Chapter 5 - Extremely flexible support tissue

PLANT TISSUES AND THE MULTICELLULAR PLANT  Provides much of the support in soft, nonwoody plant
BODY organs
- Usually elongated
- Alive at maturity
PLANTS EXHIBIT SIMILARITY AND DIVERSITY IN -
o
1 walls – unevenly thickened
STRUCTURE AND LIFE SPAN  Thick in corners
- Often occurs as long strands near stem surfaces and
Types of plants: along leaf veins
- Herbaceous – do not develop persistent woody parts
above ground Sclerenchyma
 Annuals – herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce, - Specialized for structural support
and die in 1 year. -
o o
Have both 1 and 2 walls
 Biennials – take 2 years to complete their life cycles - At fxnl maturity – dead cells
- Woody – develop woody parts above ground - Types of sclerenchyma cells:
 All are perennials - woody/herbaceous plants that  Sclereids – short
live for more than 2 years o More or less cuboidal
o Common in shells of nuts and the pits of
ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITS MAKE stone fruits
UP THE PLANT BODY  Fibers – long, tapered cells
- Plant body is organized into: o Often occur in groups/clumps
 Root system – bellow ground portion o Abundant in wood and bark of angiosperms
 Shoot system – vertical stem bearing leaves, flowers,
and fruits that contain seeds. THE VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
- Plants grow in two different environments: - Embedded in the ground tissue
 Soil – dark and moist - Transports materials throughout the plant
 Air – dry and bright - Complex tissues that are continuous throughout plant
body:
THE PLANT BODY IS COMPOSED OF CELLS AND  Xylem – conducts water and dissolved minerals from
TISSUES roots to stems and leaves
- Tissue – group of cells that forms a structural and fxnl unit o Provides structural support
 Simple tissues – one kind of cell o In angiosperms: composed of:
 Complex tissues – two or more kids of cells
 Tracheids
- Three tissue systems of plants:
 Vessel elements
 Ground – consists of three tissues that perform a
 Parenchyma
variety of fxns including photosynthesis, storage,
and support  Perform storage fxns
 Vascular – intricate plumbing system that extends  Fibers
throughout the plant body  Provide support
o Conducts various substances  Phloem - conducts food materials (carbohydrates)
o Fxns in strengthening and supporting the o Provides structural support
plant o In angiosperms: composed of:
 Dermal – provides covering for the plant body  Sieve-tube members
- Organs – roots, stems, and leaves  Companion cells
 Composed of several different tissues  Parenchyma cells
 Fibers
THE GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM  Extensive in herbaceous
- Bulk of herbaceous plant plants
- Composed of:
 Parenchyma XYLEM: Two Kinds of Conducting Cells
 Collenchyma - Specialized for conduction of H2O and minerals
 Sclerenchyma - At maturity – dead and hollow
-
o
Growing cell – secretes a thin 1 wall, which stretches and - Tracheids – chief water-conducting cells in gymnosperms
expands as cell increases in size and seedless vascular plants
-
o
After growth – sometimes secretes a thick, strong 2 wall  long, tapering cells
o
 Deposited inside 1 wall and plasma membrane  water is conducted by passing from one tracheid to
another through pits – thin areas in tracheids’ cell
o
Parenchyma walls where 2 wall did not form
- Most common type of cell and tissue - Vessel elements – cell diameters usually greater than
- Found in soft parts of the plant tracheids
- Fxns:  Hollow
 Photosynthesis  Have perforations – holes in their end walls
o Contain chloroplasts  Vessels – VE stacked one on top of the other
 Storage  Also have pits – permit lateral transport of H2O from
o Incl. starch grains, oil droplets, water, salts one vessel to another
 Secretion
- Living, metabolizing cells PHLOEM: Conducting Cells
- Sieve-tube members – conduct food materials in sol’n
Collenchyma (dissolved in H2O)
 Among the most specialized cells in nature
  Long, thin cells that are stacked end-on-end to form
extended sieve tubes
 Sieve plates – cell’s end walls
o Pierced by a series of holes through wc
cytoplasm extends from one STM to the
next
 Alive at maturity
o Many organelles disintegrate as they mature
 Can fxn without nuclei
- Companion cell – assists in the fxning of the STM.
 living cell
o with nucleus and organelles
 numerous tiny openings in cell walls bet. CC and STM
allow cytoplasm to extend from one cell to the other
 does not conduct
 moves food mat into STM for transport
THE DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM
- provides protective covering over plant parts
- herbaceous: single layer of cells called the epidermis
- woody: initially produce epidermis, but splits apart as the
plant increases in diameter
 Periderm – several to many layers thick
o forms under epidermis – new protective
tissue
o replaces epidermis
o composes outer bark
Epidermis
- complex tissue comprising mostly parenchyma cells with
scattered guard cells
- cells - somewhat thicker toward outside the plant to
provide protection.
- Epidermal parenchyma cells: generally contain no
chloroplasts
 Transparent
o Allows light to penetrate into interior tissues
of stems and leaves
o Photosynthetic tissues – lie beneath
epidermis
- Stems and leaves: secrete cuticle over surfaces of walls
 Restricts loss of water from plant surfaces
 Prevents CO2 from diffusing
o Stomata – facilitate diffusion of CO2
 Tiny pores between two cells called
guard cells.
 Generally open during the day
except during drought
- May contain trichomes – special outgrowths or hairs
 Root hairs – simple, unbranched trichomes that
increase the surface area of the rot epidermis
 Presence in aerial parts of desert plants – increase
the reflection of light off plants
 Others have a protective fxn
Periderm
- Composed of:
 Cork cells – dead at maturity
o Walls are heavily coated with suberin
 Helps reduce H2O loss
 Cork parenchyma (phelloderm) cells – fxn primarily
in storage
PLANTS EXHIBIT LOCALIZED GROWTH AT MERISTEMS
- Three processes of growth:
 Cell division – increase in number of cells
 Cell elongation – increase in size of plant
 Cell differentiation – specialization of cells
- Difference between plants and animals: location of growth
 Animals: all parts
 Plants: in meristems – composed of cells that do not
differentiate
o Retain ability to divide
- Two kinds of growth in plants:
 Primary growth – increase in the length of a plant
o All plants
o Tissues produced – entire plant body in
herbaceous plants, and young, soft shoot
tips and root tips in woody plants
 Secondary growth – increase in girth of a plant.
o Only gymnosperms and woody dicots
o Tissues produced – wood and bark
Primary Growth
- Apical meristem – site of primary growth
 Tips of roots and buds of stems
- Root tip – covered by root cap
- Root apical meristem – behind the root cap
 Composed of meristematic cells
o Remain small bec they are continuously
dividing
- Area of cell elongation – root tip is pushed deeper into the
soil
 Some differentiation occurs
 Immature tissues become evident
o Continue to develop and differentiate into he
mature tissues of the adult plant
- Area of differentiation – cells have completely
differentiated and are fully mature
 Root hairs are evident
- Stem bud – different in structure from the root tip
 Within every bud – stem apical meristem
 What emerges from embryonic stem tip:
o leaf primordia – embryonic leaves
 tend to cover and protect SAM
o bud primordia – embryonic buds
 tip of stem – immature cells enlarge and differentiagte
into the three tissue systems
Secondary Growth
- due to cell divisions in the lateral meristem
 extend the entire lengths of stems and roots except at
the tips
o
- Two LM responsible for 2 growth:
 Vascular cambium – layer of meristematic cells
o Forms a thin cylinder around the stem and
root trunk, bet wood and bark of a woody
plant
o Divide

o
wood (2 xylem)

o
bark (2 phloem)
 Cork cambium – thin cylinder or irregular arrangement
of meristematic cells in outer bark region
o Divide
 Cork cells
 Cork parenchyma cells