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Sugar Based Rocket Propulsion System-Making, Analysis & Limitations
Sugar Based Rocket Propulsion System-Making, Analysis & Limitations
Sugar Based Rocket Propulsion System-Making, Analysis & Limitations
ABSTRACT
A solid rocket or a solid-fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest
rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs,
in warfare as early as the 13th century.
The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have
provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rockets. The rocket
apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in 1232 AD for fighting
off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu.
Keywords:- LEO, SP, KN, KNSB, KNDX, APCP
commonly used. The most common oxidizer is KNDX (dextrose fuel), and KNSU (sucrose fuel).
potassium nitrate (KNO3). Additives can be many Sugar propellants truly are the quintessential amateur
different substances, and either act as catalysts or propellant. They are inexpensive to make from
enhance the aesthetics of the liftoff or flight. A locally available ingredients, don't require extensive
traditional sugar propellant formulation is typically machinery or tools and have remarkably good
prepared in a 65:35 oxidizer to fuel ratio. performance. Compare the performance of sugar at
an Isp of 120to 130, to many commercial APCP
Sugar propellants (SP) are moderate-
motors running Isp's of 150 to 180 seconds. Look at
performance propellants in which the binder-fuel is
the better density of sugar vs. APCP, and the high
one of the common sugars (sucrose, dextrose,
maltose, etc.) or one of the so-called “sugar alcohols” volumetric loading possible with the new erythritol
based propellants and the performance gap narrows.
such as sorbitol. Technically, SPs are composite
propellants, since they have separate fuel and
oxidizer components. However, the binder-fuel is not III. BASIC CONCEPTS
a polymer and is already partially oxidized. These
two properties provide two useful characteristics to A simple solid rocket motor consists of a
the propellants. First, the binder decomposes more casing, nozzle, grain (propellant charge), and igniter.
readily than does a polymer, and so a lower-energy The grain behaves like a solid mass, burning in a
oxidizer such as potassium nitrate can be (and is) predictable fashion and producing exhaust gases. The
employed with good results. Second, a lower nozzle dimensions are calculated to maintain a design
proportion of oxidizer can be used with good results. chamber pressure, while producing thrust from the
Sulfur, charcoal, and other auxiliary fuels are not exhaust gases.
typically included in sugar propellants, though there
are some reports of their use.
Sugar propellants are intermediate in
performance. Typical delivered specific impulse (Isp )
is around 130 seconds, which is not strongly
dependent on the fuel. For comparison, Isp of
blackpowder is usually reported as 80-90 seconds,
while most ammonium perchlorate composite
propellants (APCP) provide Isp of 190-210 seconds. Fig 1- basic structure of a rocket
Burn rates of sugar propellants approximate those of Once ignited, a simple solid rocket motor
APCP. cannot be shut off, because it contains all the
ingredients necessary for combustion within the
Sugar propellants ordinarily are prepared by
chamber in which they are burned. More advanced
melting of the ingredients in some fashion. This
solid rocket motors can not only be throttled but also
simplifies “loading” of the propellant into the casting
be extinguished and then re-ignited by controlling the
tube. Early trials of sugar propellant used potassium
nozzle geometry or through the use of vent ports.
nitrate with ordinary table sugar (sucrose). This
Also, pulsed rocket motors that burn in segments and
mixture has a rather high melting point, which made
that can be ignited upon command are available.
processing somewhat more complex and reduced
Modern designs may also include a steerable
reproducibility to some extent. More recent
nozzle for guidance, avionics, recovery hardware
experiments with lower-melting sugars and sugar
(parachutes), self-destruct mechanisms, APUs,
alcohols make propellant processing much simpler
controllable tactical motors, controllable divert and
and, presumably, much safer. Such fuels also appear
attitude control motors, and thermal management
to improve reproducibility.
materials.
The sugar propellants discussed in this
proposal all have the designation KN for potassium
nitrate oxidizer. They include KNSB (sorbitol fuel),
IV. HOW A SOLID PROPELLANT to remember that accidents can happen and motor
FUNCTIONS builders should always assume the propellant in the
mixing bowl could ignite. A properly setup work area
and protective clothing are essential in the event that
A solid propellant is a monopropellant fuel,
it does. The greatest danger in preparing these
a single mixture of several chemicals i.e. the
propellants (and many others) is safety complacency.
oxidizing agent and the reducing agent or fuel. This
With many batches of propellant prepared, and not
fuel is in its solid state and has a preformed or
even a “close call”, it is easy to allow oneself to take
molded shape. The propellant grain, this interior
shortcuts or eliminate the inconvenience of safety
shape of the core is an important factor in
equipment. It is essential however to remain vigilant
determining a rocket's performance. The variables
as many of the reported incidents were from
determining grain-relative performance are core
experienced builders that “knew better”.
surface area and specific impulse.
Surface area is the amount of propellant VI. PROPELLANT CHEMISTRY
exposed to interior combustion flames, existing in a A typical sugar propellant formulation is
direct relationship with thrust. An increase in surface typically prepared in a 65:35 oxidizer to fuel ratio.
area will increase thrust but will reduce burn-time However, this formulation is slightly fuel rich. This
since the propellant is being consumed at an ratio allows for the formulation to be more fluid in its
accelerated rate. The optimal thrust is typically a melted state. Additives could take up between zero
constant one, which can be achieved by maintaining a and ten percent of the total fuel. There are many
constant surface area throughout the burn. different possible formulations that will allow for
flight in model rocketry.
The original SP’s utilized sucrose (ordinary
table sugar) as the fuel to combine with the potassium
nitrate oxidizer. While this provides an excellent
propellant, it is not recommended for beginners due
to its tendency to “caramelize” while melting. This
can lead to inconsistent characteristics between
batches of propellant. Even with more experienced
developers, this propellant is no longer as popular as
it once was, since new alternatives provide similar Isp
but are easier to work with.
The fuel used for the sample motors in this
proposal was sorbitol. This fuel provides excellent
working time while melted and provides a slightly
Fig 2- simple rocket engine longer burn time than sucrose motors. It also melts at
o
a relatively low 250 F. A more readily available and
Examples of constant surface area grain cheaper fuel alternative is dextrose. This is also easy
designs include: end burning, internal-core and outer- to work with and provides good burn characteristics
core burning, and internal star core burning. as well. This section will discuss the chemical
V. SAFETY RECORD OF properties of both KNDX and KNSB. The data in this
section has been provided by Richard Nakka, and
EXPERIMENTERS TO DATE
experimenters are encouraged to visit his web site for
The vast majority of motor builders across a more in-depth look at the chemistry behind these
the world reported no incidents at all and followed propellants.
stringent safety procedures in creating their motors.
While all of the above incidents could have been
avoided with better safety procedures, it is important
For the KNSU propellant, with an oxidizer- the propellant. These various methods include: dry
fuel (O/F) ratio of 65/35, the theoretical combustion compressed, dry heated, and dissolved and heated.
equation is as follows: In dry compression, the sugar and potassium
48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11 → 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 + nitrate are ground as finely as possible, and then
55 H2O + 36 CO2 mixed in a ball mill or tumbler to ensure uniform
at a pressure of 68 atmospheres and where the mixing of the components. This mixture is then
following compounds are symbolized as: compressed into the motor tube, similar to a method
for loading black powder. However, this method is
sucrose Solid C12H22O11 rarely used for serious experiments, and careful
potassium Solid KNO3 considerations should be made before deciding to
nitrate employ this method.
carbon dioxide Gas CO2 Another, more common method of preparing
carbon Gas CO a sugar-based rocket propellant is dry heating. First,
the potassium nitrate is ground or milled to a fine
monoxide
powder, and then thoroughly mixed with powdered
steam Gas H2O
sugar. This method does not actually melt the
Hydrogen Gas H2
potassium nitrate, as the melting temperature of
nitrogen Gas N2
KNO3 is 613 degrees Fahrenheit, but it melts the
potassium Liquid K2CO3
sugar and coats the grains of KNO3 with the melted
carbonate
sugar.
potassium Liquid KOH
hydroxide
VIII. PERFORMANCE
Table 1- composition of exhaust
Figure 3- This chart shows the variation of combustion temperature and molecular weight of exhaust
products with O/F ratio.
Figure4- This chart shows the variation of theoretical specific impulse with O/F (oxidizer/fuel) ratio.
Figure5- This chart shows the variation of theoretical specific impulse with chamber pressure.
IX. APPLICATIONS
Rocket candy is also occasionally known as Today there is a program called the Sugar
"caramel candy", a term that was popularized by Shot to Space Program. The “underlying goal of the
Bertrand R. Brinley, in his pioneering book on Sugar Shot to Space program is to loft a rocket
amateur rocketry, Rocket Manual for Amateurs, powered by a ‘sugar propellant’ into space.” The goal
published in 1960. This propellant was used in some is for a rocket with a sugar-based motor to make it
of the amateur rockets described by Homer Hickam into space, or 100 km (62.137 mi) high. The Double
is his best-selling memoir Rocket Boys. Sugar Shot rocket has reached 33 km, or one third of
Rocket candy was also employed in a small the goal altitude. The Mini Sugar Shot rocket, a
amateur rocket described by Lt. Col. Charles M. prototype of the Extreme Sugar Shot rocket, reached
Parkin in a lengthy Electronics Illustrated article that an altitude of 12 km before a catastrophic motor
continued over several issues, beginning in July malfunction occurred. The Extreme Sugar Shot
1958. Parkin described how to prepare the propellant rocket, the rocket expected to meet the goal of
mixture by using an electric frying pan as a heat entering space, has not yet been completed and is a
source for the melting operation. This article was work in progress.
reprinted in Parkin's book, The Rocket Handbook for
Amateurs, which was published in 1959. Parkin's X. TESTING AND VALIDATION
article contributed to the increasing popularity of the
rocket candy propellant among amateur rocket The demonstration motors were designed
groups beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s. with Richard Nakka’s SRM.XLS Excel spreadsheet.
A screen shot of the anticipated thrust curve is shown in the image below.
Screen 1 : Excel spreadsheet for simulating motor performance. Note Graph 3A on the right, which depicts the
The 3 grain motor was then assembled and launched on a digital tes t stand to verify the performance. The
following graph is a screen shot of the software written to interface with a home-made digital test stand.
Screen 2 : Actual thrust curve from 3-grain KNSB motor described in proposal. Note that the maximu m thrust and
burn time compare favorably to the prediction from above figure
The actual result seems to follow the predicted performance very well, differing only as expected in the
initial pressure and fall off pressure ends of the graph. The spreadsheet is a very handy piece of software for
designing these motors.
The rocket motor detailed in this document is built and installed in a rocket for a demonstration flight. This
motor will serve as a “simple to make” motor and will not incorporate a delay element.
The rocket achieved a considerably good height in its flight and we are hopeful of increasing its range to
more .The photos of the rocket prior to launch is updated in the document, after the successful attempt
Here is the finished Rocket I made-
predictable. The spreadsheet computes Kn drawing new experimenters into the hobby. Their
ease of preparation combined with minimal cost and
over the duration of the burn, generates a
long track record of safety make them an excellent
pressure-time curve and a thrust-time curve, place for beginners to get a taste of the excitement
and calculates performance parameters such that rocket motor development has to offer.
as total impulse and delivered specific Problems that must be addressed in the
future include finding a way to manufacture the
impulse. It can be found at: engines such that they reach maximum chamber
http://www.nakka-rocketry.net/ pressure (and thus exhaust) more quickly. Also,
CASING.XLS - This is an EXCEL making PVC deformation a minimum is a priority,
though this may be achieved as a side effect of
spreadsheet written by Richard Nakka that is
making the overall burn time shorter. This is because
used to determine the Design Pressure and the amount of deformation depends on the
Burst Pressure of a solid rocket motor temperature of the casing, which only increases after
the engine has been heated for quite some time. If the
casing. Also determines the elastic
entire burn time is less than the time it takes for the
deformation of the casing under pressure engine to deform, then there will be minimal
(important for case-bonding consideration). deformation. Deformation occurs as combination of
pressure being exerted on the casing as a byproduct
Strength and mechanical properties are
of the internal combustion reaction and the soft
supplied for many casing materials such as qualities that PVC exhibits as it is heated.
steels, aluminum alloys, PVC, etc. This is a
must have for anyone making their own
REFERENCES
hardware. . It can be found at the same site
[1]. www.nakka-rocketry.net/
as SRM.XLS.
[2]. ftp://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/foguete/curso_pos_2
Grains2.xls (or Grains2000.xls if you can
013-3/.../Nakka.../safety.pdf
find it) This spreadsheet allows simulation
[3]. www.jacobsrocketry.com/links.htm
of a wide range of grain types. It works for
[4]. www.ripublication.com/aasa/aasav3n3spl_1
many propellants and requires the user to
1.pdf
enter basic propellant characteristics. The
Grains2000 version integrates a ProPep
interface but seems to still be in beta at this
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
point. This is an excellent tool for I’d like to thank my family and friends for
experimenting with alternative grain continued support during the research phase. Further
configurations. It can be found archives at: I’d like to express my gratitude to my guide and other