SCHOOL OF BUILDING & CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

YEAR 2- SEMESTER 1
2021
CED 506 – Hydraulics 1
LAB No.2
Lab Title: Hydro Static Pressure

Student Name: SHAVNEEL KRISHNEEL PRAKASH

ID No. : 2019002971
Date Lab Conducted: 03/04/2020
Date Lab Submitted: 09/04/2020
Lab Instructor: Mr. Ravikant Singh
 Title: Hydro Static pressure

Aim/Scope
To verify the total hydrostatics pressure equations by using the TecQuipment laborary
apparatus. Finding the force acting on one side of a plane surface immersed in a liquid of
density ρ. Ρ = ρghA . Finding the location of the point of action of this force (i.e. the location of
the Centre of pressure)
I
Yp = +Ӯ
AӮ

Apparatus

 The TecQuipment hydrostatic thrust apparatus

 Set of laboratory weights

Introduction
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the forces of
gravity is the hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatics pressure increases in proportion to depth measured
from the surface because of the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above.

Hydrostatic equation are used to find the magnitude of the total hydrostatic pressure acting on one side
of a submersed plane surface and the distance from the free surface to the point of action of which
pressure force acts.

From the study of hydrostatic, the following principles have been established:

 There are no shear stresses present when the fluid is not in motion.
 The pressure exerted by a fluid under hydrostatics conditions acts perpendicular to an immersed
surface.
 Hydrostatic pressure various linearly, increasing with an increase in depth.

In this lab experiment this laboratory apparatus has allowed us to measure the moment due to the fluid
(hydrostatic) thrust on a fully or partially submerged plane. The plane works in either vertical on incline
(angled) position. Final measurements were compared with theoretical values.
Procedure
First of all the apparatus was leveled, then the jockey weight was adjusted until the lever arm was
horizontal. Secondly, we added a weight of 20g to the arm and water was added to the container until
the arm has to be leveled. Next, both the weight attached to the arm and the vertical distance (h)
between the fulcrum and the free surface as indicated on the scale was recorded, the reading was
carefully done to avoid parallax error.

After that, the procedure was repeated by weight added on the arm in steps of 20g up to fully
submerged condition (that is the water surface is level with the fulcrum). Hence, for each reading
calculate the theoretical and experimental moment.

Results
Dimensions of apparatus and variables: (mm)

Arm radius = 200 mm

Radius from the inner edge of the container (R1) = 100 mm

Radius from the outer edge of the container (R2) = 200 mm

Width of container = 75 mm

 Weight (w) = 9800 N

 P = 1000 kg.m3

W [g] W [N] Actual M h [mm] H [m] Theory M

[Nm] [Nm]
20 0.196 0.034 174 0.714 0.0476
40 0.392 0.064 164 0.164 0.0894
60 0.588 0.091 156 0.156 0.1319
80 0.784 0.119 152 0.152 0.1559
100 0.981 0.145 148 0.148 0.1809
120 1.177 0.164 140 0.140 0.2383
140 1.373 0.183 134 0.134 0.2852
160 1.569 0.203 130 0.130 0.3172
180 1.765 0.218 124 0.124 0.3697
200 1.962 0.239 122 0.122 0.3894
220 2.158 0.254 118 0.118 0.4269
240 2.354 0.268 114 0.114 0.4660
260 2.550 0.270 106 0.106 0.5480
280 2.746 0.280 102 0.102 0.5910
300 2.943 0.294 100 0.100 0.6143
320 3.139 0.307 98 0.098 0.6353
340 3.335 0.320 96 0.096 0.6577
360 3.531 0.324 92 0.092 0.7036
380 3.727 0.335 90 0.090 0.7268
400 3.924 0.337 86 0.086 0.7745
420 4.120 0.329 80 0.080 0.8475
440 4.316 0.319 74 0.074 0.9227
460 4.512 0.315 70 0.070 0.9735
480 4.708 0.310 66 0.066 1.0258
500 4.905 0.304 62 0.062 1.0788
520 5.101 0.295 58 0.058 1.1319
540 5.297 0.296 56 0.056 1.1481
560 5.493 0.285 52 0.052 1.2135
580 5.689 0.273 48 0.048 1.2689
600 5.886 0.258 44 0.044 1.3249
620 6.082 0.243 40 0.040 1.3806
640 6.278 0.238 38 0.038 1.4095
660 6.474 0.220 34 0.034 1.4658
680 6.670 0.200 30 0.030 1.5234
700 6.867 0.178 26 0.026 1.5815
720 7.063 0.169 24 0.024 1.6104
740 7.259 0.145 20 0.020 1.6686
760 7.455 0.119 16 0.016 1.7262
780 7.651 0.091 12 0.012 1.7851

Calculations
SPECIMEN CALCULATION
CASE 1: (Partially Submerged Condition)
a.
1 2
P = 2 ρgb { R 2−h }
1 2
P = 2 ( 1000 ) ( 9.81 )( 0.075 )( 0.2−0.174 )
P = 0.2487 N
 2
Yp = 3 ( R−h )
2
Yp = 3 ( 0.2−0.174 )
Yp = 0.0173 m

Theoretical Moment = P (Yp+h)

MTH = 0.2487 (0.0173 – 0.174)
MTH = 0.0476 Nm

CASE 2: (Fully Submerged Condition)

D
P = ρgbh(R 2−h− 2 )

P = (1000)(9.81)(0.075)(0.100)(0.2 – 0.100 – 0.05)

P = 3.679 N

D
YP = ¿ + R2 – h - 2 )

0.1
YP = ¿ + 0.2 – 0.1 - 2 )

YP = 0.067 m
Actual M = w (N) * h (m) = 0.196 * 0.174 = 0.034Nm
Graph

Graph of Theoretical and Experimental Moment against Height h

1.8
Theoretical & experimental Moment (Nm)

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Height h (m)

DISCUSSIONS:
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to
the force of gravity is the hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure increases in
proportion to depth measured from the surface because of the increasing weight of
liquid exerting downward force from above.
Hydrostatic equations are used to find the magnitude of the total hydrostatic pressure
acting on one side of a partial and fully submerged plane surface and the distance from
the free surface to the point of action of which the pressure force acts.

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment one was able to find the force acting on one side of a plane
surface immersed in water of density ρ, using the formula P = ρghA. One was able to
find the location of the point of action of this force (center of pressure to the water
surface).

SOURCES OF ERROR:

 Parallax Error - observer taking the reading from the gauge from an angle.
Observer’s eyesight should be parallel to the reading.
 Human Error – recording a different reading from the gauge.
 Calculation Error – using the wrong SI units for pressure