Das - Foundation Engineering - 8e - SI - Chapter10

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition Das
Chapter 10
Drilled-Shaft
Foundations
1 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction
 Drilled shafts are cast-in-place piles with a diameter of about 750 mm
or more, with or without steel reinforcement and with or without an
enlarged bottom.
 Sometimes the diameter can be as small as 305 mm.
 A drilled shaft is used for a hole drilled or excavated to the bottom of a

structure’s foundation and then filled with concrete.
 Depending on the soil conditions, casings may be used to prevent the

soil around the hole from caving in during construction.

Introduction
 The use of drilled-shaft foundations has several advantages:
 Drilled shafts may be constructed before grading operations are

completed.
 There is no hammer noise during the construction of drilled shafts;

there is during pile driving.
 Drilled shafts have high resistance to lateral loads.

Types of Drilled Shafts

 Figure A shows a drilled straight shaft. It extends through the upper
layer(s) of poor soil, and its tip rests on a strong load-bearing soil layer
or rock.
 Figure B is a straight shaft that can be extended into an underlying

rock layer.

Types of Drilled Shafts

 Belled shafts (figures C and D) consist of a straight shaft with a bell at
the bottom, which rests on good bearing soil.

Construction Procedures
 The most common construction procedure used in the United
States involves rotary drilling.
 There are three major types of construction methods:
 The dry method
 The casing method
 The wet method

 Dry Method
 Employed in soils and rocks that are above the water table and that
will not cave in when the hole is drilled to its full depth.
 The following figures help outline this procedure


 Casing Method
 Used in soils or rocks in which caving or excessive deformation is likely
to occur when the borehole is excavated.




 Wet Method
 This method is sometimes referred to as the slurry displacement
method.
 Slurry is used to keep the borehole open during the entire depth of
excavation.


Other Design Considerations

 For ordinary drilled shafts without casings, a minimum amount of
vertical steel reinforcement is always desirable.
 Minimum reinforcement is 1% of the gross cross-sectional area of the

shaft.
 For drilled shafts with nominal reinforcement, most building codes

suggest using a design concrete strength (fc).
Qw' Qw
 We use the equation fc = 0.25 f = c
=
A gs p 2
Ds
4
Qu
 Or Ds = 2.257 '
 fc

Other Design Considerations
 Ds = diameter of the shaft

 f c' = 28-day concrete strength
 Qw = working load of the drilled shaft
 Ags= gross cross-sectional area of the shaft


Load Transfer Mechanism

 The following figure shows the load test results of a drilled shaft, con-
ducted in a clay soil.
 The shaft had a diameter of 762 mm and a depth of penetration of

6.94 m.


 The figure below shows the load-settlement curves.
 It can be seen that the total load carried by the drilled shaft was 1246
kN.
 The load carried by side resistance was about 800 kN, and the rest was
carried by point bearing.


 The figure below shows the average load-distribution curves for
different stages of the loading.

Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity

 The ultimate load-bearing capacity of a drilled shaft is
Qu = Qp + Qs

 Qu= ultimate load
 Qp= ultimate load-carrying capacity at the base
 Qs= frictional (skin) resistance

' '
Qp = Ap (c Nc Fcs Fcd Fcc + q Nq Fqs Fqd Fqc )+ Qs



' 1 '
'
Qp = Ap (c Nc Fcs Fcd Fcc + q Nq Fqs Fqd Fqc +  N F s F d F c
2
'
c
= cohesion

Nc ,Nq ,N = bearing capacity factors


Fcs ,Fqs ,F s = shape factors


Fcd ,Fqd ,F d = depth factors

Fcc ,Fqc ,F c = compressibility factors

  '' = effective unit weight of soil at the base of the shaft

q = effective vertical stress at the base of the shaft
 p 2
 A
p = area of the base = 4 b
D
21

© 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

 Estimation of Qp
 For a drilled shaft with its base located on a granular soil, the net
ultimate load-carrying capacity at the base can be obtained from
Qp( net ) = Ap [q'( Nq  1)Fqs Fqd Fqc ]
 The bearing capacity factors (Nq) for various soil friction angles are
given in the table on the next slide
 Also Fqs = 1+ tanf '

æ Lö1
Fqd = 1+ C tan ç ÷
è Db ø
' ' 2
C
= 2tan f (1 sin f )
 Table 1

 Fqc is calculated as follows:
 1. Find Icr = Critical rigidity index (can be found in Table 1)

Ir
 2. Calculate the reduced rigidity index as I rr = .
1+ Ir D
Es
Ir =
{
' ' = soil rigidity index
2(1+ m s )q tanf 100 200

E s= drained modulus of elasticity of soil = mp
 pa= atmospheric pressure
a m 200500

 5001000
æ f '  25 ö
 m s = 0.1 + 0.3ç ÷= Poisson’s ratio of soil
è 20 ø
q'
 D=n (n can be found in Table 10.1)
 pa


 3. If I < I then
rr cr
'
'
é (3.07(sin f )(log 10 2Irr ) ù
Fqc = exp{(3.8tanf )+ ê ' ú
êë 1+ sinf úû


 Estimation of Qs
 The frictional resistance at ultimate load (Qs) developed in a drilled
shaft may be calculated as
L1
Qs = ò pf dz

0
 p = shaft perimeter = p Ds
 f = unit frictional (or skin) resistance = K s '
tan d '
o '
 K = earth pressure coefficient » K o = 1 sinf
 s o' = effective vertical stress at any depth z
L1 L1
 Thus Qs = ò pfdz = p Ds (1  sin f ' ) ò s o' tan d 'dz

0 0

Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement

 Method for calculating the load-bearing capacity of drilled shafts that is
based on settlement loading tests.
 The method is applicable to the following ranges:

 1. Shaft diameter: Ds = 0.52 to 1.2 m
 2. Bell depth: L = 4.7 to 30.5 m
3. Field standard penetration resistance: N60 = 5 to 60
 4. Concrete slump = 100 to 225 mm

 For the figure on the following slide we have

N
Qu( net ) =  fi pDL i +qp Ap
i =1
f
 i = ultimate unit shearing resistance in layer i
 p = perimeter of the shaft = p Ds

q = unit point resistance

Ap = area of the base = (p /4)D2
p
b
'
fi = b1s ozi < b2

'
 s ozi= vertical effective stress at the middle of layer i.

b1 = b3  b 4 zi0.5( for 0.25  b1  1.2)

 The point bearing capacity is qp = b5N60  b6

 If Db is greater than or equal to 1.27 m, excessive settlement may
occur and the term qp must be replaced by qpr.
1.27
qpr = qp
 Db (m)

 Based on the desired level of settlement, the following may now be

used to calculate the allowable load, Qall(net).

 For sand with 25 to 50% gravel, we use the equation
b1 = b7  b8 zi0.75 ( for0.25  b1  1.8)

 For sand with more than 50% gravel,

 b10zi
b1 = b9e ( for0.25  b1  3.0)


 The following figure provides the normalized side-load transfer trend

based on the desired level of settlement for gravelly sand and gravel.

Drilled Shafts in Clay: Load-Bearing Capacity
 For saturated clays we use


Q »Ac N F F F c =

p(net ) p u c cs cd cc
u
undrained cohesion
 If L ³ 3Db then use Qp(net ) = ApcuNc*

Nc* = Nc Fcs Fcd Fcc = 1.33[(lnIr )+1]

E
 I r = soil rigidity index = I r = s
3cu


 The relationship between E /(3c ) and

s cu is provided in the table
below.
u

æ 2 é 1 æ L öù ö
 For L / Db < 3, use Qp( net ) = Ap ç ê1 + ç ÷ ú ÷ cu Nc*
ç 3 ê 6 è Db ø ú ÷
è ë ûø

 For skin resistance of drilled shafts in clay, use

L=L1
Qs =  a * cu pDL a * = 0.4
L=0


 For estimating the ultimate and allowable (based on settlement)
bearing capacities for drilled shafts in clay,
n
Qult(net ) =  f i pDLi + qp Ap
i=1
 The unit skin friction resistance
*
f =a c

i i u(i )
 a i* = 0 for the top 1.5 m and bottom 1 diameter of drilled shaft

 a i* = 0.55 elsewhere



æ L ö
qp = 6cub ç 1 + 0.2 ÷  9cub  40pa
è Db ø
 cub= average undrained cohesion within a vertical distance of 2D b
 below the base.

 If Db is large, excessive settlement will occur at the ultimate load per
unit area. Namely if D > 1.91m then use q = F q .
b pr r p
2.5
 With F = 1
r
y 1Db +y 2



 The relations for y ,y
1 2


 To evaluate the allowable load-bearing capacity based on settlement,
we use the following steps applied to the figures on the following
slides.
 1. Select a value of settlement, s

N
 2. Calculate  f pDLi i and qp Ap
i =1
 3. Using the following figures and the calculated values in Step 2,
determine the side load and the end bearing load.
 4. The sum of the side load and the end bearing load gives the total
allowable load.



Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity—Characteristic Load

and Moment Method
 According to the characteristic load method, the characteristic load
(Qc) and moment (Mc) form the basis for the dimensionless relationship
that can be given by the following correlations:
 Characteristic Load
0.68
2
æ cu ö
Qc = 7.34D (E p RI )ç
s ÷÷
 çE R (for clay)
è p I ø
0.57
' '
 2
æ  Dsf K p ö
Q = 1.57Ds (E p Ri )ç ÷÷
 c ç E R (for sand)
è p I ø



and Moment Method
 Characteristic Moment
0.46
æ cu
3
ö
 Mc = 3.86D (E p RI )çs ÷÷ (for clay)
çE R
è p I ø
0.40
' '
3
æ  Dsf K p ö
Mc = 1.33D (E p RI )ç
 s ç E R ÷÷ (for sand)
 è p I ø


and Moment Method
 Ds= diameter of drilled shafts
 E p= modulus of elasticity of drilled shafts

RI= ratio of moment of inertia of drilled shaft section to moment of
 inertia of a solid section (Note: RI = 1 for uncracked shaft without
 central void)
' = effective unit weight of sand


' = effective soil friction angle (degrees)
f
 K = Rankine passive pressure coefficient
p

and Moment Method
 Deflection Due to Load Qg Applied at the Ground Line
 The figures on the following slides give the plot of Qg/Qc versus xo /Ds
for drilled shafts in sand and clay due to the load Qg applied at the
ground surface.
 Note that xo is the ground line deflection.
 If the magnitudes of Qg and Qc are known, the ratio Qg/Qc can be

calculated.
 The figure can then be used to estimate the corresponding value of

xo/Ds and, hence, xo.


and Moment Method


and Moment Method


and Moment Method
 Deflection Due to Moment Applied at the Ground Line
 The previous figures give the variation plot of Mg/Mc with xo/Ds for
drilled shafts in sand and clay due to an applied moment Mg at the
ground line.
 Again, xo is the ground line deflection.
 If the magnitudes of Mg, Mc, and Ds are known, the value of xo can be
calculated.


and Moment Method
 Deflection Due to Load Applied above the Ground Line
 When a load Q is applied above the ground line, it induces both a load
Qg = Q and a moment Mg = Qe at the ground line, as shown in the
following figure.
 A superposition solution can now be used to obtain the ground line

deflection.


and Moment Method


and Moment Method
 The step-by-step procedure to obtain the ground line deflection:
 1. Calculate Qg and Mg.
2. Calculate the deflection xoQ that would be caused by the load Qg
 acting alone.
3. Calculate the deflection xoM that would be caused by the moment
 acting alone.
4. Determine the value of a load QgM that would cause the same
 deflection as the moment (i.e., xoM).
5. Determine the value of a moment MgQ that would cause the same
 deflection as the load (i.e., xoQ).
6. Calculate (Qg + QgM)/Qc. and determine xoQM/Ds.
7. Calculate (Mg + MgQ)/Mc and determine xoMq/Ds.
 8. Calculate the combined deflection:
x o(combined ) = 0.5(x oQM + x oMQ )


and Moment Method
 Maximum Moment in Drilled Shaft Due to Ground Line
Load Only
 The figure on the next slide shows the plot of Qq/Qc with Mmax/Mc for
fixed- and free-headed drilled shafts due only to the application of a
ground line load Qg.
 For fixed-headed shafts, the maximum moment in the shaft, Mmax,

occurs at the ground line.
 For this condition, if Qc, Mc, and Qg are known, the magnitude of Mmax
can be easily calculated.


and Moment Method


and Moment Method
 Maximum Moment Due to Load and Moment at Ground Line
 If a load Qg and a moment Mg are applied at the ground line, the

maximum moment in the drilled shaft can be determined in the
following manner:
 1. Calculate xo(combined)
 2. To solve for the characteristic length T, use the following equation:
2.43Qg 3
1.62M g
x o(combined ) = T + T2
E pI p EpI p



and Moment Method
 3. The moment in the shaft at a depth z below the ground surface can
be calculated as (Am and Bm are dimensionless)
M z = AmQ gT + BmM g

 The characteristic load method just described is valid only if L/Ds has a
certain minimum value.
 If the actual L/Ds is less than (L/Ds)min, then the ground line deflections
will be underestimated and the moments will be overestimated.


and Moment Method
 The values of (L/Ds)min for drilled shafts in sand and clay are given in
the following table:

Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock
 In the field, there are cracks, joints, and discontinuities in the

rock, and the influence of those factors should be considered.
 Following are two procedures for determination of the ultimate

bearing capacity of drilled shafts extending into rock.

 Procedure of Reese and O’Neill (1988, 1989)
 1. Calculate the ultimate unit side resistance as
f (kN / m2 ) = 6.564qu0.5(kN / m2 )  0.15qu (kN / m2 )
 2. Calculate the ultimate capacity based on side resistance only


Qu = p Ds Lf


 3. Calculate the settlement (se) of the shaft at the top of the rock
socket s = s +s .
e e( s ) e(b)
s e(s )= elastic compression of the drilled shaft within the socket,

 assuming no side resistance
s e(b) = settlement of the base


 Qu = ultimate load

 A = cross-sectional area of the drilled shaft in the socket
c
 E c =the
Young’s modulus of the concrete and reinforcing steel in
shaft

E mass= drilled
Young’s modulus of the rock mass into which the socket is



I f = elastic influence coefficient (values in table below)


 4. If se is less than 10 mm, the ultimate load-carrying capacity is that

calculated by the equation below
Qu = p Ds Lf

 However, if se > 10 mm, then go to Step 5.


 5. If se is greater than or equal to 10 mm, there may be rapid,
progressive side shear failure in the rock socket resulting in a complete
loss of side resistance.
 In that case, the ultimate capacity is equal to the point resistance.

Thus,
é cs ù
 ê 3+
Ds
ú c s = spacing of discontinuities
Qu = 3 Ap ê úq
u
ê æ ú
10
ê ç 1 + 300
d ö
÷ú d = thickness of individual
discontinuity
êë è cs ø úû
qu = unconfined compression strength of the rock beneath the base of

 the socket or the drilled shaft concrete, whichever is smaller


 Procedure of Zhang and Einstein (1998)
 Based on field tests we have the following:


Q = Q + Q = q A + fpL


u(net ) p s p p with
2 0.51 2
Qp ( MN ) = qp Ap = [4.83(qu MN / m ) [A p (m )]
2 0.5
Qs ( MN ) = fpL = [0.4(qu MN / m ) ][p Ds (m)][L(m)]
 (smooth socket)
2 0.5
Q
 s ( MN ) = fpL = [0.8( qu MN / m ) ][p Ds (m)[L(m)]
 (rough socket)

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition Das

1 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 Sometimes the diameter can be as small as 305 mm.

 A drilled shaft is used for a hole drilled or excavated to the bottom of a

 Depending on the soil conditions, casings may be used to prevent the

2 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 Drilled shafts may be constructed before grading operations are

 There is no hammer noise during the construction of drilled shafts;

 Drilled shafts have high resistance to lateral loads.

3 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Drilled Shafts

 Figure B is a straight shaft that can be extended into an underlying

4 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Drilled Shafts

5 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 There are three major types of construction methods:

 The dry method

 The casing method

 The wet method

6 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 The following figures help outline this procedure

7 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

8 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 The following figures help outline this procedure

9 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

10 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

11 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

12 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 The following figures help outline this procedure

13 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

14 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Other Design Considerations

 Minimum reinforcement is 1% of the gross cross-sectional area of the

 For drilled shafts with nominal reinforcement, most building codes

15 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Other Design Considerations

 Ds = diameter of the shaft

16 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Load Transfer Mechanism

 The shaft had a diameter of 762 mm and a depth of penetration of

17 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Load Transfer Mechanism

18 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Load Transfer Mechanism

19 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity

20 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Load Transfer Mechanism

Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

Qp( net ) = Ap [q'( Nq  1)Fqs Fqd Fqc ]

 Also Fqs = 1+ tanf '

Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

23 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

 Fqc is calculated as follows:

 1. Find Icr = Critical rigidity index (can be found in Table 1)

Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

25 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity

 Thus Qs = ò pfdz = p Ds (1  sin f ' ) ò s o' tan d 'dz

26 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement

 The method is applicable to the following ranges: