Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bdwbu T 9: Av Jvi Cöwzdjb
Bdwbu T 9: Av Jvi Cöwzdjb
Bdwbu T 9: Av Jvi Cöwzdjb
BDwbU t 9
Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
f‚wgKv
Av‡jvi wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ GKwU nj cÖwZdjb| we‡k¦i hv wKQz Avgviv †`wL meB Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi Kvi‡Y|
†Kv‡bv Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K Av‡jv Ab¨ e¯‘i Dci c‡o cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m c‡o e‡jB Avgiv e¯‘
†`L‡Z cvB| Avgiv †h Avqbvq Avgv‡`i †Pnviv †`wL, ¯^”Q w¯’i cvwbi Dci Avgv‡`i cÖwZwe¤^ †`wL ZvI
cÖwZdj‡bi Kvi‡Y| PKP‡K avZe c„ô, KvP c„ô, AwZ gm„Y Avmeve cÎ, w¯’i cvwb c„ô A‡bK e¯‘‡ZB Av‡jvi
cÖwZdjb N‡U| we‡kl fv‡e ˆZwi cÖwZdjK c„ô‡K `c©Y ejv nq| mgZj c„ô, †MvjK c„ô, ev eµZj c„ôI
cÖwZdjK wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| G BDwb‡U cÖwZdj‡bi cÖK…wZ, cÖwZdj‡bi m~Îvewj, wewfbœ cÖKvi `c©Y, `c©‡Y
wKfv‡e cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi `c©‡Yi m„ó cÖwZwe‡¤^i AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. cÖwZwe¤^ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZdjK Zj hZ †ewk gm„Y nq cÖwZdjb ZZ †ewk nq| Avevi A¯^”Q cÖwZdj‡Ki †P‡q ¯^”Q cÖwZdj‡K
cÖwZdjb Kg nq| †hgb mv`v Z‡j Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb †ewk nq| Kv‡jv i‡Oi Z‡j Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb nq bv ej‡jB
P‡j| KvP GKwU Av‡jvK ¯^”Q gva¨g| Gi Dci Av‡jv AvswkK cÖwZdwjZ nq| Avevi Av‡jvK iwk¥ j¤^fv‡e co‡j
Lye mvgvb¨ cÖwZdwjZ nq| iwk¥ hZ †ewk †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq cÖwZdj‡bi cwigvYI ZZ †ewk nq| cÖwZdjb Z‡ji
gm„YZv Abyhvqx cÖwZdjb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ; Zv n‡jv-
1. wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb Ges
2. e¨vß cÖwZdjb|
†Kv‡bv mgZj `c©‡Yi Dci GK ¸”Q mgvšÍivj Av‡jvK iwk¥ AvcwZZ n‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci iwk¥¸”Q mgšÍivj _v‡K
(wPÎ 9.1)| AeZj `c©‡Yi Dci mgšÍivj Av‡jvK iwk¥ AvcwZZ n‡j Awfmvix ev Acmvix iwk¥¸‡”Q cwiYZ nq|
wKš‘ Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov Z‡ji Dci mgvšÍivj iwk¥¸”Q cwZZ n‡q cÖwZdj‡bi c‡i mgšÍivj _v‡K bv, ev Awfmvix ev
Acmvix iwk¥‡ZI cwiYZ nq bv| eis Gw`K †mw`K wewÿßfv‡e A_©vr AwbqwgZfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o (wPÎ 9.2)|
GKLÛ gm„Y ivsZv KvM‡Ri Dci m~h© iwk¥ †dj‡j Av‡jvK iwk¥i cÖwZdjb my®úófv‡e †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ GB ivsZv
KvM‡Ri UzK‡ivwU gy‡Vi g‡a¨ KzP‡K wb‡q Av‡jv‡Z a‡i †`Lyb †Kvb cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ ‡`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| eyS‡ZB
cvi‡Qb, cÖ_g cÖKv‡ii cÖwZdjb n‡”Q wbqwgZ; Avi wØZxq cÖKvi cÖwZdjb AwbqwgZ ev e¨vß| Gevi Avmyb
Avgviv wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb Ges e¨vß cÖwZdj‡bi msÁv †`B|
e¨vß cÖwZdjb (Diffused reflection)t hw` GK¸”Q mgvšÍivj Av‡jvK iwk¥ †Kv‡bv c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q cªwZdj‡bi
ci mgvšÍivj, Awfmvix ev Acmvix Av‡jvK ¸‡”Q cwiYZ bv nq Zv n‡j †mB cÖwZdjb‡K e¨vß cÖwZdjb e‡j|
cÖwZdjK c„ô gm„Y bv n‡j e¨vß cÖwZdjb N‡U| N‡ii †`qvj, KvMR, evwb©k bv Kiv †h †Kvb Kv‡Vi Dcwi Zj
BZ¨vw` c„ô Agm„Y Gme Z‡j e¨vß cÖwZdjb N‡U| G †ÿ‡Î me¸‡jv iwk¥i AvcZb †KvY ev cÖwZdjb †KvY
ci¯úi mgvb nq bv|
cÖwZdjb †KvY (Angle of reflection) t cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I Awfj¤^ AvcZb we›`y‡Z †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i A_©vr
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Awfj‡¤^i mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K cÖwZdjb †KvY e‡j| 9.3 wP‡Î NOB cÖwZdjb
†KvY| cÖwZdjb †KvY eySv‡Z mvaviYZ r cÖZxK e¨eüZ nq|
cÖwZwe¤^ (Image) : Avqbvi mvg‡b `vuov‡j Avqbvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i cÖwZ”Qwe †`Lv hvq| Avqbvi mvg‡b GKwU
†gvgevwZ ev †h †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ai‡j Avqbvi †fZ‡i H †gvgevwZwU ev e¯‘wU †`Lv hvq (wPÎ 9.4)| GwU wKfv‡e nq?
Avgiv Rvwb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv G‡m Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L co‡jB Avgiv e¯‘wU †`L‡Z cvB| hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †_‡K mivmwi
Av‡jv †Pv‡L c‡o bv ZLb wK H e¯‘wU †`Lv hvq? ej‡eb nu¨v, †ÿÎ we‡k‡l †`Lv hvq| †hgb Avqbvi g‡a¨ †`wL|
e¯‘ †_‡K mivmwi Av‡jv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L bv c‡o hw` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Z‡j cÖwZdwjZ n‡q ev Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g
cÖwZmwiZ n‡q Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv n‡j Avgiv e¯‘wU‡K †`L‡Z cvB| (c‡ii BDwb‡U cÖwZmiY m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q)|
wKš‘ e¯‘wU‡K ZLb Zvi Avmj Ae¯’v‡b †`Lv hvq bv| †hgb Avgviv Avqbvq wb‡Ri
†h c«wZ”Qwe †`wL Zv †`wL Avqbvi †cQ‡b| GKwU †gvgevwZ Avqbvi mvg‡b ivL‡j
Zvi cÖwZ”QweI †`wL Avqbvi †cQ‡b| g‡b nq Avqbvi †cQ‡bi †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó
Ae¯’vb ev we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m co‡Q| GB
cÖwZ”QwewUB cÖwZwe¤^ ev we¤^ (wPÎ 9.4)|
wPÎ t 9.4 Avqbvi g‡a¨
†gvgevwZi cÖwZ”Qwe
cÖwZwe‡¤^i msÁv t †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` wØZxq †Kv‡bv
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq ev wØZxq †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq, Zv n‡j H wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`yi
cÖwZwe¤^ ev ms‡ÿ‡c we¤^^ e‡j|
mgZj `c©Y Ges †MvjKxq `c©‡Y Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb nq, Avevi ¯^”Q gva¨‡g ev †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jv cÖwZmwiZ
nq| c‡ii BDwb‡U cÖwZmiY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZdjb Ges cÖwZmiY Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB
cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| KLbI jÿ¨e¯‘ †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jv cÖwZdj‡bi ev cÖwZmi‡Yi ci wØZxq we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q
cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i, KLbI ev wØZxq we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv hvq| G me
cÖwZwe‡¤^i ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwe¤^‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| m` ev ev¯Íe cÖwZwe¤^ Ges Am` ev
Aev¯Íe cÖwZwe¤^|
1. m` cÖwZwe¤^ (Real Image) t †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
hw` wØZxq †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K m` ev ev¯Íe cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j| AeZj
`c©‡Y Gai‡Yi m` cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq ( wPÎ 9.23, wPÎ 9.25 )|
2. Am` cÖwZwe¤^ (Virtual Image)t †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
cÖK…Z c‡ÿ wØZxq †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq bv wKš‘ wØZxq †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq,
ZLb H wØZxq we›`y‡Z cÖ_g we›`yi †h cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv hvq Zv‡K Am` ev Aev¯Íe cÖwZwe¤^^ e‡j| mgZj
`c©‡Y (wPÎ 9.5 †_‡K 9.10), Ges DËj `c©‡Y (wPÎ 9.24, I 9.26) G ai‡Yi cÖwZwe¤^ MVb †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
m` I Am` we‡¤^i cv_©K¨
m` cÖwZwe¤^ Am` cÖwZwe¤^
1. †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q 1. †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q
cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q wØZxq †Kvb cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q wØZxq †Kvb we›`y †_‡K
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q m`& cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b n‡j wØZxq we›`y‡Z Am`&
cÖwZwe¤^^ MwVZ nq|
2. m` cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZdwjZ ev 2. Am` cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZdwjZ ev cªwZmwiZ
cªwZmwiZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡”Qi cÖK…Z wgjb nq| Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡”Qi cÖK…Z wgjb nq bv|
3. †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq, c`©vq †djv hvq Ges ¯úk© 3. †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ c`©vq †djv ev ¯úk© Kiv hvq
Kiv hvq| bv|
4. AeZj `c©Y I DËj †jÝ Øviv m`& cÖwZwe¤^ 4. me iKg `c©Y I †jÝ Øviv Am`& cÖwZwe¤^ Drcbœ
Drcbœ nq nq|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
cÖwZdjb t †Kv‡bv Av‡jvK iwk¥ †Kvb ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q hvIqvi mgq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gva¨g Øviv evav cÖvß n‡j
`yB gva¨‡gi we‡f`Zj †_‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| Av‡jvi GB wd‡i Avmvi cÖwµqv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î t
1. AvcwZZ iwk¥, AvcZb we›`y‡Z cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci AswKZ Awfj¤^ Ges cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ GKB mgZ‡j _v‡K|
2. AvcZb †KvY Ges cÖwZdjb †KvY me©`v mgvb nq| A_©vr AvcZb †KvY i Ges cÖwZdjb †KvY r n‡j,
i=r
cÖwZwe¤^ t †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ ¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` wØZxq †Kvb we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq ev wØZxq †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq, Zv n‡j H wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`yi cÖwZwe¤^ ev ms‡ÿ‡c
we¤^^ e‡j|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Av‡jvK iwk¥ Mgb c‡_ evav cÖvß n‡j c~‡e©i gva¨‡g wd‡i Avmvi cÖwµqv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) cÖwZmiY (L) cÖwZdjb
(M) e¨wZPvi (N) AcmiY
2| AvcZb †KvY i Ges cÖwZdjb †KvY r n‡j, †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i = r (L) i r
(M) i > r (K) r > i
3| AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡ÿi Dci †Kv_vq e¯‘ ivL‡j cÖwZwe¤^ Am` nq?
(K) Amx‡g (L) †giæ I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
(M) cÖavb †dvKv‡m (N) eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j I `c©‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ c`mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†MvjKxq mgZj `c©Y (Plane mirror) t `c©Y c„ô hw` mgZj nq A_©vr †Kv‡bv mgZj c„ô hw` cÖwZdjK wnmv‡e
e¨eüZ nq Ges Zv‡Z Av‡jvK iwk¥i wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Z‡e Zv‡K mgZj `c©Y e‡j| Avgiv †Pnviv †`Lvi
Rb¨ cÖwZw`b †h Avqbv e¨envi Kwi, Pzj QvUvi †mjy‡b, Uq‡j‡U, †Wªwms †Uwe‡j †h Avqbv e¨eüZ nq Zv mgZj
`c©Y|
†MvjKxq `c©Y (Spherical mirror) t †h `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK c„ô †Mvj‡Ki c„ô ev †MvjK c„‡ôi Ask we‡kl Zv‡K
†MvjKxq `c©Y e‡j| †MvjK c„‡ôi `yÕwU w`K; GKwU evB‡i Z_v ev DuPz wcV, Ab¨wU †fZ‡i Z_v wbPz wcV| hw`
cÖwZdjK wcVwU †Mvj‡Ki DuPz w`K nq Z‡e †mB †MvjKxq `c©Y‡K DËj `c©Y e‡j| hw` cÖwZdjK wcVwU †Mvj‡Ki
wbPz w`K nq Z‡e †mB `c©Y‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
(cvV 3 G ‡MvjKxq `c©Y m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|)
Avevi Avi GKwU Ask A'B' †K‡U wb‡q Zvi evB‡ii ev DuPz wc‡V
cvi` jvMv‡j †fZ‡ii ev AeZj wcV `c©Y wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
GwU AeZj `c©Y|
wPÎ t 9.5 AeZj I DËj `c©Y m„wó
AeZj `c©Y (Concave Mirror) t †Kv‡bv duvcv †Mvj‡Ki wfZ‡ii ev AeZj wc‡Vi wKQz Ask hw` gm„Y nq ev
cÖwZdjK iƒ‡c KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
DËj `c©Y (Convex Mirror) t †Kv‡bv duvcv ‡Mvj‡Ki evB‡ii ev DËj wc‡Vi wKQz Ask hw` gm„Y nq ev cÖwZdjK
iƒ‡c KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K DËj `c©Y e‡j|
5. †MŠY Aÿ (Secondary axis)t †giæ we›`y e¨ZxZ `c©Y Z‡ji †h †Kv‡bv we›`y Ges `c©‡Yi eµZvi †K‡`ªi ga¨
w`‡q MgbKvix mKj mij‡iLv‡K ‡MŠY Aÿ e‡j| 9.6 Ges 9.7 bs wP‡Î CP' †MŠY Aÿ| cÖavb Aÿ Ges
†MŠY Aÿ Df‡qB `c©Y Z‡ji Dci j¤^ nq|
wPÎ t 9.8 (K) AeZj `c©‡Y cÖwZdjb wPÎ t 9.8 (L) DËj `c©‡Y cÖwZdjb
7. †dvKvm `~iZ¡ (Focal length)t †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi †giæ †_‡K cÖavb †dvKvm we›`y ch©šÍ `~iZ¡‡K Zvi †dvKvm
`~iZ¡ e‡j| 9.8 (K) I 9.8 (L) bs wP‡Î `ywU `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ PF Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mvaviYZ f Aÿi Øviv †dvKvm `~iZ¡ cÖKvk Kiv nq|
8. †dvKvm Zj (Focal plane)t †Kv‡bv †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q cÖavb A‡ÿi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e †h
mgZj Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K †dvKvm Zj e‡j| ZË¡xqfv‡e †dvKvm Zj Amxg ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
9. †MŠY †dvKvm (Secondary focus)t †MvjKxq `c©‡Y AvcwZZ mgvšÍivj iwk¥¸”Q cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj bv n‡j
cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡ÿi evB‡i GKwU we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq (AeZj `c©‡Y) A_ev GKwU we›`y ‡_‡K Qwo‡q
co‡Q ev Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq (DËj `c©‡Y) H we›`y‡K `c©‡Yi †MŠY †dvKvm e‡j| GKwU ‡MvjKxq
`c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKvm we›`y gvÎ GKwU; wKš‘ †MŠY ‡dvKvm AmsL¨| GB we›`y¸‡jv cÖavb A‡ÿi evB‡i wKš‘
†dvKvm Z‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
1
AZGe F, CP Gi ga¨ we›`y| myZivs PF = PC
2
wKš‘ PF = †dvKvm `~iZ¡ = f Ges PC = eµZvi e¨vmva© = r
r
∴ f A_©vr DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K|
2
myZivs †`Lv hvq me †ÿ‡ÎB †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ Zvi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
`c©Y t we‡klfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z †h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©Y e‡j| Kv‡Pi cv‡Zi GK wc‡V
avZzi cÖ‡jc jvwM‡q `c©Y ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB cÖ‡jc †`qv‡K cvi` jvMvb ev wmjfvwis ejv nq| `c©Y cÖavbZ
`yÕai‡Yi | h_v- mgZj `c©Y Ges †MvjKxq `c©Y|
myZivs HF `k©‡Ki c~Y© cÖwZwe¤^ H1 F1 †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi ˆ`N¨© Kgc‡ÿ PQ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
GLb, wP‡Î H1EF1 wÎfz‡Ri f‚wg H1F1 Ges PQ, H1F1 Gi mgvšÍivj| (†h‡nZz PQ `c©Y Zj MM′ Gi Ask)|
1 1
AZGe PQ = H1F1 ev, `c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ = × `k©‡Ki ˆ`N¨©
2 2
A_©vr, mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡Ri c~Y© cÖwZwe¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ `k©‡Ki ˆ`‡N©¨i b~¨bZg A‡a©K n‡Z n‡e|
(L) mgZj `c©‡Y cÖwZwe‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b nq (Lateral inversion in plane mirror)
mgZj `c©‡Yi mvg‡b `uvwo‡q `k©K Wvb nvZ Zzj‡j `c©‡Yi g‡a¨ Zvi cÖwZwe¤^wU evg nvZ Zzj‡e| `k©K evg nvZ
bvo‡j cÖwZwe‡¤^i Wvb nvZ bo‡e| g‡b nq mgMÖ †`‡ni evg cvk¦© cwieZ©b n‡q Wvb cv‡k¦© Ges Wvb cvk¦© evg cv‡k¦©
P‡j †M‡Q| G‡K ejv nq cÖwZwe‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b| mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó cÖwZwe¤^ `~iZ¡ Ges jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡ mgvb
nIqvi Rb¨ GiKg nq|
GK UzK‡iv KvM‡R K Aÿi wj‡L GKwU mgZj `c©‡Yi mvg‡b
ai‡j †`Lv hv‡e cÖwZwe¤^wU D‡ë †M‡Q (wPÎ 9.14)| Z‡e
cÖwZmg e¯‘mg~‡ni cvk©¦ cwieZ©b †evSv hvq bv| †hgb 0, 4,| +
= ai‡bi wPnè ev AvK…wZi cvk©¦ cwieZ©b eySv hvq bv| Avgiv
†Wªwms †Uwe‡ji ev †mjy‡bi Avqbvq wb‡R‡`i †h cÖwZwe¤^ †`wL
Zvi cvk¦© cwieZ©b ÎæwU hy³|
9.3.4 mgZj `c©‡Y MwVZ cÖwZwe‡¤^i ˆewkó¨mg~n (Properties of image in plane mirror)
mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv t
1. `c©Y †_‡K e¯‘ `~iZ¡ hZ, `c©Y †_‡K we‡¤^i `~iZ¡ ZZ|
2. e¯‘ I we¤^ ms‡hvMKvix †iLv `c©Y Zj‡K j¤^fv‡e †Q` K‡i|
3. mgZj `c©‡Y MwVZ we¤^ Am` I †mvRv|
4. we‡¤^i AvKvi e¯‘i AvKv‡ii mgvb nq|
5. we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b N‡U|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
AeZj `c©Y t †Kvb duvcv ‡Mvj‡Ki wfZ‡ii ev AeZj wc‡Vi wKQz Ask hw` gm„Y nq ev cÖwZdjK iƒ‡c KvR K‡i
Z‡e Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
DËj `c©Y t †Kvb duvcv ‡Mvj‡Ki evB‡ii ev DËj wc‡Vi wKQz Ask hw` gm„Y nq ev cÖwZdjK iƒ‡c KvR K‡i Z‡e
Zv‡K DËj `c©Y e‡j|
†giæ we›`y t †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi ga¨ we›`y ev †K›`ª we›`y‡K `c©‡Yi †giæ e‡j|
eµZvi †K›`ª t †MvjKxq `c©Y †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask †mB †Mvj‡Ki †K›`ª‡K Zvi eµZvi †K›`ª e‡j|
eµZvi e¨vmva© t †MvjKxq `c©Y †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask †mB †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j|
cÖavb Aÿ t †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi †giæ Ges eµZvi †K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q MgbKvix mij‡iLv‡K `c©‡Yi cÖavb Aÿ e‡j|
9.4.1 †MvjKxq `c©‡Y cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi e¨vLvi Rb¨ K‡qKwU iwk¥i c_‡iLv
(Ray Diagram of Spherical Mirror for explaining formation of Image)
DËj ev AeZj `c©‡Yi mvg‡b †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ivL‡j `c©‡Y Zvi cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| GB we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb,
AvKvi I cÖK…wZ Rvb‡Z n‡j iwk¥ wPÎ AvuK‡Z nq| e¯‘ †_‡K wbtm„Z ev wbM©Z iwk¥¸”Q `c©‡Y cÖwZdwjZ n‡q
†Kv_vq wgwjZ nq ev †Kv_v †_‡K wbtm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq iwk¥ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Zv Rvbv hvq| G iwk¥ wPÎ MV‡bi
Rb¨ `c©‡Yi cÖavb Aÿ, cÖavb †dvKvm, eµZvi †K›`ª Ges †giæ we›`y wbw`©ó _vK‡j K‡qKwU we‡kl AvcwZZ iwk¥i
cÖwZdjb ev cÖwZmi‡Yi c_‡iLv AbymiY Ki‡j KvRwU mnR nq| GB mg¯Í iwk¥i Mgb c_ ev iwk¥ wPÎ †_‡K
we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, AvK…wZ Ges cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiv hvq| G Rb¨ DËj Ges AeZj Dfq cÖKvi `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mPivPi
wb‡Pi wZb ai‡Yi iwk¥I †h †Kv‡bv `ywU we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv,-
1. †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei AvcwZZ iwk¥
2. †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡ÿi mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e AvcwZZ iwk¥
3. †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q ev cÖavb †dvKvm eivei AvcwZZ iwk¥
wPÎ t 9. 16 AeZj `c©‡Y eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei wPÎ t 9.17 DËj `c©‡Y eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei
AvcwZZ iwk¥ AvcwZZ iwk¥
9.16 wP‡Î MM © AeZj `c©‡Yi Dci Ges 9.17 wP‡Î MM © DËj `c©‡Yi Dci GKwU iwk¥ AQ, `c©‡Yi eµZvi
e¨vmva© CQ eivei Q we›`y‡Z j¤^fv‡e AvcwZZ n‡q‡Q| AZGe cÖ_g iwk¥wU QCA c‡_ (9.16 wP‡Î) Ges wØZxq
iwk¥wU CQA c‡_ (9.17 wP‡Î) cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
†MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡ÿi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj fv‡e AvcwZZ iwk¥
cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ AeZj `c©‡Y cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb †dvKvm w`‡q hvq (wPÎ 9.18)|
DËj `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K Avm‡Q e‡j g‡b nq wPÎ (9.19)|
wPÎ 9.18 AeZj `c©‡Y cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍiv‡j wPÎ 9.19 DËj `c©‡Y cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍiv‡j
AvcwZZ iwk¥ AvcwZZ iwk¥
9.18 bs wP‡Î GKwU iwk¥ AQ AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb Aÿ CP Gi mgvšÍivj n‡q Q we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q cÖavb
†dvKvm F w`‡q QR c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nq| 9.19 bs wP‡Î GKwU iwk¥ AQ DËj `c©‡Yi cÖavb Aÿ PC Gi mgvšÍiv‡j
Q we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q QR c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nq, g‡b nq †hb GwU cÖavb †dvKvm F †_‡K Avm‡Q|
†MvjKxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q ev cÖavb †dvKvm eivei AvcwZZ iwk¥
cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q AeZj `c©‡Y AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ Ges DËj `c©‡Y cÖavb †dvKvm eivei AvcwZZ
iwk¥ DfqwUB cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡ÿi mgšÍivj nq|
Aw¼Z IB j¤^B n‡e AO jÿ¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^| 9.25 wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq cÖwZwe¤^wU Aev¯Íe, †mvRv Ges AvKv‡i
jÿ¨e¯‘ †_‡K eo|
O. DËj `c©‡Y we¯Í…Z e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MVb
9.26 bs wP‡Î MM′ GKwU DËj `c©Y| P Gi †giæ, C eµZvi †K›`ª, F cÖavb †dvKvm Ges PC cÖavb Aÿ|
`c©YwUi mvg‡b cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici A we›`y‡Z j¤^fv‡e ¯’vwcZ AO GKwU we¯Í…Z jÿ¨e¯‘| OA e¯‘wUi cÖwZwe¤^
MV‡bi wPÎ AvuK‡Z n‡e|
O we›`y †_‡K cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj OQ AvcwZZ iwk¥ Ges
Gi cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ QS AvuKv n‡jv hv cÖavb †dvKvm F we›`y
†_‡K Avm‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡e| O we›`y †_‡K Avi GKwU iwk¥ OR
eµZvi †K›`ª C we›`yi eivei AvcwZZ n‡q RO c‡_
cÖwZdwjZ n‡e| iwk¥ `yÕwU Acmvix| G‡`i †cQ‡b ewa©Z
Ki‡j I we›`y †_‡K Avm‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡e| myZivs I we›`yB n‡e
O we›`yi cÖwZwe¤^ ( wPÎ 9.26)|
wPÎ t 9.26 DËj `c©‡Y we¯Í…Z jÿ¨e¯‘i
cÖwZwe¤^ MVb
A †_‡K cÖavb Aÿ eivei AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡ÿi Dci w`‡qB PA c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ
n‡e| d‡j A we›`yi cÖwZwe¤^ Aek¨B cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici _vK‡e| Avevi †h‡nZz AO jÿ¨e¯‘wU cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici
j¤^, †m‡nZz cÖwZwe¤^wUI cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici j¤^ n‡e| ZvB I we›`y †_‡K cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici IB j¤^ Uvb‡j- IB n‡e
AB jÿ¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^| 9.26 wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq cÖwZwe¤^wU Am`, †mvRv Ges AvKv‡i jÿ¨e¯‘ †_‡K †QvU|
9.4.3 e¯‘i wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ AeZj `c©Y Øviv m„ó cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, AvKvi Ges cÖK…wZ
(Position, Size and Nature of the immage formed by concave mirror)
†Mvjxq `c©Y Øviv MwVZ cÖwZwe‡¤^ Ae¯’vb, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ me †ÿ‡Î mgvb bq| †ÿÎ we‡k‡l Gi wewfbœZv ‡`Lv
hvq| Avi Zv wbf©i K‡i `c©‡Yi mvg‡b e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci| A_©vr `c©‡Yi mvg‡b wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b jÿ¨e¯‘ ¯’vcb
Ki‡j MwVZ cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, AvKvi I AvK…wZ wewfbœ nq| iwk¥ wPÎ Gu‡K Avgiv mn‡R NUbvwU ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
cvwi| wb‡P Q‡K AeZj `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î `c©YwUi mvg‡b cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b GKwU we¯Í…Z jÿ¨e¯‘i
Rb¨ MwVZ we‡¤^i iwk¥ wPÎ we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
aiv hvK MM' GKwU AeZj `c©Y| P Gi †giæ, C eµZvi †K›`ª, F cÖavb †dvKvm Ges PC cÖavb Aÿ| `c©YwUi
mvg‡b cÖavb A‡ÿi Ici wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b GKwU we¯Í…Z jÿ¨e¯‘ OA| Ges jÿ¨e¯‘wUi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î A'B' cÖwZwe¤^
MVb K‡i‡Q|
µ. bs e¯‘i Ae¯’vb iwk¥ wPÎ cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ
1 Amxg `~‡i Ae¯’vbt †dvKvm Z‡j
cÖK…wZ t m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZt AZ¨šÍ Lwe©Z
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
†MvjKxq `c©‡Yi MwVZ we‡¤^i iwk¥ wPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU iwk¥ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
1. eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei AvcwZZ iwk¥, hv j¤^fv‡e `c©‡Yi Dci c‡o, Ges cÖwZdj‡bi ci Avevi †mB c‡_B
wd‡i hvq|
2. cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ hv cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb †dvKvm eivei hvq|
3. cÖavb †dvKv‡mi eivei ev ga¨ w`‡q AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ hv cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡ÿi mgšÍivj nq|
9.5.1 †MvjKxq `c©‡Y jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡, cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡ I †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i m¤úK©
(Relation among Object distance, Image distance and Focal length of Spherical Mirror)
Gi Av‡M 9.3.3 cv‡V Avgiv wk‡LwQ DËj `c©Y Ges AeZj `c©Y Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `~iZ¡
Zvi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| A_©vr †dvKvm `~iZ¡, f Ges eµZvi e¨vmva©, r n‡j
r
f Gcv‡V Avgiv Dfq cÖKvi †MvjKxq `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡, cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡ Ges †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡
2
g‡a¨ m¤úK© wkL‡ev|
QIR c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ n‡e| d‡j cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ `yÕwU PO Ges QR ci¯úi‡K I we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡e| myZivs I we›`y
n‡e O we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ we›`y e¯‘i cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb|
GLv‡b 9.28 wP‡Î jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡, PO = u , cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡, PI = v Ges eµZvi e¨vmva©, PC = r n‡j,
+ =
ev, + = [ r = 2f ] ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ( 9.2)
v
ev, |m| =
u
35
ev, |m| = 20 = 1.75
DËi t 1.75
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
GKwU †MvjKxq A_©vr AeZj ev DËj `c©‡bi mvg‡b ¯’vwcZ jÿ¨e¯‘ †_‡K Drcbœ cÖwZwe‡¤^i †ÿ‡Î
jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡ = u, cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡ = v Ges `c©‡Yi ‡dvKvm `~iZ¡ = f n‡j
+ =
†MvjKxq `c©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †giæ we›`y mv‡c‡ÿ `~iZ¡‡K abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K wVK Kiv nq| Av‡jvi `~iZ¡ Av‡jvi w`‡K
n‡j abvZ¥ Ges Av‡jvi wecixZ w`‡K n‡j FYvZ¥K aiv nq|
ˆiwLK weea©b t †Kvb jÿ¨e¯‘i ˆ`N©¨ Lo Ges cÖwZwe‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Li| Zv n‡j, ˆiwLK weea©b m = L Ges i
Lo
jÿ¨e¯‘i `~iZ¡, u Ges cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡ v n‡j, ˆiwLK weea©b m v
u
m Gi gvb abvZ¥K n‡j we¤^ †mvRv n‡e| FYvZ¥K n‡j we¤^wU D‡ëv n‡e|
m > 1 n‡j, cÖwZwe¤^wU weewa©Z n‡e| m = 1 n‡j, cÖwZwe¤^wU jÿ¨e¯‘i mgvb n‡e|
m < 1 n‡j, cÖwZwe¤^wU †QvU ev Lwe©©Z n‡e|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
mgZj `c©‡Yi e¨envi : wb‡Ri †Pnviv †`Lv, †Wªwms †Uwej, `„wó cixÿv PvU© †`L‡Z, †cwi‡¯‹vc, †Uwj‡¯‹vc
†nWcÖ‡R±i, K¨v‡giv, M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡i, wm‡bgv mywUs, †`vKvb cv‡U, †mjyZb weDwU cvj©vi iv¯Ívi euvK †`L‡Z|
‡MvjKxq `c©‡Yi e¨envi : wewfbœ e¨envwiK Kv‡R Avgiv AeZj `c©Y I DËj `c©Y e¨envi Kwi| †Kvb †Kvb
†ÿ‡Î Gme e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM AvaywbK Rxeb hvÎvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
1. AeZj `c©Y e¨envi K‡i ev¯Íe cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó I cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
hš¿cvwZ t GKwU AeZj `c©Y
Kvh© cÖYvjx t
1| GKwU AeZj `c©Y msMÖn Kiæb| (evmvq m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cv‡eb|)
2| `c©YwU wb‡q Avcwb GKwU Rvbvjvi cv‡k ev eviv›`vq hvb| (Ggb GKwU hvqMv †e‡Q wbb †hLv‡b N‡ii ev
eviv›`vi g‡a¨ Qvqv Av‡Q ev mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv co‡Q bv|)
3| N‡ii evB‡i jÿ¨ Kiæb 1-2 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¯‘i Dci mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv co‡Q †hb
jÿ¨e¯‘wU D¾¡j †`Lv cvq|
4| `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK wcVwU jÿ¨e¯‘i w`‡K gyL K‡i Ggbfv‡e aiæb †hb jÿ¨e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv G‡m `c©Y c„‡ô
c‡o cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Rvbvjvi cv‡k cwi®‹vi †`qv‡ji (eviv›`vq n‡j, eviv›`vi †Kvb †`qv‡ji) c„‡ô c‡o|
`c©YwU mvgvb¨ mvg‡b †cQ‡b KvZ K‡i, Wv‡b ev‡g
Nywi‡q †Póv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z µgk †`qv‡ji w`‡K GwM‡q
†h‡Z _vKzb| GK mgq †`qv‡j jÿe¯‘i `„‡k¨i we¤^
co‡e| GwUB cÖwZwe¤^|
wPÎ 9.36
5| cÖwZwe¤^wU‡K ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ `c©YwU‡K †`qvj †_‡K mvg‡b †cQ‡b mivb| †Kvb GK Ae¯’v‡b jÿ¨e¯‘wUi
¯úó cÖwZwe¤^ †`qv‡j †`L‡Z cv‡eb (wPÎ 9.36)|
Gfv‡e †`qv‡j `~‡ii e¯‘i ®úó cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv hvq| GwU ev¯Íe ev m` we¤^| we¤^wU Ab¨‡K †`Lvb|
Gevi wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`bt
(1) Avcbvi m„wó Kiv cÖwZwe¤^wUi AvKvi AvK…wZ Ges ˆewkó Kx?
(2) `c©YwU w`‡q GKwU Am` cÖwZwe¤^ MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Kx?
(3) (`c©YwUi Lye Kv‡Q GKwU Kjg ev †cwÝj A_ev Avcbvi nv‡Zi GKwU Av½yj AvovAvwo K‡i aiæb|
c`©‡Yi g‡a¨i QvqvwU †`Lyb| Kx †`L‡Qb ? †Kb Ggb †`Lv‡”Q? GwU †Kvb ai‡bi we¤^?
wb‡Pi e‡· ev LvZvq cÖwZwe¤^wU MV‡bi iwk¥ wPÎ AuvKzb Ges Gi cÖK…wZ I ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb|
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-9
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| GKwU we‡¤^i c~Y© weeiY wjL‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb welqwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq?
(K) we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb (L) we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ
(M) we‡¤^i AvK…wZ (N) me¸‡jvB
2| GKwU we›`y e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi iwk¥ wPÎ AuvK‡Z Kg c‡¶ KZwU iwk¥ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e?
(K) 1wU (L) 2wU
(M) 3 wU (N) 4wU
3| GKwU j¶¨e¯‘ AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z| we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e?
(K) `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b (L) eμZvi †K‡›`ª
(M) Amx‡g (N) eμZvi †K›`ª I Amx‡gi g‡a¨
4| GKwU e¯‘i ˆ`N¨© 0.3m Ges †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi ˆiwLK weea©b 2 n‡j we‡¤^i •`N©¨ KZ n‡e?
(K) 0.06 m (L) 0.6 m
(M) 6 m (N) 60 m
5| AeZj `c©‡Y cÖavb A‡¶i Dci eμZvi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘i we‡¤^ cÖK…wZ Kxiƒc n‡e?
(K) m` I D‡ëv (L) Am` I †mvRv
(M) m` I †mvRv (N) K A_ev L
L. eûc`x mgvwß m~PK cÖkœ t
1| AeZj `c©‡Yi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. `c©‡Yi mvg‡b jÿ¨ e¯‘i Lwe©Z m` we¤^ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ii. `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b jÿ¨ e¯‘i ewa©Z Am` we¤^ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iii. `c©‡Yi mvg‡b jÿ¨ e¯‘i ewa©Z m` we¤^ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K) i I ii L) ii I iii
M) iii I i N) i, ii I iii