianobisadmi ganawyo mahmadiani mmarTveli moabi da VII
saukuneSi momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli edesis eklesie-
bi aRadgenina.
edesis SemogarenSi didad yvaoda gandegiluri cxovreba. ma-
gram edesaSive IV saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli mesalianelTa anu
evtixianelTa mwvaleblobas. am eretikosTa pirveli saxelwodeba
siriulia, meore _ berZnuli, da orive maTgani niSnavs mlocvelebs,
ramdenadac sarwmunoebis arss es eretikosebi mxolod locvaSi
xedavdnen. wminda epifane mowmobs, rom mesalianelTa cToma meso-
potamiaSi daiwyo. fotiosis saeklesio saqmeTa mixedviT Cans, rom
antioqiis patriarq flavianes TavisTan daubarebia mesalianobaSi
eWvmitanili osrohenas olqis episkoposebi: adelfiosi, evstaTi da
sxvebi. xolo Teodorite ki pirdapir wers, rom edesadan adel-
fioss gamouZaxeso. Rirsi nilosic edesel adelfioss asaxelebs.
uTuod, uaRresad saxifaTo iyo mesalianelTa cToma, radganac 426
wlis konstantinopolis krebam daadgina, rom yvela mesalianeli,
es episkoposi iyo Tu sxva sasuliero piri, gadayenebuli da ekle-
siidan gankveTili iqneboda, sanam cTomas ar Seinanebda.
edesis momdevno movlenebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
aqedan macxovris xelTuqmneli xatis gadatana konstantinopol-
152
Si konstantine porfirogenetis dros. 612 wels edesa aiRes

sparselebma, Semdeg ki _ mahmadianebma.34
mesopotamia. mdinare tigrosis maxloblad mdebare romis pro-

vincia mesopotamia imperator traianes dros gamoeyo osrohenas
provincias. odesRac es olqi meoTxe somxeTis saxels atarebda.
amida. mesopotamiis provinciis mTavar qalaqad traianem qa-

laqi amida airCia. magram am qalaqis eklesiuri damoukidebloba
imperator konstancis dromde ar dawyebula. man mmarTvelobis
meoTxe wels qalaqi mtkice kedlebiT gaamagra. amida mdebareob-
da mdinare tigrosisa da tavris mTis Stos maxloblad. amidis
wmindanTa Soris cnobilni arian: fengonosi da evkarpiosi, 310
wlis maxloblad wamebulebi (maTi xseneba 23 ianvars). amidis
episkoposebis rigi iwyeba nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebidan. am
qalaqis episkoposTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobilni arian: akaki, me-4
saukunis moRvawe, romelmac saeklesio nivTebi gayida sparse-
bisagan datyvevebuli qristianebis gamosasyidad da me-6 sauku-
nis moRvawe, ganswavlulobiT cnobili episkoposi mara III. me-6
saukunis dasawyisSi amida dai pyres sparselebma da romaelebma
is xelmeored gamoisyides. SemdgomSi, 1176 w-mde, amidaSi iyo
iakobiti patriarqebis kaTedra.35
nizibia. mesopotamiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvleboda

nizibia, romelic mdinare Cax-Caxze, mTebis ZirSi mdebareobda. es
iyo gamagrebuli qalaqi, razec misi saxlwodebac metyvelebs.
gadmocemiT, edesas msgavsad, isic nebroTs dauarsebia da war-
moadgenda somexi mefeebis rezidencias vagarSakidan ervandamde.
makedonelebma dapyrobis Semdeg qalaqs uwodes migdonis antio-
qia, es saxelwodeba qalaqma ver daimkvidra. qristes sjuli, gad-
mocemiT, nizibiaSi mociqulma Tadeozma iqadaga. diokletianes
devnis dros nizibiaSi ewama wm. Tebrone (xseneba 25 ivniss). magram
34 zeda mesopotamiis antikuri qalaqi edesa dRes aris TurqeTis samx-

reT-aRmosavleTiT, osroenas provinciis qalaqi Sanliurfa (red. Sen.).
35 md. tigrosze mdebare uZveles qalaq amidas adgilze axla aris Tur-
qeTis erT-erTi udidesi qalaqi diiarbaqiri, qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
(red. Sen.).
153
nizibiis eklesiam saxeli gansakuTrebiT me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi

gaiTqva, misi episkoposis, wm. iakob nizibielisa da misi mowafis,
efrem asuris didi damsaxurebiT. nizibiis qveyanaSi gandegiluri
cxovreba adreve gaxda cnobili. qalaqis Semogarenis mRvimeebi
gandegilebs TavSesafrad eqcaT, xolo mcenareTa da nayofTa si-
uxve _ sazrdod. swored am mosagreTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda wmin-
da iakob nizibieli, romelic cnobili iyo rogorc dayudebuli
cxovrebiTa da saswaulTa simravliT, ise _ moSurneobiT qristes
rwmenis gavrcelebasa da marTlmadideblobis dacvaSi. nizibiis
episkoposobis drosac, xalxmraval qalaqSi myofs ar daugdia
mosagre cxovrebis wesi. mis did wadierebaze qristes sjulis
gavrcelebis saqmeSi miuTiTebs is faqti, rom is sagangebod mog-
zaurobda nizibiis mezobel sparseTSi. iakob nizibielis erT-er-
Ti uaxloesi mowafe da gandegiluri cxovrebis wesis umkacresi
damcveli iyo wm. efrem asuri. igi, savaraudod, me-4 saukunis
pirvel wlebSi nizibiaSi an mis maxloblad unda dabadebuli-
yo. rogorc TviTon mowmobs, misi Soreuli winaprebi Ratakebi
yofilan, mowyalebiT rom cxovrobdnen. babuebi _ miwaTmoqmedni
da ar uWirdaT, mSoblebic amave saqmianobas eweodnen; qalaqSi
ki naTesavebi hyavdaT. raki sxvebze ukeT icoda Tavisi mowafis
didi Rirsebebi, wm. iakobma Tan waiyvana efrem asuri nikeis kreba-
ze. masTan erTadve didi samsaxuri gauwia qalaq nizibias sparsTa
mefis, sapor II-is Semosevis dros, 337 wels. rodesac konstantine
didis sikvdili da misi memkvidreebis sisuste Seityo am sparsTa
mefem, gadawyvita, xelSi Caegdo nizibiis Semogareni da ori Tvis
ganmavlobaSi alyaSi hyavda qalaqi moqceuli. am dros, rodesac
nizibiis mcxovreblebs qalaqis SenarCunebis imedi ukve ewurebo-
daT, wminda iakobi yvelas amxnevebda locvebiTa da saqmiT. Zveli
Tqmulebebi nizibiis gadarCenas saswauls miaweren, wm. iakobisa da
wm. efremis locvebiT rom aRsrulebula. `wminda efremma, naTq-
vamia am TxzulebaSi, miiRo episkoposis kurTxeva, asuliyo qalaqis
kedelze da locviT moevlinebina sparsTa jarze uamravi mweri.
mtris banakSi areuloba daiwyo. Sewuxebulma adamianebma da cx-
ovelebma aRar icodnen, rogor daefaraT Tavi am mravalricxovani
mtrisagan. sapori iZulebuli gaxda, dauyovnebliv moexsna alya da
warumateblad dabrunebuliyo Tavis qveyanaSi.~ erTi wlis Sem-
deg, 338 wels, gardaicvala wm. iakobi. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg
154
efremi dauyovnebliv miemgzavreba edesaSi; sul male nizibiac

sparselebma daimorCiles. es moxda iulianes gardacvalebs Semdeg,
romelic, rogorc cnobilia, sparseTze warumatebeli laSqrobis
dros mokvda. amis Semdeg misi memkvidre iZulebuli iyo, arasax-
arbielo zavi daedo sparseTTan. am samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT
nizibia sparseTis mmarTvelobas daeTmo. nizibiis momdevno xanis
istoriidan aRsaniSnavia mxolod is, rom 442 w-s. edesadan Camo-
sulma maswavleblebma aq gaxsnes saswavlebeli, rac iqca nesto-
ris mwvaleblobis gamavrceleblad, xolo saswavleblis moZRvari
barsuma nizibiis pirveli nestorianeli episkoposi gaxda.36
36 antikuri nizibia aris Tanamedrove nusaibini, TurqeTis samxreT-aR-

mosavleTiT, mardinis provinciaSi, siriis sazRvarTan. asi aTasamde mosax-
lis eTnikuri umravlesoba qurTia, danarCenebi _ Turqebi da sirielebi
(red. Sen.).
155
kvi prosi.
kanakarias RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari.
156
kvi prosis eklesia
kvi prosis eklesia
antioqiis sapatriarqos mezobel qveyanaTa Soris, romlebic

uZveles xanaSive eziarnen qristes naTels, iyo kunZuli kvi prosi
da sparseTi.
kunZuli kvi prosi, romelic xmelTaSua zRvis Crdilo-aRmo-
savleT nawilSi mdebareobs, siriasa da kilikiis mopirdapired,
SesaniSnavia rogorc sididiT, ise _ nayofierebiT. aq uxvad modis
xorbali, Rvino, zeTi, mdidaria tyiTa da spilenZisa da vercxlis
sabadoebiT. kvi prosi dasaxlebuli iyo finikiidan gadmosaxle-
bulebiT, xolo troas dangrevis Semdeg aq berZeni kolonistebic
gadmovidnen, romelTac gaavrceles afroditesadmi Tayvaniscema.
afrodites mTavari da umdidresi taZari iyo qveynis uZvelessa
da mTavar qalaqSi, pafosSi.1 magram kvi prosze iudevlebic blo-
mad saxlobdnen, maT ZiriTadad kunZulis ukidures Crdilo-aR-
mosavleT nawilSi mdebare qalaqi salamini ekavaT.
qristianuli eklesia kvi prosze daarsda sakmaod adre. gadmo-
cemiT, qristes megobari lazare iyo kvi prosis erT-erTi qalaq-
is, kitionis,2 episkoposi. `kunZuli kvi prosi, wers erTi mogzauri,
Soridan didia da lamazi. Tvals gansakuTrebiT izidavs svetebiT
damSvenebuli oTxkuTxa samrekelo, romelic dgas, rogorc gvarw-
muneben, swored qristes megobris, lazares saflavze~.3
1 qalaqi pafosi (`saqme mociqulTas~ mixedviT: pafo) kunZulis samx-

reT-dasavleT sanapiroze mdebareobs, dRes imave saxelis mqone raionis
administraciuli centria. 50 000-iani mosaxleobis 80% berZnulenovania,
danarCeni – Turqul enaze molaparake. qristemde 51 w-s. pafosSi cxovrobda
ciceroni, romelic maSin mTeli kvi prosis prokonsuli iyo (red. Sen).
2 q.kitioni aris dRevandeli sanapiro q. larnaka, kunZulis samxreT-aR-
mosavleTiT, amave saxelwodebis raionis dedaqalaqi 50 000 mcxovrebiT.
q.kitionSi Zv.w. me-4 s-Si daibada Zenoni, cnobili filosofosi, stoikosTa
skolis warmomadgeneli. amJamad aq aris kvi prosis upirvelesi, larnakas
saerTaSoriso aeroporti (red. Sen.).
3 gadmocemiT, arabebis batonobis dros, me-7 s-Si mociqul lazares
saflavi daikarga. 890 w-s. larnakaSi naxes saflavi warweriT: òTxi dRis
lazare, megobari qristesi.~ imperator leon VI-is brZanebiT, 898 w-s. wminda
nawilebi konstantinopolSi, wm. lazares saxelobis taZarSi gadaasvenes.
male lazares wminda nawilebis gadasvenebis dRe marTlmadideblur dRe-
157
mociquli barnaba warmoSobiT kvi prosidan iyo. `saqme moci-

qulTas~ TxrobiT, kvi proselebic yofilan ierusalimSi suliw-
midis gardamoslvis dRes da mousmeniaT petre mociqulis qad-
ageba. ierusalimis mociqulTa krebis Semdeg mravali qristiani
ganerida devnas da kunZul kvi pross Seafara Tavi. kvi proselebma
pirvelebma axares antioqiasa da sirias qristes moZRvreba. erT
xans pavle mociquli qadagebda kvi prosSi da moaqcia prokonsuli
sergi-pavle.4 es imas niSnavs, rom pavle mociquls mTeli kunZuli
gadauseravs qadagebiT, vinaidan iudeveli mogzaurebi kuZulze
gemidan q. salaminSi gadmodiodnen xolme, romelic kunZulis aR-
mosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda, xolo qalaqi pafosi, sadac ser-
gi-pavles rezidencia idga, kunZulis dasavleT nawilSi, yvelaze
dacilebul punqtSi, romis maxloblad iyo. SesaZlebelia, ambobs
erTi mwerali, es prokonsuli pavle, swored is swavluli kvi-
proseli sergi-pavlea, romlis Sromebs xSirad iSveliebs pliniusi
kunZulis bunebis aRwerisas. rodesac mociquli barnaba gamoeTx-
ova mociqul pavles, dabrunda kvi prosze da aq gaatara sicocx-
lis ukanaskneli wlebi, aqve ewama da daimarxa.
kvi prosis eklesiaSi TxuTmetamde saepiskoposo kaTedra ar-
sebobda, kunZulis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
kunZuli kvi prosi siriis nacvalis gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda, is
yovelTvis inarCunebda avtokefaliasa da damoukideblobas an-
tioqiis sapatriarqosagan, radganac kvi prosis eklesia iyo samo-
ciqulo eklesia. IV_VII ss-ebSi kvi prosis eklesia simSvides
inarCunebda, gaaCnda avtoritetuli xma msoflios saeklesio
saqmeebSi, da mraval eretikosTagan devnil marTlmadidebels
saswaulad dawesda, romelic axali stiliT 30 oqtombers aRiniSneba. amis

Semdeg, me-9 s-is bolos larnakaSi lazares saflavze aages misi saxelobis
eklesia. momdevno saukuneebSi taZari gadavida jer romaeli kaTolikebis
xelSi,Semdeg – osmalebisa. maT me-16 s-Si is meCeTad gadaakeTes, risTvisac
moangries sami gumbaTi samrekloebiTurT. 1589 w-s. Turqebma taZari marTl-
madideblebs mihyides. dRes es taZari moqmedia, aq darCenilia wminda laz-
ares nawilebi. lazares SabaTs q.larnakaSi ewyoba saxalxo msvleloba wm.
lazares xatiT (red. Sen.)
4 lucius sergius paulusi iyo kunZul kvi prosis prokonsuli 1-el
saukuneSi, imperator klavdiusis dros. mociqulma pavlem droebiT Tvalis
sinaTle waarTva jadoqar elimas, igive bar-iisus, romelic sergi pavles
gadabirebas cdilobda WeSmaritebis gzidan, ix. saqme mociqulTa 13:6-12. ar-
sebobs am siuJetis amsaxveli rafaelis cnobili tilo, romlis dedani aris
londonSi, viqtoriasa da albertis muzeumSi (red. Sen.).
158
kvi prosis eklesia
aZlevda TavSesafars. nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebas eswrebod-

nen q. trimifuntis5 episkoposi wm. spiridoni _ aRmsarebeli, cno-
bili TavmdablobiTa da saswaulqmedebiT, da agreTve, kvi prosis
mitropoliti gelasi. imave me-4 saukuneSi rwmenis sadarajoze
idga kvi prosis mitropoliti wm. epifane, romelsac did pativs
miagebdnen. 370 wlis ivnisSi antioqiaSi Cavida ariozis mimdevari
imperatori valenti, romelmac gaasamarTla da gaaZeva meleti,
iqauri episkoposi. masTan erTad aRmosavleTis sxva marTlmadideb-
el episkoposebsac CamoarTves kaTedrebi: pelagioss (laodikiis
episkoposi) da barsenoss (edeseli episkoposi). magram wm. epifane
kvi preli imgvari sayovelTao pativiT sargeblobda, rom arian-
elebma ver gabedes misTvis xelis xleba.
kvi prosis mitropolitma reginosma efesos krebaze amxila
nestori. antioqiis sapatriarqom araerTgzis scada, daeqvemde-
barebina kvi prosis eklesia. pirveli aseTi mcdeloba moxda ef-
esos mesame msoflio krebis wina xanebSi. magram am krebis meSvide
sxdomaze aRiares kvi prosis eklesiis avtokefalia. msgavsi pre-
tenzia ganacxada imperator zenonis dros antioqiis kaTedris
mflobelma monofizitma petre mkawrvalma an fulonma.6 magram
swored maSin, RmrTis nebiT, gaxsnes wm. barnaba mociqulis neSti,
damtkicda kvi prosis eklesiis samociqulo warmoSoba da fulo-
nis mcdeloba uSedegod darCa.
kvi prosis arqiepiskoposebi TavianT maRal uflebebs ucxo qvey-
anaSi SemTxveviTi an iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis drosac ki inarCu-
nebdnen. swored me-7 s-Si imperatorma iustiniane II-m sarkinozebis
Semosevis saSiSroebis gamo kvi prosis mosaxleoba da episkoposebi
helespontSi, qiziqis7 maxloblad, gadaasaxla. am gadasaxlebis
5 trimifunti dRes aris sofeli tremetusia, larnakas raionSi; moq-

ceulia Turqebis mier kontrolirebul, kunZulis Crdilo nawilSi. dasax-
lebis centrSi dgas wm.spiridonis taZari, romelic savse iyo uZvelesi
xatebiTa da xelnawerebiT, aq yoveli mxridan moedinebodnen momlocvelebi.
Turquli okupaciis Semdeg, 1974 w-s, xelnawerebi gaqra, daikarga mravali
xati. amJamad taZari yazarmadaa qceuli (red. Sen.)
6 petre fuloni – antioqiis patriarqi (471-488), monofiziti, cdilob-
da mrwamsSi cvlilebebis Setanas, amitomac qarTuli xelnaweruli tradi-
cia mas `mkawrvalad~ ixseniebs (red. Sen.).
7 dRes TurqeTSi ramodenime sofeli atarebs qiziqis saxels. aq, uTu-
od, laparakia bursas provinciaSi mdebare sofel jumaliqiziqze, marmari-
los zRvasTan (red. Sen.).
159
Taobaze trulis krebam 39-e kanoniT miiRo dadgenileba, roml-

iTac kvi prosis arqiepiskoposi axal sacxovrebel adgilzec Sei
narCunebda pirvelobis yvela uflebas, pativiT idgeboda qiziqis
episkoposze maRla da akurTxebda mimdebare qveynebis episkoposebs.
magram kvi proselTa yofna helespontSi xanmokle iyo, isini samS-
obloSi dabrundnen.
649 wlidan kvi prosi aRmoCnda musulmanTa uRelqveS. 969 w-s.
is kvlav daibrunes berZnebma. xolo jvarosanTa laSqrobebis
dros aq damkvidrdnen laTinebi. laTinTa arqiepiskoposma Tavis
rezidenciad airCia qalaqi levkosia anu niqozia.8 am dros ber-
Znuli eklesiis mimarT, romelsac TxuTmeti episkoposi marTavda,
miRebuli iqna dadgenileba, romliTac kunZulze berZen episko-
posTa raodenoba oTxze meti ar unda yofiliyo.
salamini_konstancia. kunZul kvi prosis mTavari qalaqi da

metropolia salamini-konstancia mdebareobda kunZulis Crdi-
lo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da hqonda SesaniSnavi navsadguri. aq iqa-
daga da mowameobrivi sikvdili miiRo barnaba mociqulma. swored
aq iyo arqiepiskoposad wm. epifane kvi preli. qalqi daaarses ber-
Znebma troas dangrevis Semdeg da is didxans atarebda salaminis
saxels. meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqi miwisZvram daangria,
Semdeg aRadgina imperatorma konstancim, saidanac gaCnda axali
saxelwodeba `konstancia~; swored am saxeliT aris is cnobili
eklesiis istoriaSi. konstancia iyo kvi prosis metropolia me-7
saukunemde. me-7 saukuneSi is miwasTan gaaswores sarkinozebma da
metropolia gadatanili iqna q. arsinoeSi.9
8 qalaq niqozias berZnulad levkosiac erqva. is yovelTvis iyo qvey-

nis administraciuli da kulturuli centri. 1963 w-s. qalaqi orad gaiyo,
misi Crdilo nawili Turqebis xelSi aRmoCnda (red. Sen.).
9 antikuri salamini amJamad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis adgils war-
moadgens. xolo arsinoe iyo Zveli, dRes ararsebuli qalaqi kvi prosis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, qalaq marionTan axlos (red. Sen.).
160
sparseTis eklesia
sparseTis eklesia
sparseTi uSualod emijneboda atnioqiis sapatriarqos aR-
mosavleT provinciebs: evfratsa da mesopotamias. saxelwodeba
`sparseTSi~ igulisxmeba uzarmazari teritoria, sadac arsebod-
nen Zveli samefoebi: asiria, babiloni, midia da sparseTi. am ukanask-
nelma monarqiam STanTqa adrindelni da 536 w. qristemde, kirosis
dros, warmoiqmna axali imperia. sparselebma TavianT imperiaSi
SeinarCunes midielTa religia da zne-Cveulebani, Tayvans scemdnen
cecxls da scnobdnen or sawyiss: yovelive sikeTis Semoqmeds _
ormuzds da yovelive borotebis mizezs _ arimans. qristemde 300
w. sparseTi dai pyro aleqsandre makedonelma, xolo qristemde
me-2 saukunis II naxevridan Cveni welTaRricxvis 226 wlamde
sparseTs ganagebdnen parTelebi. me-3 saukunis Suidan sasanidebma
daaarses sparseTis monarqia, romlis arsebobamac 400 weli gasta-
na, me-7 saukunemde.
Zvelad am olqebSi cnobili iyo qalaqebi: babiloni, ninevia,
persepolisi da ekbatana.
babiloni. nebroTis mier daarsebuli babiloni mdinare ev-

fratze iyo gaSenebuli. es iyo Zveli drois yvelaze didi da
mdidari qalaqi, savaWro centri da sasawyobe adgili. misi ke-
dlebi aguriT iyo nagebi, vinaidan qveyanaSi saSeni qva ar moi-
poveboda, da misi simaRle aRwevda daaxl. 22 m-s. babilonis
nagebobaTa Soris SesaniSnavi iyo terasebze dakidebuli baRebi,10
da, aseve, maRali koSki, romlis Tavze iyo observatoria, sadac
qaldevelebi astronomiul dakvirvebebs awarmoebdnen TiTqmis 19
saukunis manZilze, aleqsandre didis mier babilonis dapyrobamde.
aleqsandres ganzraxuli hqonda, babiloni Tavisi imperiis dedaqa-
laqad eqcia, magram 323 w-s. qristes dabadebamde is babilonSi
10 babilonis dakidebuli baRebi, msoflios Svid saocrebaTagan erTi,

iyo oTxi terasisgan Semdgari nageboba, sadac msoflios yoveli kuTxis
mcenare xarobda. flaviosis gadmocemiT, is auSenebia nabuqodonosor II-s
Tavisi colis, dedofal amitisaTvis qristemde me-6 s-Si. dRes arqeologebi
versad pouloben nagebobis naSTs. SesaZloa, evfratma dafara, romelmac
saukuneTa manZilze dasavleTisken gadaiwia. aris meore versiac, rom baRebi
mefe senaqeribs nineviaSi unda aeSenebina Zv.w. me-7 s-Si (red. Sen.).
161
sparseTi.
qalaqi ninevia, adadis karibWe.
162
sparseTis eklesia
gardaicvala. SemdgomSi ki axali qalaqebis, selevkiisa da kte-

sifonis, daarsebam da evfratis adidebam aiZules babilonelebi,
daetovebinaT qalaqi.11
ninevia, asureTis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobda, zogierTis azriT,

iq, sadac amJamad aris qalaqi mosuli. isic nebroTs dauarsebia.
misi galavnis simaRle 35 m-s udrida da mas 1500 koSki amSvenebda,
Tan iseTi ganieri iyo, rom zed sam etls SeeZlo gverdi-gverd
gavla. ninevia daingra 795 w-s. qristes dabadebamde.12
ekbatana, midiisdedaqalaqi, aSenda 708 w-s. qristemde. qalaqs

Svidi sxvadasxva feris galavani ertya. sparseTis mefeebi zafx-
ulobiT yovelTvis ekbatanas stumrobdnen xolme, radgan iq
13
sigrile idga.
persepolisi mdinare araqsze mdebareobda. es iyo pirveli

sparsi mefeebis rezidencia, SemdgomSi ki _ imperiis dedaqalaqi.
sparseTis TiTqmis yvela mefe iqaa dakrZaluli.14
yvela es uZvelesi qalaqi qristianobis dros ukve nangrevebad
iyo qceuli. SemdgomSi mniSvneloba SeiZines am olqebSi axla-
11 istoriuli babilonis gverdiT dRes aris erayis q. hila, baRdadi-

dan daaxl. 100 km-Si, babilis muhafazis administraciuli centri 500 000-mde
mcxovrebiT, romelTa umetesoba erayelebi arian. Tavad babilonis nangreve-
bi warmoadgens Tixa-talaxiT dafarul yorRanismagvar borcvTa jgufs,
romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi saxeli aqvs (red. Sen.).
12 ninevia – uZvelesi asureTis saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi md. tigrosze,
Tanamedrove eraySi. md. tigrosis sapirispiro napirze dRes milioniani
qalaqi mosulia. ninevia bolo dromde arqeologiuri kvlevis adgili iyo,
2015 w-s. martSi teroristebma aafeTqes nineviis kedlis narCenebi da sxva
artefaqtebi (red. Sen.).
13 midiis qalaqi ekbatana, varaudiT, Tanamedrove iranis qlaq hamadanis
maxloblad unda yofiliyo. uZvelesi ekbatanas, kirosis dedaqalaqis, ke-
dlebis ferebi: TeTri, Savi, mewamuli, cisferi, wiTeli, vercxlisferi da
oqrosferi simbolurad xuT planetas, mTvaresa da mzes Seesabameboda (red.
Sen.).
14 persepolisis nangrevebi dRes mTeli kompleqsis saxiTaa SemorCeni-
li iranis samxreTiT, q.Sirazidan 50 km-Si. persepolisis mravali artefaqti
msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumSi inaxeba (red. Sen.).
163
daSenebulma qalaqebma, esenia:Aerbili,15 tikriti,16 suza17 da, gan-

sakuTrebiT _ selevkia-qtesifoni.
selevkia md. tigrosze idga. qalaqi daaarsa selevki nika-

torma 293 w-s. qristes Sobamde im mizniT, rom babiloni daemcro.
selevkia selevkidebis imperiis aRmosavleTis mTavari qalaqi gax-
da, xolo siriis antioqia _ dasavleTis olqebisa. rodesac par-
Telebma qristemde 200 wels aaSenes qtesifoni, selevkia gaud-
aburda. qtesifoni18 iyo mefeebis sazamTro rezidencia. is ise
axlos iyo selevkiasTan, rom amJamad am ori qalaqis _ qtesifoni-
sa da selevkiis _ nangrevebs erTi saxeliT ixsenieben: al-mada’in.
qtesifoni romaelebma oTxjer dai pyres: 116, 163, 198, 283 wlebSi
qristes Semdgom. qtesifonis selevkiidan antioqiis sapatriarqos
uaxloes qalaq nizibiamde 18 dRis savali gza iyo. aqedan Segvi-
Zlia davaskvnaT, Tu ra veeberTela sivrceze yofila gadaWimuli
sparseTis olqebi. qristianoba sparseTSi barTlome, maTe da Toma
mociqulebma gaavrceles.
me-2 saukunis damlevis qristiani mecnieri edesidan, vardezani,
axsenebs qristianul Temebs parTiaSi, midiaSi, sparseTsa da baqtri-
aSi. me-2 saukunis meore naxevarSi sparseTSi warmoiSva maniqeizmi.
vinaidan manesi warmoSobiT babilonidan iyo, misi swavleba uka-
vSirdeboda sparsul dualizms. 227 w-s. sparseTis mefem is
sikvdiliT dasaja. me-5 s-is Sua wlebSi sparseTis eklesiam didi
devna gadaitana mefe Sapurisagan,19 romelic ebrZoda romaelebs
da eWvobda, rom sparseTis qristianebi romis imperias Tanau-
grZnobdnen, raki qristianoba iq saxelmwifos mfarvelobis qveS
iyo. am dros (343 w-dan) sparseTSi Zalze bevri qristiani awames.
15 erbili – igive havleri, erayis qurTistanis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobs

erayis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, milion-naxevriani qalaqia (red. Sen.).
16 tikriti – qalaqi eraySi, mdebareobs baRdadidan Crdilo-dasavle-
TiT 140 km-Si (red.Sen.).
17 uZvelesi suza aris iranis xuzestanis teritoriaze mdebare Tana-
medrove q. SuSi, 65 000 mosaxliT. isini warmoadgenen musulman-Siitebsa da
iranel ebraelebs, winaswarmetyveli danielis Tems. suzaSi, gadmocemiT,
aris winaswarmetyvel danielis saflavi (red. Sen.).
18 qtesifoni - uZvelesi qalaqi md.tigrosze, sasanianTa iranis dedaqa-
laqi. daangries arabebma me-7 s-is dasawyisSi. misi nangrevebi Tanamedrove
baRdadTan axlos, eraySia (red. Sen.).
19 Sapur II – sasanidebis dinastiis me-10 mefe (309-379), urmizd II-is Svi-
li (red. Sen.).
164
sparseTis eklesia
aseTive devna ganmeorda me-5 saukunis dasawyisSic. 418 w-s. q.

suzas episkoposma abdam dawva warmarTTa bagini. sparseTis mefe
iezdigerdma mas sakerpos aRdgena mosTxova da uaris miRebis gamo
sikvdiliT dasaja Tavad episkoposic da Semdeg sxva qristianebic
miayola.20 es devna 30 weliwads grZeldeboda. am dros sparse-
Tis eklesia jer kidev erTobaSi iyo berZnulTan da qtesifonis
episkoposma maruTam 415 wlis msoflio krebaze daadastura ni-
keis krebis wesebi. magram mexuTe da meeqvse saukuneebSi sparseTi
daikaves nestorianelebma da iakobitebma, romlebic idevnebodnen
didi romis imperiaSi, xolo sparseTis saxelmwifo maT didi si-
amovnebiT Rebulobda. qtesifonSi daarsda nestorianeli kaTo-
likosis kaTedra sparseTis eklesiisaTvis. am dros sparseTSi ukve
cxra mitropolia iyo, romelTagan oTxi nikeas krebis drosac
arsebobda. me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi, sparseTis mefe xosros dros,
sparselebma sagrZnoblad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo: 610
w-s. maT aiRes edesa da apamea da antioqias miadgnen. 611 w-s.
dai pyres kapadokiis kesaria, 612 w-s. _ damasko da 614 w. ivnisSi
_ ierusalimi. magram me-7 saukuneSive sparseTi daimorCila ara-
beTma da am droidan daiwyo misi TandaTanobiTi daknineba.
20 laparakia suzas episkopos abdas Sesaxeb. sokrate sqolastikosi mas

`sparseTis episkoposad~ ixseniebs. cxovrobda me-4 s-Si. rodesac mRvdlad
ekurTxa, mSobliur qalaq xaldorSi aago monasteri da skola, qadagebda
qristes sjuls, risTvisac mogvebma Sei pyres. mravali damcireba da tkivili
iwvnia maTgan, Tumca qristes ar uRalata. SemdgomSi is episkoposi gaxda
da mimdevrebi gaiCina. sarwmunoebaze kamaTisas adgilobrivma mogvma mas
daswama ahura mazdas taZris dawva. maSin sparseTis mefe iezdigerd I-ma
(399-420) abdas taZris aRdgena mosTxova. mis uarze iezdigerdma daangria
qristianuli eklesiebi, xolo abda sikvdiliT dasaja. gadmocema gviambobs,
rom is ketebis cemiT mokles. masTan erTad ewamnen mRvdlebi haSu da isaaki,
efremi, mTavardiakoni papa, saeroni: dudaki, durdani da papa, es ukanaskneli
Tavad abdas Zma iyo. siriis eklesia maT xsovnas aRniSnavs 31 marts, romis
kaTolikuri eklsia – 16 maiss (red. Sen.).
165
konstantinopoli.
wm. sofias sakaTedro taZari.
166
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo
konstantinopolis daarseba
konstantine didis gamefebamde konstantinopolis adgilze iyo

erTi patara qalaqi _ bizantioni, gadmocemiT, aSenebuli spartis
mTavarsardlis, pavsanias mier; sxva wyaroebi qalaqis damaarse-
blad megarelTa belad vizas asaxeleben. karakalam es qalaqi
kargad gaamagra, magram orjer daangries, pirvelad imperatorma
septimus severusma, xolo Semdeg _ galienosma. 330 w-s. konstan-
tine didma bizantioni Tavis dedaqalaqad gamoacxada.
axali dedaqalaqis daarsebis garegnuli sababi iyo usiamovneba,
romelic konstantine dids romSi SeemTxva Tavisi mmarTvelobis
me-20 wels. `mmarTvelobis 20 wlisTavis zeimze, wers erTi is-
torikosi, romaelebi moelodnen, exilaT warmarTuli msaxurebis
wesi sruli brwyinvalebiT. magram konstantinem maTTvis mxolod
TamaSebi gaimeta, kerpebs msxverpli ar Seswira da kapitoliumSi
arc ki misula. warmarTobis aseTma cxadma upativcemulobam uaR-
resad gaanawyena romaelebi, isini dasdevdnen imperators, dasci-
nodnen da Seuracxyofdnen mas. Tavis mxriv, konstantinem Caifiqra,
daearsebina axali qristianuli dedaqalaqi, sadac warmarTTa gad-
mocemebi ar Seaviwrovebda sazogadoebriv cxovrebas~.
axali dedaqalaqis adgilis SerCeva, rogorc Zveli saeklesio
istorikosebi gadmogvcemen, RvTis miTiTebiT momxdara. Tavdapir-
velad konstantine biTviniaSi, mcire aziaSi, fiqrobda dedaqa-
laqis mowyobas. `rodesac is am mizniT eleonis mindorze movida,
vkiTxulobT sozomenTan, helespontis maxloblad, sadac aiaqsis
saflavia da sadac aqavelebs troasTan omis dros, rogorc am-
boben, hqoniaT navmisadgomi da banaki, moniSna iq qalaqis forma
da zomebi, da SemaRlebul adgilze aRmarTa karibWe, romlis
xilva axlac SeuZliaT zRvidan mezRvaurebs. rodesac am saqmiT
iyo dakavebuli, erTxel, RamiT mas gamoecxada RmerTi da ubrZana,
qalaqisTvis sxva adgili moeZebna da miuTiTa Trakiis bizantionze,
167
biTviniis qalkedonis mopirdapire mxares: aq ebrZana mas qalaqis

aSeneba da misTvis konstantines saxelis darqmeva~. kostantino-
polis anu axali romis saswaulebriv aSenebaze laparakobs yve-
la sxva berZeni istorikosi da qronografi. `Tavisi mefobis 28-e
wlisTavze, vkiTxulobT filostorgiosTan, konstantinem bizantia
konstantinopolad gadaakeTa da misi garSemowerilobis mosani-
Snad SubiT xelSi, fexiT gaemarTa. rodesac mis ukan midevnebul
xalxs moeCvena, rom saWiroze did sivrceze midioda xelisufali,
erT-erTi Tanmxlebi piri mieaxla mas da Sehbeda: `kidev Sorsaa,
meufev?~ man ase upasuxa: ìm adgilamde, sadac is Sedgeba, Cems win
vinc midis.~ amiT aCvena, rom mas win uZRoda raRac ciuri Zala
da aswavlida, ra moemoqmeda~.
imperatori iustiniane I SeniSnavs konstantinopolze: ìs
mowyale RmerTma daaarsa mravali miniSnebiT~.
konstantinem qalaqi Zveli romis mixedviT gaaSena: romis ms-
gavsad dahyo 14 kvartlad, imis msgavsi Senobebi aago, rogoric
romSi iyo da uflebebiT sruliad gauTanabra mas.
magram Zvel romTan garegnul msgavsebasTan erTad konstan-
tinopoli mainc gansxvavdeboda, ase vTqvaT, qristianuli ieriT.
es ieri, romelic mTels qalaqs edo, cxadad mowmobs imaze, rom
dedaqalaqis daarsebis dros konstantines upirvelesad religi-
uri motivebi hqonda mxedvelobaSi: qristianuli religiis gan-
dideba. warmarTuli sakerpoebis nacvlad brwyinvale taZrebi
aRmarTa mowameTa saxelze, wamarTuli miTologiis samyaros am-
saxveli qandakebebis nacvlad sxvadasxva adgilas dadga figurebi,
romlebic wminda bibliuri istoriis ambebs asaxavdnen.1
1 zemoT aRweril mizezebTan erTad sxvebzec uTiTeben, ris gamoc kon-

stantine didma Tavisi dedaqalaqi aRmosavleTSi gadaitana. zogi fiqrobs,
rom man es fufunebisadmi siyvaruliT gaakeTa. aRmosavleTi ufro gagebiT
ekideboda saimperatoro sasaxlis fufunebas; amas saimperatoro didebis
aucilebel nawiladac ki miiCnevda. konstantines winamorbedi imperatorebic
cdilobdnen, drois umetesi nawili aRmosavleT provinciebSi gaetarebinaT.
ase iqceoda, magaliTad, diokletiane. magram amis sapirispirod SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom konstantine didsac SeeZlo droebiTi rezidenciis mowyoba
aRmosavleTis romelime qalaqSi, axali dedaqalaqis dafuZnebis gareSe.
swored aseve, arc raime politikuri motivebis arseboba araa sagulvebeli
am faqtis safuZvlad. 1867 wlis Православный Обзор-is erT-erT nomerSi dai-
beWda statia Христианство на Востоке. avtori dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs Zvel
msoflioSi dedaqalaqTa gadatanis SemTxvevebs, amis sxvadasxvagvar mizezs.
gvixsnis, Tu raoden rTuli procesia, rogor siZneleebTanaa dakavSire-
168
am qalaqSi man ori taZari aago, romelTagan erTs mSvidobis

taZari daarqva, meores – mociqulebisa. da ara mxolod aRa-
maRlebda qristianul saqmeebs, aramed angrevda warmarTobis sa-
didebel Zeglebs. ase magaliTad, kerpebis qandakebebi taZrebidan
gamoatanina da xalxs gadasca qalaqis mosarTavad, xolo delfos
samisnos samfexa i podromis boloSi daadgmevina.
surda, gamorCeuli yofiliyo Tavisi saxelobis qalaqi, gviambobs
evsevi, da uxvad daamSvena is salocavebiT, mowameTa brwyinvale
taZrebiT da didebuli SenobebiT, romelTa nawili aRmarTa Se-
mogarenSi, zogic _ cixe-simagreSi da amiT pativi miago wame-
bulebs; yovelive es da TviT qalaqi miuZRvna RmerTs. RvTiu-
ri sibrZniT aRvsilma konstantinem samarTlianad miiCnia, Tavisi
saxelobis qalaqi gaewminda yovelive kerpTayvanismcemlobisagan,
raTa iq Tvali ar gaocebuliyo cru RmerTebis gamosaxulebebiT,
romelTac baginebSi miagebdnen pativs. aseve akrZala cxovelTa
sisxliani sakerpoebi, raTa aRarsad Catarebuliyo samsxverplo
dawva, demonuri dResaswaulebi da raime warmarTuli wesi. wya
roebTan Tu savaWro moedanze Sen xedav saRmrTo werilidan
nacnob niSnebs keTili mwyemsisa, xedav, agreTve, spilenZisgan Ca-
mosxmul, brwyinvale oqros mosasxamian daniels lomebTan erTad.
RvTaebrivisadmi siyvarulma ise mZlavrad moicva mefis suli, rom
man saukeTeso samefo darbazis mooqruli Weris SuaSi, brZana,
moeTavsebiaT didebuli suraTi macxovris tanjvis amsaxveli niSne-
biT, rac oqroTi mdidrulad mooWvili nairgvari Zvirfasi qvebiT
iyo Sesrulebuli. es niSani2 miaCnda RmrTismoyvare mefes Tavisi
samefos mcvelad. ai, aseTi gamosaxulebebiT gaamSvena konstanti-
nem qalaqi. imperatoris portretebiT morTul sasaxleebsa da
sazogado SenobebSi konstantinem isurva, imgvarad warmoedginaT
igi, rom mlocvelad da xelSi jvariT yofiliyo gamosaxuli.
SenobaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli silamaziTa da sidiadiT
brwyinavda konstantines mier agebuli wminda mociqulTa taZari:
`rodesac nageboba eniT auwerel simaRlemde aizarda, misi ke-
buli TavisTavad es movlena; miT ufro, centralizebul romis saxelmwi-

foSi, farTod ganviTarebuli samTavrobo organizaciiT. sabolood midis
daskvnamde, rom konstantines mier dedaqalaqis gadatana ver ganixileba,
rogorc sxva magaliTebis paraleli, da imperatoris motivi mxolod reli-
giuri iyo.
2 iq saubaria jvris Sesaxeb (red. Sen.).
169
dlebi mefem zemodan qvemoT sxvadasxva feris brwyinvale qvebiT

mofina, xolo patara CaRrmavebebiT morTuli gumbaTi mTlianad
oqroTi dafara. garedan kramitis nacvlad Senobas wvimisagan
saimedod icavda spilenZi. es ukanaskneli ki sqlad iyo mooqruli,
ise, rom misi brwyinva mzis sxivebis anareklisas Soridanac Tvals
Wrida. gumbaTis irgvliv garSemortymuli iyo rikulis msgavsad
oqrosa da spilenZisagan gakeTebuli bareliefebi. ase rom _ mefis
didma siuxvem da mondomebam daamSvena es taZari. taZris irgvliv
erTob vrceli ezo gadaWimuliyo, sufTa herisaTvis Ria. portike-
bis ukana sivrce ekava samefo sasaxleebs, abanoebs, sastumroebsa
da mraval sxva nagebobas. es yvelaferi mefem miuZRvna Cveni macx-
ovris yvela mociqulis samaradiso xsovnas. amave taZarSi moimza-
da TavisTvis saZvale. rwmenis siRrmiT ganWvrita, rom sikvdilis
Semdgom misi neSti pativad mociqulTasworis saxels miiRebda da
ewada, gardacvalebis Semdegac hqonoda monawileobis saSualeba
locvebSi, rasac mociqulTa sadideblad aRavlendnen am taZarSi.
amrigad, aq aago 12 kidobani, rogorc 12 wminda Zegli mociqulTa
sadideblad, SuaSi TavisTvis dadga kubo, ise rom kubos orive
mxares eqvs-eqvsi mociqulTa kidobani idga.~
amagvarad aSenebuli da morTuli axali romi 330 wlis 11
maiss sazeimod akurTxes, samuSaoebis dawyebidan xuTi wlis Tavze.
amis Semdeg daiwyo qalaqis swrafi aRmavloba.
konstantine didis dedaqalqs qristianul iers gansakuTre-
biT hmatebda mravali monasteri. Zvel bizantionSi manamde mx-
olod erTi monasteri arsebobda _ wm. efTvimes saxelobisa, 240
wels agebuli. warmarTuli taZrebi wm. konstantinem salocav
saxlebad gadaaqcia. ase magaliTad, iupiteris taZari gadakeT-
da wminda mowameTa: mokis, akakis, agaTonikesa da minas saxelobis
eklesia-monastrad. bosforis napirebze mTavarangeloz miqaelis
gamocxadebis samaxsovrod imperatorma aq misi saxelobis monas-
teri aaSena. axal oqros karibWesa da zRvas Sorisac imperator-
ma daaarsa wm. diomides saxelobis monasteri. es orive monasteri
konstantinopolis galavnis gareT moeqca. wm. elenemac aseve
mravali monasteri aago konstantinopolsa da mis SemogarenSi:
beTlemis, simdidriT gamorCeuli wm. karpesa da babilas saxelo-
bisa, wm. Teodores, wm. romanozisa da sxv.
konstantinesa da elenes mibaZviT mravali warCinebuli _ kaci
170
Tu qali, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebi, senatorebi,

patriciebi da didgvarovani qalbatonebi keTilmsaxurebis, xolo
zogjer pativmoyvareobis mizeziTac SemowirulobebiT aRavsebd-
nen monastrebs, eklesiebsa da saavadmyofoebs. zogjer patric-
iebis sikvdilis Semdeg maTi saxlebi monastrebad iqceoda, ro-
gorc magaliTad, kalistrates da florentiosisa. imdroindel
aSenebul monastrebs miekuTvneba `yovelTa wmindaTa.~ mravali
saukunis manZilze keTilmsaxurebiTa da simdidriT gamoirCeoda
qalaqis SemogarenSi, oqros karibWesTan mdebare abraamitebis mon-
asteri.3 saerTod, qalaqis daarsebidan konstantines gardacvale-
bamde 337 wels, Svidi wlis manZilze, konstantinopolSi aSenda
TxuTmeti monasteri, romelTa saxelebma Cvenamdec moaRwia.
gulmodginebas monastrebis daarsebisadmi mTels momdevno pe-
riodSic vxvdebiT. dedofalma evdokiam, imperator valentiniane
umcrosis meuRlem, konstantinopolSi daiwyo wm. efTvimes saxe-
lobis monastris mSenebloba, rac misi gardacvalebis Semdeg das-
rulda. orma RvTismoSiSma qalma, domninem da mavram, romlebic
marTlmadidebelma eklesiam wmindanebad Seracxa, cal-calke
daaarsa TavianTi saxelobis monastrebi qalaqgareT, imperator
Teodosis mier naboZeb, dausaxlebel adgilze. imperator Teo-
dosis dros wm. grigol nazianzelma saimperatoro qalaqSi, rome-
lic ukve mTlianad arianelebs ekavaT, aaSena marTlmadidebluri
eklesia da monasteri aRdgomis saxelze _ anastasi. daaxloebiT
amave dros Tavis saxelze aaSena monasteri diosmac. Teodore
studieli mas brwyinvale varskvlavs uwodebs, romelic amovida
aRmosavleTSi da Suqs afrqvevs bizantias.
imperator arkadis dros erTma maRali rangis moxelem, kes-
3 abraamitebis monasteri _ (Abramitow`n) gadmocemiT, konstantinop-

olSi iyo daarsebuli konstantine didis mier vinme beri abramisaTvis.
imperator markianes dros (450-457) gandidebuli wm.matronas `cxovrebaSi~
naxsenebia am monastris iRumeni akaki, Tumca, es wyaroc gviandelia. ioane
mosxis mtkicebiT (`sulieri mdelo,~ T. 97), monastris damfuZneblad unda
miviCnioT Rirsi abraami, efesos episkoposi (me-5-6 saukuneebis mijna). monas-
tris umTavres siwminded iTvleboda RmrTismSoblis xelTuqmneli xati
( jAceiropoivgto~ ). xatmbrZoli imperatoris, Teofiles dros (829-842) abraami-
ti berebi icavdnen xatebs da amxeldnen xelisufals eresSi, ris gamoc
isini garozges da konstantinopolidan gaaZeves. Zmebma Tavi Seafares naT-
lismcemlis monasters, foveronTan, bosforis napiras, sadac maT mowame-
brivi aRsasruli hpoves. kaTolikuri eklesia mowame-abraamitebis xsovnas 8
ivliss aRniSnavs (red. Sen.).
171
ariosma, daaarsa wminda tirsis eklesia da monasteri, romelic

manamde ekavaT makedonel mwvaleblebs, sadac mogvianebiT, patri-
arq prokles dros, ormoci mowamis neSti aRmoaCines. maSin kon-
stantinopolis saepiskoposo kaTedra ekava wm. ioane oqropirs.
oqropirma Tavisi auwereli enamzeobiT, udavod, didad Seuwyo
xeli morwmuneTa gulmodginebas eklesiebisa da monastrebis
daarsebis saqmeSi. `gaamravleT Cveni eklesiebi, _ mimarTavda qad-
agebaSi qristianebs, _ raTa aravis miwa ar darCes ueklesiod. nu
ityviT, rom mezobel qalaqSia eklesia, saWiroa, is Tqvens sakuTar
miwazec iyos. imperatorma rom TavisTvis sacxovreblis ageba gTx-
ovoT, gana im dResve ar daiwyebdiT misi nebis aRsrulebas? Rmer-
TisTvis naklebs nu gaakeTebT. mere aRmoaCenT, rom es gacilebiT
did xarjebs saWiroebs? Tqvenc mokrZalebuli nagebobiT daiwyeT,
Tqveni memkvidreebi gaadideben mas.~ aseT rCeva-darigebas aZle-
vdnen monastrebis damaarseblebs episkoposebi da imperatorebi
mogvianebiTac.
imperator Teodosi umcrosis dros misma erT-erTma dam, ark-
adiam, aaSena wm. andrias saxelobis monasteri. mas daxmarebas qa-
laqis warCinebuli patriciebi uwevdnen. maTive mondomebiT kidev
sxva mravali monasteri aSenda, magaliTad, wm. Teodore tironisa.
im dros sasaxlis mcvelma dalmatim datova col-Svili da Tavis
vaJTan, favstosTan erTad daaarsa Tavisi saxelobis monasteri.
Tavis siqveleTa da sibrZnis wyalobiT 431 wlis efesos krebaze
igi yvelaze cnobili iyo dedaqalaqis berebs Soris.
imperatori markiane da, gansakuTrebiT, dedofali pulxeria,
Teodosis da, agrZelebdnen saeklesio mSeneblobebs. markianes
brZanebiT aSenda wm. zoias da wm. irines saxelobis monastre-
bi. pulxeriam ki vlaqernis kvartalSi aRmarTa RmrTismSoblis
brwyinvale taZari, romelic mravaljer aRadgines da amJamadac
arsebobs. qalaqis meore boloSi, akropolisis ZirSi, misi zrunviT
kidev erTi RmrTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia-monasteri aSenda _
`qristianTa megzuri,~ odigitria. es iyo mamaTa monasteri, sadac
luka maxareblis mier Sesrulebuli RmrTismSoblis gamosaxuleba
iyo daculi.
leon didis mefobis dros (457-474 ww.) igeba wm. kviriakes mon-
asteri oqros karibWis miRma, wm. efTvimes monasteri da bizantiis
istoriaSi yvelaze saxlganTqmuli _ wm. ioane naTlismcemlis
172
monasteri, ufro cnobili studielTa monastris saxeliT, rogorc

konsul studiosis mier aSenebuli.
magram monasterTa mSeneblobis oqros xanad iTvleba iustini-
anes mefobis dro (527-563 ww.). konstantinopolis mravali monas-
teri unda umadlodes Tavis arsebobas iustinianes, isini sxvadasxva
wmindanis saxelze igeboda: mowameebis anTimozis, Teodores, miqa-
elis, lavrentis, mociqulebis _ petresa da pavles saxelze da
sxv. petresa da pavles monastris maxloblad iustinianem kidev
aaSena wm. sergisa da baxusis monasteri, sadac imperatori yovel
wels didi zeimiT aRniSnavda `ganaxlebis~ samSabaTs, wm. paseqis
kviraSi. SesaZloa, imave iustinianes wyalobiT arsebobs RmrTism-
Soblis monasteri RmrTismSoblis mSvenier wyarosTan, romlis
wyliTac avadmyofebi ikurnebodnen. dedofalma Teodoram, Tavis
mxriv, aaSena sinanulis monasteri. axali monastrebis SenebasTan
erTad iustinianem Zvelebic aRadgina: wm. mokis, wm. miqaelisa, jer
kidev konstantine didis mier daarsebulni.
536 wlis krebas, romelic patriarqma minam moiwvia anTimozis,
severusisa da sxva monofizitebis winaaRmdeg, dedaqalaqis Zvel
ubanSi arsebuli samocdarva monastris winamZRvari eswreboda.4
konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos daarseba
me-4 saukunis 25-dan 81 wlamde, pirvel da meore msoflio

krebebs Soris, konstantinopolis, rogorc religiuri da poli-
tikuri qalaqis, mniSvneloba metad gaizarda da misi episkoposi
4 istoriuli konstantinopoli mdebareobs bosforis sruteze, bune-

briv navsayudelTan òqros rqa,~ da camet milioniani mosaxleobiT evropis
udides qalaqs warmoadgens. qemal aTaTurqis meTaurobiT 1923 w-s. daarsebu-
li TurqeTis respublikis dedaqalaqis funqcia amave wlidan q.ankaraSi ga-
dadis da axali mTavroba konstantinopols saxels stambulad gadaarqmevs.
1930 wlidan yvela qveynis mTavrobebi iTvaliswineben axalgazrda TurqeTis
respublikis Txovnas da am uZvelesi qalaqis oficialur saxelwodebad
stambuls iyeneben. saxeli konstantinopoli ucvlelad mxolod marTlma-
didebeli eklesiis wiaRSi ixmareba (red. Sen.).
173
sxva episkoposebze metad amaRlda. man memkvidreobiT miiRo ara

mxolod Zveli bizantiis mitropolitebis uflebebi, romlebic
mxolod TavianT eparqias marTavdnen da imyofebodnen Trakiis
olqis mTavari mitropolitis, irakli Trakielis gamgeblobis
qveS; aramed saimperatoro Zalauflebis gavleniTac da kidev
imis gamo, rom imperiis episkoposebi xSirad Cadiodnen dedaqa-
laqSi da sargeblobdnen konstantinopolis episkoposis stumarT-
moyvareobiTa da mfarvelobiT, ramodenime aTwleulSi is mniSvn-
elobiT pirvel episkoposad iqca aRmosavleTSi da Zveli romis
episkoposebis yvelaze Zlier metoqed.
konstantinopolis mitropolits gansakuTrebuli sapatri-
arqo uflebebi daumtkicda konstantinopolis meore msoflio
krebaze. `konstantinopolis episkoposs aqvs Rirsebis upiratesoba
romis episkoposis Semdeg, vinaidan konstantinopoli aris axali
romi~. amgvarad, konstantinopolis episkoposs eboZa meore adg-
ili patriarqTa Soris, uSualod romis episkoposis Semdeg da
amas safuZvlad daedo wmindad politikuri mosazreba: `vinaidan
konstantinopoli aris axali romi.~ axal patriarqs mmarTvelo-
baSi gadaeca konstantinopoli da mTeli Trakia. berZnebma es
dadgenileba gaiges imgvarad, rom konstantinopolis patriarqi
uflebiT savsebiT gautolda romisas da meore adgili mxolod
imitom daikava, rom axali romi Zvel romze gvian daarsda.
konstantinopolis krebis Semdeg konstantinopolis episkopo-
sis mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeboda. is ereoda efeso-
sa da kapadokiis kesariis, mcire aziis mitropolitebis saqmeeb-
Si, romelnic manamde gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,
agreTve sxva patriarqebis saqmeebSic Rebulobda monawileobas.
konstantinopolis patriarqis uflebebis esoden gafarToeba imis
Sedegi iyo, rom konstantinopolSi yoveli mxridan Camodiodnen
episkoposebi xelisufalTan TavianTi saqmeebis gasarCevad. imper-
atori ki am saqmeebs umeteswilad gansaxilvelad gadascemda
konstantinopolis patriarqsa da mis krebas, romelic Sedgeboda
mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi episkoposebisagan. yvela episkoposi
amgvarad aRmoCnda konstantinopolis patriarqis gamgebloba-
Si. ukve konstantinopolis patriarqi neqtariosi sinodis erT-
erT krebaze 394 wels naklebad aZlevda sityvas aq damswre
174
aleqsandriisa da antioqiis episkoposebs da sakiTxebs TiTqmis

erTpirovnulad wyvetda. imis Sesaxeb, Tu raoden gafarTov-
da konstantinopolis kaTedraze misi memkvidris, ioane oqropiris,
uflebebi, Teodorite ase ambobs: èklesiis mesaWe rom Seiqna, didi
ioane gabedulad Seudga usamarTlobis mxilebas, zogierTni rom
sCadiodnen, uSiSrad Caagonebda mefesa da dedofals yovelive
sasikeTos, samRvdeloebs kanonisadmi morCilebisken ganawyobda. Tu
vinme gabedavda maT darRvevas, aseTebs sakurTxevelSi Sesvlas
ukrZalavda da ambobda, mRvdels ar SeSvenis samRvdelo pativ-
iT siamovneba, Tu is WeSmariti samRvdelo cxovrebis moSurneobas
moklebuliao. aseT zrunvas iCenda is ara marto Tavis qalaqze,
aramed mTels Trakiaze, romelic dayofili iyo eqvs eparqiad,
da mTels aziazec ki, romelsac TerTmeti gamgebeli marTavda.
da mTels pontos olqsac imave kanonebiT amSvenebda, Tumca ep-
arqiebis raodenoba iqac TerTmeti iyo~. 400 wels oqropirma
efesoSi imogzaura, radgan efesos episkoposis xeldasasxmelad iyo
miwveuli. Tumca efesos mitropolias erTob gamorCeuli adgili
ekava, oqropiris erT-erTma memkvidrem konstantinopolis kaTe-
draze, atikusma, Caagona imperator Teodosi umcross 421 wels,
gamoeca brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac mezobeli mitropoliis arc
erTi episkoposi ar SeiZleboda xeldasxmuliyo konstantinopo-
lis episkoposis Tanxmobis gareSe.
magram am uflebebs, romlebiTac sinamdvileSi ukve sargeblob-
da konstantinopolis patriarqi, sWirdeboda msoflio krebis mier
sazeimod dakanoneba, rac ganxorcielda IV msoflio saeklesio
krebaze qalkedonSi 451 wels da romelmac 28-e kanoniT gaafar-
Tova konstantinopolis episkoposis uflebebi: `mivyvebiT ra yve-
laferSi wminda mamaTa ganmartebebsa da vcnobT as ormocdaaTi
RvTismosavi episkoposis mier cota xniT adre miRebul kanons, ne-
tarxsenebuli Teodosi didis, yofili imperatoris sataxto qalaq
konstantinopolSi _ axal romSi rom iqna miRebuli, Cvenc vad-
genT da vadasturebT imaves konstantinopolis wminda eklesiis,
axali romis, upiratesobis Sesaxeb. rameTu Zveli romis taxtsac
wminda mamebma samarTlianad uboZes upiratesoba, radgan is iyo
samefo qalaqi. imave mosazrebiT as ormocdaaTma RvTismosavma
episkoposmac uboZa Tanaswori upiratesoba axali romis taxts
samarTliani gansjiT, rom qalaqi, sadac imyofeba samefo mTavro-
175
ba da sinkleti,5 da romelsac aqvs Tanaswori upiratesoba Zvel

samefo romTan, mis msgavsad amaRldes saeklesio saqmeebSic, amasTan,
[pativis mixedviT] darCes meore adgilze mis Semdeg. mxolod
amitom pontos, aziis, Trakiis mxareebis, da, amas garda, zemoxsen-
ebuli mxareebis ucxo tomebis episkoposebi dae, xeldasxmul iqnen
konstantinopolis uwmindesi eklesis uwmindesi taxtis mier. e.i.
zemoxsenebuli mxareebis TiToeulma mitropolitma Tavis episko-
posebTan erTad daasxas xelni eparqiis episkoposebs, rogoradac
amas saRmrTo kanonebi iTvaliswinebs. xolo Tavad zemoxsenebuli
olqebis mitropolitebi xeldasxmulni iqnebian, rogorc iTqva,
konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposis mier mas Semdeg, rac, Cveulebi-
samebr, daasaxeleben maT da warudgenen arqiepiskoposs.~
es dadgenileba, cxadia, iyofa or nawilad, romelTa Sinaarsi
gansxvavebulia. dadgenilebis pirveli nawili amtkicebs imaves,
rac konstantinopolis krebaze iyo dadgenili, anu konstantino-
polis episkoposs aniWebs meore adgils romis episkoposis Semdeg.
meore nawiliT sanqcia eZleva oqropiris droidan ukve praqti-
kaSi arsebul konstantinopolis episkoposis umaRles zedamxedv-
elobas ara marto Trakiis diocezze, aramed aziisa da pontos
diocezebzec, da mas eZleva gamonaklisi ufleba, xeli daasxas
am diocezebis mitropolitebs, iseve, rogorc barbarosi erebis
episkoposebs. am saxiT konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis gamge-
blobaSi iRebda gacilebiT meti raodenobis eklesias, vidre aR-
mosavleTis danarCen or patriarqs hqonda erTad. mogvianebiT
iulianes ediqtiT mas, agreTve, eboZa sxva patriarqebze saCivris
miRebis ufleba. amgvarad, mas mTels aRmosavleTze daudginda
zedamxedveloba. konstantinopolis eklesiis samociqulo warmo-
Sobas adasturebs is, rom wm. andria pirvelwodebulma gadasera
qadagebiT bizantia.
5 sinkleti _ (berZnuli `suvgklhto~~ – mowveuli.) Zvel saberZneTSi

sinkleti erqva umaRles moxeleTa krebas, areopags. bizantiaSi sinklets
konstantinopolis senats uwodebdnen (red. Sen.).
176
* * *
qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanoniT konstantinopolis patriarqs
eqvemdebareboda Semdegi diocezebi: ponto, azia (kilikiisa da
isavriis gamoklebiT) da miwebis nawili balkaneTis naxevarkunZu-
lze.
mcire azias gaaCnda udidesi msoflio-istoriuli mniSvnelo-
ba rogorc samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio TvalsazrisiT. is gaxldaT
Suamavali Sua aziisa da evropis xalxebs Soris, maTi cxovre-
biseuli gamocdilebis, e.w. kulturis gacvlis gzas. es gacv-
la-gamocvla aziasa da evropas Soris gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
istoriis Zveli periodis bolos da qristianobis gaCenis dasawy-
isSi, aleqsandre makedonelidan dawyebuli Sua saukuneebamde.
es navmisadgomebiTa da koncxebiT arSiaSemovlebuli, mdinareebiT
daserili qveyana gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebeli iyo vaWrobisa da
naosnobisaTvis. amasTan, aq iyo rbili klimati da adgilobrivi
produqtebis simravle. Txisa da cxvris farebi, puri, zeTi, Rvino,
samxreTis xili, bewveuli, Sali, marmarilo da metalebi aq uxvad
i poveboda. qveyanas TiTqmis Suaze kveTs tavris mTebi, romlis
ferdebic dafarulia simwvaniT, mSvenieri muxis, fiWvisa da
nekerCxlis tyeebiT. es qedi mravali mdinaris mSobelia da qveynis
Suagulidan myudro gzas ukafavs maT zRvebisaken.
Zveli mwerlebis sityviT, mcire azias dasavleTidan aRmosav-
leTisken 700 km-mde teritoria eWira, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisak-
en _ 250 km. cxadia, es maCvenebeli mTlad zusti araa.
mcire aziis naxevarkunZulis mTels am sivrces romaelebi
or, TiTqmis Tanatol, nawilad hyofdnen. Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT,
Sav zRvasTan mdebare mxares uwodebdnen pontos; meores, samx-
reT-dasavleTisas uwodebdnen sakuTriv azias. orive maTgani, Tavis
mxriv, ramodenime provinciad iyofoda, romelTa ricxvic sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxvagvari iyo, daaxloebiT aTamde. Teodorite aziaSi
iTvlis TerTmet arqonts _ mmarTvels, da amdenives _ pontoSi.
mcire azia kidev ufro wvril erTeulebad iyofoda eklesiuri
TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac yovel provinciaSi ramodenime saepis-
koposo kaTedra arsebobda. mTels mcire aziaSi 450 saepiskoposo
kaTedras iTvlidnen.GTu am cifrs daaxloebiT zustad miviCnevT
da mcire aziis mTels teritorias SevusabamebT, aRmoCndeba, rom
177
TiToeul eparqias saSualod 10 km. eWira. magram TavisTavad ig-

ulisxmeba, rom eparqiebi zustad erTmaneTis toli ar iyo: zogi
ufro didi gaxldaT, zogic _ momcro. detalebs aRar ganvixilavT,
mxolod SevniSnavT, rom saepiskoposo eparqiebs pontos olqSi
gacilebiT vrceli sivrce ekavaT, vidre aziis olqSi, Tumca aq
isini gacilebiT mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebulni.
pontos diocezi
qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis istoriasTan dakav-

SirebiT xSirad axseneben pontosa da pontos provincias. gavixse-
noT, rom aq iqadages mociqulebma petrem da andriam; gavixsenoT,
rom aq iyo pirveli qristianebis sastiki devna maqsimianes dros,
rodesac saSineli miwisZvra moxda, 235 wels. pontos provinciis
ganxilvisas Cven SevxvdebiT mraval metad nacnobi adgilis saxels
eklesiis istoriidan.
kapadokia da mcire somxeTi iyo pontos mxaris ukiduresi

aRmosavleTi provinciebi.
es iyo pirquSi qveyana, mTagoriani, uxvi kinovariTa6 da cxenebiT,
da dasaxlebuli siriuli warmoSobis tomebiT. aq pirvelad ro-
maelebma daiwyes qalaqebis mSenebloba uwindeli dabebis adg-
ilze. maT daaarses kesaria, tiana, nazianzi da sxva qalaqebi. es
Zalze didi raionebi iyo. kerZod, kapadokias ekava 75 000 km, erTi
mtkicebiT; sxva Cvenebebi am cifrs aormageben. kesaria da tiana
150 km-iT iyo erTmaneTs daSorebuli, maT Soris iyo patara qa-
laqi sasima. patara somxeTsac sakmaod didi teritoria eWira. am
or provinciaSi erTad 24 saepiskoposo moqmedebda. Sesabamisad,
es saepiskoposoebi metad farTo moculobisa gamodioda. aseT
vrcel teritoriaze ase mcire raodenobis saepiskoposoebis arse-
6 kinovari _ berZn: kinnavbari, laT: cinnabari –vercxliswylis sulfidi
HgS. vercxliswylis yvelaze gavrcelebuli minerali mowiTalo Seferil-
obisa. kinovari ewodeba, aseve, am mineralisagan miRebul saRebav pigmentsa
da Sesabamis fers. kinovari, rogorc Seucvleli kaSkaSa wiTeli feris
pigmenti, farTod gamoiyeneboda Zvel egvi pteSi, romSi, adreul bizantiaSi.
naturalur kinovars dResac iyeneben kanonikur xatweraSi (red. Sen).
178
boba imiT aixsneba, rom am provinciebis mosaxleoba mcirericxovani

iyo, Sesabamisad, qalaqebic patara gaxldaT. magram teritoriis
sididis gamo aqaur episkoposebs xSirad qorepiskoposebic hyavdaT.
basili didis dros erT kesariis episkoposs 50-mde qorepiskoposi
exmareboda.7
kesaria. kesaria, kapadokiis mTavari qalaqi, yvelaze mouxerx-

ebel adgilze gaeSenebinaT. straboni ambobs, rom es uwylo da
unayofo qveyana iyo, sruliad gamousadegari miwaTmoqmedebisaT-
vis. garSemo, Soreul sivrceze, moCanda qviSa da qviani adgilebi.
yovelgvari mcenareuloba, TiTqos, cecxls gadaewva. adgilobrivi
nawarmiT mkvidri mosaxleoba Tavs ver irCenda, aRarafers vityviT
vaWrobaze. da mainc, romis keisrebs surdaT, am adgilze patara
dasaxleba mazakis nacvlad aeSenebinaT didi qalaqi da TavianT
sapativcemulod kesaria ewodebinaT. zogis azriT, qalaqi daars-
da tiberiusis dros, zogic klavdiuss ambobs. rogorc unda yo-
filiyo, kesaria sul male did qalaqad iqca da 260 wels misma
mosaxleobam 400 000 Seadgina. kesariaSi qristes eklesia moci-
qulTa dros daarsda petre mociqulis mier. da vinaidan qalaqs
ar hqonda mtkice warmarTuli gadmocemebi, is sul male TiTqmis
mTlianad qristianul qalaqad iqca. origenes dros aq mravali
qristiani iyo, da manac devnisas aq Seafara Tavi. swored maSin
dauarsebia origenes kesariaSi qristianuli skola. diokletianes
periodSi kesariis qristianebi mravaljer idevnen, magram miuxeda-
vad amisa, konstantines mefobis Jams kesariaSi TiTqmis aRar iyvnen
warmarTebi. sozomenis sityviT, iuliane gandgomili Zalian gaRi-
zianebuli iyo kesariis mosaxleobaze. `mefem amoricxa qalaqebis
siidan kesaria, romelic argeusis mTasTan8 aris, qalaqi vrceli
da mdidari, mTeli kapadokiis metropolia, da TviT saxelic ki
7 istoriuli kapadokiis teritoriaze dRes aris TurqeTis provin-

ciebi: nevSehiri, kaiseri, aqsarai da nigde. kapadokiaSi q. goremis erovnuli
parki da kapadokiis kldeSi nakveTi dasaxleba Setanilia iuneskos msoflio
memkvidreobis siaSi (red. Sen.).
8 argeusis mTa (Tanamedrove saxelwodeba – erjiasi) mdebareobs ana-
toliis zeganis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, qalaq kaiseridan (kesariis
Tanamedrove saxelwodeba) 25 km-Si. centraluri anatoliis umaRlesi werti-
li, 3916 m-is mwvervali myinvariTaa dafaruli, mTis ZirSi da ferdebze aris
mindvrebi, baRebi da venaxebi (red. Sen.).
179
waarTva, romelic klavdiusis mefobis dros mieniWa mas. mefe mana-

mdec mtrulad iyo ganwyobili kesariis mosaxleobisadmi, radga-
nac qriste iwames da didi xniT adre daangries qalaqis mfarveli
zevsisa da mSobliuri apolonis taZrebi. magram rodesac kesari-
is qristianebma gaanadgures ukanaskneli warmarTuli, bednierebis
saxelobis taZari, Tanac misi mefobis dros, is ukiduresad ganrisx-
da. qalaqSi mcire raodenobiT darCenil warmarTebs usayvedura,
ratom daagvianes da Tavis droze ar mimarTes dasaxmareblad
an Tavi rad ar Seswires taZars. mefem brZana, kesariisa da misi
olqis eklesiebis qoneba da fuli moeZebnaT Tundac wamebis gam-
oyenebiT, gamoetanaT moedanze da 300 litri oqro CaebarebinaT
xazinaSi. brZana, yvela sasuliero piri SeeyvanaT olqis jaris
siaSi, e.i. garnizonSi, sadac samsaxuri iyo sazareli da samarcxvi-
no. xolo yvela danarCeni, ubralo fenis qristianebi, ojaxebTan
erTad, gautoldnen xiznebs da maT daado xarki~.
iulianes esoden mkacri kanonebi kesariis mimarT gasagebia. aq,
argeusis mTasTan, makelumis cixe-simagreSi, imperatoris sasaxli-
dan Sors, izrdebodnen iuliane da misi Zma galusi. da aq iuliane
asrulebda medaviTnis movaleobas.
kesaria SesaniSnavia imiTac, rom mis maxloblad daibada wm.
saba ganwmendili. aq iyo is udabnoc, sadac mosagreobda wm. am-
filoqe, SemdgomSi _ ikoniis episkoposi. arianuli SfoTis dros
kesaria mudam marTlmadideblobas icavda da SeiZleba amitomac
evnomiosi kapadokiis olqSi gadaasaxles.
kesariis episkoposTa Soris TavianTi RvawliT cnobilni arian:
rigiT I _ longinoz asisTavi; III _ firmiliane († 269), cnobili
Tavisi ganaTlebiT, da dacemulTa Sesaxeb kamaTis monawile; V
_ leonti, romelmac somxeTSi dasva grigoli9; X _ wm. basili,
romelic cxovrobda me-4 saukuneSi da romelmac samarTlianad
daimsaxura `didis~ wodeba da XVII _ andria, apokalifsis ganm-
martebeli (†565 w). Tavad kesariis mitropolias konstantinopo-
lis sapatriarqoSi damsaxurebulad ekava pirveli adgili.
9 laparakia grigol somxeTis ganmanaTlebelze. is mcirewlovani iyo,

rodesac ZiZam daoblebuli bavSvi mtrebisagan gadasarCenad kapadokiis ke-
sariaSi gaxizna. aq miuRia mas ganaTleba. 302 w-s. leonti kapadokielma is
akurTxa episkoposad. amis Semdeg brundeba samSobloSi da aSenebs taZars,
saxelad èCmiaZins~ (rac niSnavs àdgili, sadac mxolodSobili gardamovi-
da~) somxeTis uZveles dedaqalaq vaRarSapatSi (red. Sen.).
180
611 wels, imperator herakles xanaSi, romisa da sparseTis omis

dros, sparselebma daangries kesaria.10
nisa. kesariasTan axlos, kesariasa da ankiras SuaSi, mdinare

meleze, romelic gamoedineba argeusis mTidan, mdebareobda pa-
tara qalaqi nisa. es qalaqi SesaniSnavia imiT, rom aq me-4 sauku-
neSi episkoposi iyo wm. grigol noseli, 11 basili didis RviZli
Zma.12
nazianzi. kesariis olqSi iyo kidev erTi, SesaniSnavi patara

qalaqi nazianzi. sokrates mowmobiT, nazianzi iyo patara qalaqi,
svida ki sulac sadgurs uwodebs mas _ `staqmovn.~ saero is-
torikosebi am qalaqs saerTod ar axseneben, da rodesac vkiTxu-
lobT wm. grigolis Suamdgomlobis epistoles q. diokesariaze,
mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom nazianzs ufro xSirad diokesarias
uwodebdnen. wm. grigoli diokesarias aRwers, rogorc sakmaod
mniSvnelovan qalaqs. `pativi eciT Cems siberes, mimarTavs wm.
grigoli diokesariis mmarTvels, romlisTvisac Zalian mZime iqneba,
Tu es didebuli qalaqi, romelsac odesRac me ganvagebdi, metad
aRar iarsebebs; taZari, romelic RmerTisTvis avageT da sadac
gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT vloculobdiT, mxecebis TavSesafari
gaxdeba. samwuxaroa, rodesac erTi adamiani kvdeba, romelic dRes
CvenTan aris da xval aRar iqneba da arc dagvibrundeba. ma-
gram ufro saSinelia mTeli qalaqis sikvdili, romelic mefes
dauarsebia, dros mouwyvia da wlebis rigs Semounaxavs.~… es wer-
ili dawera grigol RmrTismetyvelma, romelic warmoSobiT iyo
nazianzidan da aqve gaizarda. aq Cven gakvriT aRvniSnavT, rom
tianas mitropolitma kesariis mitropolits dasZlia da SeZlo
10 istoriuli kapadokiis kesariis teritoriaze dRes aris TurqeTis

qalaqi kaiseri, kaiseris provinciis administraciuli centri; mosaxleoba 1
milions aWarbebs, qalaqSi oTxi universitetia (red. Sen.).
11 qalaq `nisas“ saxelwodebas Tu klasikuri berZnulis warmoTqmis
wesiT wavikiTxavT, unda vTqvaT: nusa, xolo Tu bizantiuri warmoTqmiT _
nisa. Sesabamisad, am cnobili saeklesio moRvawis saxelic nuseli an niseli
gamodis. magram Zvel qarTul xelnawerTa tradiciis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda,
is noselad unda movixsenioT (red. Sen.).
12 istoriuli nisa dRes warmoadgens arqeologiur RirsSesaniSnaobas;
is mdebareobs Tanamedrove q. harmandalis maxloblad, ortakois raionis
aksarais provinciaSi (red. Sen.).
181
kesariis maxloblad mdebare nazianzis dasakuTreba. `Cven viRu-

pebiT, Cven RalatiT migvitaces da meore kapadokiaze migvaweres,
rodesac odesRac pirvel kapadokias veqvemdebarebodiT,~ werda
amis Taobaze wm. grigoli.13
kapadokia.
wm. grigol nazianzelis saxelobis taZari.
gadavideT tianasa da kesariis mitropolitebis brZolis Sede-

gad kapadokiis or nawilad gayofis istoriaze.
tiana. kargad gamagrebuli qalaqi tiana, gadmocemiT, aSenebu-

li iyo semiramidas mier. qalaqi mdebareobda sakmaod moxerxebul
13 istoriuli nazianzidan dRes TiTqmis aRaraferia darCenili. is

mdebareobs Tanamedrove Turqul sof. bekarlaridan 4 kilometrSi Crdi-
lo-dasavleTiT; adre am sofels nenizi erqva (red.Sen.).
182
adgilze, didi mdinaris napiras, romelic Tavisi kalapotidan

arasodes gadmodioda. magram rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo
qalaqis keTildReobisa da misi aRmavlobisaTvis, es gaxldaT misi
siaxlove kilikiis karebTan, tavris mTis maxloblad, sadac iyo
mosaxerxebeli gadasasvleli kilikiidan kapadokiaze. tianaSi me-
tad mZlavri iyo warmarToba, swored aq qristianobis pirvel
saukuneSi cxovrobda cnobili filosofosi da cru saswaulTa
Semoqmedi apolonios tianeli.14 Tumca Semdgom aq qristaianoba
gavrcelda da diokletianes devnis dros mravali ewama qriste-
saTvis. da mainc, tianelebi ar yofilan qristes WeSmariti swav-
lebis Rrmad erTgulni. arianeli imperatoris, valentis dros
aq Sedga kreba ariozis swavlebis sasargeblod. imperatorma
valentim kapadokia or nawilad gahyo da qalaqi tiana meore
kapadokiis mitropoliad aqcia.15
sasima. daba sasima kesariidan _ 40 km-iT, xolo tianadan 9

km-iT iyo dacilebuli. am metad ubadruk adgils wm. grigol
nazianzeli arqmevs did gzaze mdebare patara sadgurs Tavisi
SenobebiT, rac aq mimavali mxedrebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. es adgi-
li xrioki da yovelgvar simwvanes moklebulia, da wm. grigoli
am dasaxlebas zogjer sasimas Waobsac uwodebs. ai, aq kesariis
episkoposi wm. basili didi xsnis saepiskoposos, raTa win aRudges
tianas arianeli mitropolitis Zalauflebis gavrcelebas, da
episkoposad niSnavs msoflio eklesiis saukeTeso moZRvars, wm.
grigol nazianzels. Cven saTanadod maSin gavigebT wm. basili
didis gadawyvetilebas, Tu vaRiarebT, rom is am qmedebisas xe-
lmZRvanelobda marTlmadideblobis siyvaruliT da surviliT,
araferi daeTmo arianeli episkoposis gavlenisaTvis. wm. grigols
aSinebda Tavisi daniSvnis adgili sasima. `kapadokiaze mimaval did
gzaze, ambobs is, aris Cveulebrivi gaCerebis adgili mogzaurTaT-
14 apolonios tianli _ berZeni neopiTagoreli filosofosi, warmo-

SobiT q. tianadan, saswaulTmoqmedi, ieso qristes Tanamedrove. zogjer maT
erTmaneTs adarebdnen. mis Sesaxeb vgebulobT me-3 s-Si moRvawe sofistis,
flavius filostrate II ufrosis Txzulebidan àpolonios tianelis bi-
ografia.~ (red. Sen.).
15 istoriuli tiana dRes centralur TurqeTSi, niRdes provinciaSi
mdebare patara qalaqi kemerhisaria; misi mosaxleoba soflis meurneobiTaa
dakavebuli (red. Sen.).
183
vis, sadac es gza iyofa samad; adgili uwylo, sadac ar izrdeba

balaxis Reric, yovelgvar sikeTes moklebuli, saocrad mosawyeni
da viwro sofeli. aq yovelTvis mtveria, oTxTvalas borblebis
raxraxi, cremlebi, qviTini, gadasaxadebis Semkrebni, wamebis iaraRe-
bi, jaWvebi, ucxotomeli mcxovreblebi da mawanwalebi. aseTi iyo
Cemi eklesia sasimaSi. aq me ar mqonda puri, rom mewiladebina
momsvlelTaTvis; aq me, Rataki, Sevifarebdi CemsaviT Ratakebs
da ar mqonda araviTari saSualeba, davxmarebodi maT. aq me unda
mekrifa mxolod ekali da ara _ vardi ekalTa Soris, momemko mx-
olod ubedureba yovelive sargeblis gareSe~. rogorc cnobilia,
es saepiskoposo wm. grigolma male datova, vinaidan konstantino-
polis arqiepiskoposad miiwvies. xolo sasima, tianasTan ase axlos
mdebare, tianas mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. sasimas
momdevno episkoposebidan cnobilni arian eretikosebi: elevsinio-
si _ qalkedonis krebis mowinaaRmdege, da klimenti (me-12 s.) _
bogomilobaSi16 braldebuli.17
mcire somxeTi. Cven mtkiced unda ganvasxvavoT mcire somxeTi

didi somxeTisagan, romelic mdebareobs kavkasiaSi. mcire somxeTi
iyo, ubralod, mcire aziaSi mdebare romis provincia. eklesiuri
16 bogomiloba _ Mme-10 saukuneSi bulgareTis samxreTiT warmoSobili

antiklerikaluri moZraoba, rac SemdgomSi eresSi gadaizarda. eresiarqi
iyo mRvdeli bogomili, saidanac miiRo kidec saxelwodeba am swavlebam.
maTi swavleba Seicavda maniqeizmis, pavlikianelTa da mesalianelTa Sexed-
ulebaTa elementebs. isini qadagebdnen srul upovarebas, ar scnobdnen
qristes, eklesias, saRmrTo saidumloebebs, jvars, xatebs, RmrTisSobels,
locvebidan mxolod `mamao Cvenos~ aRiarebdnen. scnobdnen axal aRTqmas,
Zvels uaryofdnen. maTi SexedulebiT, samyaros Semoqmedi iyo mama RmerTi
da misi Ze satanaili. am ukanasknelma Seqmna adamisa da evas sxeulebi, magram
suli veRar STabera maT. Sesabamisad, bogomilebi adamianis sxeuls borote-
bad aRiqvamdnen. bogomiloba bulgareTidan gavrcelda mTels balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze, Semdeg ki _ bizantiis imperiis danarCen mxareebSic. am
eresma me-15 saukunemde iarseba. Tumca, didi gavlena iqonia Semdgomi drois
sxvadasxva seqtantur mimdinareobaze rogorc dasavleT evropaSi, ise – aR-
mosavleTiT: safrangeTSi _ albigoicebi, valdensebi, germaniaSi _ katarebi,
italiaSi _ patarenebi, ruseTSi _ xlistebi, strigolnikovebi, tolstovce-
bi. bogomilebis Tema sainteresoa Tanamedrove kulturisaTvis. makedoniaSi
gadaiRes filmi `saidulmo wigni,~ deteqtivisa da trileris elementebiT,
siuJeti efuZneba bogomilebis dawerili `saidumlo wignis~ Ziebas. amave
Temazea bulgareli mwerlis emilian stanevis romani da umberto ekos ro-
mani `fukos qanqara~ (red. Sen.).
17 mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom sasima SeiZleba yofiliyo Tanamedrove
Turquli soflis zamzamas an hasakois adgilze (red. Sen).
184
TvalsazrisiT is mniSvnelovania, rogorc, konstantinopolis cno-

bili episkoposebis, wm. pavlesa da wm. ioane oqropiris gadasax-
lebis adgili.
sebastia. mcire somxeTis mTavari qalaqi iyo sebastia. plin-

iusi am qalaqs uwodebs pataras, magram, rogorc Cans, SemdgomSi
is gaizarda. iustinianem qalaqs axali galavani Semoartya. mosax-
leobis ricxvi Temur lengis Tavdasxmis dros aq 12 aTass Sead-
genda. Tuki mTavari qalaqis mosaxleoba aseTi mcire iyo, raRa
unda iTqvas am provinciis sxva adgilebze. eklesiurad es adgili
SesaniSnavia imiT, rom diokletianes mmarTvelobis dros aq did-
Zali qristiani ewama, sxvaTa Soris, ormoci sebastieli mowamec.
me-4 saukuneSi qalaqis episkoposma evstaTim gaavrcela mcdari
Sexeduleba monazvnuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. misi Sexedulebis gamo,
romelic qorwinebis saidumloebas amcirebda, 376 wels Sedga
gangris kreba.18
kukuza. mcire somxeTis es patara qalaqi sadgurs ufro waaga-

vda, vidre qalaqs. Teodorites sityviT, is mdebareobda bunebiT
uRaribes adgilze. eklesiis istoriaSi kukuza mniSvnelovania
imiT, rom imperatorma konstancim aq gadaasaxla konstantino-
polis episkoposi pavle, xolo imperatorma arkadiusma _ io-
ane oqropiri, romelmac sakmaod didi dro dahyo aq. gakvriT
SevniSnavT, rom oqropiris mTavari mowinaaRmdege, mefis kariskaci
evtropi, warmoSobiT didi somxeTidan iyo.19
ponto polemaikosi. es provincia mdebareobda uSualod

Savi zRvis napirze. am olqis mmarTvelTaA umetesoba atareb-
da polemaikosebis saxels, aqedan miiRo olqmac es saxelwodeba.
saerTod, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis zoli, da maT Soris
es provinciac, dasaxlebuli iyo mebrZoli barbarosi tomebiT.
qveyana sakmaod mdidari iyo xiliT, TafliT, matyliT, miner-
alebiT. aseTnairad aRwers am mxares wm. grigol noseli `wm.
18 mcire aziis sebastiis Tanamedrove saxelia sivasi. is aris sivasis

provinciaSi mdebare naxevarmilioniani qalaqi (red. Sen.).
19 istoriuli kukuza dRes warmoadgens TurqeTis patara qalaq
gioksuns, 20 000 mosaxliT, kahramanmaraSis provinciaSi (red. Sen.).
185
grigol Tavmaturgis cxovrebaSi~ da iqaur mcxovreblebs didi

qebiT ixseniebs. `vin ar icis ponto? am mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis
siqveleni ZvelTaganve cnobilia. mTels dedamiwaze mxolod es
zRva, mxolod es ponto aris evqseinos, anu stumarTmoyvare, al-
ersiani yvela mogzaurisadmi. mas ase uwodeben an imitom, rom
aq mcxovrebni gamoirCevian stumarTmoyvareobiTa da siyvaruliT
Camosulebis mimarT, an imitom, rom es mxare aris nayofieri da ara
mxolod qveynis mkvidrebs, aramed Soridan mosulebsac yvelafers
aZlevs, rac saWiroa cxovrebisaTvis~. magram samarTliania is az-
ric, rom es qveyana kulturis dabal safexurze idga da mcired
dasaxlebuli iyo. zRvis piras idga met-naklebad mniSvnelovani
sami qalaqi, meoTxe didi qalaqi ki _ qveynis SuagulSi. Crdi-
lo-aRmosavleTiT, barbarosebis sazRvarTan, iyo kidev ori qalaqi
_ pitiunti da sebastia. es saepiskopo olqi Zalian didi iyo, ise
rogorc kapadokiasa da somxeTSi, mosaxleobis raodenoba ki _
metad mcire.
neokesaria. ponto polemaikusis mTavari qalaqi neokesaria

mdebareobda zRvidan 12 km-ze, mdinare likeze. odesRac am adg-
ilze iyo patara sofeli. savaraudod, am adgilis silamaziTa da
moxerxebuli mdebareobiT moxiblulma imperatorma tiberiusma
daaarsa qalaqi da uwoda mas kesaria. Tumca, pliniusis mowmobiT,
es qalaqi ar yofila didi. eklesiis istoriisaTvis neokesaria
imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom misi episkoposi me-3 saukuneSi iyo wm.
grigol sakvirvelmoqmedi, romelic warmoSobiT amave qalaqidan
iyo. wm. grigolma TiTqmis mTlianad warmarTuli neokesaria is-
eTi warmatebiT gaaqristiana, rom misi episkoposobis dasasruls
qalaqSi mxolod 17 warmarTiRa darCa. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi
neokesariis episkoposi iyo pavle aRmsarebeli, romelic devnis
dros daatyveves, xolo Semdgom eswreboda nikeis msoflio krebas.
me-9 s-Si neokesariis episkoposi iyo Toma, romelic mokles pav-
likianelebma.20
komana.qalaqi komana mdebareobda mdinare irisze, neokesriis

maxloblad. warmarTobis xanaSi aq iyo mcire aziis mTvaris Rmer-
20 Zveli neokesariis mdebareoba Seesabameba Tanamedrove TurqeTis to-
katis provinciis qalaq niksars, 30 000-iani mosaxleobiT (red. Sen.).
186
Tis, cibelas, sakerpo, romelsac mosaxleoba didi mokrZalebiT

eTayvaneboda. aq gansakuTrebiT scemdnen pativs orakulebs, misneb-
sa da qalRmerTis samsaxurisTvis ganwirul qalwulebs. eklesiis
istoriisaTvis komana mniSivnelovania imiT, rom aq wm. grigol
neokesarielis winadadebiT episkoposad airCies vinme aleqsandre,
ubralo menaxSire, xolo warsulSi filosofosi. kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania komana imiT, rom mis maxloblad, kukuzadan axali
gadasaxlebis adgilis, pitiuntisaken mimaval gzaze, aResrula io-
ane oqropiri. kukuzadan komanamde misvlas wm. ioane sam Tves
mounda, komanadan pitiuntamde, sadac iyo misi saboloo gadasax-
lebis adgili, orjer meti dro iyo saWiro. pitiunti mdebare-
obda Savi zRvis CrdiloeT napirze, lazebis qveyanaSi. odesRac,
pliniusis dros, pitiunti umdidresi qalaqi iyo. magram SemdgomSi,
albaT, romis batonobis wyalobiT, is dakninda da, Teodorites
sityvebiT, dasaxlebuli iyo uxeSi barbarosebiT. ar aris gasakviri,
rom es adgili SeurCies wm. ioanes gadasaxlebisaTvis. iustinianes
Tanamedrove, mwerali prokofi gadmogvcems, rom odesRac udidesi
qalaqi da savaWro centri pitiunti romaelebma daangries, rode-
sac gavrcelda xma xosros mier aq jarebis Seyvanis Taobaze. ius-
tiniane Tavis `novelebSi~ pitiunts xSirad moixseniebs, rogorc
banaks da ara, rogorc qalaqs. wm. ioanes neSti komanaSi ocdaaTi
weli darCa, Semdeg, 438 w-s gadaasvenes konstantinopolSi.
komanaSi mesamed iqna mopovebuli wm. ioane winamorbedis Tavi.21
trapizoni. pontos olqSi, Savi zRvis napirze, neokesariasTan

axlos, uZvelesi droidan arsebobda qalaqi trapizoni. aq Zir-
iTadad sinopidan gadmosaxlebulebi saxlobdnen. uZveles xanaSi
is arafriT yofila gamorCeuli. magram me-13 saukunidan is xdeba
komnenosebis dinastiis bizantiis imperatorebis dedaqlaqi. isini
21 komanas toponimiT ramodenime adgilia cnobili, romelTagan sami

anatoliaSi, aziur TurqeTSia: kapadokiis komana, ponto polemaikusis koma-
na – Tanamedrove gomeneki, da antaliis provinciis komana. kidev sami komana
aris rumineTSi. dabolos, saqarTveloSi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respub-
likis sofeli komani, soxumis raionSi. teqstSi aRniSnulia, rom komana md.
irisze iyo. md. irisis Turquli saxelwodebaa ieSil-irmaqi, misi saTave ana-
toliis mTebSia, q.sivasTan axlos, Caedineba Sav zRvaSi, q. samsunTan. es imas
niSnavs, rom oqropiris gardacvalebis adgilad teqstis avtorebi pontos
komanas miiCneven. Tumca, saeklesio gadmocemiT, ioane oqropiri afxazeTis
komanSi aResrula (red. Sen.).
187
aq cxovrobdnen 1461 wlamde, rodesac qalaqi dai pyres Turqebma.22

helenoponti. ponto polemaikusis dasavleTiT mdebareobda
ponto galateis saxeliT cnobili qveyana, radganac samxreT-dasav-
leTiT mas emijneboda galatea. es qveyana, arsebiTad, arafriT
gansxvavdeboda ponto polemaikusisagan: iseTive mosaxleoba, ise-
Tive adgilmdebareoba da iseTive gzebi; aqedan gamomdinare, saqmi-
anobisa da cxovrebis erTnairi Cvevebi. amasTan erTad, am or
olqs Soris arc bunebrivi sazRvari yofila. qalaqebis raodeno-
ba am or provinciaSi erTad sul cameti iyo. konstantine didma
arabunebrivad da ukanonod CaTvala am ori provinciis dayofa,
gaaerTiana isini samoqalaqo administraciis TvalsazrisiT, da Ta-
visi dedis sapativcemulod uwoda mas helenoponti. `mas miaCnda
umarTebulod, ambobs iustiniane, rom es qristianuli olqi at-
arebs tiranisa da warmarTis, polemaikusis saxels, vinaidan sityva
`polemon~ berZnulad niSnavs oms. miuxedavad politikuri gaer-
Tianebisa, eklesiurad is or olqad gayofili darCa. Zvel pon-
to polemaikuss hqonda Tavisi mitropolia da saepiskoposoebi
da ponto galateasac _ Tavisi mitropolia da saepiskoposoebi.
helenopontSi iyo eqvsi saepiskoposo qalaqi, romelTaganac ori
zRvis piras idga, danarCenebi _ qveynis siRrmeSi. saepiskoposo
olqebi sakmarisad vrceli iyo. mTavar qalaq amasias miwerili
hqonda ramdenime sofeli.
amasia. qalaqi amasia iyo helenopontis mTavari qalaqi, mde-

bare provinciis siRrmeSi, mdinare irisze, romelsac axla uwodeben
emi-irmiks, an iSil-irmaqs anu mwvane mdinares. amasia gamoCenili
geografis, strabonis, samSobloa. man dawvrilebiT aRwera Tavisi
qalaqi, misi nagebobani, adgilmdebareoba. mis dros aq iyo pon-
tos mefeebis sasaxle da akldama. im dros qalaqi Sefenili iyo
mdinaris orive napirze, kldovani mTidan gamoyvanili wyali ori
miwisqveSa wyalsadeniT miewodeboda mosaxleobas. amJamad qalaqs
gars ertymis xilis baRebi da venaxebi, saidanac Rebuloben xer-
esis msgavs Rvinos. vaWrobis ZiriTad sagnebad iTvleba abreSumi,
puri da, agreTve, bewveuli. me-3 saukuneSi amasiis episkoposi iyo
Tedimosi, swored man daiTanxma grigol neokesarieli, gamxdari-
22 Tanamedrove Turquli milioniani qalaqi trabzoni Savi zRvis sana-
piroze (red. Sen.).
188
yo episkoposi da xelnic manve daasxna. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi

amasiaSi ewama Teodore tironi (306 w.) da daikrZala. aqve iyo
dakrZaluli wm. Teodore stratilati, warmoSobiT qalaq evx-
aitidan, am qalaqis meaTe episkoposma ioanem pirvelad daakanona
sami wmindanis dResaswauli (30 ianvari). amasiis episkoposi asteri,
oqropiris Tanamedrove, cnobili iyo, rogorc saukeTeso mqadage-
beli.23
sinopi. qalaqi sinopi daarsebuli iyo miletidan gamosuli

berZnebis mier. is mdebareobda naxevarkunZulze da hqonda ori
SesaniSnavi navsadguri. qalaqs gars ertya mtkice kedeli. sinopi
Signidanac kargad iyo mowyobili da ganTqmuli iyo vaWrobiTa
da simdidriT. aq iyo gimnazia, agora da kolonadebiT morTu-
li ramodenime quCa. SesaniSnavi iyo sinopis Semogarenic. erTi
sityviT, sinopi iyo erT-erTi saukeTeso, umdidresi kolonia Sav
zRvaze. aq yvaoda berZnuli ganaTleba, aq cxovrobda cinikosi
diogene. metad SesaniSnavi iyo sinopi eklesiis istoriisTvisac. aq
iqadga andria pirvelwodebulma da mravaljer evno warmarTebi-
sagan. erTi gadmocemis mixedviT, am qalaqidan Savi zRvis gavliT
misula is skviTebis qveyanamde. garkveuli drois manZilze sinopSi
cxovrobda cnobili akvila, romelmac jer iudaizmi miiRo, Semdeg
kvlav qristianobas daubrunda. man Targmna ebrauli biblia ber-
Znul enaze. sinopis pirveli episkoposi, filologosi, iyo erTi
70 mociqulTagani. traianes dros aq iyvnen wamebulebi. sinopidan
iyo warmoSobiT gnostikosi markione, romlis mamam, sinopis episko-
posma, gankveTa is eklesiidan uRmrTo swavlebisaTvis da gaaZeva
qalaqidan.24
paflagonia. helenopontis dasavleTiT, Sav zRvasTan mdebare-

obda paflagoniis olqi, amgvarad wodebuli mis Zvel mkvidrTa,
paflagonelTa gamo. paflagonias helenopontisgan hyofda mdin-
are halisi, xolo biTviniisagan _ mdinare parTenomi. paflagoni-
23 Tanamedrove qalaqi amasia, 82 000 mcxovrebiT, mdebareobs CrdiloeT

TurqeTSi, Savi zRvis regionSi, warmoadgens amasiis provinciis adminis-
traciul centrs (red. Sen.).
24 Tanamedrove qalaqi sinopi CrdiloeT TurqeTSi,Savi zRvis sinopis
yuris napirze mdebareobs, mosaxleobis raodenoba - 47 000 (red. Sen.).
189
is mcxovreblebi royio, uxeSni da metismetad gulubryviloni

iyvnen. amitomac maTi saxeli berZnebisTvis salanZRavad qceuliyo.
Tumca isini iyvnen SesaniSnavi cxenosnebi. maT ZiriTad saqmianobas
warmoadgenda madnis damuSaveba. paflagoniaSi xuTi saepiskoposo
kaTedra arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT didi mRelvareba moxda aq no-
vacianelTa eresis gamo.
gangra. paflagoniis Zveli mefeebis dedaqalaqi gangra, Sem-

dgom romis provinciis mitropolia, mdebareobda zRvidan mo-
SorebiT da cixe-simagres warmoadgenda. basili didis mowmobiT,
gangris mitropolitis gamgeblobaSi iyo ramdenime sakurTxeveli,
rac migvaniSnebs imaze, rom mis olqze miwerili iyo ramdenime
sofeli. ankiriis episkoposis, evsevis, mowmobiT, gangris mitropo-
litebs zogjer irCevden da akurTxevdnen ankiriis mitropolite-
bi. me-4 saukunis meore naxevarSi (340-376 ww.) gangraSi Sedga
adgilobrivi kreba sebastiis episkoposis, evstaTis, swavlebis
gamo. evstaTi ganaqiqebda qorwinebaSi cxovrebas.
me-5 saukuneSi qalkedonis msoflio krebam gangraSi gadaasaxla
patriarqi dioskore. monofiziti mwerali, romelic am ambavze
mogviTxrobs, gangras kunZuls uwodebs. gangra ki sinamdvileSi
mdebareobda naxevarkunZulze, rasac qmnida ori mdinaris Serwyma:
Sirin-su (tkbili wyali) da aji-su (mware wyali), da romlebic
Semdgom uerTdebian kizil-irmiks (wiTeli mdinare). raki Cven
viciT, rom gangras kunZulad mxolod monofizitebi moixsenebdnen,
SegviZlia maTi dafaruli azri gamovitanoT _ isini cdilobd-
nen, dioskores mdgomareoba, rac SeiZleba, savalalod warmoeCi-
naT: gadasaxlebuli mowyvetili iyo sazogadoebas ara mxolod
xmeleTidan, aramed wylis stiqiiTac! ratom SeCerda imperato-
ris arCevani gangraze, ucnobia. monofizitebi am gadawyvetilebas
aZleven or axsnas: a) mTels qveyanaSi gangris garda sxvagan arsad
iyo kunZuli, sadac cxovrobdnen ebraelebi; b) am qveynis episko-
posi iyo nestorianeli (an marTlmadidebeli), romelic saSineli
eWviT epyroboda dioskores. pirveli ganmarteba, ra Tqma unda,
arasworia. meore ganmartebis meore nawili, SeiZleba, namdvil
faqts asaxavdes. rasakvirvelia, mTavrobas ar SeeZlo, ar gaeTval-
iswinebina, ramdenad mtkice marTlmadidebeli iyo adgilobrivi
190
episkoposi _ vinaidan mis winaSe idga, erTi mxriv, msoflio krebis

mier Rirsebaayrili episkoposi da, meore mxriv, didi dioskore _
rwmenis aTleti.25
amastrida. paflagoniaSi simdidriTa da moxdenilobiT

yvelaze SesaniSnavi iyo qalaqi amastrida, romelic Sav zRvasTan,
naxevarkunZulze idga. es qalaqic mileteli berZnebis daarsebu-
li iyo. arsebobs qalaqis warmoSobis sxva versiac, TiTqos, is dar-
ius kadamonis diswulma amastrisam aaSena. SesaZlebelia, qalaqs
amastrida daerqva qalaq herakleas tiranis, dionises meuRlis
sapativcemulodac, romelic amave saxels atarebda. qalaqi herak-
lea amastridasTan axlos (70 km-Si) mdebareobda. naxevarkunZuls
orive mxridan hqonda SesaniSnavi navsadgurebi. pliniusis mixedviT,
qalaqis Semogareni kargad iyo damuSavebuli da metismetad la-
mazad moCanda. aq gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen RmrTismSo-
bels. amastridaSi mravali adamiani ewama xatmebrZolobis dros.26
erT-erTi taZris interieri

kapadokiaSi.
25 gangra – Tanamedrove Cankiri TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).

26 Zveli amastrida - Tanamedrove qalaqi amasra TurqeTis Savi zRvis
sanapiroze, 7000 mosaxliT (red.ASen.).
191
galatea. mcire aziis centrSi mdebareobda galateas provin-

cia frigias, biTvinias, kapadokiasa da likonias Soris. mociqulTa
xanaSi galateas mosaxleoba warmoadgenda dasavluri warmoSobis
xalxs. Tavad saxeli galatea momdinareobs keltebis saxelidan,
isini qristes dabadebamde oTxi saukuniT adre SemoWrilan mcire
aziaSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi keltebi erT adgilas ar dam-
kvidrebulan, maT Zalian uyvardaT omi. cdilobdnen, daepyroT,
daengriaT da cecxlisTvis miecaT yvelaferi. axovanebi da mamacebi
SesaniSnav daqiravebul jars Seadgendnen. magram qristemde ora-
si wliT adre isini dai pyres romaelebma. marTalia, SeinarCunes
damoukidebloba, magram sazavo xelSekrulebiT maT aekrZalaT
Tavdasxmebi mezobel olqebze. xolo qristes dabadebamde oc-
daeqvsi wliT adre maT CamoerTvaT damoukidebeli mmarTveloba
da galatea iqca romis provinciad, sadac mmarTveloba daekisra
romis moxeles, romelic dasaxlda q. ankiraSi27.
politikurad romis es provincia iyofoda sam olqad. romis
mmarTvelobis qveS myof sam mTavar keltur toms hqonda Tavi-
anTi saerTo saxalxo krebebi, romelic qveynis yvela samoqalaqo,
religiursa da safinanso sakiTxebs wyvetda. provinciis samive
mTavar qalaqSi _ ankira, pesina (pesinunti) da tabiumi _ imarTe-
boda senatis sxdoma da iwvevdnen saxalxo krebas, romlis erTxmad
miRebul gadawyvetilebas hqonda kanonis Zala.
galateaSi iqadaga pavle mociqulma. man moinaxula galatea
meore samaxareblo mogzaurobis drosac. aq is avad gaxda da
avadmyofma iqadaga jvarze gakrul qristeze (gal. 4,13-14; 3,1) da
xalxmac is RvTis angelozad miiRo (gal. 4,14-15). axali sarwmu-
noeba ayvavda galatelTa Soris (gal. 3,2-3). magram galatelTa
gadaxram iudaizmisaken iZulebuli gaxada pavle mociquli, gae-
gzavna maTTvis gansakuTrebuli epistole. Tumca arsebobs azri,
rom pavle mociquli sakuTriv galateaSi, sadac qalaqi ankiraa,
ar yofila. aramed galateasa da mis eklesiebis qveS gulisxmobda
likoniisa da pisidiis (derbia da listra) eklesiebs, romlebic
imJamad galateas provinciaSi Sediodnen. Tumca am mosazrebas
ara aqvs myari safuZveli.
27 Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi es qalaqi naxsenebia, rogorc

ankÂria (red. Sen.).
192
SemdgomSi galatea eklesiuradac iyofoda sam olqad, pirvel

galateaSi moqmedebda Svidi saepiskoposi kaTedra, meoreSi _ jer
oTxi, xolo Semdgom _ rva. saepiskoposoebi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod
vrceli iyo, radganac ankiradan uaxloes qalaqamde manZili 25
km-s Seadgenda.
galatelebi crumorwmuneni iyvnen, gatacebulni jadoqrobi-
Ta da marCielobiT. isini gamoirCeodnen qedmaRlobiT, uyvardaT
kamaTi da erTmaneTSi ar megobrobdnen. amasTan, iyvnen TavSeu-
kaveblebi, eZleodnen Rormucelobas, loTobasa da usircxvilo
mxiarulebebs. yvela am dasaZrax Tvisebas maT xasiaTSi aRniSnavs
pavle mociquli epistoleSi galatelTa mimarT. rogorc amave
epistoledan Cans, galatelebs hqondaT zogierTi keTili Tvise-
bac: iyvnen stumarTmoyvareni, mkvircxlebi, guliTadebi, uyvardaT
Tavisufleba, Tumca xandaxan borotad iyenebdnen mas.
galatelTa daudgromeli xasiaTi da aramyari rwmena Zlierad
aisaxa maT religiur Sexedulebebze. isini Tayvans scemdnen Tav-
ianT Zvel RmerTebsac, romaul RmerTebsac, berZnul RmerTebsac
da, aseve, aRmerTebdnen imperatorebs. qalaq ankiraSi sazogado
xarjiT aRmarTes didebuli taZari RvTaebrivi avgustusis sapa-
tivcemulod, misdami madlierebis niSnad, radgan am imperatorma
ankira keTilmoawyo. am taZarSi galatelTa keTilSobili fena
aRasrulebda qurumis movaleobebs. galatelTa yvela am warm-
arTul warmodgenebs daemata iudaizmic. ankiraSi sakmaod iyvnen
iudevelebi da galatelTa Soris, albaT, iyvnen iudauri sjulis
prozelitebi. galatelebma qristianobis qadagebac male Seiwyn-
ares, magram zedapirulad ganewyvnen qristianuli moZRvrebisadmi.
da qristianobis miRebis Semdegac cvalebadi xasiaTis gamo iude-
velTa cruswavlebaSi fiqrobdnen kidev ukeTesis povnas.
rac Seexeba galatelebis yofas, Zveli kelturi Cveulebebi da
mTeli Zveli kelturi kultura ucvleli rCeboda im dromde,
sanam galatelebi berZnebisa da romaelebis zegavlenis gareSe
rCebodnen. politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg upir-
velesad Seicvala Zveli kelturi ena. SemorCenili warwerebi
udavod mowmoben, rom qristianobis periodSi galateis qalaqebSi
kelturma enam adgili dauTmo berZnuls. udavoa isic, rom Tav-
dapirvelad berZnuli ena miiRo galatelTa aristokratiam. da
maTgan Semdgom gavrcelda xalxSi. netari ieronime ambobs, rom
193
misi Tanamedrove mcire aziis galatelebi ar iyvnen berZnuli

enis zegavlenis qveS da metyvelebdnen, marTalia, naxevrad damax-
injebul, magram nacionalur keltur enaze. es mowmoba SeiZleba
samarTlianad vcnoT mxolod galateis mosaxleobis dabali, mi-
wadmoqmedTa fenis mimarT.
ankira. galateis mTavari qalaqi iyo ankira. qalaqs es saxeli

hqvia imitom, rom aq odesRac Ruzebi upoviaT (ànkira~ _ ber-
Znulad Ruzas niSnavs, red.Sen). strabonis mixedviT, tiberiusis
dros ankira jer isev patara qalaqi yofila; ptolemeusi mas
uwodebs metropolias; pliniusi galateis mTavar qalaqad miiC-
nevs; libaniosi ki ambobs, rom es iyo saxelovani, mdidari qalaqi.
konstantine didma galatea orad gahyo da ankira scno pirveli
galateis dedaqalaqad. qalaqis simdidris mTavari wyaro iyo
masze gamavali saqaravno-savaWro gza.
metad mniSvnelovania ankira eklesiis istoriisaTvis. eklesia
aq daarsda mociqulTa dros da devnis Jams mravali adamiani
ewama rwmenisaTvis. aq, mcire aziis centralur nawilSi, orjer
iyo mowveuli didi saeklesio kreba, 317 da 358 wlebSi. gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 317 wels gamarTuli adgilobrivi
kreba mitropolit markelosis TavmjdomareobiT, romelsac es-
wreboda 17 episkoposi. Sedga 25 metad mniSvnelovani kanonikuri
wesi, maT Soris 10 exeba eklesiaSi dacemulTa miRebas, danarCeni
ki _ saeklesio keTilmoweseobas. es kreba iyo pirveli im cxra
adgilobriv krebaTa Soris, romelTa kanonebi sayovelTaod miRe-
bulia eklesiis mier. saerTod, ankiras mitropolias pontos rigSi
kesariis Semdeg RirsebiT meore adgili eWira. momdevno xanebSi
ankiras mitropoliis mniSvneloba daeca. aq mravali areuloba
moxda ariozis mwvaleblobis gamo, mravali vneba miiRo qris-
tianulma eklesiam iulianes dros. balsamonis gadmocemiT, kon-
stantinopolis erT-erT krebaze ankiras mitropolia gadaiyvanes
q. nazianzis episkoposis gamgeblobaSi. ankiras maxloblad daibada
netari antioqe, romelmac ankirasTan axlos mdebare ataliis
monastris iRumenisTvis dawera Tavisi pandeqti.28
28 istoriul ankiras dRes ankara ewodeba. esaa TurqeTis dedaqalaqi

1923 wlidan, sididiT qveynis meore qalaqi stambolis Semdeg, xuT milion-
amde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).
194
wm. klimentis saxelobis taZari ankiraSi,

XX s-is dasawyisis foto
biTvinia. pontos provinciebidan ukidures dasavleTiT, Sav

zRvaze, bosforisa da konstantinopolis sruteebis sanapiroze,
mdebareobda biTvinia. biTvinia nayofsavse da pirutyviT mdidar
qveyanas warmoadgenda. zRvis sanapiro nawilSi mravali Sesani-
Snavi berZnuli qalaqi iyo, romlebic mraval sikeTes iRebdnen
zRvaze, or Rrma srutes Soris mdebareobiT. qsenofonte, rogorc
Cans, araerTxel yofila am mxareSi, igi qveynis sanapiro zols aR-
wers, rogorc xexiliT savses, sadac yvelafers naxavdiT qliavis
garda. dionise periogetac gveubneba, rom biTvinielebi nayofiT
metad uxv qveyanaSi saxlobdnen. Tanamedrove mogzaurebi savsebiT
eTanxmebian am Sefasebas da aRtacebulni arian biTviniis lamazi
mdebareobiT, venaxebiTa da tyeebiT. aq ZiriTadad muxis tyeebia,
SigadaSig wifeli da kakali rom ereva.
biTviniis samxreT naxevris umetesi nawili ukavia maRal olim-
pos,29 romlis mwvervalica da fuZec granitisaa, xolo ferdebi
marmarilosi. biTviniis CrdiloeTi nawili umetesad dafarulia
29 es aris TurqeTis da ara saberZneTis mTa: biTviniis olimpo, uluda-

gis qedis, da mTeli mcire aziis udidesi mwvervali - 2 543 m. zRvis donidan
(red. Sen.).
195
nayari siliT. aq iyo qalaqi pruza,30 dedaqalaqi biTviniis mefee-

bisa, romelTagan zogierTi atarebda saxels `pruzia.~
biTviniis saxelwodeba momdinareobs Trakiidan gadmosaxlebuli
`Tinebis~ da `biTinebisagan.~ biTvinia, rogorc romis provincia,
naklebad ixsenieba traianes dromde, rodesac plinius umcrosi
gaxda misi mmarTveli. pliniusis gubernatorad daniSvna moxda im-
peratorTan misi megobrobis gamo. pliniusi xSirad swerda imper-
ators provinciis problemebze da biTviniisaTvis mravali sikeTis
motanas cdilobda. ase magaliTad, pliniusma SeniSna nikomidiis
maxloblad Txrili, romlis keTebac jer kidev sparsTa batono-
bis dros daewyoT, albaT, adgilobrivi miwebis sarwyavad. plin-
iusi Seecada, daerwmunebina imperatori, rom es Txrili arxad
gadaeqciaT da misi saSualebiT nikomidia zRvasTan daekavSire-
binaT. 46-e werilSi is iTxovs nikomidielebis dawyebuli wyalgay-
vanilobis mSeneblobis damTavrebis nebarTvas. pliniusis droidan
biTvinia qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSic sakmaod cnobili xde-
ba. traianesadmi werilSi pliniusi mouTxrobs mas qristianebis
devnis ambavs da dawvrilebiT aRwers qristianTa mdgomareobas
biTviniaSi. biTvinia samoqalaqo da eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT gan-
sakuTrebiT saintereso me-3 saukunis damlevidan gaxda, radganac
aq, nikomidiaSi daaarsa Tavisi rezidencia diokletianem. me-4-5
ss-ebSi aq mravali saeklesio kreba Catarda eklesiaSi gaba-
tonebuli mwvaleblobebis gamo.
momdevno saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT me-9 s-Si, biTviniaSi mrava-
li savane aRmocenda. aseTebia: avqsentis savane, romelic daaarsa
wm. avqsentim (†470 w.), sadac me-8 s-Si mosagreobda wm. stefane
saswaulTmoqmedi (†767 w.); olimpos savane, sadac me-7 s-Si mo-
sagreobda wm. giorgi limneoti; olimpos maxloblad simbolis
udbnoSi me-9 s-Si mosagreobdnen: Rirsi timoTe, platoni, Semd-
gomSi studielTa monastris iRumeni, da Teosterikte; medikiis
savane, sadac wm. nikitasa da wm. aTanases sdevnidnen xatmebrZole-
bi; trigliis monasteri, sadac leon somexis dros iRumenad iyo
wm. stefane, aRmsarebeli da saswaulTmoqmedi; da poliqronis
monasteri, sadac Tavdapirvelad Seudga monazvnur cxovrebas wm.
30 dRevandeli qalaqi bursa, TurqeTis sididiT meoTxe qalaqi – or

milionamde mosaxliT (red.Sen.).
196
meTode, slavebis ganmanaTlebeli.
nikomidia. biTviniis mTavari qalaqi iyo nikomidia. is daaarsa

biTviniis mefe nikomidos II-m 263 w-s qristes Sobamde. nikomid-
ia iyo flavius arianes samSoblo. traianes dros pliniusi ni-
komidias saxelganTqmul qalaqad ixseniebs. qalaqis mniSvneloba
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda diokletianes dros, rodesac nikomidia-
Si man Tavisi rezidencia gadaitana, da laktanciusis sityvebiT,
didi mondomebiT zrunavda, rom nikomidia didebulebiT meore
romi gamxdariyo. diokletianes garda aq rezidencia hqondaT
sxva imperatorebsac: elagabaluss, galeriuss, konstantine dids,
iulianes, valentianes, valentis. am ukanasknelma biTvinia or naw-
ilad gayo da nikomidias mianiWa pirveli biTviniis mTavari qa-
laqis statusi. magram 358 da 362 wlebis miwisZvrebma daangria
nikomidiis didmSvenieri nagebobani.
qristianuli eklesia nikomidiaSi, gadmocemiT, petre mociquls
dauarsebia, misi pirveli episkoposi gaxda proxori, samociqulo
eklesiis Svid diakonTagan erTi. korinTos episkoposma dionisem,
romelic cxovrobda me-2 saukuneSi, aq sagangebo epistole gagza-
vna. diokletianes dros qristianTa raodenoba nikomidiaSi gan-
sakuTrebiT didi iyo da zogierT maTgans mefis karze erTob
sapatio Tanamdebobac ki ekava. am periodSi nikomidiaSi arsebobda
SesaniSnavi qristianuli taZari, romelic 2000 kacs itevda. mis
moculobaze is faqtic metyvelebs, rom rodesac imperatoris
brZanebiT mas cecxli waukides, taZari sami dRe-Ramis ganmav-
lobaSi iwvoda. qristianTa devnis periodSi, gansakuTrebiT dio-
kletianes dros, aq Zalian bevri adamiani awames. arianuli areu-
lobis Jams nikomidiis meeqvse mitropoliti evsevi TavgamodebiT
icavda am cruswavlebas da valentis imperatorobisas nikomidiis
maxloblad 70-mde marTlmadidebeli sasuliero piri daaxrCves
wyalSi. me-9 saukuneSi nikomidiaSi cnobilni arian nikomidiis 29-e
episkoposi Teofilaqte, xatebis dacvisTvis wamebuli, da giorgi,
saeklesio galobebis Semdgeneli, fotiosis Tanamedrove.31
31 nikomidia Turqebma dai pyres 1337 w-s. da saxelad izmiTi daarqves.

dRes es marmarilos zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze mdebare qalaqi 300 000
mosaxliT Sedis qojaelis provinciis marmarisis regionSi (red.Sen.).
197
helenopolisi (drepana). nikomidiidan dasavleTiT, 10 km-Si

mdebareobda qalaqi helenopolisi. aq 312 wels gardaicvala wm.
lukiane antioqieli da male, 326 w. mis saflavze wm. elenem aago
taZari. helenopolisSi episkoposi iyo wm. paladi, lavsaikonis
Semdgeneli.32
qalkedoni. qalaqi qalkedoni mdebareobda bosforis meore na-

pirze, konstantinopolis mopirdapired. misi gareubani qrizopoli
im adgilze iyo, sadac amJamad aris skutari. aq mosagreobda wm.
maqsime aRmsarebeli (†641 w.). dedaqalaqTan siaxlovis miuxedavad
qalkedoni sakmaod did qalaqad iTvleboda iustinianes dromde
da uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo eklesiis istoriisaTvis. arianuli
areulobis dros aq episkoposi iyo vinme evnomiosi, naxevradar-
ianelobis mxurvale warmomadgeneli. ioane oqropiris dros,
403 w-s. aq Sedga 36 olqis episkoposTa ukanono kreba, romlis
gadawyvetilebiT ioane oqropirs miesaja gandevna. SeTqmulebs
SeeSindaT, konstantinopolSi moewviaT kreba, raTa xalxis aRSfo-
Teba ar gamoewviaT. am Sekrebas uwodeben `muxisqveSas~, radganac
is Caatares qalkedonis gareubanSi, patara eklesiis gverdiT mde-
loze, muxis qveS. aq, `muxranis~ raionSi me-4 saukuneSi prefeqtma
rufinusma aaSena taZari petresa da pavles saxelze. SesaZlebe-
lia, swored es aris `rufianas~ saxeliT cnobili savane, sadac me-5
s-Si iRumeni iyo i patiosi († 446 w.). gasamarTlebis Semdeg ioane
oqropirma erT xans biTviniis erT patara sofels Seafara Tavi.
eklesiis istoriisaTvis kidev ufro metad mniSvnelovania
qalkedonSi Catarebuli sxva kreba _ 451 wlis IV msoflio
saeklesio kreba, romelic Sedga evtixianelTa mwvaleblobis
gamo. qalkedonis krebis sxdomebi tardeboda wm. mowame efemias
bazilikaSi (†304 w.). istorikosi evsevi sakmaod zustad aRwers
taZris mdebareobasa da TviT taZars. misi aRwerilobiT, taZari
bosforidan daSorebuli iyo ori stadioniT da aRmarTuli iyo
umSvenieres SemaRlebaze. taZrisken mimavali qveiTi verc ki amCne-
vda gorakze asvlis siZneles. taZridan iSleboda ulamazesi xedi:
mwvane velebi, mobibine yanebi, mSvenieri wylebi, Sors _ mTebi da
32 dRes helenopoli mkvlevarTa mier identificirebulia rogorc Tur-

qeTis sof. herseki, ialovis provinciaSi. tradiciulad, mas wminda elenes
dabadebis adgilad miiCneven (red. Sen.).
198
tyeebi. Tvals atkbobda zRvis xedic, karg amindSi mzis sxivebiT

mooqrouli, qarian dros ki mRelvare da aboboqrebuli. am sa-
ocar silamazes agvirgvinebda konstantinopolis xilva. TviTon
taZari warmoadgenda SesaniSnav nagebobas, Sedgeboda ramodenime
Senobisagan, morTuli iyo svetebiT, Tavze adga didebuli gum-
baTi. taZarSi, mdidrulad morTul saZvaleSi, dasvenebuli iyo
wm. efemias nawilebi, mravali saswauliT ganTqmuli.33 imperatoris
ediqtis Tanaxmad, episkoposebma jer Tavi moiyares nikeaSi, kon-
stantinopolidan 145 km-Si, magram iq amtydari mRelvarebis gamo
krebam gadainacvla qalkedonSi _ konstantinopolis pirdapir
mdebare qalaqSi, raTa imperatoris sasaxlesa da senats Tvalyuri
edevnebina krebis msvlelobisTvis da droze aRekveTa religiu-
ri fanatizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba dapirispirebul partiebs
Soris. qalkedonis kreba gaixsna 451 w-s. 8 oqtombers brwyinvale
ceremoniiT da gagrZelda 1 noembramde.
qalkedonis Semdgomi droebis episkoposTa Soris cnobilni ar-
ian nikita da kozma, romlebic ewamnen leon somexis dros xatebis
mfarvelobisaTvis. me-10 s-Si qalkedonSi mosagreobda luka, ax-
ali mesvete. qalkedonis SemogarenSi iyo kidev erTi, Rirsi avqsen-
33 aq sagangebod aris aRniSnuli, Tu sad tardeboda kreba, radgan

cnobilia wm. didmowamis mier krebaze aRsrulebuli saswauli. wm.didmowame
efemia yovladqebuli dabadebula qalkedonSi, warCinebul, qristianuli
aRmsareblobis ojaxSi. 304 w-s qalaqis mmarTvelis, priskusis, brZanebiT,
msxverpli Seswires aress, omis RmerTs. warmarTul msaxurebaSi qristianeb-
ma ar miiRes monawileoba, maT saidumlod Caatares wirva. isini Sei pyres,
tanjes da saboloo ganaCenisaTvis imperator diokletianesTan gagzavnes.
maT Soris yvelaze patara ki, efemia, datoves qalaqSi im imediT, rom ad-
vilad SesZlebdnen mis dayoliebas warmarTul msxverplSewirvaze. RmerTis
SewevniT, efemiam mraval gansacdels, maT Soris borbalze wamebasac gauZlo.
sabolood is velur mxecebTan erTad gaiyvanes cirkis arenaze. didmowame
evedreboda ufals, male mieRo misi suli, lomebi da daTvebi ki iCoqebdnen
mis winaSe da fexebs ulokavdnen. bolos erTma Zu daTvma gakawra is da man
umal suli ufals miabara. mSoblebma misi sxeuli dakrZales. Semdeg mis
wminda, uxrwnel nawilebze aigo taZari. qalkedonis krebis msvlelobisas,
rodesac mosazreba gaiyo qristes bunebis Sesaxeb, cal-calke furcelze
daweres mrwamsi marTlmadidebluri da monifizituri formulirebiT da wm.
efemias gulze daades. Semdeg sarkofags imperatorma daado beWedi da sami
dRe locvasa da marxvaSi gaatares krebis monawile episkoposebma. meoTxe
dRes sazeimod gaixsna beWedi. monofizituri mrwamsi didmowamis fexqveS
iyo, marTlmadidebluri ki marjvena xelSi eWira qalwuls da patriarqsa
da imperators gauwoda. wm. efemias xseneba weliwadSi orjeraa, 11 ivlissa
da 16 seqtembers (iuliusis kalendriT). 1907 wels aRmoCenil asteroids
ewoda wm. efemias saxeli (red. Sen.).
199
tis savane.34
nikea. eklesiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovan qalaq nikeas gasacno-

bad Cven moviyvanT nawyvetebs leqciidan aRmosavleTis eklesiis
istoriis Sesaxeb, romelsac kiTxulobda profesori stanlei,35 igi
Tavad iyo namyofi nikeaSi. `1853 w-s, maisis damlevs, diliT adre,
mTvaris Suqze, me daveSvi biTviniis erTi maRali mTis tyiani fer-
dobidan qalaq nikeasken. qvemoT, Cems Tvalwin gadaiSala grZeli
askanis tba, romelic viwro srutiT uerTdeba marmarilos zRvas.
aseTi tbebi damaxasiaTebelia mcire aziis am nawilisTvis. tbis
aRmosavleTiT Canda qalaqis oTxkuTxedi moxazuloba, rogoriTac
gamoirCeva aRmosavleTis yvela qalaqi, aSenebuli aleqsandre
makedonelis memkvidreebisa da maTi mimbaZvelebis mier. antioqia,
damasko, filadelfia, sebastia, palmira _ yvela es qalaqi aSen-
ebulia swori kvadratis formiT, rasac kveTs oTxi swori, orive
mxridan kolonebis rigiT morTuli quCa. aseTive iyo lisimaqes
mier daarsebuli nikeac, xolo saxeli qalaqs misi colis, nikeas
sapativcemulod ewoda. qalaqis garSemoweriloba 60 stadions
(10 kilometramde) Seadgenda, da ise sworad iyo dagegmili, rom
centraluri punqtidan moCanda qalaqis oTxive karibWe. traianes
dros qalaqs Semoavles galavani, romelic amJamadac arsebobs.
Tumca Sida mxare axla mitovebuli da gaveranebulia. mogzauri
Zlivs gaaRwevs damsxvreuli kolonebisa da gadaxlarTuli buC-
qebidan gapartaxebul Turqul sofel izniqamde, romelic mde-
bareobs udaburi sivrcis centrSi. soflis SuagulSi SemorCe-
nilia ganmartoebuli RmrTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis eklesia.
eklesiis kedlebi moxatulia uxeSi ferweriT, romelzec asaxulia
is movlenebi, ramac ukvdavyo es qalaqi: pirveli msoflio krebis
amsaxveli siuJetebi. gadavinacvloT azriT warsulSi: maSinac
wlis es dro idga, wablis tyeebi xasxasa mwvaned iyo Semosili,
igive wynari tba, igive TovliT dafaruli, midamoze mbrZaneblu-
rad gadmomdgari olimpo. magram rogori gansxvavebulia sxva
34 dReisaTvis istoriuli qalkedonis midamoebi q. stambulis terito-

riaSi aris moqceuli. is warmoadgens uZveles, did, kosmopolitur raions
marmarilos zRvaze, qalaqis aziur nawilSi, saxelwodebiT qadiqioi (red.
Sen.).
35 artur penrin stanlei (Arthur Penrhyn Stanley) (1815-1881) – mRvdeli,
vestminsteris dekani, avtori Sromebisa eklesiis istoriaSi (red. Sen.).
200
mxriv Zveli nikea axlisagan ...…… ram aiZula imperatori, aerCia

nikea krebis adgilad? msoflio krebis adgilis SerCevis sakiTxi
yovelTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. mravali mizezi arsebob-
da imisTvis, rom imperators aerCia nikea episkoposTa TavSeyris
adgilad. erTis Sesaxeb Tavadve mkveTrad gamoTqva: es midamo
keTilSezavebuli iyo haeriT. konstantinopoli jer kidev ar iyo
daarsebuli. aRmosavleTis imperiis dedaqalaqi arCeuli iqneba
meore msoflio saeklesio krebis adgilad. Tumca ki dedaqalaqis
adgili sabolood ar iyo daniSnuli, magram dedaqalaqis atmos-
fero sufevda marmarilos zRvis napirebze da iq ukve Cadiodnen
aRmosavleTis keisrebi. nikomidia, biTviniis uZvelesi dedaqalaqi,
romelic nikeadan 32 km-iT aris daSorebuli, jer kidev dio-
kletianes dros iTvleboda aRmosavleTis dedaqalaqad. is ar
aurCeviaT krebis adgilad ori mizezis gamo: jer erTi, nikomidia,
rogorc xelisuflebis adgilsamyofeli, arc ise mosaxerxebeli
iyo wminda krebisaTvis; meorec, misma episkoposma evsevim aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRo eretikosis dasacavad da am qalaqis Semoga-
renSi moiwvia arianel episkoposTagan Semdgari sinodi. amitomac,
bunebrivia, nikeas, meore mTavar qalaqs nikomidiis Semdeg, mianiWa
upiratesoba imperatorma konstantinem. tbis saSualebiT qalaqi
uerTdeboda marmarilos zRvas. is axlos iyo imperatoris rezi-
denciasTanac. `rodesac aq Camovlen epikoposebi italiidan da
imperiis sxva qveynebidan, (es sityvebi Tavad imperators ekuT-
vnis) me sakmaod axlos viqnebi, raTa Tvalyuri vadevno krebas da
monawileoba miviRo masSi~. dabolos, nikeas saxelic mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebda. `nikea~ niSnavs gamarjvebas. konstantines
monetebze warwerili iyo `viqtoria.~ es saxeli Seesabameboda
konstantines sayvarel tituls. man sul axlo warsulSi sZlia
Tavis meore mowinaaRmdeges, risTvisac miiRo metsaxeli nikita
_ `gamarjvebuli.~ am gamarjvebas win uZRoda cxovelmyofeli
jvris gamocxadeba sityvebiT: èjn tou`tw/ nivka~ _ amiT sZlev. evsevi
gansakuTrebiT dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs konstantines gamarjve-
bebis simravleze, xolo I msoflio krebis adgilis SerCevas aRiq-
vams, rogorc konstantines madlierebis niSans mtrebze gamarjve-
baTa gamo. ès qalaqi, ambobs is, Sesaferia am krebisTvis, rogorc
Tanamosaxele gamarjvebisa _ nikea.~
qristianoba nikeaSi gavrcelda II saukunidan, sakmaod bevri
201
ewama aq aleqsandre severusis, deciusisa da diokletianes dros.

saepiskoposo ki daarsda nikeis krebis droidan. xatmbrZolo-
bis dros nikeaSi gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo wminda xatebis Tav-
gamodebuli damcveli: Teofane pirdawerili - cnobili saga-
loblebis avtori,36 petre da pavle da sxv. meSvide msoflio
saeklesio krebam, romlic am qalaqSi Catarda 787 wlis 27
maiss, 367 episkoposis TandaswrebiT wm. sofias taZarSi, daamtkica
xatTa Tayvaniscema. Tumca am krebis ukanaskneli sxdoma Catarda
konstantinopolSi 23 oqtombers.
1329 w-s nikea sabolood dai pyres Turqebma da TiTqmis mTelma
mosaxleobam miiRo mahmadianoba.37
36 Teofane pirdawerili (grapto~) – (778-847) aRmsarebeli, himnografi,

nikeis mitropoliti. warmoSobiT sirieli, dabadebula ierusalimSi, qris-
tianul ojaxSi. Teofane da misi ufrosi Zma Teodore ierusalimis sabaw-
mindis monasterSi aRizardnen, aqve aRikvecnen berebad. xatmebrZoli impera-
toris, leon somexis dros Zmebi ierusalimis patriarqma konstantinopolSi
gaagzavna marTlmadideblobis dasacavad. maT sityvier paeqrobaSi daamarcx-
es imperatori, risTvisac leonma sastikad hgvema isini da sapatimroSi Ca-
yara. Semdgomi xatmbrZoli imperatorebis, mixeilisa da Teofiles, drosac
Zmebma mravali tanjva iwvnies. erTxel gavarvarebuli nemsebiT maT saxeze
amoakawres 12 taepiani marTlmadidebluri Sinaarsis sagalobeli, riTac
`Searcxvines~ aRmsarebeli moRvaweni. aqedan momdinareobs maTi metsaxelic.
Teodore sapatimroSi 840 w-s. gardaicvala, Teofane ki moeswro marTlma-
dideblobis zeims, is nikeis mitropoliti gaxda. gardaicvala daaxl. 847
w-s. Teofane 145 sagalobeli kanonis avtoria, masve ekuTvnis oTxi wigni iu-
develTa winaaRdeg da epistole wminda xatebis Sesaxeb. Teofanes xsenebis
dRea 11 oqtomberi, xolo Teodoresi - 27 dekemberi (red. Sen.).
37 istoriuli nikea iyo Tanamedrove Turqul qalaq izniqis adgilze,
bursas provinciaSi, 15 000 mosaxliT (red. Sen.)
202
aziis diocezi
aziis diocezSi Sedioda mcire aziis mTeli samxreTi naxevari.

mcire aziis es nawili mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda pontos olqebi-
sagan. mis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen berZnebi. aq qa-
laqebic kidev ufro SesaniSnavi iyo, vidre pontoSi. Sesabamis-
ad, saeklesio TvalsazrisiTac, aq meti saepiskoposo da mravali
RirsSesaniSnavi adgili arsebobda.
helesponti. biTviniasTan yvelaze axlosmdebare raioni, rome-

lic, aseve, propontidas sanapiros mihyveboda, iyo helesponti38
_ Zvelad mizia. `mizia, ambobs erTi mwerali, iyo nayofieri, ux-
vwyliani adgili, vrceli velebiT, mTebis ZirSi gaSlili tyee-
biTa da saZovrebiT~. gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia is samoqalaqo
istoriisaTvis. misi mTavari qalaqi iyo dardaneli (cxadia, aqedan
warmoiSva `dardanelis srutis~ saxelwodeba), romelic troas
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. aq iyo troas olqi da qa-
laqi ilioni. SemdgomSi, makedonelTa batonobis dros, ilioni
kvlav aRorZinda da dasaxlda. aq mdebare mniSvnelovani qalaqe-
bi berZnuli warmoSobisa gaxldaT da miekuTvnebodnen eoliur
kavSirs.39 helespontSi iyo 19 saepiskoposo kaTedra sakmaod um-
niSvnelo olqebiT. yvelaze didi manZili saepiskoposo qalaqebs
Soris Seadgenda 25 km-s.
qiziqi. propontidaSi, ambobs straboni, aris kunZuli qiziqi,

romelic ori xidiTaa dakavSirebuli kontinentTan. is gamoirCeva
umkacresi bunebiT da 50 stadionis garSemowerilobisaa. erT-erT
xidTan mdebareobs imave saxelis mqone qalaqi. qalaqis nawili
Sefenili iyo ursis mTaze, nawilic _ velze. mis maxloblad
aris Caketili navsadguri, romelic orasze met gems itevda.
qiziqi silamaziTa da brwyinvalebiT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aziis
38 helesponti, axlandeli dardaneli, aris viwro srute TurqeTis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, romelic egeosis zRvas marmarilos zRvasTan
aerTebs. amasTan, is hyofs evropas aziisagan. da mTels raions saxeli am
srutis saxelis mixedviT ewoda (red. Sen.).
39 eoliuri kavSiri - igulisxmeba Tormeti polisisagan Semdgari er-
Toba (red. Sen.).
203
saukeTeso qalaqebs. pliniusi ambobs, rom xidi, romelsac moixse-

niebs straboni, agebuli iyo aleqsandre makedonelis mier qveynis
ganaxlebis dros. qiziqi iyo helespontis mTavari qalaqi rogorc
samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio TvalsazrisiT.
eklesia qiziqSi pirvel saukuneebSive daarsebula. cnobilia
mowameTa saxelebi, romlebic evnen deciosisa da diokletianes
dros, rogorc qiziqSi, ise mis mezoblad mdebare qalaqebSi
_ pariumsa da lampsakusSi. arianuli areulobis dros qiziqis
40
kaTedras erTmaneTs ecilebodnen naxevrad arianeli elevsiosi

da arianeli evnomiosi, evnomianelTa cnobili warmomadgeneli.
qiziqis mosaxleoba mxars uWerda elevsioss, magram evnomiosma
SeZlo kaTedraze damkvidreba imperator valentis daxmarebiT.
is iyo qiziqis rigiT mecxre episkoposi. 426 w-s qiziqis episkoposi
gaxda prokle, romelmac 434 w-s daikava konstantinopolis sa-
patriarqo kaTedra. iustinianes dros, rodesac kunZul kvi pross
sarkinozebi daemuqrnen, qalaq konstancas mosaxleoba da mitro-
politi imperatorma gaxizna qiziqSi da es mitropoliti gaxda
qiziqis de facto episkoposi, Tumca atarebda konstancas episkoposis
wodebas, iseve _ rogorc misi memkvidre. me-5 saukunis meore nax-
evarSi qiziqSi cxovrobda mwerali gelasi,41 romelmac Seadgina
dawvrilebiTi gadmocema nikeis krebis Sesaxeb, Tumca alag-alag
legendebiT savse.42
troada. qalaqi troada lisimaqes augia, troadan Crdiloe-

TiT sami km-is daSorebiT, xolo zRvidan _ ori km-isa. qalaqi
qristemde 1270 w-s daingra. lisimaqem qalaqs troas pativsacemad
troada daarqva, Semdeg ki aleqsandre makedonelis pativsacemad
troa-aleqsandre uwoda. qalaqi zRvis piras mdebareobda da
wyliT moxerxebulad ukavSirdeboda evropas. troadaSi namyofi
40 Tanamedrove lampseki TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).

41 gelasi qiziqeli – V saukunis saeklesio mwerali, qiziqeli mRvd-
lis Svili. misi `sintagma~ anu pirveli nikeis saeklesio krebis aqtebi,
Sedgeba sami wignisgan. I wigni exeba konstantine didis cxovrebas 323 wlam-
de, 36 Tavisagan Semdgari II wigni exeba uSualod krebas, III wignis mxolod
fragmentebia SemorCenili (red. Sen.).
42 qiziqi mdebareobs dRevandeli TurqeTis balikesiris provinciaSi.
rogorc kulturul Zegls, mas icavs TurqeTis kulturis saministro. unda
aRiniSnos, rom erT dros qiziqis episkoposi yofila wm. germane konstan-
tinopolelic (red. Sen.).
204
iyo mociquli pavle, aqedan is zRviT gadavida makedoniaSi, rode-

sac suliwmidam aukrZala mas aziaSi wasvla. aqedanve SeuTvala
timoTes, gamoegzavna tyavi, romlis waReba Tavad daviwyeboda.
aq man aRadgina mkvdari evtÂqosi. troadidan gadascura makdeo-
niaSi wm. egnate RmerTSemosilmac romisaken mimaval gzad, raTa
iq wameba daeTmina. troadidan gaugzavna man Tavisi ukanaskneli
epistole filadelfielebsa da wm. polikarpe smirnels. cxadia,
troada asrulebda oficialuri safosto gadanawilebis punqtis
rols. SeiZleba es imitom, rom aq, berZenTa qalaqebs Soris, avgus-
tusma daaarsa romis kolonia. me-5 saukuneSi troadas episkopo-
si iyo wm. silvani, romelic gulwrfelad TanaugrZnobda ioane
oqropirs da didad izarala am TanagrZnobisaTvis.43
azia. romis provincia àzia~ romaelebs memkvidreobiT ergoT

pergamosis samefosgan qristes dabadebamde 130 wliT adre. is mo-
icavda wina aziis yvela olqs: mizias, sadac mTavari qalaqi iyo
pergamosi; lidias, mTavari qalaqebiT: Tiatira, sardi, filadelfia,
tralesi; ionias zRvispira olqs SesaniSnavi qalaqebiT: smirna,
efeso da magnesia. odesRac efesos adgilze idga qalaqi azia,
saidanac, savaraudod, warmoiSva mTeli qveynis saxelwodeba. qvey-
nis fizikuri mdebareoba metad kargi iyo. azia iyo mTiani, vaziT
mdidari da msxmoiare mxare. zRvis siaxlove dasavleT sanapiroze
awonasworebda zafxulis sicxesac da zamTris susxsac. zRvisa daA
mTebis SeerTeba, mTis haeris Sezaveba zRvis qarebTan, mdinare iri-
sisa da meandros kavSiri aRmosavleTiT moSorebul mxareebTan,
dasavleTiT wynari da Cumi zRviT mravalricxovan mezobel kun-
ZulebTan urTierToba _ yovelive es erTad egeosis zRvis sana-
piros am monakveTs aqcevda Zalian mosaxerxebel sacxovrebel
adgilad mcire aziis qveynebis xalxebisTvis. zRvis cicabo napiri
SeWrili yureebiT qmnida myudro navmisadgomebs, kunZulebi ki _
RuziT sadgomebs da reidebs. magram aqauri mTebi vulkanuri war-
moSobisa iyo da qveyana zaraldeboda xSiri miwisZvrebiT, ramac
43 dRes istoriuli troada aris TurqeTSi, Canakales provinciis ez-

ines raionis sof. dalianis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da warmoadgens arqeolo-
giur RirsSesaniSnaobas. arqeologiuri samuSaoebi aq 1911 w-dan daiwyo, ma-
namde teritoria muxis tyiT iyo dafaruli. kargadaa SemorCnili qalaqis
kedlebis, koSkebis, Teatris, odeonis, gimnaziumis, stadionis, abanoebis,
akvedukis narCenebi (red. Sen.).
205
SemdgomSi ganapiroba kidec am adgilebis dacarieleba. tiberiu-

sis zeobis dros Zlierma miwisZvram daangria am qveynis umetesi
qalaqebi. odesRac meomari aziis mosaxleoba kirosis dros vaW-
robisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Sedegad ukidures fufune-
basa da uzneobaSi gadavarda. umetes dros uTmobda fleitaze
dakvrasa da Wadrakis TamaSs. azielebma pirvelebma daaarses sas-
tumroebi.
eklesiis istoriaSi aziis provinciam…gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani roli Seasrula. aq sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cx-
ovrobdnen pavle mociquli da ioane RmrTismetyveli. aq iyo
mcire aziis is eklesiebi, romelTac angelozi ugzavnis epistoles
apokalifsis teqstis mixedviT. aq iyo is eklesiebi, romlebsac
ugzavnida epistoleebs wm. egnate antioqieli. aq cxovrobda da
moRvaweobda polikarpe smirnelic. aq gansakuTrebuli simZafriT
gaimarTa kamaTi paseqis dResaswaulis irgvliv. aq ganviTarda
montanis mwvalebloba44. dabolos, aq Catarda mniSvnelovani
krebebi nestorianuli da monofizituri areulobebis dros: ef-
esos mesame msoflio saeklesio kreba 431 w-s da 449 w-s efesos
àvazakTa kreba.~ aziis mitropoliaSi iricxeboda 50 saepiskopo-
so, Tumca misi sivrce ar aRemateboda ponto polemaikusisa da
helenopontis provinciebs, sadac mxolod 11 saepiskoposo kaTedra
arsebobda.
pergamosi. miziis mTavari qalaqi pergamosi (an pergamoni) mde-

bareobda smirnadan CrdiloeTiT 20 km-Si da zRvis napiridan 7
km-Si. mizielebi warmoiSvnen lidielTa koloniebisagan. mizielTa
mefeebi pirvelad naxsenebni arian argonavtTa eqspediciis dros.
44 montanizmi – me-2 saukuneSi mcire aziaSi, frigiaSi warmoSobili

eresi. eresiarqi iyo montanusi, qristianad monaTluli yofili warmarTi
qurumi. hyavda ori mowafe qali: priscila da maqsimila. montanistebi trans-
Si vardebodnen da, TiTqosda, winaswarmetyvelebdnen antikuri sibilebis
msgavsad. amas isini miiCnevdnen uSualo sulier kavSirad suliwmidasTan. es
mimdinareoba qadagebda ukidures asketizms da wamebisadmi swrafvas, uary-
ofda yovelgvar saeklesio ierarqiasa da dadgenili wesebis dacvas. I-ma
msoflo saeklesio krebam dagmo es eresi. montanistebis moZRvrebis ZiriT-
ad specifikas istoriis manZilze sxvadsxva variantiT imeorebdnen araerT
religiur mimdinareobaSi: priscilianelebi, ioakim florelis xiliazmi,
franciskaneli spiritualistebi, adreuli kvakerebi da meTodistebi, frangi
hugenotebi, bevri Zvelmestile, Tanamedrove ormocdaaTianelebi, qarizmate-
bi da sxv. (red. Sen.).
206
troasa da pergamoss erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiri hqondaT. amas

adasturebs troas citadelisTvis pergamosis saxelwodebis mini-
Weba.45 mizielebi Tavdapirvelad cnobilni iyvnen meomar xalxad,
troelebTan erTad maT gadalaxes bosfori da dai pyres mTeli
Trakia. troas dacemis Semdeg mizielebma miiTvises troas olqebi,
magram Semdeg TviTon aRmoCndnen lidiis mefis, krezes uRelqveS.
andazad iqca am drois mizielTa nebierobis ambavi. miziis, ufro
sworad, pergamosis samefo kvlav naxsenebia istoriis matianeebSi
mxolod 284 w-s qristemde. es axali samefo daaarsa saWurisma
fileterma, romelic aleqsandre makedonelis erT-erTi mxedarT-
mTavris, antigonis, qveSevrdomi iyo, da romelmac xelT igdo Za-
laufleba da lisimaqes saganZuri pergamosSi. marTalia, am axal-
ma samefom iarseba mxolod 132 weli, magram am periodSi, ori
evmenosisa da sami atalidis mefobis dros, pergamosi simdidriT
mcire aziis did qalaqebs gautolda. rogorc romaelebis mokav-
Sireebi, evmenosebi da atalidebi TavgamodebiT ebrZodnen antio-
qos dids, Semdgom ki _ Tavad romaelebs. sabolood romaelebma
daamarcxes pergamosi da mis samefos TavianTi provincia uwodes.
Tumca pergamosi romaelTa batonobis drosac hyvaoda. `misma
fufunebam, erTi mwerlis sityvebiT, garyvna im saukunis zneoba da
romaelebi binZur ufskrulSi Cayara, sakuTari mwikvliT rom iyo
amoTxrili.~
pergamosSi idga RmerTebis dedis SesaniSnavi skulptura46 da
eskulapes47 bagini. warmarTebi iseve didad eTayvanebodnen perga-
mosel eskulapes, rogorc efesel dianas. Cvenamde SemorCenilia
II saukunis berZeni oratoris, elios aristides,48 warmoTqmuli
45 am adgilas TxrobaSi anaqronizmi Cndeba. sinamdvileSi piriqiT iyo:
troa pergamosze gacilebiT adre arsebobda, da mis citadels erqva saxe-
lad pergamosi. troas dangrevis Semdeg, miTis Tanaxmad, daqvrivebuli an-
dromaqe, heqtoris coli, aqilevsis Svils, neoptolemoss ergo monad. ne-
optolemosis sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba elenusis, heqtoris umcrosi Zmis,
coli. am qorwinebis Sedegad Cndeba vaJi, romelsac troas mosagoneblad
pergamoss arqmeven. elenusis gardacvalebis Semdeg deda-Svili mcire azia-
Si midis, sadac pergamosi Tavisi saxelobis qalaqs daaarsebs (red. Sen.).
46 rogorc Cans, teqstSi meqanikuri Secdoma gai para, vinaidan pergamos-
Si iyo ara dedis, aramed RmerTebis mamis _zevsis cnobili sakurTxeveli
(Zv.w. me-2 s.). dRes misi xilva SesaZlebelia berlinis pergamonis muzeumSi
(red. Sen.).
47 eskulape – ZvelberZnuli asklepiosis romauli analogi, samedicino
xelovnebis RvTaeba (red. Sen.).
48 publius elius aristide – Cv.w. me-2 s-is (117-181) gamoCenili ber-
207
sityvidan erTi adgili, sadac is didi aRtacebiT uwodebs per-

gamosel eskulapes Tavis mxsnels, pergamons ki msoflios yvela
qalaqze maRla ayenebs, rogorc sacxovrebels WeSmariti sinaTli-
sa, eskulapeSi rom gamobrwyinda. pergamosis mmarTvelebi gansa-
kuTrebuli mondomebiT zrunavdnen ganaTlebaze da friad mniS-
vnelovan biblioTekas mouyares Tavi.
or mTaze, Crdilian baRebs Soris, selinusis wyarosa da mdin-
are kaikosis49 maxloblad gaSenebuli qalaqis mdebareoba uaR-
resad Tvalwarmtaci iyo. `pergamoni Tavisi akropolisiT, ambobs
aristide, aRmarTulia, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis Tavi da
gadmoscqeris Sors mokiafe qalaqebs, soflebiT mofenil ayvave-
bul dablobebs. gana SeiZleba, ar vaxsenoT is adgili, romelic
airCia miwaze gadmosaxlebulma mxsnelma RmerTma (e.i. eskulapem),
rom gaevrcelebina Tavisi niWni mravalricxovan Tayvanismcemlebs
Soris.~ medicinis RmerTis uZvelesi da cnobili taZari Tavisi
TavSesafariT mTeli aziis xalxebs izidavda. eskulapes taZarTan
qurumebs raRac samedicino akademiis magvari ram hqondaT, sadac
mkurnalobdnen avadmyofebs da uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen momavals
sizmrebis saSualebiT, rasac maT, TiTqos, eskulape ucxadebda. apo-
kalifsis daweris epoqaSi, e.i. I saukuneSi, pergamosi warmoad-
genda romis imperiis administraciulsa da samarTlebriv centrs.
aq Tavs iyrida mTeli olqis gadasaxadebi, aq iyo romis umaRlesi
samsajavro, sadac unda gamocxadebuliyvnen mimdebare qalaqebis
mcxovreblebi. aq iWreboda monetebi. garda amisa, pergamosi iyo
warmarTobis centri. pergamosze gadioda, agreTve, dasavleT
aziis savaWro gza. meore saukuneSi pergamosis mosaxleobis ra-
odenoba aRwevda 120 000-s.
`gamocxadebaSi~ uflis angelozi mimarTavs pergamosis ekle-
sias da uwodebs pergamons satanis taxts (SesaZlebelia, imitomac,
Zeni oratori, meore sofistikis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. warmoSobiT

mdidari ojaxis Svils saukeTeso ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. imogzaura
aziis qveynebSi, saberZneTSi, italiaSi, egvi pteSi, miaRwia eTiopias. rodesac
qalaqi smirna miwisZvriT daingra, man mWevrmetyvelebiT daarwmuna markus
avreliusi, qalaqisaTvis didZali Sewiruloba gaeRo. madlierma smirnis mo-
qalaqeebma mas brinjaos Zegli daudges warweriT: `misi sikeTisa da sityve-
bisaTvis~ da qalaqis damfuZnebeli uwodes. mZimed daavadebulma aristidem
pergamosSi asklepioss mimarTa dasaxmareblad. sicocxlis bolo wlebi
Tavis samSobloSi, miziaSi, ganmartoebiT gaatara (red. Sen.).
49 dRevandeli mdinare bakirCai TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).
208
rom eskulapes taZars `kaTedra~ erqva), adidebs mowame anti pas

da sayvedurobs pergamosis qristianebs nikolaelTa moZRvrebis50
mimdevrobaSi. pergamosis pirveli episkoposi iyo gaiusi, romelsac
ioane RmrTismetyvelma gaugzavna mesame epistole. me-2 saukuneSi,
imperator avreliusis dros da me-3 s-Si, deciusisa da domicianes
dros, pergamosSi iyvnen wamebulebi. me-4 saukuneSi pergamosSi
cxovrobda gamoCenili filosofosi edesiusi,51 romelmac didi
zegavlena iqonia iulianes aRzrdaze.52
Tiatira. qalaqi Tiatira lidiis qalaq mizias esazRvrebo-

da. ptolemeusis sityviT, Tiatira mdebareobda pergamosidan samx-
reT-aRmosavleTiT 15 km-Si, xolo sardedan Crdilo-dasavle-
TiT _ 10 km-Si. Tiatira iyo makedoniis kolonia. kvi parosebis
WalebiT garSemortymuli qalaqi velze iyo gaSenebuli, romlis
miRmac Tvalwarmtaci qedebi moCanda. amJamad qalaqs uwode-
ben ak-xisars, anu TeTr cixe-simagres, mimdebare mTebSi arsebu-
li TeTri marmarilos karierebis gamo. yvela Zvel warweraSi
Tiatiras uwodeben ùdidess~, xolo mis mmarTvelT ki `xelm-
wifeebad~ ixsenieben, rac ar Seesabameba qalaqis namdvil saxes
da ufro mis mkvidrTa mkvexara patriotizms waagavs. pliniusi
Tiatiras pergamosis raionis umniSvnelo qalaqebis ricxvs miakuT-
vnebs. qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi Tiatiras vecnobiT moci-
qulTa saqmeebidan da apokalifsidan. apokalifsSi angelozi gan-
sakuTrebuli epistoleTi mimarTavs Tiatiras eklesias, aqebs mis
siyvaruls, RvTismsaxurebas, rwmenas, moTminebasa da saqmeebs. xolo
vinme qals, iezabels, amxels, radgan uwmindurebaSi acTunebda
50 `saqmeni nikolaelTani~ (gamocx.2-6,15) _ irineos lioneli, i polite

romaeli, epifane kvi preli, Teodorite kvireli miiCneven, rom nikolozi
iyo erTi Svid diakonTagani, romlebic mociqulebma datoves ierusalimSi
taZris samsaxurisaTvis. is iyo yofili warmarTi. misi eresi antinomianel-
Ta moZRvrebas hgavda. seqtantebi Wamdnen kerpebisadmi Sewiruli ZRvenis
nawilebs da dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen poligamiasa da saerTo colebis yolas.
evsevi kesarieli ambobs, rom seqtas didxans ar uarsebia (red. Sen.).
51 edesiusi – me-4 s-is neoplatonisti filosofosi da mistikosi,
Teurgi. warCinebuli kapadokiuri ojaxidan. pergamosis mistikuri skolis
damaarsebeli. didi gavlena iqonia iuliane gandgomilis warmarTuli mso-
flmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze (red. Sen).
52 istoriuli pergamosi an pergamoni mdebareobs dRevandeli TurqeTis
teritoriaze, Tanamedrove qalaq bergamas CrdiloeTiT, egeosis zRvidan 26
kilometrSi (red. Sen.).
209
qristianebs. rodesac pavle mociquli qadagebda RvTis sityvas

makedoniis qalaq fili peSi, erTma Tiatirelma porfiriT movaWre
qalma, saxelad lidiam, Seismina misi swavleba. es garemoebac amt-
kicebs strabonis rwmunebas, rom Tiatiras ZiriTad mosaxleobas
makedonelebi Seadgendnen. metad sainteresoa isic, rom porfiriT
vaWroba, razec miTiTebulia `mociqulTa saqmeebSi~, dRemde Ti-
atiras ZiriTad samrewvelo saqmianobas warmoadgens. me-3 sauku-
neSi Tiatiras mosaxleoba Sepyrobili iyo montanuri eresiT, rac
xels uSlida aq eklesiis myarad dafuZnebas. aman misca sababi
eretikosebs, romelTa winaaRmdegac werda epifane53 _ alogebs,
uareyoT apokalifsi, radganac aq laparakia Tiatiras eklesiaze,
romelic TiTqosda imJamad saerTod ar arsebobda. sinamdvileSi
ki Tiatiras eklesia damkvidrda 120 wliT adre, vidre epifane
mwvaleblobebze gailaSqrebda. Tiatiras episkoposi karposi ewa-
ma pergamonSi deciosis dros.54
sarde. sardes nangrevebi, 100 km-iT dacilebuli efesodan,

xolo Tiatiradan _ 10-iT, sam erTmaneTTan mijriT mdgom tmolu-
sis mTas ebjineboda. qalaqis kedlebi flateebiani mTebidan,
romelTagan erTze akropolisi anu citadeli aRmarTuliyo, sam
rigad eSveboda vrcel velze; velis gaswvriv oqroTi mdidari
mdinare paktoli miedineboda. am velis CrdiloeTiT, horizon-
tze, aRmarTulia sardes mefeebis veeberTela saflavis yorRane-
bi. aseTia erTi SexedviT is adgili, sadac odesRac idga qalaqi
sarde, brwyinvalebiTY adgils mxolod roms rom uTmobda, uZ-
veles xanaSi ki _ babilons. swored sardes forumze gadioda
mdinare paktoli, amJamad nakaduli, romelic mxolod zamTar-
Si Rebulobs mdinaris saxes. odesRac is savse iyo oqros siliT,
razec metyvelebs misi moyviTalo-wiTeli kalapoti. Turqebi mas
dResac mdidrebis mdinares uwodeben. mis napirebze eZeben da
pouloben mowiTalo qvas, sakmaod faseuls, romelsac sardes
53 aq saubaria wm. epifane kvi prelis Sesaxeb. sxva mraval TxzulebaTa

Soris mas ekuTvnis cnobili òrmeocTa wvalebaTaTvis,~ sadac ganaqiqebs
ormoc sxvadasxva eress. qarTulad es Txzuleba adreve uTargmniaT, xolo
misi akademiuri gamocema ekuTvnis udrood gardacvlil mecniers, soso max-
araSvils (red. Sen.).
54 Tiatiras nangrevebi dRes TurqeTis qalaq akxisaris teritoriaSi
Sedis (red. Sen.).
210
saxelis mixedviT sardions eZaxian. magram lidiis samefos Zir-

iTadi simdidre tmolusis mTebis oqros sabadoebia. tmolusis
mwvervalidan qalaqs citadeli gadmohyurebda, romelic sammag
kedelTan erTad gadaulaxav dabrkolebas uqmnida momxdurebs.
tmolusis Sua mTasTan aRmarTuli iyo sardes brwyinvale nage-
boba _ RmerTebis dedis, cibelas taZari. cibelas, òqromdinare
paktolis napirebze binadari yoveli arsebis mkvebavi miwis,~ Tay-
vaniscema iyo frigiisa da lidiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulti. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom didebuli iyo lidiis dedaqalaqis sazogado
nagebobani, isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom herodotes mowmobiT, sardes
SenobaTa umravlesoba lerwmiT iyo naSeni, aguris nagebobebsac
lerwami faravda. amitomac ionielTa Tavdasxmis Sedegad mTeli
qalaqi xanZarma daferfla. ìonielTa Semosevis dros, mogviTx-
robs herodote, cibelas, am mxaris qalRmerTis, taZari daiwva
qalaqTan erTad~.
aseTia sardes istoria. lidiis mefeebis mmarTvelobis dros
sarde gadaiqca savaWro centrad aziasa da saberZneTs Soris,
xolo oqros qviSis recxvam mefis xazinas auracxeli simdidre
SesZina. es Cven viciT krezes istoriidan. qristes Sobamde 545 w-s
sparselebma daamarcxes kreze da lidiis samefo TavianT satra-
pad gadaaqcies da satrapTa Soris mas umdidresad miiCnevdnen.
magram ganqarda sparsTa monarqia da sarde dai pyro aleqsan-
dre makedonelma. mere misi batonobac dasrulda da sci pionebma
sarde mcire aziasTan erTad romis keisris kverTxs daumorCiles.
tiberiusis zeobisas, daaxloebiT 20 w-s, sardes umetesi nawili
saSinelma miwisZvram daangria. magram keisarma ganaaxla qalaqi
xazinis xarjiT.
qristianuli eklesia sardeSi Tavidanve daarsda. apokalifsSi
angelozi sagangebod mimarTavs sardes eklesias. me-2 s-Si (170 w.)
sardes episkoposma melitonma imperator markus avreliuss mi-
arTva apologia qristianTa devnisagan dasacavad. manve Seadgina
Zveli aRTqmis yvela wignis katalogi, risTvisac sagangebod imog-
zaura palestinaSi. me-4 s-Si iuliane gandgomili Seecada, aRed-
gina sardeSi warmarTuli taZrebi, magram kerpebi Tayvanismcem-
lebis gareSe aRmoCndnen, taZrebi ki miwisZvriT daingra. amis
Semdeg maleve, arkadiusis mmarTvelobis dros, guTebma sabolood
daangries sarde da daasrules kidec am qalaqis keTildReoba.
211
Tumca me-9 s-Si sardeSi arsebobda saepiskoposo, xolo efTvime,

sardes episkoposi, xatTa Tayvaniscemis gulmxurvale damcveli
iyo.55
filadelfia. qalaqi filadelfia sardes samxreT-aRmosavle-

TiT mdebareobda da 50 km-iT iyo misgan dacilebuli, midiisa da
lidiis sazRvarze, umSvenieresi tmolusis mTebis CrdiloeT mxa-
reSi. qalaqi ganlagebuli iyo terasebad kldovan safexurebze
da gars ertya mSvenieri velebi. mas mdinare hermosi da misi
Senakadi kogamusi56 rwyavda da xSiri buCqebiTa da xeebiT iyo gam-
wvanebuli. filadelfia daaarsa pergamosis mefe atalusma. fil-
adelfia lidiis meore qalaqad miiCneoda. aRmoCenili warwerebi
gvamcnoben, rom saerTo zeimze aq mTeli aziis xalxebi iyridnen
Tavs. pliniusis dros filadelfia iyo sardes gamgeblobaSi, ma-
gram me-9 s-Si, rodesac sarde Temur lengma daangria, filadel-
fia lidiis mTavari qalaqi gaxda.
qristianuli eklesia filadelfiaSi daarsda sakmaod adre.
filadelfiis pirvel episkoposad miiCneven dimitrioss, romelic
naxsenebia wm. ioanes kaTolike epistoleSi. `gamocxadebaSi~ an-
gelozi sagangebod mimarTavs filadelfiis eklesias. wm. egnate
RmerTSemosili filadelfiis eklesiisadmi mimarTvaSi keTilad
moixsenebs am eklesiis qristianTa cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT aqebs
maT gulRiaobasa da stumarTmoyvareobas. magram gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens filadelfiis eklesia me-9 saukuneSi, rodesac
aq daarsda mitropolia, romelic amJamadac arsebobs. mTeli
mcire aziidan mxolod smirnaSia meti qristiani, vidre aq, am-
bobs norovi. magram smirneli berZnebi umetesad Camosulebi arian
savaWrod, filadelfielebi ki ZirZvel mosaxleobas warmoadgenen
da maTi ZiriTadi sazrunavi am uZveles qalaqSi marTlmadide-
beliLsarwmunoebis dacvaa. dRemde filadelfielebi gamoirCevi-
an sikeTiTa da stumarTmoyvareobiT, ris gamoc Tavad Turqebma
daarqves maT `keTili da Tavaziani xalxi~.57
55 uZveles qalaq sardes nangrevebi TurqeTSi, dRevandeli izmiris Se-

mogarenSia (red. Sen.).
56 hermosi - dRevandeli md. gedizi, sididiT TurqeTis meore mdinare;
kogamusi - dRevandeli md. kuzuCai (red. Sen.).
57 antikuri filadelfia _ dRevandeli TurqeTis egeosis regionSi
mdebare qalaqi alaSehiria, asi aTasamde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).
212
smirna. smirna mdebareobs egeosis zRvaze, vrceli izmiris yuris

sanapiroze. misi umetesi nawili ganlagebulia TiTqmis mTlianad
moSiSvlebul flateebian mTa pagosze. magram am mTis siaxloves
iyo mSvenieri xeoba, romelsac rwyavda Cqari, ankara mdinare
melesi. `rodesac mivuaxlovdi smirnas, yveboda erTi mogzauri,
Cem win gadaiSala kvi parosis, zeTisxilis, Wadris Walebi, mwvaned
moxasxase mdeloebi, ialRunis buCqebi.~ …Zveli smirnis ganTqmul
nagebobebad straboni miiCnevs gimnazias, biblioTekasa da homer-
osis sadideblad agebul taZars. magram ufro SesaniSnavi iyo
amfiTeatri da citadeli. amfiTeatri mdebareobda pagosis mTis
ferdze da naxevarwred iyo zRvisaken mimarTuli. misi safexurebi
marmarilosgan gamoekveTaT. iqve mowyobili iyo gansakuTrebu-
li sadgomebi, sadac cxovelebi hyavdaT damwyvdeuli. swored am
amfiTeatrSi ewama wm. polikarpe smirneli. pagosis mwvervalze
citadeli aRmarTuliyo. Zveli qalaqis moculobaze miuTiTebs
kedlebis narCenebi, romlebic pagosidan zRvamde eSveba.
pliniusis gadmocemiT, smirna aaSenes amorZalebma. homerosis
dros smirna warmoadgenda did cixe-simagres, smirnelebi amt-
kicebdnen, rom homerosi maT qalaqSi iyo dabadebuli da aq
Txzavda ukvdav simRerebs. magram ufro sarwmunoa gadmocema,
rom smirna Tavis arsebobas unda umadlodes efesos, romlisga-
nac 60 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. efesoSi arsebobda qalaqis gansa-
kuTrebuli ubani, saxelad smirna. sruliad dasaSvebia, rom pago-
sis mTasTan dasaxlebulma efesoelma kolonistebma axal qalaqs
smirna uwodes. es axali, lidielebis mier gaZarculi dasaxleba,
oTxasi wlis manZilze umniSvnelo sofels warmoadgenda. ale-
qsandre makedonelis sardlebma, antigonma da lisimaqem, aRadgines
da daamSvenes qalaqi. da amis Semdeg, strabonis mixedviT, is ioni-
is saukeTeso qalaqad iqca. mas aziis `meore Tvals~ uwodebd-
nen, miiCnevdnen ra efesos pirvelad. axali ubedureba daatyda
smirnas 180 wels, rodesac Zlierma miwisZvram daangria qalaqi.
markus avreliusma dauyovnebliv aRadgina is. smirneli warmarTe-
bi Tayvans scemdnen dionises anu baxuss – Rvinis, drostarebisa
da Rreobis RmerTs. Zvelad ganTqmuli iyo smirnelebis fufuneba
da gapranWuloba da andazadac ki iqca es ambavi: mores smirnaei
– smirnelTa zneo. smirnaSi, rogorc savaWro qalaqSi, Zalian
Zlieri iyo iudauri elementi, iudevelebs aq hqondaT mravali
213
da gavleniani sinagoga.
qristianuli eklesia smirnaSi daarsda ara ugvinaes 64 wlisa,
varaudiT, ioane RmrTismetyvelis mier. wm. ioanes `gamocxadebaSi~
naxsenebia angelozis gansakuTrebuli mimarTva smirnis eklesiisad-
mi. markus avreliusis mmarTvelobis xanaSi aq moxda qristianebis
Zlieri devna. maSin ewama smirnis episkoposi polikarpe, romelic
cnobilia rogorc Tavisi epistoleebiT, ise _ paseqis aRniSvnis
drois sakiTxis gadawyvetaze zrunviT da kidev imiTac, rom misi
mowafe iyo irineos lioneli. msgavsi devna iyo smirnaSi deciu-
sis drosac; imJamad smirnaSi ewama presviteri pioniusi.58 Tavis
sityvaSi is gvacnobs smirnis mosaxleobas da mezobeli qveynebis
mdgomareobas. `smirnis mkvidrno, romlebic amayobT Tqveni qalaqis
silamaziTa da misi homerosiT, da Tqven, aq dabadebulo iudevele-
bo, yvelani sixaruliT eZiebT Cvens sikvdils. magram Tqven, elinebo,
gmarTebdaT mogesminaT Tqveni moZRvris, homerosisTvis, romelmac
Tqva: ùkeTuria, gixarodes kacis sikvdili.~ Tqven ki, iudevelno,
mose gibrZanebT: `Tqveni mtris viric rom dainaxoT, dacemuli
tvirTis simZimiT, gverds nu auvliT, wamoayeneT.~
me-5 s-Si aq RmrTismSoblis taZari daaarsa kirosma, romelic
maSin prefeqti iyo, Semdgom ki smirnis episkoposi Seiqna. me-6 s-Si
smirnaSi mosagreobda romanoz melodosi.
smirna amJamadac arsebobs. miwisZvram eqvsjer daaqcia qalaqi,
magram eqvsjerve aRadgines nangrevebidan. Zvel berZnebSi ar-
sebobda rwmena, rom meSvide miwisZvra smirnisTvis ukanaskneli
Seiqneboda.59
58 wm. mRvdelmowame pioniusi - xsenebis dRe 11 marti.

59 istoriuli smirna dRevandeli izmiria, TurqeTis sididiT mesame
qalaqi (red. Sen.).
214
efesos taZris rekonstruqcia
efesos taZris dRevandeli saxe
efeso. aziis provniciis mTavari qalaqi efeso mdebareobda

egeosis zRvis piras, smirnadan 60 km-is dacilebiT. Semogareni
qalaqsa da navsadgurs Soris gaSlilia dabal, Waobian adgilze,
215
mdore mdinare kaustrosTan,60 romelic amJamad wyalmcenareebiTa

da lerwmiTaa dafaruli. TviTon qalaqi qvian korizusze, pionsa
da sxva borcvebzea naSeni.
efeso aziis wminda qalaqi iyo. aq uxsovari droidan Tayvans
scemdnen dianas, romlis vazisagan mownuli gamosaxulebac, gad-
mocemiT, aq qalaqis damaarsebel amorZalebs moutaniaT. sxva
gadmocemiT, qandakeba qvis iyo da, rogorc sxva RmerTebis kerpebi,
isic cidan iyo gadmosuli.Defeseli diana arafriT hgavda romis
dianas, apolonis das, gacilebiT dabla mdgom RvTaebas. Ddiana
efeseli _ es aris aRmosavleTis astarte, bunebis keTilismyofel
ZalTa gansaxiereba; diana efeselis qandakebac bunebis am kultis
simbolos warmoadgenda. qalRmerTis muqi feris saxe (misi Tavi
Savi xisgan iyo nakveTi), Semoxveuli grZeli mosasxami, mkerdis zeda
nawilze mTvare, misi sakurTxevlis wyvdiadi, Tavad qalRmerTis
xandaxan `mTvared~, `Ramis qalwulad~ saxeldeba _ yovelive es
miuTiTebs, rom qalRmerTi ganasaxierebda wyvdiadis an Ramis aR-
mosavlur ideas, am sityvis im aRmosavluri, klimaturi azriT,
romliTac Rame warmoadgens dRis papanaqebiT moqanculi bunebis
gamacocxlebels. Ramis sigrile da cvari aRmosavleTSi, Cveu-
lebriv, Zalas hmatebs yovelive cocxals, dawyebuli bunebiT da
damTavrebuli adamianiT. nayofierebis es idea kidev ufro re-
liefuradaa gamoTqmuli qalRmerTis sxva atributebiT. Ddiana
efeselis kerps sam rigad hqonda mkerdebi. am mravali gaSiS-
vlebuli ZuZusken Tavebi gaewvdina uamrav cxovels, romlebic
xelebSi hyavda dianas, es cxadad metyvelebs qalRmerTSi gan
xorcielebul nayofierebis ideaze. Ddiana _ yovelive cocxalis
deda, Tavisi Svilebis masazrdoebeli, diana _ esaa buneba, deda,
dampurebeli. aseTia diana efeselis sazogado da umTavresi idea.
amas garda, futkrebis gamosaxuleba mis mosasxamze mogvagonebs
adamianis pirvelyofil umwikvlo yofas oqros xanis samoTxiseul
netarebaSi, rodesac RmerTs srulad mindobili adamiani ikvebe-
boda TafliTa da im nayofebiT, razec futkrebi miuTiTebdnen.
60 mdinare kaustrosi an kaisteri, romlis Tanamedrove Turquli

saxelwodebaa kuCukmenderesi, aris izmiris samxreTiT, Caedineba egeosis
zRvaSi. misi SesarTavi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi wyliT Camotanili SlamiT
ivseboda, ris gamoc efesos nangrevebi TiTqmis erTi kilometriT daSorda
zRvas (red. Sen.).
216
ucodvelobis es idea iyo dianas predikati, romelic iyo marad

deda da marad qalwuli, dedis ZuZuTi da qalwulis pirbadiT
erTdroulad damSvenebuli.
dianas didebuli taZari, pliniusis sityviT, aSenebuli iyo qa-
laqgareT, zRvis piras, Waobian adgilze. aq is iyo upiratesad
imitom, rom gadmocemis Tanaxmad, amorZalebi pirvelad aq gad-
mosulan da kidev imitomac, rom aq is daculi iqneboda mi-
wisZvrisagan. oras oci wlis manZilze mTeli azia aSenebda am
taZars. efesos taZris saZirkvlis Cayra lamis ufro Zviri dajda,
vidre Tavad taZari. jer datborili adgili Seavses naxSiriTa
da matyliT, da Semdeg Caiyara fundamenti. taZris sigrZe Sead-
genda 150 m-s, gani ki _ 50 m-s. taZari umTavresad Sedgeboda
svetebiani portikebisagan. aziis yvela maSindelma mefem, ricx-
viT 127-ma, miiRo monawileoba mSeneblobis xarjebSi. portikebs
iWerda ionuri stilis daxvewili 127 sveti, mSenebel mefeTa
raodenobis Sesabamisad. portikis simaRle 8 m-s udrida. anfazis
rigis 36 kolona sxvadasxvagvari iyo, ostaturad Sesrulebuli
gamoCenili mxatvrebis mier. horaciusis gamoTqmiT, paraziusi `sve-
li saRebavebiT gamosaxavda xan adamianebs, xan RmerTebs~, apelesma
da praqsitelem61 saukeTeso qmnilebebiT gaamdidres taZris Sida
61 paraziusi, apelesi – antikuri saberZneTis gamoCenili fermwerebi.

praqsitele - gamoCenili berZeni moqandake.
paraziusi _ Zv.w. me-4 s-is moRvawe; daadgina adamianis sxeulis idealuri
proporciebi. misi Tezevsi amSvenebda romis kapitoliums. cnobilia misi
tilo `demosi~ (xalxi), romelzec gamosaxulni iyvnen aTenis moqalaqeebi,
da gadmoscemda Tormet sxvadasxvagvar adamianur xasiaTs. arsebobs cno-
bili legenda, Tu rogor Seejibrnen erTmaneTs ostatobaSi paraziusi da
Zevqsisi, aseve gamoCenili mxatvari. Zevqsisma ise daxata yurZnis mtevani, rom
frinvelebi mofrindnen marcvlebis asakenkad. Semdeg paraziusTan wavidnen
misi tilos sanaxavad. tilos farda hqonda Camofarebuli, Zevqsisma moin-
doma, gadaewia farda da aRmoCnda, rom swored farda daexata paraziuss.
ase gamovlinda gamarjvebuli, romlis ostatobamac TviT didi mxatvari
Seacdina.
apelesi – IV s-is didi berZeni mxatvari, aleqsandre makedonelis megobari.
misi yvelaze cnobili tiloebia àfrodite anadiomena~ – zRvis qafidan
amomavali afrodite, artemide monadireTa amaliT. efesos taZarSi inaxebo-
da mis mier Sesrulebuli makedonelis portreti, xelSi elviT. cnobilia
makedonelis sityvebi: arsebobs ori aleqsandre: erTi – Ze fili pesi, meore
- apelesisa, pirveli daumarcxeblia, meore - Seudarebeli.
praqsitele – me-4 s-is yvelaze cnobili skulptori aTenidan. pirvelad
man gamoaqandaka qalis SiSveli sxeuli naturaluri zomiT. SemorCenilia
misi didebuli qandakebebi an maTi romauli aslebi: hermesi da yrma dionise;
apoloni klavs xvliks; apoloni isvenebs (apolon likeios); satiris figura
217
nawili. karebi kvi parosis xis iyo, marmarilosaviT gaprialebuli

Weri _ kedarisa, xolo saxuravisken mimavali kibe _ giganturi
zomis kvi prosis vazisa. dianas es taZari ramdenjerme daiwva,
sokrates micvalebis dRes da aleqsandre makedonelis dabadebis
dRes, magram yovelTvis ufro ukeTesad aRadgendnen xolme, vidre
xanZramde iyo.
efesos sxva RirsSesaniSnavi nagebobani borcvebze naSen qalaqSi
iyo da gars ertymodnen pionis ferdobebs CrdiloeTidan, dasav-
leTidan da samxreTidan. korezussa da pions Soris mdebareobda
ori Teatri, romlebic Zalian uyvardaT efeselebs. pionis meore
mxareze mesame, kidev ufro didi Teatri idga, is 56 000 mayureb-
els itevda. am Teatris mopirdapired iyo navmaxia, Semdeg forumi.
xolo pionis dasavleT nawilSi iyo triumfaluri TaRi da didi
cirki. pionis mwvervalze, aRmosavleTiT, iyo efesos nekropolisi,
da qvemoT _ gimnazia, anu egreT wodebuli aTeneumi. magram es
ukanaskneli Senoba ukve gareubans miekuTvneboda. mecnierebis az-
riT, swored am aRmosavleT gareubanSi cxovrobdnen efesos pirve-
li qristianebi da aq Cerdebodnen mociqulebi pavle da ioane.
efesos istoria aseTia: gadmocemebiT, efesos pirveli damaarse-
beli yofila androklosi, ionielTa winamZRvris, kadrosis Ze62. is
maSin damkvidrda korizusis mTaze, rodesac dianas sakerpo ukve
idga dablobze.
lidiis mefe kreze aziis barbarosebTan erTad moulodnelad
daesxa Tavs qalaqs. mgram daindo efeso, radgan mosaxleoba qal-
RmeT dianas mfarvelobas miendo da maT qalaqis mTiani nawil-
idan taZramde gadaWimes Toki. efeselTa esoden didma rwmenam
SeZra lidiis mefe, msubuqi gadasaxadi daakisra maT da darTo
neba, Zveleburad TavianTi wes-CveulebiT ecxovraT. am droidan
moyolebuli iwyeba qalaqis zrda dablobisaken, taZrisaken. krez-
es monarqiis dacemis Semdeg sparselebis uReli mZimed daawva ef-
eselebs, romlebic amaod eZebdnen Svelas eladis berZnebTan. ma-
gram sparselebi gandevnes makedonelebma. aleqsandres sardalma
romis kapitoliumze; leto, apoloni da artemide; afrodite knidoseli da

sxv. (red. Sen.).
62 efesos miTiuri damaarsebeli, aTenis princi androklosi (an an-
drokle), iZulebuli gamxdara mamis, mefe kadrosis, sikvdilis Semdeg samS-
oblo daetovebina (red. Sen.).
218
lisimaqem datbora dablobis nawili da amiT aiZula mosaxleoba,

dabruneboda qalaqis mTian nawils, sadac ufro SesaZlebeli iyo
qalaqis dacva da klimatic - ukeTesi.
makedonelTa Semdeg aziaSi damkvidrdnen msoflios axali
mbrZaneblebi – romaelebi. maT efeso airCies aziis sataxto qa-
laqad. miwisZvris Semdeg tiberiusma aRadgina qalaqi. qalaqis
didebulebiT gancvifrebulebi iyvnen ciceroni da pliniusi. ma-
gram arajansaRi klimatis gamo efeso TandaTan kargavda Tavis
mniSvnelobas.
uZveles xanaSi efesoSi yvaoda mecniereba. am qalaqSi cxovrob-
da cnobili berZeni filosofosi heraklite qristemde 500 wliT
adre, aseve _ poeti hi ponaqte,63 mxatvrebi paraziusi da apelesi,
aleqsandre makedonelis megobari. ioane oqropiri ambobs, rom mis
drosac efesoSi bevri filosofosi iyo. simdidresa da bunebis
mravalferovnebas unda ganeviTarebina efeselTa gonebrivi mo-
nacemebi; es kvebavda maT azrovnebasa da warmosaxvas. efesos
savaWro mniSvneloba, rogorc mTeli civiluri samyaros centrisa,
romelsac aRmosavleTiT xmelTaSua zRva ekra, gansakuTrebiT xe-
lsayreli niadagi iyo sxvadasxvagvari saWiro gonebrivi simdidris
SesaZenad rogorc adgilze, ise _ ucxo qveynebSi mogzaurobisas.
mociqulTa xanaSic efesos hqonda gimnazia, Teatri, iq iyo vinme
tiranis64 skola, sadac cxovrobda da werda Tavis werilebs fse-
vdo-heraklite.65 rogorc Cans, efeso cxovrobda maRali sulieri
interesebiT, …oRond es mxolod garegnulad.……
sinamdvileSi efeso iyo didvaWari, fufunebaze mzrunveli xalx-
is qalaqi. senekas SefasebiT, efeso yvelaze mdidruli qalaqi iyo,
sadac ar zrunavdnen siqveleTaTvis. jer kidev sparsTa batonobis
dros, rodesac efeso sparsi mefeebis rezidencia gaxda, qalaqi
aivso sparsi samxedro aristokratiiTa da mdidari axalgazr-
dobiT, rasac Tan mohyva aziuri fufuneba, qeifi da garToba. ra
Tqma unda, efeselebma ar daayovnes da aiTvises sparseli aris-
tokratebis gemovneba da sparsTa lmobieri mmarTvelobis qveS
63 hi ponaqte - berZeni lirikosi, daamkvidra axali sazomi, e.w. qoliam-

bi anu `koWli iambi~, SemoiRo parodiis Janri (red. Sen.).
64 `tirani~ aq sakuTari saxelia (red.Sen.).
65 fsevdo-heraklite efeseli – Zv.w. me-4 s-is berZeni filosofosi, cno-
bilia misi zneobrivi xasiaTis werilebi (red. Sen.).
219
ukidures ganebivrebamde mividnen. es gancxroma simdidris mozR-

vavebis Sesabamisad izrdeboda, am simdidris wyaro ki iyo efesos
navsadguri _ panorma. Znelad naxavdiT savaWro qveyanas, an uZve-
les savaWro centrs, sadac ar icnobdnen efesos panormas. romsa
da aleqsandrias, makedoniasa da palestinas, sabeZneTs, finikiasa
da sirias, qioss, samoss, kososs, rodossa da kvi pross yovelTvis
hyavdaT panormas navsadgurSi TavianTi komerciis warmomadgene-
li. TviTon navsadguri ise iyo mowyobili, rom misadageboda did
savaWro operaciebs.
da ai, efeselTa zneobis ori mamxilebeli, apolonios tiane-
li da fsevdo heraklite. efeselTa sazogadoebis umTavres da
arsebiT mankierebad mis metismet fufunebas miiCnevdnen, miwier
sikeTeTa usazomo moxmarebas, maRali interesebisadmi gulgrilo-
bas, aRviraxsnilobasa da loTobas. niSandoblivia, rom zogierTi
es nakli mociqulma pavlem efesel qristianTa Sorisac SeniSna
(I tim. 11,9; ef. 5,3, ef. 5,18) da gansakuTrebulad SeebrZola
yvela mankis mTavar Zirs _ siZvas. `xolo siZvas da yovelgvar
uwmindurebas da angarebas saxelic nu erqmeva Tqven Soris, ro-
gorc SeSvenis wmidaT~ (ef. 5,3). ai, ra iyo efesos sasicocxlo
kulti. efesos sazogadoeba mTlianad fufunebasa da grZnobiT
siamovnebebs eZleoda. cxovrebis amgvari mimarTuleba Tavis Tav-
Si verafers naxulobda, rac TavSkavebisken ubiZgebda maT, ar-
amed, piriqiT, dianas kultiT sanqcia eZleoda da kidev ufro
Zlierdeboda is. fsevdo heraklite aRSfoTebuli iyo efeselTa
kultis umsgavsoebiT, romelic Sedgeboda xSiri Rameuli cere-
moniebis, CiraRdnebiani svlebisa da gauTavebeli dResaswaulebi-
sagan. gazafxulze es dResaswauli grZeldeboda mTeli Tve da
maT artemidiebs uwodebdnen. taZris sakurTxevlis wyvdiadSi fse-
vdo heraklite xedavs TviT kultis sazizRar zneobriv sibneles.
Semdeg avtori gadadis qalRmerTisadmi miZRvnil sxvadasxva re-
ligiur dResaswaulze da mTeli es Ramis CiraRdnebiani orgiebi,
musikiTa da veluri cekvebiT, miaCnia religiur safarqveS amo-
farebul yvelaze aRviraxsnil garyvnilebad.
uZveles xanaSi arsebobda wesi, rom RmerTebis taZarSi yvelas
SeeZlo TavSesafris povna da iq misuli adamiani, ara mxolod
usamarTlod devnili, aramed avazakic ki xelSeuxebeli xdeboda.
efesoSi ki es wesi taZris gareTac, 200 metrze moqmedebda. aman
220
efeso gadaaqcia damnaSaveTa Tavyrilobis centrad, rac, ra Tqma

unda, did gavlenas axdenda efesos isedac dabal zneobriv doneze
da strabonis gamoTqmiT, `xelSi Caugdo qalaqi avazakebs~.
diana efeselis gamosaxuleba

efeso, TurqeTis muzeumi
dianas kulti meore borotebis wyaroc iyo, rac Zalian safuZ-

vlianad damkvidrda efesoSi. es gaxldaT efeselTa crumorwmu-
221
neoba, romelmac uZveles xanaSi igavadac ki aqcia efeselebi. di-

anas kvarcxlbekze amotvifrul saidumlo formulas jadosnuri
mniSvneloba eZleoda. qalRmerTis erTi atributi iyo mTvaris
gamosaxuleba, amitom mas Tayvans scemdnen rogorc Ramis qal-
RmerTs, saidumlo Zalebis meufes, romelic avlens Zalas Ramis
wyvdiadis safarqveS, rogorc mfarveli magiisa da jadosnobisa.
dianas kultis am Taviseburebam efeso warmarTuli Teurgiisa da
jadosnobis centrad aqcia. efesoSi iyo uamravi grZneuli da Sem-
locveli, isini iyenebdnen Selocvis gansakuTrebul formulebs,
rac istoriaSi cnobili gaxda èfesos nawerebis~ (Èfevsia gravm-
mata~) saxeliT. es nawerebi warmoadgendnen grZneul formulebs,
romelTac werdnen qaRaldze an pergamentze, an, ubralod, kiTxu-
lobdnen, an amuletis saxiT atarebdnen xelze, kiserze an, sxeulis
qvemoTa nawilebze. rogorc erTi mwerali aRniSnavs, qalaqi savse
iyo magebiT, jadoqrebiT, msaxiobebiT, musikosebiT, momRerlebiT,
saWurisebiT, iuvelirebiT, amuletebis gamyidvelebiT, romanebis
mTxzvelebiT. momqancveli klimatis gamo mosaxleobaSi seriozu-
li saqmianoba ar iyo pativSi. yvelas itacebda demonologia da
Teurgia, aq sufevda ukontrolo crurwmena.
garda amisa, efesoSi mudam uamravi ucxoeli ireoda. zogs
panormas bazrisken savaWro interesebi izidavda; sxvebi saxel-
ganTqmuli dianas taZarSi, mcire aziis am religiur centrSi, miiC-
qarodnen; mesameni samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gamo mosuliyvnen
qalaqSi, sadac iyo aziis prokonsulis rezidencia da qveynis yve-
la sasamarTlo da administraciuli dawesebuleba.
CvenTvis sainteresoa efesos religiuri mniSvneloba. `dianas
taZarma, ambobs erTi mwerali, yoveli mxridan uamravi Tayvanismce-
meli moizida, ase rom efeso iTvleboda warmarTuli samyaros
wminda qalaqad. piligrimebis mozRvavebam qalaqs kidev erTi Se-
mosavlis wyaro gauCina, gaCnda mrewvelobis gansakuTrebuli
dargi - Zvirfasi masalisagan, ZiriTadad vercxlisagan, damza-
debuli artemides cnobili gamosaxulebis miniaturuli aslebisa
da taZris modelebis damzadeba. isini Tan mihqondaT piligrimebs,
rogorc saxsovari an Tilisma. qalaqi gulmodgined icavda Tavisi
qalRmerTis Rirsebas, vinaidan misma kultma daasaqma mravali
adamiani, rac Cans dimitrisa da misi megobrebis saqcielidan pav-
le mociqulis mimarT (Sdr. `saqme mociqulTa~, T. 19).
222
efesoSi iudevelnic mravlad iyvnen, romlebic aq didi privi

legiebiT sargeblobdnen. ase magaliTad, isini Tavisuflad ata
rebdnen saRmrTo msaxurebasa da religiur wesebs sinagogaSi.
iudeveli axalgazrdebi ganTavisuflebulebi iyvnen yvelasaTvis
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuridan. gzebis moxerxebuloba, manZi-
lis SedarebiT siaxlove da simdidre saSualebas aZlevda efesel
iudevelebs, mWidro urTierToba hqonodaT TavianT wminda reli-
giur centrTan _ ierusalimTan.
qristianuli eklesia efesoSi daaarsa mociqulma pavlem, ro-
melic didxans, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda aq. pavle mo-
ciquli cdilobda, qadagebebis adgilad mTavari da didi qalaqe-
bi SeerCia, romlebic ama Tu im qveynis centrs warmoadgendnen.
ueWvelia, rom efesoc am mizeziT SearCia Tavisi xangrZlivi qad-
agebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom man Tavdapirvelad sinagogaSi iqadaga,
Semdeg ki _ orator tiranis skolaSi. saswaulebi aResruleboda
pavles xeliT. magebma ki, romelTac moindomes eSmakebis gan
devna ieso qristesa da pavles saxeliT, marcxi iwvnies. amis Se
m
deg bevrma jadosanma sazeimod dawva efesos TeatrSi 50 000
draqmis Rirebulebis magiuri wignebi. da sityva RmrTisa efesoSi
im zomamde gaiTqva, rom adgilobriv xelosnebs, romlebic dianas
qandakebis modelebs amzadebdnen, samuSaos dakargvis SeeSindaT
da vinme dimitris TaosnobiT areuloba moawyves. am mRelvarebas
Sedegi ar mohyolia erTi wesrigis damcvelis, aleqsandres, Wkvi-
anuri gamosvlis gamo (saqm. 19, 1-40). pavle mociquli efesodan
gamgzavrebis Semdgom agzavnis epistoles efeselebTan da, aseve,
_ maT episkopos timoTesTan.
wm. ioane RmrTismetyveli sicocxlis bolomde efesoSi cx-
ovrobda. gadmocemiT, aq Sexvda is eretikos kerinToss.66 meore
saukunis dasawyisSi efeselebs gansakuTrebul werils ugzavnis
wm. egnate antioqieli. am werilidan Cans, rom efesos eklesia yva-
oda. me-2 s-is 80-ian wlebSi aq cxovrobda Teodotioni, tatiano-
sis mowafe, romelmac Targmna biblia ebraulidan berZnul enaze.
196 w-s efesos episkoposi, cnobili polikrate, win aRudga romis
66 kerinTosi - gnostikosi, ioane RmrTismetyvelis Tanamedrove da

misi mowinaaRmdge. RmrTismetyveli mas I da II epistoleebSi axsenebs. iri-
neos lionelisa da i polite romaelis cnobiT, mas egvi pturi ganaTleba
hqonda miRebuli (red. Sen.).
223
papis survils, yvelgan daenerga paseqis dResaswaulis romauli

Cveuleba da amis gamo efesoSi Sedga kreba, romelsac eswreboda
65 episkoposi. polikrates Semdgomi episkoposi iyo apoloniosi,
romelic montanistebis anu katafrigebis eress ebrZoda. deciosis
devnis xanaSi Svidi efeseli yrma, rogorc gadmocema gviambobs,
SeSinebulebi daimalnen gamoqvabulSi da iq orasi weli eZinaT.
me-5 s-Si, eresebis dros, efesos eklesia Sinagani ganxeTqilebebiT
dasustda da ioane oqropiri zamTris susxsa da yinvaSi, avadmy-
ofi, TviTon Cavida iq, raTa sulierad daxmareboda efeselebs.
`gevedrebiT Sen, Rirso meufeo, werdnen mas efeselebi, mobrZande
CvenTan da SemozRudo Cveni eklesia RvTisaTvis saTno kanonebiT,
radgan didi xania, daiTrguna ariozis eresis mimdevarTagan, da
kidev vercxlismoyvare moZRvarTa mier, radgan bevrni mglebiviT
daxarbdnen episkoposobas mxolod imitom, rom Cqara daeuflon
didZal simdidres, arada Tavs marTlmorwmuned acxadeben.~
431 w-s efesoSi DSedga mesame msoflio saeklesio kreba nesto-
ris eresis mizeziT. am krebaze qristianuli samyaros yoveli
mxridan Tavi moiyara orasze metma episkoposma. efeso krebis adgi
lad imperatorma Teodosi umcrosma SearCia, rogorc yvelaze
mosaxerxeblad misasvleli adgili zRviTac da xmeleTiTac, sadac
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro yovelive saxmari uxvad i poveboda. magram
kidev ufro metad im mizeziT SeirCa, rom am adgils ukavSirde-
boda mociqulTa xsovnis siwminde. kreba gaixsna 22 ivniss RmrTism-
Soblis did taZarSi. ganaCenma, romelic krebam nestorianelebs
gamoutana, efeselTa didi aRtaceba gamoiwvia. xalxi episkoposebs
saxlebamde anTebuli CiraRdnebiT, sakmevlis kmeviT acilebda; am
Rames mTeli qalaqi kandelebiT iyo ganaTebuli.
imave dros, imave qalaqSi, antioqiis episkoposma ioanem calke
Caatara kreba, romelsac eswreboda ormoci episkoposi da saqme
gadawyda nestoris sasargeblod.
efesos kreba Svidi sxdomis Semdeg dasrulda, 31 ivliss, da
bolos, efeselebi dawynardnen xuTkviriani vnebaTaRelvis Semdeg,
rac samudamod aRibeWda maT mexsierebaSi.
449 wels efesoSi Sedga kidev erTi, aranakleb saintereso kreba,
romelic àvazakTa krebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. kreba Catar-
da imave RmrTismSoblis taZarSi, sadac mesame msoflio kreba
Sedga. krebam gaamarTla eretikosi evtixi, xolo keTilmorwmune
224
konstantinopolis episkoposi flaviane damnaSaved scno. krebis

wevrebma is daasaxiCres da sul male episkoposi krebaze miyenebu-
li Wrilobebisagan gardaicvala. flaviane aResrula smirnadan
samxreT-dasavleTiT 40 km-Si.
imperatori iustiniane didad zrunavda efesos morTvaze
eklesiebiT. efesos mopirdapire unayofo kldovan borcvze man
Zveli xis eklesiis adgilze aaSena sakamod didi, ioane RmrTis-
metyvelis saxelobis taZari. es imdenad brwyinvale taZari iyo,
rom mxolod mis mierve manamde bizantiaSi yvela mociqulis
saxelze aSenebul taZrisTvis SeiZleboda misi Sedareba. efesos
maxloblad, latriis mTaze mdebareobda braxianis savane.
dabolos, me-15 saukuneSi aq moRvaweobda markoz efeseli, ro-
melmac cnobil ferara-florenciis krebaze daicva marTlmadide-
bloba.67
patmosi udaburi kunZulia, ioane RmrTismetyvelis gadasax-

lebis adgili. qalaq efesodan SesaZlebelia misi danaxva. pat-
mosi egeosis zRvis dodekanesis kunZulebis ricxvSi Sedis da is
mcire aziis napirebidan 60 km-iTaa dacilebuli. kunZuli war-
moadgens sam usicocxlo, muqi ruxi feris, erTmaneTTan yeliT
dakavSirebul mwvervals, romlebic daRarulni arian xeobebiT,
mRvimeebiTa da gamoqvabulebiT (Sdr. gamocx. 6,15). zafxulobiT
kunZuli swored im `did, cecxliTa motyinare~ mTas warmoadgens,
`gamocxadebaSi~ rom aris naxsenebi: `STavarda zRuad, da mesame-
di zRÂsaÁ iqmna sisxl~ (gamocx. 8,8), da iq `mesamedi xeTaÁ daiwua
da yovelive TivaÁ nedli daiwua~ (gamocx. 8,7). rusi mogzauri
barski-grigoroviCi wers, rom kunZulze mdinare wyali TiTqmis
araa. Takara zafxulis ganmalobaSi wvima saerTod ar modis.
maSin, rodesac mezobeli tyiani kunZulebi: naqsosi, kososi, lerosi
da sxvebi xSirad exvevian Sav RrublebSi, romelTa wiaRidan ismis
saSineli gruxuni da damabrmavebeli elva gamokrTis, kunZuli
patmosi mTeli zafxuli da Semodgomac mcxunvare mzis sxivebis
qveS, wveTi wylisa da macocxlebeli cvaris gareSe rCeba. amitom
iqca kunZuli patmosi damnaSaveTa gadasaxlebis adgilad. domi-
cianes dros qristianTa devna 95 wels daiwyo, maSin gadaasaxles
67 istoriuli efeso dRes TurqeTis qalaq selCukis teritoriaSi Se-
dis, qveynis dasavleTis mxares, izmiris provinciaSi (red. Sen.).
225
kunZulze wm. ioane RmrTismetyveli. momdevno wlis 18 seqtembers

imperatori domiciane mokles; Semdgomma imperatorma nervam
yvela gadasaxlebuli gaaTavisufla da ioane RmrTismetyvelic
dabrunda efesoSi 97 wlis Tebervalsa Tu martSi. aqedan gamom-
dinareobs, rom misi gadasaxleba 18 Tve gagrZelebula. viqtorine,
piktavieli episkoposi, da primiciusi, afrikis episkoposi, weren,
rom ioane RmrTismetyveli patmosze gadasaxlebisas sabadoebze
samuSaod iyo gamwesebuli. advili SesaZlebelia, rom im dros
patmosze marTlac arseboboda raime metalis sabado, rac Semd-
gomSi daicala. yovel SemTxvevaSi, patmosze iyo gorakze gaSen-
ebuli qalaqi Cora, romelic mdebareobda navsadgomidan 9 km-Si.
am qalaqsa da kunZulis mTavar navmisadgoms Soris, Sua gzaze, iyo
mRvime, sadac, gadmocemis mixedviT, wm. ioane RmrTismetyvelma daw-
era gamocxadeba. es mRvime sakmaod didi iyo: sigrZe 36 m, gani _
28 da simaRle _ 20. Werze Cans napralebi, rogorc gadmogvcemen,
im `ZrvaÁ didis~ Sedegi (Sdr. gamocx. 6,12), rac Tan axlda didi
RmrTismetyvelis mier saRmrTo saidumloebaTa Wvretas. sakurTx-
evlis maxloblad, marjvniv aris CaRrmaveba, sadac, gadmocemiT,
davarda mociquli, `viTarcAmkudari~, raJams ixila igi, `romel
ars pirveli da ukuanaÁskneli~ (Sdr. gamocx. 1,17). cota zemoT,
am adgilis maxloblad, aris kldeSi gamokveTili bizantiuri
jvari, romelic, imave gadmocemiT, wm. ioanes xeliTaa Seqmnili.
mociqulTa droidan dawyebuli me-11 saukunemde araferia cno-
bili patmosis Sesaxeb. unda vivaraudoT, rom am periodSi is
dausaxlebeli iyo _ patmosis sabadoebi gaizida, kunZuli daica-
la da gadasaxlebis adgilic gaqra. xalxma qalaqi Corac datova.
me-11 saukuneSi latriis meudabnoe wm. qristodulem gadawyvi-
ta, moenaxulebina yvela wminda adgili da maT Soris _ patmosic.
rodesac wm. qristodulem gaukacrielebuli kunZuli ixila, dae-
bada survili, aq monasteri aeSenebina da 1088 w-is. 11 ianvars
imperator aleqsi komnenosisagan miiRo sigeli monastris asaSen-
eblad. mSenebloba dasrulda 1117 wels. me-13 saukuneSi monas-
tris maxloblad axali qalaqi wamoizarda. am didi monastris
garda, sadac sul 50 beria, qalaqis axal, me-19 s-is dasawyisSi
aSenebul zRvispira ubnebsa da kunZulis sxva nawilebSi amJamad
300-mde taZaria. maTgan mxolod zogierTSi tardeba yoveldRiu-
ri msaxureba, danarCenebi ki _ kerZo pirTa mier RvTis sadideblad
226
Tu sasaflao adgilebTan agebuli eklesiebi _ TiTqmis mitovebu-

lia da aq iSviaTad aRevlineba locva.
davubrundeT aziis provinciebs. aziis provniciis samxreTiT, mdin-
are meandrosze68 mdebareobda eklesiurad saintereso qalaqebi
magnesia da tralesi. es mdinare Zalian lamazia, poetebic adide-
ben mis saxels. meandrosi iseTnairad daklaknila, rom, rogorc
amboben, misi Semxedvare verc ki mixvdebi, saiT miedineba _ zRvisken
Tu saTavisken. Tvals axarebs mdinaris velTa nayofiereba.
qalaqi magnezia. pliniusis mixedviT, qalaqi Tesalielebs au-

SenebiaT da saxelic maT SeurCeviaT Tesaliis magneziis mixedviT.
magnezia efesodan 20 km-iT aris daSorebuli. mis pirvel episko-
posad iTvleba fili pe, erTi Svid diakonTagani.69
qalaqi tralesi dauarsebia troel ataloss troas dan-

grevis Semdgom. is mdebareobda mdinare meandrosisgan moSorebiT,
mTis mwvervalze. Zveli mwerlebis sityviT, es qalaqi yvelaze
moxerxebuli adgili yofila mdidrebis sacxovreblad.70
frigia. lidiis sazRvarTan mdebareobda didi qveyana frigia.

lidiis mefe krezem frigiisa da lidiis sazRvarze aago sagange-
bo kolona sazRvris gamosakveTad. frigia warmoadgenda mTiansa
da vulkanur mxares, magram, amasTan, nayofsavsesa da marmariloTi
mdidar qveyanas. qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi frigias gansa-
68 igive didi menderesi – mdinare TurqeTSi, mcire aziis dasavleT

nawilSi (red. Sen.).
69 ioniis antikuri qalaqi magnezia efesodan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, 19
km-Si mdebareobs, tralessa da prienesTan axlos. magneziis arqeologiuri
Seswavla me-19 s-Si daiwyo, Tavdapirvelad frangma mecnierma Sarl-feliqs
treskiem gaTxara is, Semdeg germanelma arqeologma karl humanma mohkida
xeli mis Seswavlas. man 1891-1893 wlebSi aRmoaCina qalaqis agora, Teatris,
zevsisa da artemides taZrebis naSTebi. TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg magneziis
gaTxrebi ganaaxla Turqma mkvlevarma orhan bingiolma TurqeTis kulturis
saministros xelmZRvanelobiT. zevsis taZris fasadi dRes berlinis pergam-
onis muzeumSi inaxeba, xolo artemides taZris frizis fragmentebi safran-
geTSi, luvris muzeumSia (red. Sen.).
70 istoriul qalaq traless dRes aidini ewodeba, is aris aidinis
provinciis administraciuli centri, mdebareobs md. didi menderesis velis
centrSi; mosaxleobis raodenoba 200 000-s aRwevs. warmoSobiT tralesidan
iyo me-5 s-is cnobili arqiteqtori anTemiosi, romelmac isidore miletelT-
an erTad aago konstantinopolis hagia sofias taZari (red. Sen.).
227
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia _ frigiis zogierT eklesias gaugzavna

pavle mociqulma werilebi, zogic `gamocxadebaSia~ naxsenebi. aq
cxovrobda da gardaicvala mociquli fili pe, agreTve, aq cxov-
robdnen mwerlebi papia71 da apolinari hieropoleli.
aq iyo montanisturi eresis mTavari centri. diokletianes
devnis dros aq bevrma qristianma daidga mowamis gvirgvini. dabo-
los, aq cxovrobda evsevi _ dorileumis episkoposi,72 evtixianelTa
pirveli mteri.
frigiis olqi politikuri da eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT sam
nawilad iyofoda: frigia salutarisi, anu mkurnali, rac mas sam-
kurnalo wylebis siuxvis gamo daerqva; frigia pakatiana pirveli
(anu mSvidobiani) da frigia pakatiana meore. frigiis yvela am
raionSi 50-ze meti saepiskoposo iyo. magram raki frigias erTob
vrceli teritoria eWira, es saepiskoposo raionebic metad mniS-
vnelovani iyo, pontos provinciebis msgavsad, rac mas CrdiloeTiT
da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda. gamonakliss warmoad-
genda sami ubani: hieropolisi, laodikea da kolosi, es qalaqebi
erTmaneTTan axlos iyo.
71 wm. papia – (daaxl. 70-163 ww.) samociqulo mama, qalaq hierapolisis

episkoposi. mis kalams ekuTvnis ùflis sityvaTa gardamocemis~ xuTi wigni,
romlis mxolod fragmentebia SemorCenili. mas kaTolikuri eklesiac wmin-
danad aRiarebs (red. Sen).
72 evsevi dorileumeli _ me-5 s-Si moRvawe, q. dorileumis epskoposi.
dorileumi anatoliis antikuri qalaqia, dRes misi nangrevebi TurqeTSi, q.
esqiSehiris maxloblad mdebareobs. evsevi ilaSqrebda nestorianelTa da
evtixianelTa eresis winaaRmdeg, mas monawileoba miuRia mrwamsis qalkedo-
nuri formulirebis monaxazSi. qalkedonis IV msoflio saeklesio krebis
Semdeg masze cnobebi aRar moi poveba (red. Sen.).
228
zevsis taZris nangrevebi laodikeaSi.
laodikea. frigia pakatianas mTavari qalaqi laodikea Zve-

lad diospolisis anu zevsis qalaqis saxels atarebda. mas roasic
ewodeboda, albaT imitom, rom is mdidari iyo broweulis xeebiT
_ rJoav~ `roas~ bernulad broweuls niSnavs. saxeli `laodikea~
niSnavs `saxalxo sasamarTlos~ da qalaqs es saxeli mefe antio-
qos meoris meuRlis sapativcemulod daerqva. Tumca straboni
miiCnevs, rom saxeli `laodikea~ mdinare likusidan momdinareobs,
romelzec aris qalaqi gaSenebuli. raki am saxels sxva qalaqebic
atarebdnen, maTgan gansasxvaveblad mas frigiis laodikead ix-
seniebdnen _ laodikead likusze an laodikea trimitriad. es
ukanaskneli saxelwodeba aixsneba laodikeas mdebareobiT sami
proviniciis _ frigiis, kariisa da lidiis sazRvarze.
laodikea msxmoiare gorakebze iyo gaSenebuli. likusis garda
mas kidev ori mdinare rwyavda. likusi qalaqis axlos mdebare
mTa kadmosidan moedineboda. straboni mogviTxrobs, rom odesRac
patara qalaqi gaizarda, radganac àdgilis siZlierem da misi
mcxovreblebis bednierebam aamaRla qalaqi~. laodikeas moqa-
laqeebi Zalian mdidrebi iyvnen, tacitusi ambobs, rom rodesac
229
62 wlis miwisZvram daangria qalaqi, mosaxleobam uari ganacxada

romis mTavrobis daxmarebaze da Tavadve aRadgina is Zveleburi
didebulebiT. magram sabolood laodikeas mTelma saganZurmac
ver SeaCera zecis mrisxaneba _ me-4 s-is bolos didma miwisZvram
STanTqa qalaqi da is ukve aRar aRdgenila.
moqalaqeTa simdidris da keTildReobis wyaro iyo: 1. miwis
araCveulebrivi nayofiereba, 2. Salis qsovilis warmoeba. aqauri
Salis nawarmi miletis Salze metad iyo ganTqmuli, 3. xelosno-
ba, sabanko operaciebi da vaWroba. ar aris gasakviri, rom qalaqSi
òqros xbos~ kulti iyo upiratesi da aq bevri ebrauli ubani
arsebobda.
eklesia laodikeaSi mociqulTa dros daarsebula, aq ekle-
siis damaarseblad iTvleboda epafra (kol. 1,7), xolo episko-
posad dainiSna arqi posi (kol. 4,17). mociquli pavle aq agzavni-
da gansakuTrebul werilebs, romelTac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
magram dasavleTis eklesiaSi Semonaxulia apokrifi laodikielTa
mimarT epistoles saxeliT, romelic Seicavs amonaridebs kola-
selTa da fili pelTa mimarT epistoleebidan. am Zeglis me-13
muxlSi laparakia laodikielTa Tvisebaze _ ampartavnebasa da
ujero xerxebiT gamdidrebaze. `gamocxadebaSic~ imave naklzea
miTiTebuli laodikeas eklesiis mimarT: `rameTu ityÂ: mdidar
var da ganvmdidrdi da araraÁ meÃmarebis. da ara uwyi, rameTu
Sen xar ubadruk da sawyalobel da glaxak da brma da SiSuel.
gangazraxeb Sen, raÁTa iyido Cemgan oqroÁ gamoÃurvebuli cecx-
liTa, raÁTa ganhmdidrde, da samoseli spetaki, raÁTa Seimoso, da
ara gamocxadnes sircxÂli siSiSulisa SenisaÁ, da saolavi, raÁTa
iolne Tualni Senni da hxedvide~ (gamocx. 3,17-18).
me-3 saukuneSi laodikeaSi gavrcelebula montanistebis
mwvalebloba, romlis gamoc 325 w-s aq Catarda kreba. cota mogvi-
anebiT ki, 367-sa da 374 wlebs Soris, laodikeaSi Sedga cnobili
adgilobrivi kreba, romelmac gamosca 60 kanoni. es dadgenilebebi
umTavresad Seexeboda saeklesio ritualebsa da sasulieroTa cx-
ovrebas. sxvaTa Soris, aikrZala axlad monaTlulTaTvis xarisxis
miniWeba, episkoposebis dadgena soflebSi, yvela sasuliero pirs
aekrZala duqanSi siaruli, diakvnebs aekrZalaT msaxurebis dros
mRvdlebis gverdiT dajdoma, nebadarTuli gaxda wm. werilis
mxolod kanonikuri wignebis kiTxva, romlis CamonaTvalic dadge-
230
nilebaSi mowodebuli iyo. krebis 28-e kanoni krZalavda aRapebis

Catarebas, radganac amas mohqonda SfoTi da cTuneba.
laodikeaSi iyo sakmaod didi taZari, romlis nanagrevebi ax-
lac arsebobs. am Senobis sigrZe _ 60, xolo sigane 50 metrs
Seadgenda. aRmosavleTisken mimarTul sakurTxevelSi moCans ori
didi niSa, albaT, samsxverplo. kankelis kedelSi ori kari iyo
datanebuli, Tavad taZarSi ki sami karidan SeiZleboda Sesvla.73
hierapolisi. laodikeadan rom gamoxvalT, gadaivliT xids

mdinare likusze da dainaxavT hierapolisis kldeebs, is aocebs
mzeras siTeTriTa da ucnauri warmonaqmnebiT. rac ufro uax-
lovdebiT, miT ufro saocrad geCvenebaT es TovliviT qaTqaTa
lodebi, mzis sxivTa elvarebas TvalismomWrelad rom ireklavs,
gaqvavebul CanCqerebs Tu miamsgavsebT maT. marTlac, mTis mwver-
valze aris kamkama tba, saidanac sam nakadad moedineba sufTa da
Tbili wyali. wylis dinebas fskerze Tovlisferi naleqi moaqvs.
Arodesac naleqiT kalapoti amoivseba, wylis nakadi gverdiT
inacvlebs. naleqi Zalian magaria da droTa ganmavlobaSi muq na-
crisfers Rebulobs. es TeTri qanebi Sori manZilidan terasebad
ganlagebul Tovlis gorakebsa da napralebs gvanan. am adgils
Turqulad famuq-qale, anu `bambis cixe~ hqvia. sadac daqaneba mkve-
Tri araa, zemodan momdinare wylebi naxevrad mrgval, dakbilul
kideebian amfiTeatrs qmnis. es bunebrivi avzebi wyliTaa savse da
cisartyelas ferebiT aelvarebs garemos.74
am avzebis maxloblad iyo plutoniumi _ gvirabi, saidanac mo-
makvdinebeli orTqli ifrqveva. strabonis sityviT, imdenad sqeli
73 romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg laodikea bizantiis imperiis Semad-

genlobaSia, 1097 w-s qalaqi dai pyres Turqebma. sabolood qalaqi Turqeb-
sa da bizantias Soris gamarTuli uamravi omisa da miwisZvrebis Sedegad
daingra. antikuri laodikeas didebulebaze naTlad metyvelebs dRes mis
adglze SemorCenili nangrevebi: taZrebi, stadioni, Teatrebi abanoebi, bu-
leuterioni (senatis saxli), akvedukebi. am arqeologiuri RirsSesaniSnao-
bis uaxloesi dasaxlebuli punqtia naxevarmilioniani qalaqi denzili, sa-
dac odesRac gadasulan sacxovreblad laodikielebi (red. Sen.).
74 famuq-qale _ Termuli wylebis bunebrivi sacavi TurqeTis deni-
zlis provinciaSi, turistuli RirsSesaniSnaoba. qaTqaTa TeTri terase-
bi mTis ferdobze warmoqmnilia kalciumiT gajerebuli Termuli wylebis
marilebis nadebiT. 1988 wlidan es adgili hierapolisis nangrevebTan erTad
iuneskos msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSia Setanili (red.
Sen.).
231
yofila gamonabolqvi, rom fexqvS miwac ar Canda. strabons Ta-

vad SeuSvia gamoqvabulSi frinvelebi da isini wamSi daxocilan,
Tumca karg amindSi es orTqli naklebad sazianoa. apuleusmac75
moinaxula plutoniumi da strabonis monaTxrobs imeorebs masze.
magram apuleusi, strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, didi mokrZalebiTa da
SiSiTa iyo ganmsWvaluli, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es adgili
Zvelad warmarTul sakurTxevlad yofila miCneuli.
ai, aq, kldis ganier platoze iyo gaSenebuli qalaqi hierap-
olisi, anu wminda qalaqi, ase mas bunebis saocari fenomenis gamo
ewoda, aseve _ sxvadasxva RmerTis saxelze agebuli taZrebis sim-
ravlis gamo. politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki es qalaqi naklebi
mniSvnelobisa iyo da misi bedi laodikeas beds ukavSirdeboda.
qristianuli eklesia hierapolisSi daarsda I saukuneSi, mas
pavle mociqulic axsenebs. polikrate efeselis sityviT pap
viqtorisadmi miweril werilSi, aq iqadaga da aResrula moci-
quli fili pe. gadmocemis mixedviT, is jvarze gaakres. pirveli
saukunis dasasruls hierapolisis episkoposi iyo papia, cnobili
saelesio mwerali, polikarpe smirnelis megobari. me-2 saukunis
meore naxevarSi aq episkoposad iyo klavdius apolinari. klavdi-
usi didxans ebrZoda montanizms, magram is gansakuTrebiT cnobilia
Tavisi qristianobis apologiiT, romelic man 177 wels gaugzavna
imperator markus avreliuss. imave markus avreliusis dros hi-
erapolisis episkoposi iyo wm. aberki, romelsac mociqulTa swors
uwodeben didi Rvawlis gamo palestinidan romamde qristanobis
gavrcelebis saqmeSi. rodesac man hierapolisSi daangria kerpebi,
gaveSebuli xalxi mis dasaglejad gamocvivda, magram rawams gai-
gones misi xma, Sedgnen da saRamomde yurs ugdebdnen mis qadagebas.
gadmocemis YTanaxmad, man markus avreliusis qaliSvili lucila
gankurna. ar miiRo imperatorisgan mdidruli saCuqari, magram
sanacvlod imperators qalaqisTvis sTxova mowyaleba _ yovel-
75 apuleusi – (daaxl.124-170 ww.) warmoSobiT numidieli berberi, Zveli

romaeli laTinurenovani mwerali. mas ekuTvnis cnobili romani `metamor-
fozebi anu oqros viri,~ sadac epiTeti òqro~ nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirse-
bas miemarTeba; agreTve - apologia, traqtatebi: floridebi, sokrates Rv-
Taebriobaze, platonis swavlebaze, samyaros Sesaxeb. apuleusi karTagenSi
umaRlesi qurumi iyo da mas orjer daudges Zegli, savaraudod, is isidas
kultis mimdevari unda yofiliyo. apuleuss ramdenjerme axsenebs netari
avgustine Tavs `RmerTis qalaqSi~ da mas magad miiCnevs (red. Sen.).
232
wliurad hierapolisis qristianebisTvis daerigebinaT 3000 fuTi

xorbali da maTTvis aegoT samkurnalo Tbili wylis abanoebi.
kolosa. qalaqi Sefenili iyo mTis ferdobze, mas sxvagvarad

xonas (berZnuli warmoTqmiT) an konasac (laTinuri warmoTqmiT)
uwodebdnen. mTis wveri TovlSi gaxveuliyo, mis ferdebs ki xSir-
ad amSvenebda Rrublebi. herodote da pliniusi kolosas metad
mniSvnelovan qalaqad miiCneven, magram strabonis dros qalaqi
ukve patara dabad iyo qceuli, albaT, aseTadve darCa is moci-
qulebis drosac. kolosaSi qristes eklesia daaarsa epafrasma,
pavle mociqulis mimdevarma da megobarma, varaudiT, am qalaqis
mkvidrma. romSi Sepyrobilma mociqulma pavlem epafrasisgan Se-
ityo kolosaSi gavrcelebul eresebze da sagangebod miswera ko-
loselebs. aseve gaugzavna werili filimons, kolosas mdidar mo-
qalaqes. epistole koloselTa mimarT daiwera 62 wels qristes
Sobidan76.
ori wlis Semdeg ki kolosa TiTqmis mTlianad daangria miwisZ-
vram. kolosas adgilze aRmocenda patara dasaxleba _ xona, rac
niSnavs `CaZirvas~ da am saxeliT arsebobs is amJamadac. Zvelad
aq iyo wminda mTavarangeloz miqaelis saxelobis didi ekle-
sia. swored am eklesiis gamo SeniSnavs Teodorite, rom frigia-
Si gavrcelebuli iyo angelozTa Tayvaniscemao. mTavarangeloz
miqaelis eklesia xonaSi imperator manuil komnenosis drosac
arsebobda, imperatorma moiloca is mcire aziaSi omis dros da
gaocebuli darCenila misi silamaziT. saeklesio literaturaSi
moixsenieba nikita xoniati, xonas me-11 episkoposi, manuil komneno-
sis Tanamedrove.77
76 am toponimis saxelwodeba Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi dasturdeba,

rogorc kolasa _ yvelasaTvis cnobilia èpistole kolaselTa mimarT~.
Tumca, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocemuli bibliis axal qarTul Targ-
manSi (1989 w.) toponimi gadmodis, rogorc `kolosa~ (red. Sen.).
77 arsebobs gadmocema mTavarangeloz miqaelis mier aRsrulebuli
saswaulis Sesaxeb xonas taZarSi. am taZarSi mravali wlis manZilze msax-
urobda sikeTiTa da keTilmoweseobiT ganTqmuli mRvdeli arqi po. misdami
borotebiT aRiZrnen warmarTebi da gadawyvites misi mokvla da taZris dan-
greva. amisaTvis mTis ori mdinare saerTo kalapotSi moaqcies da taZrisaken
mimarTes. maSin taZris gverdiT gaCnda mTavarangelozi, dahkra kverTxi mTas,
gaapo is da mTeli wylis nakadi am napralSi Caikarga (aqedan saxeli `xona~
– CaZirva).swored am movlenis saxelze aris daarsebuli moskovis kremlSi
mdebare `Cudis monasteri~, sadac momavali mefeebi inaTlebodnen (red.Sen.).
233
pepuza. pepuza patara adgili iyo frigiaSi, mas montanistebi

mTel msoflioSi wmidaTawmida adgilad miiCnevdnen. maTi azriT,
es adgili gaxdeboda dedaqalaqi uflis meored mosvlis Semd-
gom da aq gaCndeboda aTaswlovani samefo. es azri montanistebs
uTuod imitom gauCndaT, rom pepuza iyo montanusis samSoblo.78
dorileumi. qalaqi dorileumi an dorilea mdebareobda

frigiis CrdiloeTSi, biTviniis sazRvarze. is jer kidev demosTenes
dros mniSvnelovan dasaxlebas warmoadgenda. mexuTe saukuneSi
dorileumis meore episkoposi gaxda evsevi. man pirvelma amcno
konstantinopolis patriarqs, rom evtixi arasworad aswavlida
da moiTxova misi dagmoba.79
karia. aziis provinciis samxreT nawilSi, egeosis zRvis napiras,

mdebareobda karias provincia, dasaxlebuli mrisxane, mebrZoli
xalxiT. isini ganTqmulni iyvnen zRvaze yaCaRobiT, am xalxs samx-
edro samsaxurSi sxva qveynebi xSirad qiraobdnen. karielebis ena
iseTivea, rogoric lidielebisa da mizielebis, anu berZnuli war-
moSobis. magram evropeli berZnebi maT enas barbarosulad miiC-
nevdnen. karias provincias hqonda federaluri mowyoba. saxalxo
kreba Tavs iyrida stratonikes taZris maxloblad. karielebs
hyavdaT mcire mmarTvelebi, romlebic atarebdnen mefeebis saxels.
maT Soris yvelaze Zlieri da Zlevamosili iyo mavsole. man ise-
Ti didebuli samarxi aigo, rom mas Semdeg yvela didebul samarx
nagebobas movzoleums uwodebdnen.
kariaSi bevri qalaqi da saepiskoposo iyo, zogi mwerali 25
saepiskoposos asaxelebs, zogic _ 31-s, Tumca maTi sivrce mcire
iyo. lev somexis dros kariaSi gadaasaxles Teofile nikomidieli,
romelic aq gardaicvala.
78 2001 wels daiwyo arqeologiuri gaTxrebi pepuzasa da mis axlom-

debare, aseve montanistur, qalaq timionis zusti adgilmdebareobis dasad-
genad (red. Sen.).
79 dorileumi Tanamedrove qalaqi esqiSehiria, ankaradan 250 km-ze
dasavleTiT. èsqiSehiri~ Turqulad `Zvel qalaqs~ niSnavs. ix., agreTve, 70-e
Sen. (red. Sen.).
234
mileti. mileti, kariis provinciis mTavari qalaqi, Zvelad an-

aqtorias saxels atarebda. kretelebis mier dapyrobis Semdeg
qalaqs mileti - dampyrobeli beladis saxeli uwodes. milets
hqonda oTxi mniSvnelovani navmisadgomi da Zlieri floti. mi-
letis mcxovreblebi gamoirCeodnen samrewvelo saqmis ostato-
biT. maTiY damzadebuli Salis qsovilebi didi mowonebiT sarge-
blobda. magram miletis mosaxleoba gansakuTrebiT vaWrobaSi iyo
daostatebuli. am mizniT, pliniusis mixedviT, maT sxvadasxva qvey-
anaSi 80-mde kolonia daaarses, gansakuTrebiT _ Savi zRvis sana-
piroze. miletelebi ganaTlebisadmi swrafviT iyvnen ganTqmulni.
miletelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT cnobilni arian: Talesi _ Svid
berZen brZenTagan erTi, anaqsimandre _ Talesis mowafe, romel-
mac qristes Sobamde me-6 saukuneSi berZnebs geografiuli rukebi
gaacno, anaqsimene _ mzis saaTis gamomgonebeli.
miletSi SeCerda romSi mimavali pavle mociquli da gamosamS-
vidobeblad TavisTan ixmo efeseli mRvdlebi (saqm. moc. 20,17; 2
tim. 20). SevniSnavT, rom mileti da efeso erTmaneTisagan didi
manZilT iyo daSorebuli, magram, rogorc Cans, maT Soris iyo
savaWro urTierToba. 70 w-s miletSi moxda Zlieri miwisZvra,
magram qalaqi maleve aRdga. liciniusis dros aq xalxi ewama,
iulianes dros ki aq bevri qristiani iyo da bevri taZari qalaqis
SemogarenSi. ìulianem, mogviTxrobs sozomeni, rodesac gaigo, rom
miletSi, apolonis taZarTan, aSenebuli iyo salocavi saxlebi
wamebulTa sadideblad, miswera kariis prefeqts, rom Tu am sax-
lebs hqondaT saxuravi da wminda trapezi, daewva isini, xolo Tu
es Senobebi naxevrad iyo aSenebuli, safuZvliTurT amoeTxara~.80
lukia. xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTiT, mTian mxareSi mdebareobda

lukia. lukiis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xasiaTiT Zalian hgavda
karielebs, vinaidan isinic warmoSobiT kunZul kretadan iyvnen.
Semdeg aq gadmosaxlda aTenis mefe panadionis Svili lukosi,
saidanac miiRo am qveyanam saxelwodeba. aq bevri berZnuli kolo-
nia iyo: patara, mura da sxv. lukia mravali qalaqisagan Semdgar
80 dRes saqveynod ganTqmul qalaq miletis adgilze aris erTi Raribi

sofeli, palatia, romlis saxelwodebac bizantiur cixe-simagre balatidan
momdinareobs. jerjerobiT miletis mxolod erTi mesamedi aris arqeolog-
Ta mier aRmoCenili daSeswavlili (red. Sen.).
235
federalur respublikas warmoadgenda. mas saerTo deputatTa

kreba da yovelwliurad Semdgari, `lukarxad~ wodebuli magis-
trati marTavda.
lukielebi Cinebuli moisrebi iyvnen. maT miwaze keTilsurnele-
ba moi poveboda, rac uZveles droSi metad fasobda.……lukielebi
Tayvans scemden sinaTlis RmerTs, mSvildosan lukeions,81 berZnebi
imave RmerTs, adidebdnen, oRond apolonis saxeliT.
istorikosebi aqeben lukielebis samarTlianobas, mokrZalebul
znesa da ganswavlulobas. lukielTa dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisia
iTqvas, rom isini gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen dedebs da Ta-
vianT warmoSobas dedis da ara mamis xaziT iTvlidnen. lukielebi
wmindad inaxavdnen winaparTa xsovnas. maT koxtad ganlagebul
qalaqis simagreebs gars mWidrod ertymoda micvalebulTa sa-
flavebi. micvalebulTa simSvidis dasacavad qalaqis axlomdebare
mTebi samarx katakombebad iyo qceuli.
pliniusis mixedviT, lukiaSi adre 60 qalaqi yofila, mis dros
ki _ 66. aq saepiskoposoTa raodenoba udrida 28-s, sxva wyaroebiT
_ 36-s. radganac mTeli lukiis qveyana mcire zomisa iyo, saepis-
koposo olqebic erTob mcire gamodioda. eklesiis istoriaSi
lukia SesaniSnavia imiT, rom arianuli areulobis dros man mt-
kiced SeinarCuna marTlmadidebloba.82
mira. qalaqi mira mTaze iyo Sefenili, sul 4 km-is daSorebiT

zRvidan; zRvaze mas sakuTari navmisadgomic gaaCnda. me-11 s-Si
qalaqi sarkinozebma gaanadgures. svida mas lukiis `patara adgi-
lad~ ixseniebs. gadmocema gviambobs, rom miras navmisadgomSi gad-
mosula pavle mociquli romSi gamgzavrebis win. me-4 saukuneSi,
arianuli SfoTis dros miraSi episkoposi iyo wminda nikolozi,
saswaulTmoqmedi. mRvdelmTavris wminda nawilebi miraSi 1087
wlamde imyofeboda, mahmadianebis mier qalaqis dangrevis Semdeg
ki gadaabrZanes italiaSi, sazRvao qalaq bariSi. es qalaqi ber-
ZnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da isini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen
81 `lukia~ bizantiuri gamoTqmiT `likiad~ JRers, iseve rogorc

`lukeioni~ _ `likeionad~ (red. Sen.).
82 istoriuli lukiis teritoriaze dRes aris Tanamedrove TurqeTis
antaliisa da muRlas provinciebi (red. Sen.).
236
berZnul wes-Cveulebebs.83
patara. lukiis meore mSvenier qalaqs warmoadgenda patara.

liviusis gadmocemiT,is didi qalaqi iyo,navmisadgomiTa da mravali
taZriT. gansakuTrebiT SesanSnavi yofila aq apolonis sakurTxev-
eli, romelic didebiT delfos orakuls utoldeboda. straboni
gviambobs, rom qalaqi patara ptolemeus filadelfoss, egvi p-
tis mmarTvels, gauzrdia. man qalaqs arsenoa daarqva, magram es
saxelwodeba ar damkvidrebula. pataras episkoposi meTode (†310
w.) evno avrelianes dros, man dawera neoplatonikos porfiris
SromaTa ganqiqeba. patara iyo wm. nikolozis samSoblo, adgili,
sadac man daiwyo msaxureba presviterisa da episkoposis rangSi.84
cikladis kunZulebi. kariasa da lukiis maxloblad mde-

bareobda cikladis kunZulebi. sul kunZulTa raodenoba 19-s
aRwevda. maT Soris mTavari iyo kunZuli rodosi, pliniusis
SefasebiT, ulamazesi da Tavisufali. kunZulze bevri qalaqi iyo,
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rogorc straboni gviambobs, yofi-
la qalaqi rodosi, romelic mdebareobda kunZulis aRmosavleT
nawilSi. rodoselebi gamoirCeodnen mRali zneobiT da gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradRebiT sazogado saqmisadmi. maT kunZulze iyo
mSvenieri navmisadgomebi da gzebi. rodoselebi xangrZlivi drois
manZilze batonobdnen zRvaze, isini megobrobdnen berZen da ro-
mael mefeebTan. kunZuli keTildReobiT cxovrobda qristianobis
pirvel saukuneebSi, magram 667 wels rodosi dai pyres sarkino-
zebma, maT miwasTan gaaswores kunZulis qalaqebi da daangries ro-
dosis kolosi _ mzis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili uzarmazari qandakeba,
msoflios Svid saocrebaTagan erTi. navmisadgomSi aRmarTuli es
qandakeba imdenad bumberazi iyo, rom mis fexebs Soris did gemebs
83 uZvlesi qalaqi mira dRevandel TurqeTSi, antaliis provinciis

teritoriazea. qalaqis nangrevebTan kilometr-naxevarSi aris Tanamedrove
patara qalaqi demre. wminda nikolozi, tradiciisamebr, moixsenieba, ro-
gorc `miron lukiis~ mTavarepiskoposi. es Secdoma araa, radganac `mira~
mravlobiTis formaa, romlis mxolobiTic aris `miron~ da mravlobiTis
genetivSic `miron~ forma unda iyos (red. Sen.).
84 uZvelesi qalaqi patara TurqeTis xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, an-
taliis provinciaSi, dRes nangrevebis saxiT aris SemorCenili. mis max-
loblad aris Tanamedrove patara qalaqi gelemiSi (red. Sen.).
237
SeeZloT gavla. me-13 s-Si rodoss marTavdnen berZnebi, me-14 s-sa

da me-15 s-is dasawyisSi _ maltis raindebi, 1522 w-dan ki kunZuli
Turqebis xelSi gadavida.
eklesia rodosze wm. pavle mociqulma daaarsa (saqm. moc.
21,1). monofizituri eresis dros qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio
krebaze romis papis warmomadgeneli iyo kunZul kosis episkoposi
iuliane. xatmbrZolobis periodSi, leon isavrielis dros, cikla-
dis kunZulebis mosaxleoba mtkiced icavda xatTa Tayvaniscemas.
me-9 s-Si qalaqi rodosi saswaulebrivad gadarCa arabTagan wmin-
da nikolozis locviT.85
pamfilia. lukiis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda pamfiliis qvey-

ana. pamfilias, kerZod, uwodebdnen viwro sanapiro zols tavris
mTebis samxreT ferdobebsa da xmelTaSua zRvas Soris. es iyo
mTiani, Cqari mTis niaRvrebiT daserili qveyana, sadac cxovrobdnen
sxvadasxva tomis xalxebi, mrisxane zRvis yaCaRebi. pamfiliis sazR-
varze mdebare qalaq fazelisis mekobreebma gamoigones pirvelad
msubuqi gemebi, rasac romaelebma am qalaqis saxeli daarqves. am
yaCaRebs 1000 galera hyavdaT da maTi Zliereba imdenad didi
iyo, rom romaelebi iZulebulni Seiqnen, floti gaegzavnaT maT-
Tan SesabrZoleblad, da es omi sam wels gagrZelda. uZveles
droSi pamfiliis yure Zalian saSiSi iyo. rodesac mezRvaurebi am
adgils uaxlovdeboden, SiSiT zRvaSi raimes agdebden, raTa zRvis
mrisxaneba daewynarebinaT. arsebobs legenda, rom ierusalimidan
konstantinopolSi dabrunebisas dedofalma elenem uflis jvar-
Tan erTad mopovebuli erTi wminda lursmani gadaagdo am mousve-
nar zRvaSi. da mainc, pamfilias sakmaod didi savaWro da poli-
tikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. mdinare kestrusi86 da kataraqte
iyo erTaderTi zRvis napirisken mimavali gza mTiani pisidiisa da
85 cikladis kunZulebi _ 200-ze meti kunZulisgan Sedgari arqi pelagi

egeosis zRvaSi. `kiklades~ garSemortymuls niSnavs, ase maT ewoda imitom,
rom kunZulebi gars ertymis kunZul deloss, romelsac uZveles droSi
didi kulturuli da politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda (red. Sen.).
86 md. kestrusis Tanamedrove Turquli saxelwodebaa aysu – `TeTri
mdinare~; is saTaves tavris mTebSi iRebs, sigrZiT 162 km-ia, siganiT _ 100 m,
xolo siRrmiT _ 3 m. md. kataraktes (berZn.) Tanamedrove Turquli saxel-
wodebaa diudeni, is cnobilia Tavisi CanCqerebiT, dinebis garkveul mon-
akveTs mdinare miwis qveS gadis. am mdinarezea TurqeTis xmelTaSua zRvis
udidesi qalaqi antalia (red. Sen).
238
likoniisaTvis. moxerxebul vaWrebs, sxvaTa Soris iudevelebs, am

gziT gadahqondaT sxvadasxva saqoneli: xe, Zelebi, zeTi, tyavi, Sali
da sxv. kestrusi Tavisi tbebiT Rrmad Sedioda pisidiaSi da mox-
erxebul sanaosno gzas qmnida.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT pamfilia mniSvnelovani iyo ro-
maelebisTvis, radganac isavrielebisgan Tavdasacav burjs war-
moadgenda. qristianuli eklesia pamfiliaSi pavle mociqulma
daaarsa. SemdgomSi aq 40 saepiskoposo iyo. saepiskoposoTa aseTi
raodenoba Seufereblad didi aRmoCnda patara qveynisTvis, ami-
tom maTi raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda, leon brZeni mxolod 36
saepiskoposos axsenebs. arianuli kamaTebis dros pamfiliis ekle-
sia marTlmadideblobis mtkice damcvelad darCa.
atalia. qalaqi atalia mdebareobda xmelTaSua zRvis mSve-

nier yureSi, mdinare kataraqtes SesarTavze. mdinare kataraqte
gamoedineba veeberTela kldidan or nakadad, dinebis dros miwis
qveS eSveba da xmelTaSua zRvaSi ramdenime CanCqeriT Cadis. qa-
laqi atalia gaSenebulia daqanebul ferdobze, nayofier velebs
Soris.
qristianuli eklesia ataliaSi pavle mociqulma da barnabam
daaarses. aq me-2 saukuneSi mowameobrivad aResrulnen esperi, zoia
da maTi Svilebi _ kiriake da Teodule, deciusis mmarTvelobis
dros ki evnen papia, diodore, kononi da klavdiane.87…
perga. qalaqi perga iyo pamfiliis metropolia. mdebareobda

mdinare kestrusze, zRvis SesarTavidan daaxloebiT 12 km-ze. perga
ataliaze ufro xelsayreli iyo vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis mox-
erxebuli samdinaro gzis gamo. amas garda, perga qalRmerT dianas
winda qalaqi iyo, efesos msgavsad, da religiuri TvalsazrisiT _
mniSvnelovani. qristianuli eklesia pergaSi mociqulebma pavlem
da barnabam daaarses. erTi mwerlis azriT, mociqulTa msaxurebi-
87 Tanamedrove antalia, didi sakurorto da saporto qalaqi TurqeTis

samxreTSi, antaliis provinciis administraciuli centri, milionamde mo-
saxliT. gadmocemiT, qalaqi dauarsebia pergamonis mefe ataloss qristemde
150 w-s, mis sapativcemulod daerqva qalaqs saxeli. àntalia~ ki migviano
Turquli gamoTqmaa. dRes antalia orad – Zvel da axal qalaqadaa gayofi-
li (red. Sen.).
239
saTvis gansakuTrebuli sirTulis gamo aq pavlesa da barnabas ga-

moeyo maTi Tanamgzavri ioane markosi. imperator antonines dros
pergaSi ewamnen Teodore da misi Tanmxlebni. aseve iyvnen mowa-
meebi pamfiliis sxva qalaqebSi _ magudossa (daaxl. Tanamedrove
lara _ red. Sen) da sideSi (dRes nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili,
sof. selimiies axlos _ red. Sen). deciosis dros evno magudosis
episkoposi nestori, avrelianesa da diokletianes dros ki iyvnen
wamebulebi sideSi. ioane oqropiris dros zRvispira qalq sideSi
cxovrobda fili pe, saeklesio istorikosi.88
likonia. pamfiliis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda likoniis pro-

vincia. likoniis mTiani nawili, rogorc straboni ambobs, iyo civi,
SiSveli da mcirewylovani, magram am olqs hqonda didi iala-
Rebi da uricxvi cxvris fara iyo am adgils Sefarebuli. amitom
likonia mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli, xalxi mecxvareobas misdev-
da da mdidrdeboda. likonia mamaci mTis xalxis samSoblo iyo.
mcire aziis arc erT sxva adgilas buneba aseTi xeluxlebeli ar
darCenila. aq ar iyo kulturis upirvelesi piroba _ berZnuli
enis gavrceleba, vinaidan likoniaSi dasaxlebuli tomebi jiutad
icavdnen nacionalur kuTxur metyvelebas. rodesac am qveynis
Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT ciceronTan da strabonTan, gasagebi xdeba,
Tu ratom dascilda ioane markozi pergaSi pavlesa da barnabas.
qristianuli eklesia likoniaSi mociqulebma pavlem da bar
nabam daaarses. aqve moRvaweobda mariamna, mociqul fili pes da.
saepiskoposoTa raodenoba 19-s aRwevda, magram me-8 s-Si leon
brZeni 15 saepiskoposos iTvlis.89
ikonia. likoniis mTavari qalaqi ikonia, strabonis sityviT,

mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli, xolo misi Semogareni ufro nayofieri
iyo, vidre qveynis sxva adgilebi. imperatorma klavdiusma ikonia
romis koloniad scno da iq romauli garnizoni daayena, raTa
qalaqi veluri isavrielebisagan daecva. amis paralelurad iko-
88 perga dRes nangrevebadaa qceuli, es raioni Sedis qalaq antaliis

SemadgenlobaSi (red. Sen.).
89 likonia iyo vrceli regioni mcire aziis SuagulSi, tavris mTebis
CrdiloeTiTa da kapdokiis dasavleTiT, CrdiloeTidan mas esazRvreboda
galatea, dasavleTiT ki _ frigia da pisidia (red. Sen.).
240
niaSi dasaxlda mravali iudeveli. aqaur iudevelebs, savaraudod,

axlo urTierToba unda hqonodaT tarsel iudevelebTan. tar-
si, pavle mociqulis samSoblo, tavris mTebis samxreTiT mdebare
qalaqebs Soris yvelaze axlos iyo ikoniasTan. ciceronis dros
ikonia da tarsi kilikiis mTavar qalaqebs warmoadgendnen da
kilikiis prokonsulebs am or qalaqSi monacvleobiT hqondaT
rezidencia. Semdgom periodSic ikonia xSirad iyo metropolia
xan isavriisa da kapadokiis, da xan ki _ pisidiisa da pamfiliis.
ikoniaSi eklesia daaarses mociqulebma pavlem da barnabam.
ikoniel qristianTa Soris cnobilni arian pavle mociqulis mowa-
feebi sosi patre da Tekla pirvelmowame. Semdeg aq iyvnen wame-
bulebi avreliusisa da diokletianes dros. ukanaskneli devnisas
aq evno wminda didmowame paraskeva. ikoniis episkoposTa Soris
iyo Teodore, romelmac aRwera kvirikesa da ivlitas wameba, da
amfiloqe _ eresebTan mebrZoli. mas basili didma araerTi weri-
li gaugzavna. ikonia mdebareobda kapadokiis kesariasTan axlos.90
listra. listra ikoniis samxreTiT, 8 saaTis savalze, isavriis

sazRvarTan mdebareobda. aqac iqadaga pavle mociqulma da koW-
li gankurna. rodesac iqaurma warmarTebma ixiles es saocreba,
gadawyvites, pavlesa da barnabasTvis, rogorc RmerTebisTvis, msx-
verpli SeewiraT. listra mTlianad warmarTuli qalaqi iyo, aq
Zalian cota iudeveli cxovrobda da maT sinagogac ar hqoniaT.
am qalaqSi iudevelTa patara jgufic ki ar iyo, romelic mxars
dauWerda antioqiidan da ikoniidan mosul iudevelebs pavle
mociqulisTvis xelis SesaSlelad. amitom maT im xalxs mimarTes,
romlebics pavlesa da barnabasTvis msxverplis Sewirvas apirebd-
nen. listradan iyo warmoSobiT pavle mociqulis Tanamgzavri
timoTe, romlis mama warmarTi iyo, deda ki _ iudeveli. listras
pirveli episkoposis pativi wm. artemioss xvda wilad.91
90 ikonia _ Tanamedrove konia, TurqeTis sididiT meSvide qalaqi cen-

traluri anatoliis regionSi (red. Sen).
91 listra mdebareobs TurqeTis meramis provinciaSi. istoriuli lis-
tra dRes nangrevebis saxiT aris SemorCenili, mis axlos aris sofeli,
saxelwodebiT klistra, romlis muzeumSi SesaZlebelia listras arte-
faqtebis naxva (red. Sen.).
241
derbe. qalaqi derbe mdebareobda listrasTan, mTebis siRrme-

Si, pisidiis antioqiasTan. es qalaqi erTxans kilitebis _ mTieli
tomis dedaqalaqi iyo. isini didi xnis manZilze arbevdnen `kiliki-
is karibWes,~ anu did zians ayenebden tarsis vaWrobas. SemdgomSi
derbes xan pisidias, xan likonias da xanac isavrias akuTvnebdnen.
eklesia aq pavle mociqulma daaarsa. derbeSi daimowafa mo-
ciqulma pavlem gaiosi, romelsac `saqme mociqulTas~ mwerali
derbels uwodebs (saq. moc. 20,4).92
pisidia. likoniis gverdiT, pamfiliis zemoT, mdebareobda pi-

sidiis qveyana. pamfiliidan am qveyanaSi gza viwro da bneli
gvirabiT Sedis. pisidia maRalmTiani qveyanaa, aq uamravi tbaa,
romelTa Soris udidesia burduris tba. misi wyali mariliani da
momwaroa, magram kamkama da wynari da sarkesaviT ireklavs gare-
mos usicocxlo gorakebs. am qveynis aRwerisas norovTan xSrad
vxvdebiT aseT striqonebs: `Cveni gza didxans miuyveboda tbis na-
pirebs, Cven win mTebi aRmarTuliyo,…... rodesac iqidan gamovediT,
Tvalwin axali tba gadagveSala, mis naprze erTi saaTi viareT…..
mTidan marjvniv momcro zomis, mesame tba moCanda. meore dRes
mivadeqiT mTebSi moqceul mSvenier tbas. am tbis wyali mtknaria,
magram misi napiri mraval adgilas TeTri naleqiT elvarebs.~
pisidia dasaxlebuli iyo Tavisufali, mamaci, yaCaRobisadmi mid-
rekili xalxiT. maT hqondaT mTavari qalaqi da ramdenime dasax-
leba, romlebic makedoniurad aris miCneuli.
pisidiaSi eklesia daaarsa pavle mociqulma. me-7 saukuneSi
(610-698) cnobili iyo giorgi pisida, konstantinopolis diakvani,
romelmac dawera RmrTismSoblis daujdomeli.93
antioqia. pisidiis antioqia, strabonis aRweriT, mdebareobda

nawilobriv mTebzec da nawilobriv _ dablobSic. aq iyo uZve-
les droSi didi simdidriT cnobili, aziis mTvaris RmerTis, menis,
92 istoriuli derbes zusti adgilmdebareoba daadgines 1956 w-s, war-

werebis safuZvelze: TurqeTis qalaq qaramanidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 22
km-ze (red. Sen.).
93 istoriuli pisidiis qveyana Tanamedrove TurqeTis antaliis provin-
ciaSia moqceuli. rac Seexeba `RmrTismSoblis daujdomels,~ mis avtorobas
bevr bizantiel moRvawes miaweren, rogorebicaa: giorgi pisida, konstanti-
nopolis patriarqebi sergi da germane, romanoz melodosi (red. Sen.).
242
sakurTxeveli. rodesac antioqosi iZulebuli gaxda, mcire azia

romaelebisTvis daeTmo tavriis mxridan, am axalma dampyrobleb-
ma antioqia Tavisufal qalaqad aRiares. avgustusis droidan
qalaqi romaelebis koloniad gadaiqca, saxelwodebiT _ kesaria.
am droidan mokidebuli, antioqiis monetebze iyo warwera Col.
Caes. Antiochiae. romaeli veteranebis mfarvelobiT antioqiaSi
dasaxldnen iudevelebi, hqondaT TavianTi sinagoga da, ueWvelia,
energiulad vaWrobdnen: saqonels samdinaro gzebiT pergasa da
efesoSi agzavnidnen. eklesia antioqiaSi daaarsa pavle mociqul-
ma. diokletianes dros aq ramdenime qristiani ewama.94
filomelia. qalaqi filomeliac pisidiaSi mdebareobda. ekle-

siis istoriaSi is cnobilia imiT, rom aq, rogorc evsevi kesarieli
mogviTxrobs, Seityves smirnelma qristianebma polikarpes gar-
dacvalebisa da markus avreliusis mier qristianTa devnis ambavi.
Trakiis diocezi
Trakiis diocezi, qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanonis mixedviT, eqve-

mdebareboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos. teritoriulad es
diocezi metad mcire iyo da eklesiis istoriaSi TiTqmis araf-
riT yofila gamorCeuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli saberZne-
Ti da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli ar Sedioda konstantinopolis
iurisdiqciaSi. Trakiis diocezi ki, romelic daqvemdebarebuli
iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos, mdebareobda balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da marmarilosa
da Savi zRvis napirze. diocezSi Sedioda mxolod eqvsi patara
provincia: evropa, Trakia, hemimonti, rodopi, skviTeTi da qveda
mizia. eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi
arsad aris naxsenebi am provinciebis eklesiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb.
94 siriasa da mcire aziaSi Teqvsmetamde qalaqi atarebda antioqiis

saxels. pisidiis antioqia frigiis antioqiadacaa cnobili. es qalaqi dRes
arqeologiur RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgens, mdebareobs TurqeTis tbebis
raionSi, Tanamedrove qalaq ialvaCidan CrdiloeTiT, 1 km-Si (red. Sen.).
243
mxolod me-4 saukunidan zogierTi mitropoliti da episkoposi

Rebulobs monawileobas eklesiis cxovrebaSi.
evropa. provincia evropa moculobiT Zalian patara iyo, ma-

gram masSi Sedioda qalaqi konstantinopoli da ori mitropo-
lia herakleasa da vizaSi, da 19 saeposkoposo.
heraklea. qalaqi heraklea mdebareobda marmarilos zRvasTan,

TiTqmis qiziqis pirdapir. varaudoben, rom pirveli episkoposi aq
iyo apeliosi, romelsac moixseniebs pavle mociquli romael-
Ta mimarT epistoleSi (rom.16,8 _ kiTxvaÁ arquT amplias). her-
akleas meore episkoposi dometiosi me-2 s-is pirvel naxevarSi
moRvaweobda, antonine piusis dros; xolo mesame, fili pe, awames
diokletianes dros. herakleis mitropolitebi Trakiis diocezs
ganagebdnen konstantinopolis patriarqis amaRlebamde; bizantiis
episkoposic maT eqvemdebareboda.
Trakia. Trakiis provincia mdebareobda evropis provinciis

dasavleTiT, zRvisgan moSorebiT. mitropoliis garda mas sul
cxra saepiskoposo gaaCnda.
fili popolisi, Trakiis mitropolia, sam mTaze iyo ganlagebuli,
da amitom uwodebdnen trimontias. fili pe makedonelma aRadgina
es qalaqi da daasaxla aq fokielebi, romlebmac gaZarcves del-
fos taZari da qalaqs uwoda poneropoli (borotebis qalaqi),
magram mcxovreblebma qalaqs fili popolisi daarqves.
qalaqis pirveli episkoposi iyo ermi, romelic moxseniebulia
romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi (16,14). Semdegi episkoposi ukve ar-
ianuli areulobis dros aris naxsenebi. 343 w-s imperatorma kon-
stancim, romelic marTavda aRmosavleTs, da konstantim, romel-
ic marTavda dasavleTs, gadawyvites, moewviaT saerTo kreba da
gaerCiaT wm. aTanase aleqsandrielisTvis wayenebuli braldeba.
kreba Sedga sardikaSi (axlandeli q.sofia), orive Zmis mamulebis
sazRvarze. episkoposTa raodenoba iyo 170, krebam gaamarTla aTa-
nase, magram arianelma episkoposebma datoves kreba, fili popolis-
Si moiwvies TavianTi kreba da dagmes aTanase. maT mxars uWerda
konstanci, konstanti ki _ pirvelT. iulianes dros 39 adamiani
awames. me-12 s-Si fili popolisSi dasaxldnen pavlikianelebi da
244
bogomilebi, mogvianebiT isini gadavidnen dasavleTSi.
hemimonti. provincia hemimonti mdebareobs evropis provinci-

is CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mTian WiuxebSi, saidanac
miiRo es saxeli: hemus – Wiuxi, mons – mTa. rogorc provinciam,
raionma mogvianebiT SeiZina mniSvneloba Teodosi ufrosis dros.
mitropoliis garda, aq kidev 11 saepiskoposo iyo.
adrianopolisi _ hemimontis metropolia. es savaWro qa-

laqi zRvidan moSorebiT, TevziT mdidar mdinare gabrze mdebare-
obda, romelic amJamad moricad aris cnobili. aq bevri iudeve-
li cxovrobda. qalaqma saxelwodeba miiRo imperator adrianes
sapativcemulod, romelmac is aRadgina. am qalaqis maxloblad
konstantine didma daamarcxa likiniosi 323 w-s. adrianopolisis
episkoposebi me-4 saukunidan gaxdnen cnobilni. pirveli maTgani
iyo evtropi, romelsac qebiT moixseniebs aTanase aleqsandrieli.
me-9 saukuneSi, 812 w-s, episkoposi manueli tyved Cauvarda bul-
garelebs da man bulgareTSi iqadaga qristianoba. adrianopoli-
sisa da hemimontis bevri sxva episkoposic igvemeboda bulgarelTa
mier, magram isini cdilobdnen maT gaqristianebas.
rodopi. Trakiis diocezis ukiduresi samxreTis patara provin-

cia iyo rodopi, romelic mdebareobda marmarilos zRvis samxreT-
Si; saxelwodeba amave saxelis mqone mTis mixedviT miiRo. aq iyo
mitropolia da 14 saepiskoposo.
traianopolisi. qalaqi traianopolisi iyo rodopis metropo-

lia, romelic aago imperatorma traianem. mas mesame adgili ekava
provinciis qalaqebs Soris. traianopolisis episkoposebi arianu-
li kamaTebis droidan arian cnobilni. me-16 s-Si qalaqi daingra
da mitropolia gadaitanes meringoSi.
mcire skviTia. skviTiis provincias Zalian patara teritoria

eWira _ Sav zRvasa da mdinare dunais Sav zRvaSi SesarTavamde.
iq iyo mxolod erTi saepiskoposo _ zRvis sanapiroze mdebare
qalaq tomiSi. tomis episkoposebi cnobilni arian me-3 s-is dam-
levidan, isini atarebdnen arqiepiskoposis tituls. maT Soris ga-
245
morCeulni arian: bretaniosi, romelmac arianuli SfoTis dros

gansakuTrebulad daicva marTlmadidebloba, da Teotime, romel-
mac konstantinopolSi wm. epifane kvi prelis winaSe gamoTqva
azri origenes TxzulebaTa Sesaxeb. òrigenes nawerebi baRia, sa-
dac yvavilebicaa da ekalic. ekali unda amovZirkvo, magram maT
gamo mTel baRs rodi gavanadgureb.~ saerTod, is ganswavluli
episkoposi iyo da didi saxeliT sargeblobda ara mxolod Tavis
mrevlSi, aramed _ warmarT hunebTa Sorisac, romlebic mas `ro-
maelebis RmerTs~ uwodebdnen.
qalaq tomis ukanaskneli episkoposi eswreboda V msoflio
krebas. es qalaqi axla aRar arsebobs da mTlianad miviwyebulia,
zogierTi mkvlevari mas timiSoarasTan95 aigivebs, zogic _ kievTan.
provnicia qveda mizia mdebareobda dunaize, Sav zRvasTan

axlos, hemimontsa da mcire skviTias Soris. es provincia Sesa-
Zlebelia bulgareTad iqnes miCneuli. markianopolisis Zveli mi-
tropoliis garda aq kidev 13 saepiskoposo iyo. maTgan SemdgomSi
ternovos saepiskoposo iqca mitropoliad nacvlad markinopoli-
sisa. Zvelad miziaSi cota saepiskoposo iyo.
markianopolisi anu preslava. qalaqma saxelwodeba imper-

ator traianes dis, markianes, saxelidan miiRo. episkopTa rigi aq
nikeis krebis droidan iwyeba.
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mniSvneloba me-8 s-Si, leon

isavrielis dros gaizarda. maSin mas miemata saberZneTi (makedonia,
Tesalia, ori epiri _ axali da Zveli, aqaia da kunZuli kreta),
aseve kunZuli sicilia da italiis kalabria, mecxre saukunidan ki
_ italiis samxreT-aRmosavleTis umetesi nawili _ apulea (sadac
aris q. bari), xolo CrdiloeTidan sapatriarqo gaizarda qristes
rwmeniT ganaTlebuli slavuri mxaris wyalobiT.
95 timiSoara _ rumineTis sididiT mesame qalaqi (red. Sen.).
246
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redaqciis misamarTi:
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s. a.

Eastern Patriarchates of the Orthodox Church

TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY AND SEMINARY

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da

In order to understand the Holy Scriptures properly, it is also indispens-

© Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba

redaqtori Tamar GubiniZe

recenzenti dekanozi maqsime Wanturia

TRANSLATOR NORA GABRIADZE

REVIEWER Doctor of Theology

redaqtoris winasityva ---------------------------------------------------- 7

aleqsandriis sapatriarqo --------------------------------------------- 81

antioqiis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------------------- 105

kviprosis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 157

sparseTis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 161

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------- 167

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daarseba ------------ 173

pontos diocezi -------------------------------------------------- 178

aziis diocezi ----------------------------------------------------- 203

Trakiis diocezi ------------------------------------------------ 243

winamdebare wignis avtori, sergei aleqsandres Ze ternovski (1848-

1. Wiltsch: Handbuch d. Kirchl.Geogr. und Statistik.

gvsurs, didi madloba movaxsenoT wignis redaqtirebisas gaweu-

ierusalimi da palestina qristianuli eklesiis pirveli sam-

1 igulisxmeba netari ieronime, III-IV saukuneebis moRvawe – asketi da

is kesaria ki metad mniSvnelovani qalaqebi iyo. ierusalimis

2 evsebi pamfilieli _ palestinis kesariis episkoposi 311 wlidan,

Tuki aqamde ierusalimis episkoposebi mxolod garegnuli pa-

mxardaWeraSi darwmunebuli iyo. amitomac, iubenalma saqme aRar

4 diocezi – (laT. dioecesis) saqalaqo da administraciuli erTeuli

yvelafrisa, qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetileba Sevida ZalaSi.

5 Tanamedrove suecis yure, romlis maxlobladac, gesenis qveyanaSi,

zogierT adgilas imdenive episkoposi iyo, ramdeni samrevlo mR-

Cven daviwyebT ierusalimis sapatriarqos CrdiloeTi nawilis,

herodem aaSena imperator tiberiusis pativsacemad, romlis dro-

gion zeTisxilis xes aayvaveb galileaSi, ambobs Talmudi, vidre

7 midraSi _ rabinTa qadagebebis werilobiTi redaqcia, romelic Sei-

faqts, rom galileis mosaxleoba iudeasa da samariis mosaxleo-

9 igulisxmeba ioseb flaviosi, 1-li saukunis istorikosi, cnobili

nen. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom galileveli farisevelTa swav-

10 baraki _ israelianTa rigiT mexuTe msajuli, romelic deborasTan

sadRa aris, SesZaxebs farari, geT-ofiri, saidan movida iona? sad

nazareTSi gaatara ufalma bavSvoba. es qalaqi genesareTis

28.5,7). zogierTi mkvlevari `galileaSi~ gulisxmobs adgils ierusalimis

lis Semdeg mosamsaxure an ojaxis yvelaze umcrosi wevri yvelas

12 `stadioni~ Zvel saberZneTSi sigrZis sazom erTeuls aRniSnavda da

magram es cifri gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu mwvervalisaken

Tavdapirveli saxeli _ kenereTi, rac `arfas~ niSnavs. tba mS-

beTsaida, savaraudod, ubralo meTevzeTa sofeli iyo kapernaumis

sac ufalma mSobliur qalaq nazareTSi iqadaga, mcxovreblebma

araerTxel iqadages TavianT samSobloSi. magram maTi qadagebis

bi metwilad warmarTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac, ra Tqma

perea. vidre davamTavrebdeT Txrobas galileaze, vityodeT

dros kontrasti am or mezobel mxares Soris saocari iyo~.

ganwyobili, is usafrTxo TavSesafari iyo ierusalimeli qris-

marTlmadidebeli mTels skviTopolisSi, moSurneobiT avrceleb-

ovreba imperator iustinianes dros. man tiberiadas myari gala-

am provniciaSi Sedioda samaria, iudea da idumea.

samaria. galileis samxreTiT mdebareobda qveyana samaria. es

samsxverplo mtredebis umetes nawils samariis mTebidan iRebda,

mivida, rom mociqulebs fuli SesTavaza saswaulTa aRsrulebis

urebis uflebis mopovebis mcdelobas. Zveli qristiani avtorebi: iustine

Semoinaxa, maTgan gansakuTebiT bevri SemorCa neronidan galamde

geTsemaniis baRSi Sepyrobili macxovari miiyvanes pirvel mRvde

dangrevis Semdgom, Teodosis savanis iRumenma aRadgina ierusa