Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 12

This article was downloaded by: [University of Massachusetts, Amherst]

On: 22 April 2013, At: 07:04


Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Communications in Algebra
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lagb20

COMMUTATIVE RINGS WHOSE ELEMENTS ARE A SUM


OF A UNIT AND IDEMPOTENT
a b
D. D. Anderson & V. P. Camillo
a
Department of Mathematics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
b
Department of Mathematics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
Version of record first published: 01 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: D. D. Anderson & V. P. Camillo (2002): COMMUTATIVE RINGS WHOSE ELEMENTS ARE A SUM OF A UNIT
AND IDEMPOTENT, Communications in Algebra, 30:7, 3327-3336

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/AGB-120004490

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to
anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses
should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions,
claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or
indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
  3 B6C:D3 BB9:EBBB@ C9669D
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

0  ;4


      
- -'

-$ -$ 
# 

 0$ '$   5

'&$"(1'#( ) $('1$(+3 ' #-'"(/ )  0$3


 0$ (/  599A9



 ,'J#', ./ + % # $ C# #+ 11!($(-'D "#*   $ +%'$#


"#* ) '-'"/ '%'1'#( )   $ !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& 
('#( '(  .' $ + 11!($(-' "#* 0( ,'#((/ ' ,'J#' 
( .' $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* ) '-'"/ '%'1'#( )  +$# .' 0"(('#
!#H!'%/ $ (' !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( 4$1&%' )
+%'$# "#* C!#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*D #+%!,' - # '!1$##
"'*!%$" "#* C %'$# "#*D $#, H!$% +$% "#* C0(
"',!' J'%, 9 D  "#*
N%%%   $ +%'$# "#* " !#H!'%/ +%'$#
"#* ) $#, #%/ )  6   '-'"/ G'" ,1'# #$% "#* 
 $ +%'$# "#*3 .!( $ G'" ,1'#
N%%% #$% "#*   $ !#H!'%/
+%'$# "#* ) $#, #%/ )  6  $  %'$# "#*

%% "#* 0%% .' + 11!($(-' 0( ,'#((/ '"($#%/ (' !#( $#, ,'1
& ('#( ) $ "#* $"' 2'/ '%'1'#( ,'('"1##* (' ("!+(!"' ) (' "#* ( 
0'%% 2# 0# ($( $ + 11!($(-' "#*   - # '!1$## "'*!%$" ) $#, #%/ )
'$+ '%'1'#( )  +$# .' 0"(('# $ (' &" ,!+( ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#(


1$%; ,$#$#,'" #<! 0$',!
5
1$%; +$1%% <1$(! 0$',!

113

 &/"*(  9669 ./ $"+'% '22'"3 #+ 000,'22'"+ 1


ORDER REPRINTS

117 - - 

C) 6  0'"'   ,'1& ('#( $#,   $ !#(3 ('# 6 67 6  #-'"'%/3


) 6 6 63 ('#  6  ,'1& ('#(3  6  7    $ !#(3 $#,
6 D # ( &$&'" 0' #-'(*$(' (' 'T'+( ) +$#*#* RR&" ,!+(KK (
RR!1KK # (' &"'- !%/ 1'#( #', + #,( #? ($( 3 0' (!,/ + 11!($(-'
"#* # 0+ '-'"/ '%'1'#( +$# .' 0"(('# $ (' !1 ) $ !#( $# ,'1
& ('#( %% 0#* + % # C'' #'4( &$"$*"$&D 0' +$%% !+ "#* 
 4$1&%' ) +%'$# "#* #+%!,' $%% G'" ,1'# #$% "#* $#, H!$
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

% +$% "#*  "' -'"3 (' +%$ ) +%'$# "#*  +% ', !#,'"  1 1 "&+
1$*'3 $".("$"/ ,"'+( &" ,!+(3 $#, & 0'" '"' $,!#+( #  0'-'"3 $
% +$%G$( # ) +%'$# "#* #'', # ( .' $ +%'$# "#* $#, $ & %/# 1$% "#* 
#'-'" $ +%'$# "#* ' $% + #,'" + 11!($(-' "#* # 0+ '$+ '%'
1'#( $ $ !#H!' "'&"''#($( # $ (' !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#(
!+ "#* #+%!,'  %'$# "#* $#, H!$% +$% "#* 0( "',!' J'%, 9 
#  (!,/ ) %)(#* ,'1& ('#( # C# #+ 11!($(-'D "#*
+ % #L7M #(" ,!+', (' # ( # ) $ +%'$# "#* ' ,'J#', $ "#* ( .'
' ) ,'1& ('#( +$# .' %)(', 1 ,!% '-'"/ %')( ,'$% '  0', ($(
$ +%'$# "#*   !($.%' $#, ($( (' + #-'"'  %, )  $ +'#("$%
,'1& ('#( #3L9M + % # ,'J#', $ "#*  ( .' 
  ) '$+ 6 
 +$# .' 0"(('# # (' ) "1 6    0'"'   $ !#(3   ,'1& ('#(3 $#,
 $#,  + 11!(' ' &" -', ($( $ %')( 1 ,!%'  $(J' ((#*K
'11$ ) $#, #%/ ) #,   (" #*%/ +%'$#
" !* N !(%%%( &$&'"  0%% .' $ + 11!($(-' "#* 0( ,'#((/3  (
*" !& ) !#(3 6 ( #%"$,+$%3  ( $+ . # "$,+$%3 $#, , ( '( )
,'1& ('#(  "#*   $, ( .' H!$% +$% ) ( $ $ !#H!' 1$41$% ,'$%? )
  (' !#H!' 1$41$% ,'$% ) 3 0' 0%% )('# 0"('  

:$  

-#F

:$ &
%%       B   
 % 6    '  B   -
% 6    -  
 $   ,A
!" J"( &" & ( # *-' ($( $ ,"'+( &" ,!+( ) H!$% +$% "#*  $
+%'$# "#* ($('1'#( C9D $#, CBD $"' .'"-', ./ + % #

'" 
$ 7 & B
     A
9 & -
%
%
+- %
      A
B & $  +
$   
       $

  -     A
A 8   ' 
 


%%  $  6 '  H

A   -      - - $ $ +
$    6   
ORDER REPRINTS

 - 89   11>

A (++
 - 6   H
 A 3- - +
$ 
 6      $
            6 A
0

A C7D '(   .' $ H!$% +$% "#* '( 6   ) 6  3


6 6  6 ) 6  3 6  7   $#,  6 6  7  7
C9D   11',$(' #+' ('  1 1 "&+ 1$*' ) $ !#( C"'&3
,'1& ('#(D  $ !#( C"'&3 ,'1& ('#(D
CBD   ) %% 0 )" 1 C9D 8 !&& ' ($( '$+   $ +%'$#
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

"#* '( 6 6     " '$+ 3 0"(' 6    0'"'    


$#,   ,  '# 6    0'"'        $#,    
,      $ +%'$# "#*
CAD !&& ' ($( 6  $ J%('" #  $#, ($( '$+   $ +%'$# "#* '#
  $ +%'$# "#* ./ CBD #+' (' "',!+', &" ,!+(  6  $  1 
1 "&+ 1$*' )  3  6  $ +%'$# "#* ./ C9D %('"#$(-'%/3 # ('
($( (' &" &'"(/ ) .'#* $ +%'$# "#*  $  "# '#('#+' $#, '#+' 
&"''"-', ./ "',!+', &" ,!+(LB3 " & ( # @99M '4( !&& ' ($( 6  $#
!%("$J%('" #  '# ./3LB3 ' "'1 A7>M (' !%("$&" ,!+(  6  $ +%'$#
"#* ) $#, #%/ )       $ +%'$# "#*  6  
' #'4( +$"$+('"G' (' #,'+ 1& $.%' +%'$# "#*
*## 1$ 1
 
%%   -


$
  BA
7   B
A
9    $
%+
'  A
B 5 % 6   - -
% 6    -    $
  6 7 A
0

A 7  9 )   H!$% +$%3 ('#   #,'+ 1& $.%' $#,   $


+%'$# "#* ./ " & ( # 9 9  B  ) %% 0 #+' ) "  #,'
+ 1& $.%'3 , 6 7  B  7 ( !N+' (  0 ($( '-'"/ # #!#(
6    #  "   3 6  $ # #!#( '#+' 6   7 ) "  1'
   ! 7  6  ?  6   
'+$%% ($( $ + 11!($(-' "#*   +$%%', $ +%DLAM ) '$+ &"1'
,'$% )   + #($#', # $ !#H!' 1$41$% ,'$% ) 3 " 'H!-$%'#(%/3 )
0  H!$% +$% ) " '$+ &"1' ,'$% 0 ) 

  <$ &      +%DA


0

A '( 0 .' $ &"1' ,'$% )  / " & ( # 93 0  $# #,'


+ 1& $.%' +%'$# "#* '#+' ./ ' "'1 B3 0  H!$% +$% !   $
&1"#* 
# *'#'"$%3 (' + #-'"' )  " %%$"/ A  # ( ("!' (  0'%% 2# 0# ($(
) " $#/ ( & % *+$% &$+' 33 .3 3 (' "#* ) $%% + #(#! ! "'$%-$%!',
ORDER REPRINTS

111 - - 

)!#+( #3 $#, ( !."#* . 3  ) $%% . !#,', + #(#! ! )!#+( # $()/
(' &" &'"(/ ($( (' &"1' ,'$% + #($##* $ *-'# &"1' ) "1 $ +$#
CL53 7A8M $#, LA3 97MD3 $#, '#+' $"' &1"#*  .6 7  $ &1"#* #+' ('
#%/ ,'1& ('#( ) .6 7 $"' (' (0 )!#+( #   6 7   0'"'
 6  ) " $%% 6  6 73  6 7 .6 7  #,'+ 1& $.%' !( .6 7
 +'"($#%/ # ( H!$% +$% $#, '#+' # ( $ +%'$# "#*  0'-'"3 ) "
 '('"$# "#*3 (' + #-'"' )  " %%$"/ A  ("!'
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

*## =$ 8  ' 


%%  -  H %'
%% +%
$ AA   
-A 3- -


$
  BA
7    H $  +
$ 
B
 A
9     A
B    +%DA
0

A 7  9 " & ( # 9 9  B  " %%$"/ A B  7 #+'
'$+ 1#1$% &"1' ,'$% )   + #($#', # $ !#H!' 1$41$% ,'$%3  $
#%/ J#('%/ 1$#/ 1$41$% ,'$%% 7        '(  6 ? 
N%%% '%%%%%%%%%%
7 ' ' '  6  0  6  0  0  $ 1#1$% &"1' ,'$%
)  + #($#', #   #+' '$+ 1#1$% &"1' ,'$% )   + #($#', # $
!#H!' 1$41$% ,'$%3 '$+   H!$% +$% $#, ('  K $"' &$"0'
+ 1$41$% / (' #'' '1$#,'" ' "'13   7   ' ' '   
 $ J#(' ,"'+( &" ,!+( ) H!$% +$% "#* 

' #'4( 0 ( '4('#, ' "'1 B ' "'H!"' (' ) %% 0#* (0
%'11$
# ?$ 8  ' 
%%  $     ' $%+
A 3-
9  7   7    , $  9  7  7  A     -
   $  , -  9  7 $ 7  A
0

A '(  .' $ 1$41$% ,'$% )  #+'  " 7    3 9  7   


'#+' 9  7   '"($#%/ 7    , $#,  9  7  7  
!&& ' ($(    0'"'    $#,  ,  0  
           6    63 #+'   $ !#(
 6         $#,  9    
  '#+'        7     7  3 #+'   $
!#( 
# 3$ 8  ' 
%% A 8 )  ,2  - - 
$%+
 % 6   - -
% 6    -    $   )A
3- ) ,2A
0

A '(  ,3  7   , / /& ('3 7     0'"'


   $#,   )  ,2 / '11$ @3  7  7    '#+'
,  ) $#,  , ) 
ORDER REPRINTS

 - 89   111:

–7B6?—*## 7$ 1
 
%%   -


$
 
BA
7    H $  +
$ 
B
 A
9      -  H %'
$%+

 BD
       -   H $  +
$ 
$D

%+
' A
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

B 3-   H  7      


$%+

  - -  -
% 6   - -
% 6   
 
%    $
  7       A
0

A 7  9 " & ( # 9 9  B %'$" B  7 / '11$ :3
, 7        '#+'   7  ' ' '   0'"' '$+   #,'
+ 1& $.%' / " & ( # 93 '$+   $ +%'$# "#* $#, '#+' ./
' "'1 B3   H!$% +$% 

N%%%
' #'4(  0 ($(   $ +%'$# "#* ) $#, #%/ )  6  $ +%'$# "#*
' %$('" &" -' (' $#$% * ! "'!%( ) " !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*

*##
N%%% >$ 8  ' 
%% A 3-       $
 
 6    A
N%%%
0

A  " & ( # 9 8 " 6  3 6    6  $ !#( ) $#,


#%/ ) 6  $ !#( % 3 $# ,'1& ('#( )  %)( ( $# ,'1& ('#( ) 
!&& ' 6  3  6    #  0'"'   
 $#,   ,
 )(  ( $#
,'1& ('#( )   6  6    '#+' 6   3 $#, 
6 6     !   $ +%'$# "#* 

 0 # $ - # '!1$## "'*!%$" "#* '$+ '%'1'#(  (' &" ,!+( ) $


!#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#(  "$' (' H!'( # ) 0$(  (' "'%$( #&
.'(0''# $# '%'1'#( .'#* (' !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( $#, .'#* ('
&" ,!+( ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( #+' $ H!$% +$% "#* 0+  $
+%'$# "#* #'', # ( .' - # '!1$## "'*!%$"3 $# '%'1'#( +$# .' (' !1 )
$ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( 0( !( .'#* (' &" ,!+( ) $ !#( $#, $#
,'1& ('#(  0'-'"3 !&& ' ($( # $ + 11!($(-' "#*  $# '%'1'#(
6   +$# .' 0"(('# $ 6  0'"'    $#,   , ) 0' ($2'  
  7   $#,  7  3 ('# 6   0'"'  , $#,   
 " )   $ 1$41$% ,'$% ) 3 ('#  " 7     !(    $#, '('"
 " 7     %'$, ( (' + #("$,+( # ($( 7  

*## :$ &


%% 
 %       A
0

A  ) %% 0 )" 1 (' &"'- ! &$"$*"$& 


ORDER REPRINTS

111 - - 

  ::$ & 4


D$%

%%     A
N%%%
0

A '(  .' $ G'" ,1'# #$% + 11!($(-' "#* '#   6


 $ G'" ,1'# #$% "',!+', "#*3 " 'H!-$%'#(%/3 $ - # '!1$## "'*!%$" "#*
/ ' "'1 763   $ +%'$# "#* / ' "'1 >3   $ +%'$# "#* 
' #'4( ,'('"1#' 0'# $ & %/# 1$% "#* " & 0'" '"' "#*  $
+%'$# "#*
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

'" 
:$ 8  ' 
%% A
7 P      A
9 P       $
      A
0

A C7D  (' ($(N,P %%%  , $#, P  6  7 P  ' ' ' 
 P  6  3   6 ) "  7       '#+' P  # ( (' !1 ) $ !#(
$#, $# ,'1& ('#(  P   # ( $ +%'$# "#*
C9D / " & ( # 93 P  $ +%'$# "#* *-' ($(  P P  $
+%'$#
 "#*   #-'"'%/3 !&& ' ($(   $ +%'$# "#* '(
#  6  P  P  "(' 6    0'"'    $#,   ,
'#   7 P  9 P9  ' ' '   0'"'   7 P  9 P 9  ' ' ' 
P  $#,   ,  ,P  
+ " # :1$ & 
4

   $ 
 '   A 8
 ;P @ - ;   H$A (    B
     A 8
(   P  @ A 3- (   0? - 
+% $ $ -   

      $
%+
'    B
 ' 3-
% A

$ 0 -  4 -


''   

# ( '+( # 0' + #,'" (' 'T'+( ) 1 ,)/#* # -$" ! 0$/ ('
&" &'"(' 0+ ,'J#' +%'$# "#* '' #+%!,'3 "'&'+(-'%/; +$#*#* 
( ? +$#*#*  ( ? $%% 0#* +
$  ) '4&"' # ) (' ) "1   ?
$#, "'H!"#* !#H!'#' ) "'&"''#($( #
*## :<$ 8  ' 
%% A 3-    ,  $

     H$
    

 A
0

A 8 %'$"  '(  .' $ 1$41$% ,'$% )   0   ,?


 ) " '$+ %  3 %7 67 #   '#+'   $ J'%,  )  $ $
!#H!' 1$41$% ,'$%3   $ J'%, '4( !&& ' ($(  $ 1 "' ($# #'
1$41$% ,'$% !&& ' ($(  $#,  $"' ,(#+( 1$41$% ,'$% )  '#
#      '$+ '%'1'#(  $ !#( " ,'1& ('#( '(
6   '# #+' 6 6      
 $ !#(3 (  ,'1& ('#(
'#+' 6  ,'1& ('#( $#,  '$+ '%'1'#( )   ,'1& ('#( !
ORDER REPRINTS

 - 89   1111

 S 9  #+'   $ J'%,3        9     $


 %'$# "#* 
'" 
:=$ 1
 
%%   -


$
 
BA
7     A
9 5 % 6   - -
% 6    -    $
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

  ,A
B 5 % 6   - -
% 6    -     6
$   ,A
A 5 % 6   - -
% 6    -     6
$   ,A
0

A 7  9 '( 6   "(' 6    0'"'    $#,


  , '# 6    0'"'    $#,   , 9  7
1%$" ( 7  93 .!( 0"(' 6    B ( A 1%$" ( 7 ( 9
7  B %'$" B  7 ( !N+' (  0 ($( ) "   ,3    
0'"'    $#,   , !( ( ) %% 0 )" 1 '11$ @ 
" & ( # 75 "$' (' H!'( # ) 0'('" $ + 11!($(-' "#*  
$ +%'$# "#* ) ) " 6  3 '('" 6    " 6    0'"'    $#,
  , ' #'4(  0 ($( !+ $ "#* #'', # ( .' $ +%'$# "#*
'" 
:?$ 8  ' 
%%  - 6  
%6%
$ $ ++
 - 9  A 3-
 6   - 6   
 6
   -    $   ,A
0

A '( 7 $#, 9 .' (' 1$41$% ,'$% )  '( 6   ) 6  3


('# 6 6  6 0'"' 6   $#, 6  ,? 0%' ) 6  7
9 3 . ( 6  7 $#, 6  7 $"' !#(? $#,  6 7  7 9  7
0'"' 7  9   $#, 7  , '4(3 !&& ' ($( 6  7  9  
 7  !&& ' ($( . ( 6  7 6  7  9  '# 96
6  7 6  7 
6  7  6  7  9 ?  6  9 3 $ + #("$,+( # '#+' '('" 6 
7 9 " 6  7   9 $#,  6  7   " 6  7  3 '3 6   7
" 6   7 ) "  1'    ' +$' 6  9  7  1%$" '#+'
) " 6  3 '('" 6    " 6    0'"'    $#,   , 
+ " # :3$ 8  B 5 '   '   '
6 $ B  ' $
F

5  ' A 3- ' 0


+

 7@  - % 6    '   -
%
F

6   
 6    -    $    '   
  
     $
%+
' ' 
 B
 3-
% BA
%' (' "#*  # 4$1&%' 7:  # ( $ +%'$# "#*3  , ' $-' ('
&" &'"(/ ($( '-'"/ '%'1'#(  $ &" ,!+( ) '%'1'#( '$+ ) 0+  ('
!1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( '' 4$1&%' 7>
ORDER REPRINTS

111< - - 

'" 
:7$ 8  '  1? - 
%+ 

D
 +D
+ +% +  - - 
+  +  7A 3-  % 6   - -

% 6 7  7  ' ' '     -    $   6 7 A
0

A ' /& (' *-' ($( '$+ +  7     '$+


+   7 '#+' '$+ # #!#( )   $ &" ,!+( ) $ !#( $#,  1'
  7K 
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

+ " # :>$ 8  B 5 A  0


+

 78  % 6  
- -
% 6 7  7  ' ' '     -    $   6 7  '
 
$  56%+ 7:   
   A
' + #+%!,' ./ #-'(*$(#* + #,( # !#,'" 0+ $# '%'1'#( 6  
$ $ B "'&"''#($( # # (' ) "1 6    0'"'    $#,
  , '+$%% ($( $ + 11!($(-' "#*   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* ) '$+
'%'1'#( 6   $ !+ $ !#H!' "'&"''#($( # ' #'', (' ) %% 0#*
%'11$

# $ 8  ' 


%% A 8    ' $%+
 -
   A 3-  A
0

A  0     *-' 7       7   !(


7    ,'1& ('#(3  7   6? '3   2'0'3    
*-'    '#+'      6 

*## :$ 8  ' 


%%  -   9
  - %6%
$ 
A  6   -  +
  -
% 6    -  
 $   , - - +
  BA F     
-   9
  - %6% $ 
   B  A
0

A !&& ' ($( 6 7  7 9  9 0'"' 7  9   $#,


7  9  , '(  .' $ 1$41$% ,'$% )  '# #   9 3
7  7 9  9   0 7  9 $"' !#( # 9 ?  7 9  '#+' 7 9 ? 
7  9   ! 7  9   / '11$ 963 7 9  '#+' 7 9 
' %$( ($('1'#( ) (' (' "'1 11',$('%/ ) %% 0 
  $ & B
      B    $
 
  9 A
0

A 8 / ' "'1 973   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  '(   
'#   7    " ('"0'3   7   7  6 $"' (0 "'&"''#($
( # ) "   7 $ $ !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( '#+'   7  ? 
  
7  6 #   #+' '$+ # #G'" '%'1'#( )   (' 1$*' ) $
!#( ) 3 ( ) %% 0 ($(   $ J'%, 0( 6  7 6 ) " '$+ 6
6  

'#+'  $ '4$+(%/ (0 '%'1'#( $#,    9  
ORDER REPRINTS

 - 89   111=

!" #'4( (' "'1 *-'  1' &" &'"(' ) !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*

*## 1$ 7 & $  +


$   

%%    
B    $
   -    B  A
9 8   ' 
 


%%  $  6 '  H

 A   -    B   - - $ $ +
$   6  
B  A (++
 - 6   H
 A 3- - +
$ 
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

 6   B    $


         B 
  6 A N%%%
B &
%%     B    $
   6 
 B  A
A &
%%     B    $
  P  
 B  A

0

A C7D 1%$" ( (' &" ) ) " & ( # 9CBD


C9D !&& ' ($( 6  $ J%('" #  #+' (' &" &'"(/ ) .'#* $
!#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  $  "# '#('#+'3 (' "',!+', &" ,!+(  6  $
!#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*LB3 " & ( # @99M '4( !&& ' ($( 6  $# !%("$J%('" #
 '# ./LB3 ' "'1 A7>M3 (' !%("$&" ,!+(  6  $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* )
$#, #%/ )       $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  6 
CBDN
%%% !&& ' ($(   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* / " & ( # 93
  6  $ +%'$# "#* !&& ' ($( ) "  1' 6  3 6 7  7 9 
9 0'"' 7  9    $#, 7  9  ,  0( 7
9   '   ,
0(   ?  7
9   0 6       '#+'   6    
 6 7  7 9  9 $"' (0 ,T'"'#( "'&"''#($( # ) 6 $ $ !1 ) $
!#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#( !( N%%%( + #("$,+( ($(   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*
8 !&& ' ($(   6  $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* / ' "'1 >3   $
+%'$# "#* !&& ' ($( ) " 6  3 6 7  7 9  9 0'"' 7  9 
 $#, 7  9  , '# 6 N 
7%%% 7 9  9 ?  7 9 #+'   $
!#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* '# 7  9  6    ./ '11$ 963 7 9 
'#+' 7 9     $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*
CAD / " & ( # 793   $ +%'$# "#* ) $#, #%/ ) P   '"
($#%/ ) (' "'&"''#($( # $ $ !1 ) $ !#( $#, $# ,'1& ('#(  !#H!' #
P 3 (  $% !#H!' # ( !."#*   #-'"'%/3 !&& ' ($(   $
!#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* !&& ' ($( 7  7 9  9 # P  0'"' 7 9 
P  $#, 7  9  ,P  (  '$%/ +'+2', ($(
,P  ,?  7  9  , '# 7 6  7 9 6  9 0'"'
7 6 9 6   $#, 7  9  ,  7 6 9 6 $#, 7 9  !(
('# 7 9   P   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#* 
*## <$ 1
  4
D$%

%%   -



$
  BA
ORDER REPRINTS

111? - - 

7  N%%% B  A


9  6   

 A
B   9
  - %6% $ 
A
N%%%
N%%% 7  9 / ' "'1 9B3  6  $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  0
0

A
 6  $ G'" ,1'# #$% "',!+', "#* $#, '#+' $ - # '!1$## "'*!%$"
"#*  ( !N+' ( &" -' ($( $ - # '!1$## "'*!%$" !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*
  $  %'$# "#* '(    $#, '( 6    7  '    0(
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

6 69   0 6 6  7  6  7  6 0'"' 6  7  6   C) "


)   $ 1$41$% ,'$% ) 3 ('# 6   +'"($#%/ 1&%' ($(
6  7  6
  0%' ) 6
 3 ('# 6
  $#, '#+' 7  6   *-'
($( 6  7  6
 D $#, 7  6  , #+'   $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*3
6  7  6  $#, 7  6 7 '#+' 6 6 $#, (! 6 69 6
'#+'   7 6 ) " '$+ !#(  )  !  7  !( #+' '-'"/
'%'1'#( ) $ - # '!1$## "#* $ (' ) "1  0'"'   , $#,
  3 '-'"/ '%'1'#( )   ,'1& ('#(3 '3   $  %'$# "#*
B  7  ) %% 0 )" 1 ' "'1 97 
# %*( ) ' "'1 973  " %%$"/ 993 $#, ' "'1 9A (  #$(!"$% (
0 #,'" 0'('" $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  1!( $-'   9 ) " '$+
1$41$% ,'$%   (' ($( (  'H!-$%'#( ( $2#* 0'('" ('
 1 1 "&+ 1$*' ) $ !#H!'%/ +%'$# "#*  $*$# !#H!'%/ +%'$#



7 + % #3  )(#* ,'1& ('#( $#, 4+$#*' #* "$#


1'" $(  + 7>::3 "3 9@>E9:8
9 + % #3  (" #*%/ %'$# #* $#, ((#*K '11$  11
%*'."$ 7>>>3 J!3 B58BEB5>9
B $#*3 ? '%'"3   
$ 3-
  3-$ 5$
? (!,' #
 *+ $#, (' !#,$( # ) $('1$(+?  "( %%$#, !.%
#*  ; 1('",$1'0
"23 7>>6? % :B
A ' $"+ 3 ? "$((3   11!($(-' #* # + -'"/ "1'
,'$%   #($#', # $ #H!' $41$% ,'$% " + 1'" $(
 + 7>:73 3 A5>EA@@
5 %%1$#3 ? '" #3  
.

 1 
? ' #
-'"(/ '"' # *'" $('1$(+?  $#  ("$#,; "#+'( #3
'0 '"'/3 7>@6

'+'-', '."!$"/ 9667


'-', !*!( 9667
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!

Interested in copying and sharing this article? In most cases, U.S. Copyright
Law requires that you get permission from the article’s rightsholder before
using copyrighted content.

All information and materials found in this article, including but not limited
to text, trademarks, patents, logos, graphics and images (the "Materials"), are
the copyrighted works and other forms of intellectual property of Marcel
Downloaded by [University of Massachusetts, Amherst] at 07:04 22 April 2013

Dekker, Inc., or its licensors. All rights not expressly granted are reserved.

Get permission to lawfully reproduce and distribute the Materials or order


reprints quickly and painlessly. Simply click on the "Request
Permission/Reprints Here" link below and follow the instructions. Visit the
U.S. Copyright Office for information on Fair Use limitations of U.S.
copyright law. Please refer to The Association of American Publishers’
(AAP) website for guidelines on Fair Use in the Classroom.

The Materials are for your personal use only and cannot be reformatted,
reposted, resold or distributed by electronic means or otherwise without
permission from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Marcel Dekker, Inc. grants you the
limited right to display the Materials only on your personal computer or
personal wireless device, and to copy and download single copies of such
Materials provided that any copyright, trademark or other notice appearing
on such Materials is also retained by, displayed, copied or downloaded as
part of the Materials and is not removed or obscured, and provided you do
not edit, modify, alter or enhance the Materials. Please refer to our Website
User Agreement for more details.

Order now!

Reprints of this article can also be ordered at


http://www.dekker.com/servlet/product/DOI/101081AGB120004490

You might also like