Geograpphy Syllabus New

ZIMBABWE
MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS
FORMS 1 - 4
2015-2022
Curriculum Development Unit

P.O. Box MP133
Mount Pleasant
Harare
©All Rights Reserved

2015
GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 1 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS (FORMS 1 - 4)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution
in the production of this syllabus:
• National Geography Subject Panel

• Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education Science and Technology Development
• Representatives from Teachers` Colleges
• Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC)
• Department of Geography and Environmental Science (UZ)
• Department of Science and Mathematics Education (UZ)
• Department of Geography and Environmental Studies (MSU)
• Environmental Management, Renewable Energy and Climate Change Research Centre (HIT)
• Publishers
• United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF)
• United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
• Civil Protection Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
1.0 PREAMBLE 1
1.2 RATIONALE 1
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS 1
1.5 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 1
2.0 PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUS 1
3.0 AIMS 1
SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES 1
METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION 2
TOPICS 2
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 3
COMPETENCY MATRIX 15
9.0 ASSESSMENT 92
(a) Assessment Objectives 92
b) Scheme of Assessment 92
(c) Specification Grid 96
ii

PREAMBLE • gender
• technology
1.1 INTRODUCTION PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUS

This syllabus is designed to cover progressively the
The Geography Syllabus is a single document covering
study of geography from form 1 to 4.
Forms 1 - 4.
It motivates learners to appreciate their local, national,
regional and global geographical space. This will raise AIMS
awareness of resource distribution, management and he aims of the syllabus are to:
T
utilisation for the benefit of Zimbabwean citizens. The 3.1 equip learners with skills in statistical and car
syllabus seeks to equip learners with skills, attitudes, tographic techniques ;
values and practical competencies that enable them to 3.2 develop practical skills of enquiry, observation,
participate in the development of the country. It enables recording and interpretation of geographical
response to challenges by developing solutions and information;
skills leading to sustainable development. The syllabus 3.3 promote an understanding of environmental
recognises individual special education needs. management issues;
3.4 promote sustainable exploitation, processing
and economic use of minerals and other
1.2 RATIONALE resources;
Geography in the secondary school curriculum will equip
3.5 develop in learners an understanding of societal
learners with skills to understand location, patterns and
issues of HIV and AIDS, climate change and
processes of phenomena. It is designed to make learn-
disaster risk management;
ers appreciate diversity, valuation, utilisation and conser-
3.6 develop an appreciation of diverse communities
vation of resources. The learning area gives an oppor-
and cultures worldwide.
tunity to learners to manipulate geographical data and
3.7 promote an understanding of environmental pat
make informed decisions in their day to day experiences.
terns, dynamics and relationships.
The geography syllabus enables learners to develop the
following skills:
SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES
• Problem solving By the end of this learning phase learners should be able
• Critical thinking to:
• Decision making 4.1 demonstrate basic knowledge of geographic in
• Communication formation systems (GIS) in resource manage
• Technology and innovation ment
• Graphicacy 4.2 interpret topographical maps, photographs and
satellite images.
The geography learning area is a science that comprises 4.3 collect, analyse and interpret geographical data
both physical and human aspects. It also covers field- 4.4 value natural resources in the context of both
work, map interpretation skills and graphicacy. economic development and environmental pro-
tection
4.5 develop technologies in issues of climate
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS change and climate change adaptation
I t is assumed that learners:
4.6 demonstrate knowledge and understanding
• Have a natural desire to explore their environ
of the processes that bring about change
ment
in both physical and human environment
• have basic knowledge of direction and location
4.7 demonstrate geographical knowledge to create
• constantly interact with weather phenomena in
solutions to everyday challenges
day to day life
4.8 develop in learner’s enterprise skills in resource
• interact with natural resources
utilization and conservation
• are aware of people engaging in various eco
4.9 demonstrate the relationship between physi-
nomic activities
cal and human processes in the shaping of geo
graphic space
1.5 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES
his phase will develop in learners, skills and an appreci-
T
ation of:
METHODOLOGY AND TIME
• environmental issues ALLOCATION
• safety and health issues This syllabus takes into account learner centred ap-
• disaster risk management proaches and methods. The choice of teaching methods
• enterprise and approaches should be guided by the principles of
• sexuality, HIV and AIDS inclusivity, relevance, specificity, gender sensitivity and
• heritage respect. The following approaches and methods are rec-
• climate change ommended in the teaching and learning of geography:
• financial literacy

he syllabus proposes the use of the concentric, sys-

T 6.10 Industry
tems and integrated approaches. 6.11 Settlement and population
6.12 Transport and trade
The concentric approach: It recommends teaching ge-
ography starting from the local environment to the whole
of Zimbabwe, Southern African Development Community
region, the rest of Africa and the World.
Systems Approach: It involves the study of inter-re-

lationships of various components in the environment
which make up the whole. The focus is on the inputs,
processes and outputs and feedback in a given system.
The integrated approach: It recommends that related

topics should be taught together rather than in
isolation.
5.1 METHODOLOGY
The following are suggested methods of teaching and
learning geography:
• Demonstrations
• Field work
• Games
• Simulations
• Debates
• Laboratory work and experiments
• Group work and discussions
• Role-play
• Case studies
• Project based learning
• Educational tours
NB. The above suggested methods should be enhanced

by the application of orthodidactic principles and mul-
ti-sensory approaches to teaching. These include tac-
tility, concreteness, individualisation, self-activity, totality
and wholeness. Teachers are encouraged to address
the learners’ residual senses.
5.2 TIME ALLOCATION
Five (5) periods of 40 minutes per week should be allo-

cated for adequate coverage of the syllabus. The teach-
ers should allocate time appropriately for learners with
individual special education needs.
Educational tours should be undertaken at least once a

year.
TOPICS
6.1 Weather and Climate
6.2 Landforms
6.3 Ecosystems
6.4 Natural resources
6.5 Energy and Power
6.6 Map work and Geographical Information
systems
6. 7 Minerals and mining
6.8 Environmental management
6.9 Agriculture and land reform
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GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 3
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE
7.1 TOPIC 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

• Weather • Weather • Air masses • Temperate
elements and hazards • Air masses depressions
instruments • Influence of affecting • Frontal systems
• Weather people on Zimbabwe and • Tropical cyclones,
station weather Southern Africa • People’s influence on
• Weather data • Climate of • Climatic types on climate
• Types of Zimbabwe global scale; • Climate change
rainfall and • Climate • Interpretation of
distribution variability climatic data
• Weather
forecasting
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7.2 TOPIC 2: LANDFORMS AND LANDSCAPE PROCESSES
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• Landforms in the • Rocks • Plate Tectonics • Landforms resulting from:
local area, • Weathering of theory -Water action and river
Zimbabwe, Africa rocks and • Folding processes
and the world resulting • Faulting -Wind action
and benefits of landforms • Volcanoes and • Hazards associated with
these landforms. • Internal structure earthquakes landform development
of the earth • Effects of tectonic processes

• Continental Drift processes • Disaster risk management:
theory
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7.3 TOPIC 3: ECOSYSTEMS

• Components of an • Biodiversity • Biogeochemical cycles • Soil
ecosystem • Tropical ecosystems • Wetlands components

• Micro ecosystems (biomes) • Conservation of • Soil forming
• Interdependence in • Sustainable ecosystems processes in
ecosystems (food management of • Restoration of the tropics.
chains and webs) ecosystems ecosystem • Soil
• Use of ecosystems in • Benefits of ecosystems properties
entrepreneurship • Soil types
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7.4 TOPIC 4: NATURAL RESOURCES
• Natural • Population • Conservation of
resources and resources resources
concept • Exploitation of • Wildlife
• Renewable resources in management

and non- Zimbabwe
renewable and Africa
resources
• Sustainable
use of
resources in
their local
area
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7.5 TOPIC 5: ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT
• Types and • Economic • Conservation of
sources of importance of energy sources
energy energy types • Project on use of
• Siting of power • Relative energy in the local
plants importance of area.
• Power using different

generation energy
• Environmental sources
impact from
generation and
use of different
energy types
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7.6 TOPIC 6: MAP WORK AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• Characteristics of a good map • Gradient • Location • Boolean logic:

• Types of maps • Land use (Geographical Venn
• Location • Patterns and networks Positioning diagrams
• Scale System) and • Overlay
• Universal symbols world time zones analysis
• Direction • Electromagnetic
• Distance spectrum
• Remote sensing
(Photo
interpretation)
7.7 TOPIC 7: MINERALS AND MINING

• Distribution of • Factors influencing • Small scale mining • Environmental
minerals and mining in Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe conservation and
mines of • Methods of mining • Extraction and environmental
Zimbabwe • Mineralogy processing of management
• Ores and • Environmental minerals in • Environmental impact
mineral groups impacts of mining Zimbabwe and assessment in mining
• use and Africa • Sustainable utilisation
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importance of • Health and safety of mineral resources
minerals • Beneficiation and
value addition
7.8 TOPIC 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• Aspects of the • Environmental • Environmental • Environmental
environment deterioration management management planning
• State of the • Global warming legislation
environment in • Climate change • International • Aspect of
Zimbabwe • Climate change protocols and Environmental Impact
treaties Assessment(EIA)
adaptation and
mitigation
• Land use planning as a
strategy of sustainable
environmental
management
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7.9 TOPIC 9: AGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORM
• FORM 1 • FORM 2 • FORM 3 • FORM 4
• Factors influencing • Farming types in Zimbabwe • Land tenure • Climate change and
agriculture • Agro ecological regions in • Land reform agriculture
• Farming as a system Zimbabwe • Land Reform in • Agricultural disease, pests

• Land use zoning Zimbabwe and solutions
• Contribution of • Urban agriculture
small scale • Agribusiness
farmers to food
security
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7.10 TOPIC 10: INDUSTRY
• Types of industry • Secondary industry: • Small to • Service industries
• Importance of industries • Factors influencing location medium • tourism as a case
to Zimbabwe of industry; enterprises study of a service
• Nature and distribution • Types and distribution of • The role of industry

of industries in manufacturing and informal • Tourism and its
Zimbabwe processing industries industries in importance in
• Transnational industries Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
• Occupational • Quaternary
safety and industries
health • Problems associated
• Problems with service
associated with industries in
manufacturing Zimbabwe
industries in
Zimbabwe
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7.11 TOPIC 11: SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION
• Types of settlements • Urbanisation • Basic population • Population growth
• Site and location of settlements • Urban land use models terms • Patterns/Demographic
• Rural settlement patterns • Unplanned urban • Collection, Transition Model
• Rural and urban land use settlements presentation and • Causes of population
planning legislation • Effects and solutions of interpretation of growth and their effects
unplanned settlements population data • Causes and effects of
• Disaster resilient • Population migration
infrastructure distribution and • Internal and
density in International
Zimbabwe, • Population policy
Africa and the Population and diseases
world
7.12 TOPIC 12: TRANSPORT AND TRADE

• Transport • Trade • Regional imbalances in
-Modes of - domestic trade
transport - foreign • Trading blocks
-Advantages and
disadvantages
• Zimbabwean
transport network
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COMPETENCY MATRIX
FORM 1: SYLLABUS
Topic 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Topic OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES AND SUGGESTED

Learners should be ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
able to:
Weather • distinguish • Differences • Discussing the differences • Weather
elements and between between Weather between weather and instruments
instruments weather and and climate climate • School weather
climate • Weather elements • Describing weather station
• list elements of • Weather conditions they experience • Print media
weather instruments • Matching elements to • Electronic media
• describe • Reading corresponding instruments • Weather charts
instruments instruments and • Describing the functions of • Timber
used to recording weather weather instruments • Woodwork tools
measure data • Resource persons
weather • Local environment
elements • Jaws software
• read and • Talking books
record weather
data
Weather • identify the • Location of a • Measuring and recording

station factors Weather station weather data
influencing the • The Stevenson • Note: Schools should
location of a screen establish and run
weather station functional weather
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stations
• describe the • Determining the suitability of
characteristics the location of a school
of the weather station
Stevenson • Explaining the
screen characteristics of a
• make a Stevenson screen
Stevenson • Making a Stevenson screen
screen
Weather data • draw weather • Weather tables , • Plotting weather tables and
tables and graphs and maps graphs
graphs • Synoptic symbols • Interpreting weather maps
• Interpret • Weather statistics • Drawing synoptic symbols
synoptic • Reading synoptic charts
symbols • Calculating weather statistics
• Calculate
weather •
statistics
Precipitation • identify types of • Precipitation e.g. • Listing forms of precipitation

precipitation rain, snow, and • Describing the process of
• describe the hail rainfall formation
rainfall • Rainfall formation • Drawing diagrams
formation processes illustrating relief rainfall,
process • Types of rainfall, convectional rainfall, and
• draw annotated such as relief frontal rainfall.
diagrams of rainfall,
types of rainfall convectional
rainfall, frontal
rainfall.
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Weather • explain weather • Weather • Stating the meaning of
forecasting forecasting forecasting weather forecasting
• describe the • Importance of • Interpreting national weather
importance of weather forecast reports
weather forecasting • Predicting weather

forecasting • Indigenous • Discussing importance of
• forecast weather weather forecasting
weather using forecasting • Gathering information on
indigenous use of IKS in weather
knowledge forecasting
systems (IKS)
TOPIC 2: LANDFORMS AND LANDSCAPE PROCESSES
TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES SUGGESTED

Learners should be AND ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
able to:
Landforms • identify ● Landforms: • Observing • Local environment
landforms - local area landforms • Photographs
• describe the - regional • Describing • Videos
landforms - Africa landforms • Jaws software
- the world • Listing of • Talking books
landforms
• Sketching
landforms
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Benefits of • explain benefits • Benefits of • Discussing
landforms of landforms landforms benefits of
landforms
• differentiate • Modelling
between landforms and
landforms and landscape in the
landscape local environment
TOPIC 3: ECOSYSTEMS
TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES AND SUGGESTED

ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Components of • describe the • Components of • Outlining systems and • Local

Ecosystems meaning of systems ecosystems: ecosystems ecosystems
and - Biotic • Identifying components • Talking books
ecosystems.entify - Abiotic of the ecosystem • Jaws software
components of the • Demonstrating
ecosystem.. knowledge of ecosystem
• explain the components
components of the
ecosystem.draw
food chains and
food webs.
Micro ecosystem • identify components • Components of micro • Listing inputs, processes

of a local micro ecosystem: and outputs
ecosystem - Inputs • Discussing linkages
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• explain the - Processes • Touring local
linkages of the - Outputs ecosystems
components. • Recording components
of the ecosystems
Interdependence in • draw food chains • Food chain, food • Illustrating food chains,
ecosystems and food webs webs and food food webs and food
• interpret food pyramids pyramids
chains, food webs • Explaining linkages of
and food pyramids. the components of the
ecosystem
TOPIC 4: NATURAL RESOURCES

AND ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Learners should be
able to:
Renewable and non- • classify resource • Renewable and • Classifying

renewable resources into renewable non-renewable resources into
and non- resources renewable and
renewable non-renewable
Sustainable use of • describe how • Sustainable • Discussing

resources in their local resources can be exploitation of sustainable
area extracted resources extraction of
sustainably in resources
their locality
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY AND POWER
able to:
Types and sources of • list types of energy • Energy • Identifying fuel • Local environment
energy • identify sources of • Renewable: types • Photographs

energy -solar • Describing • Videos
• describe uses of -biogas sources of •
energy -water renewable and • Local environment
-wood fuel non renewable • Photographs
-wind energy • Videos
• Non renewable
fossil fuels:
-coal
-Petroleum • Local environment
-Natural gas • Photographs
-Nuclear energy • Videos
• Jaws software
• Talking books
Siting of power Plants • state factors • Siting of power • Identifying the

affecting siting of plants factors affecting
power plants • Location of siting of power
• describe the siting of hydro electric plants
power plants power
Power generation • describe types of • Nuclear and • Discussing

power generation thermal plants possible power
• explain the (including geo- plants
processes of power thermal)
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generation • Thermal power
generation(Geo
thermal, gas,
coal)
• Solar
• HEP
• Wind
• Nuclear
Environmental impact • explain the • Energy and • Discussing uses

from generation and environmental environment: of energy
use of energy impact of types of -Pollution • Undertaking
energy -Deforestation educational tours
-Climate change • Describing
• outline measures to • Mitigation environmental
mitigate -Reforestation impact of types
• -A forestation of energy
-Use of clean • Discussing
energy processes of
mitigation
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TOPIC 6: MAP WORK AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Characteristics of a • list the components of a • Components of a good map • Outlining the

map good map. − Title components of a • Ordinanc

• identify the components − Grid/ gratitude good map e survey
of a good map on a given − Direction information • Finding the Maps
map − Legend/ Key components of a • Atlases
− Scale good map on a • Magnetic
− Cartographer given map compass
− Co-ordinate reference es
system
Types of maps • outline the characteristics • Major types of maps • Listing the
of the major types of − Topographical maps characteristics of
maps. − Political the major types
• classify map into the − Physical of maps
major types − Economic • Categorising
maps into major
types
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Location on maps • determine the longitude • Co-ordinate systems • Mapping the
and latitude of a point in - geographic co-ordinate location of home
degrees system and school
• establish the longitude - Universal Transverse • Locating features
and latitude of a point Mercator co-ordinate on a map
using metres system (Thirteen figure

grid reference)
Scale • draw a sketch map • The concept of scale • Outlining the
showing locality of school • Importance of scale concept of scale
and home. • Types of scale • Explaining the
• explain the concept of - simple statement scale importance of
scale - representative fraction scale
• describe the importance - linear scale • Listing the types
of scale • Use of scale for of scale
• outline types of scale producing simple • Differentiating the
• distinguish among the maps types of scale
types of scale • Drawing simple
• demonstrate the use of maps using scale
scale in drawing simple
maps.
Universal symbols • draw universal symbols • Common universal symbols • Illustrating

• Interpret universal • Interpretation of universal phenomena
symbols on maps symbols on maps using universal
symbols
• Explaining
universal
symbols
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Direction • explain the concept of • The concept of direction • Describing the
direction • Compass directions concept of
• illustrate compass • Bearing direction
directions • Magnetic compasses and • Outlining
• calculate bearings their use compass
• navigate using magnetic directions

compasses • Computing
bearings
• Finding directions
using magnetic
compasses
Distance • measure distances using • Measurement of straight • Finding straight

various methods and winding distances on and winding
• demonstrate the use of maps: distances on
the Pythagoras theorem - string maps
in the calculation of - straight edged piece of • Calculating
distance paper distances using
• estimate area on maps - pair of dividers the Pythagoras
using grid squares and • Calculation of straight theorem
graph paper distances
• Estimation of area on maps • Finding area on
maps using
graphs paper and
grid squares
Area • Estimate area on maps • Estimation of area on maps • Finding area on
using grid squares and maps using
graph paper graph paper and
grid squares
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TOPIC 7: MINERALS AND MINING

able to:
Distribution of minerals • identify mines • Zimbabwe’s • Drawing maps • Geological maps
and mines in Zimbabwe and minerals in geological showing mines • Mineral samples
Zimbabwe formations and minerals • Local mines
• describe the • Mines and distribution in • Photographs of
distribution of minerals in Zimbabwe minerals
mines and Zimbabwe • Describing the • Recommended
minerals in • Distribution of distribution of text books
Zimbabwe mines and mines and
minerals in minerals in
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
• Touring mines
Ores and mineral • list precious • Precious • Identifying

groups minerals in minerals in precious minerals
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe
• identify ores and • Ores and mineral • Identifying
mineral groups groups minerals
• Discussing the
characteristics of
ores and mineral
groups in
Zimbabwe
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Use and importance of • describe the • The economic • Discussing the
minerals economic importance of economic
importance of minerals in importance of
minerals in Zimbabwe minerals in
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
TOPIC 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Learners should be able ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
to:
Aspects of the • identify aspects of • Aspects of the • explaining aspects of the
environment the environment environment environment
• Photographs
• describe aspects of -land
• Videos
the environment
-water • Talking books
-air • Jaws software
• Local
environment
• Resource
persons
• EMA Act
• ZINWA Act
• Water Act
• Parks and
Wildlife Act
• Forestry Act
• Recommended
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text books
-
State of the • describe state of the • Environment: • Observing the state of the
environment environment - Pristine environment
• distinguish between - Degraded • Discussing the pristine and
pristine and degraded environment

degraded state of
the environment
Environmental • outline the • Management of • Investigating IKS on
management Indigenous - Land environmental
knowledge systems - Water management
(IKS) in - Air • Discussing environmental
environmental - Wildlife management
management • Developing environmental
• explain the management plan
environmental
management
concept:
TOPIC 9: AGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORM
TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES RECOMMENDED

Learners should be able to:
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concept:
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TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES RECOMMENDED
Factors • explain agriculture • Types of • Discussing the

influencing • Identify types of agriculture agriculture concept of 32
• Local farms
agriculture
• explain factors influencing • Physical agriculture

• Charts showing
agriculture factors • Listing types of
farming in
• Political agriculture
Zimbabwe
factors • Explaining factors
• Local land uses
• Socio- influencing
• Recommended
economic agriculture
text books
factors
Farming • name elements of a farm • Inputs • Listing elements of

as a • classify inputs into physical, • Processing a farm
system human and economic • Outputs • Differentiating
• identify elements of a classes of inputs
communal farm • Tabulating elements
of a communal farm
Land use • identify land use zones in a • Land use zones • Drawing different
zoning community such as: land use zones on
• Justify the need for zoning - arable land maps
• outline suitability of land for - grazing land • Explaining land
particular land use - residential uses in the local
land community
• Land use • Justifying each land
legislation such use zone
as: the town and • Touring farms
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country planning
Act
Factors • explain agriculture • Types of • Discussing the
influencing • Identify types of agriculture agriculture concept of
• Local farms
agriculture • explain factors influencing • Physical agriculture

• Charts showing
agriculture factors • Listing types of
farming in
• Political agriculture
Zimbabwe
factors • Explaining factors
• Local land uses
• Socio- influencing
• Recommended
economic agriculture
text books
factors
Farming • name elements of a farm • Inputs • Listing elements of
as a • classify inputs into physical, • Processing a farm
system human and economic • Outputs • Differentiating
• identify elements of a classes of inputs
communal farm • Tabulating elements
of a communal farm
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Land use • identify land use zones in a • Land use zones • Drawing different
zoning community such as: land use zones on
• Justify the need for zoning - arable land maps
• outline suitability of land for - grazing land • Explaining land
particular land use - residential uses in the local

land community
• Land use • Justifying each land
legislation such use zone
as: the town and • Touring farms
country planning
Act
TOPIC 10: INDUSTRY

Learners should be able
to:
Types of industry • describe industry • Industry • Describing industry
• identify types of • Types of industry • Identifying types of
• Maps
industry industry
• Charts
• Newspaper
• Talking books
• Jaws software
• Recommende
d text books
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Importance of • explain the • Importance of • Discussing
industries to importance of industries importance of
Zimbabwe industry industry
• Touring local
industries
Nature and • describe the • Distribution of • Describing the
distribution of distribution of industries in distribution of
industries in industries in Zimbabwe industries in
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
TOPIC 11: SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION

Learners should be
able to:
Types of settlement • identify different • Characteristics of • Observing nature • Local environment
types of rural settlements of settlement in • Photographs
settlement • Characteristics of local area
• describe the urban settlements • Discussing
• Jaws software
characteristics differences • Maps
features of between urban • Resource persons
different and rural • Acts of Parliament
settlement types settlement
• Constitution of
• Debating the
advantages and
Zimbabwe
disadvantages of • Recommended
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living either in text books
rural or urban
settlement
Site and situation of • distinguish site • Site and situation • distinguishing site
settlements and situation of a factors and situation of a
settlement settlement (rural
• Nucleation
or urban)
• outline general • Dispersion

site factors of • describing the
settlements site of the local
settlement/ any
• identify site
rural area you are
factors that familiar to
influenced
location of their
local settlement
• explain the
importance of
situation in
growth of
settlement
Rural settlement • identify rural • Rural settlement • Describing

patterns settlement patterns arrangement of
patterns dwelling units in
the local area
• describe rural
(rural or urban)
settlement
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patterns • Drawing rural
settlement
patterns
Rural and Urban land • list laws • Regional town and • Describing land
use planning governing rural country planning use planning laws
legislation and urban land Act
use in Zimbabwe • Discussing the

• Rural councils Act
main issues in
the land use
planning laws
TOPIC12: TRANSPORT AND TRADE

Modes of • describe ‘transport’ • Modes of • Describing • Maps showing
Transport • Identify modes of transport transport ‘transport’ as a transport
• explain changes in modes − air concept • networks
of transport in recent times − railway • Listing modes of • Photographs
− road transport • Airports
− water • Touring transport • Road ports
− pipeline convergence • Sea ports
centres such as
airports and road
ports
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Advantages • explain the advantages • Advantages • Outlining
and and disadvantages of and advantages and
Disadvantages modes of transport disadvantages disadvantages of
of transport different modes of
modes transport
Transport • explain the different • Transport • Mapping/drawing of

networks transport networks in networks and transport network
Zimbabwe, region and analysis routes of Zimbabwe
Africa. • Describing transport
• draw transport networks networks in
• calculate transport indices Zimbabwe, region
• interpret transport indices and Africa.
• Identifying transport
networks from maps
• Drawing transport
flow line diagrams
• Calculating transport
indices
• Interpreting
transport indices
•
Transport • discuss solutions to • Transport • Discussing solutions
challenges transport challenges challenges and to transport
solutions challenges
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FORM 2 COMPETENCY MATRIX
FORM 2: SYLLABUS
TOPIC 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE


able to:
Weather hazards • outline weather • Weather hazards • Stating weather • Maps
hazards such as floods, hazards • Weather
• describe causes lightning and • Identifying instruments
and effects of drought hazards impacts • School weather
weather hazards • Causes of • Determining station
• suggest weather hazards mitigation • Print media
measures to • Weather hazards measure • Electronic media
reduce weather impact • Identifying • Weather charts
hazards • Mitigation human activities • Resource
measures which contribute persons
to changes in • Local
local weather environment
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Influence of people on • describe how • Effect of human • Analysing the
weather human activities activities on effects of human
contribute to weather such as activities on
weather changes deforestation, weather
• evaluate the dam
effect of human construction,
influence on industrialisation
weather
Climate of Zimbabwe • describe • Climatic zones • describing
Zimbabwe’s and patterns in climatic zones of
climatic zones Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
• relate • Discussing
Zimbabwe’s relationships
climatic zones to between climatic
various zones and
economic economic
activities activities of
Zimbabwe
Climate variability • describe climate • Climate • Discussing
variability variability in climate variability
• suggest Zimbabwe • Examining
solutions to (temperature and effects of climate
effects of climate rainfall variability
variability anomalies) • Discussing
• describe effects • Effects of climate solutions to
of climate variability effects of climatic
variability • Solutions to variability
effects of climate • Note: Learners
variability should continue
recording
weather data
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able to:
Rocks • Identify main • Rock types; • Examining rocks • Rock samples

types of rocks • Describing the • Local environment
• Describe the − igneous formation of • Photographs
formation of − sedimentary rocks • Videos
each of the − metamorphic • Distinguishing
main rock • Origin of rocks characteristics of
types rocks
• describe the • classifying rocks
characteristics under each main
of various rock rock type
under each
main rock type
• classify the
rock types
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able to:
Weathering of • describe the • Physical/mechanical • Describing the main • Photographs
rocks and
main types of weathering types of weathering • Sketches diagrams

resultant weathering • Chemical weathering • Distinguishing • Local environment
landforms • distinguish • Landforms resulting from between mechanical • Model of the earth
between weathering and chemical • Maps
mechanical − granitic landforms weathering
and chemical − karst landform • Sketching landforms
weathering resulting from
• describe weathering
landforms • Observing landforms
resulting from in the local area
weathering
• Internal • illustrate with a • The parts of the internal • Drawing the internal
structure of diagram the structure of the earth structure of the earth
the earth internal structure - crust
of the earth - mantle • Modelling the
• describe the parts - core internal structure of
of the internal the earth
structure of the
earth
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TOPIC 3: ECOSYSTEMS
Learners should be
able to:
Biodiversity • identify habitats in a • Species diversity • Undertaking Field • Maps

local ecosystem • Habitat diversity survey to determine • Photographs
• Genetic diversity biodiversity • Videos
• Adopting a micro • Local
environment for environment
biodiversity • Satellite images
conservation • Legislation such
Participating in as Ecosystems
biodiversity Protection Act
conservation
projects
Tropical ecosystems • locate biomes in • Equatorial • Describing the

Africa rainforest location of individual
• identify the inputs, • Tropical biomes on a map.
processes and continental • Describing the inputs,
outputs of each biome • Tropical desert processes and
• explain the outputs of each
adaptations of biome.
vegetation and • Outlining the
animals in each adaptation of
biome vegetation and
animals in each biome
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Sustainable • describe sustainability • Concept of • Describing • Maps
Management of of ecosystem ecosystem ecosystems • Photographs
ecosystems • identify strategies for sustainability sustainability • Videos
conserving local • Conservation • Formulating ways of • Local
forests measures against conservation of local environment

• construct fireguards environmental forests • Satellite images
around the school challenges such • Participating in Legislation such
• plant trees in the as veld fires, constructing as Ecosystems
locality deforestation and fireguards Protection Act
• control local erosion soil erosion • Planting trees and
controlling soil erosion
Use of ecosystems in • Identify potential • Potential eco- • Listing potential • Local
entrepreneurship businesses from business businesses from ecosystems
ecosystems • Project on small ecosystems e.g. eco- • Recommended
• Design a small business using tourism textbooks
business using local local ecosystems • Drawing up a
ecosystems business proposal
• Run a small business based on resources
using local ecosystem from local ecosystem
• Running a small
ecosystem-based
business.
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able to:
Population and • describe the • Growth of • Discussing the • Maps
resources growth of population and growth of • Charts

population and its its effects on population and • Print media
effects on resources effects on • Magazines
resources resources • ZimStat
• Local environment
Exploitation of • describe the • Discussing the
natural resources in factors influencing factors influencing
Africa exploitation of the exploitation of
natural resources natural resources
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT
able to:
Economic • explain the • Importance of • Discussing the • Photographs
importance of energy importance of energy energy in role of energy in • Videos
types in economic activities agriculture, economic • Local environment
• examine the mining, and development • Print media

advantages and manufacturing • Comparing and • Electronic media
disadvantages of • Advantages and contrasting
using different types disadvantages of different energy
of energy using different types
sources of energy
Relative importance • justifying the •Sources of energy: • Calculating the

of using different choice of particular types -water relative costs of using
energy sources of energy -wind different energy types
- solar, • Touring farms
- nuclear and factories that use
-biogas energy
-fossil fuels
-wood
-animal |draught
power
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TOPIC 6: MAP WORK AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Contour lines and • describe the concept of • The concept of • Explaining the concept of • Ordinance
their interpretation contour lines contour lines contour lines survey Maps
• determine altitude using • Determination of • Finding altitude using • Atlases
contour lines altitude using contour contour lines
• identify landforms using lines • Recognising contour
contour patterns • Identification of patterns using contour
landforms using patterns
contour patterns
Gradient • describe the concept of • The concept of • Explaining the concept of

gradient gradient gradient
• calculate gradient of a • Calculation of • Finding the gradient of a
slope gradient slope
• apply gradient data to • Interpretation of • Describing phenomena
understand phenomena gradient data on a map using gradient
on the map data
Landuse Patterns • describe types of • Types of landuse • Identifying types of

landuse on a map landuse on maps
• explain determinants of • Factors affecting • Outlining determinants of
landuse zoning on landuse patterns landuse patterns on map
maps • Identification landuse • Outlining land uses from
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• identify landuse patterns on maps maps
patterns on a map • Types of landuse • Recognising landuse
• describe types of patterns patterns on a map
landuse patterns − point data • Explaining the types of
• explain processes − polygon/area landuse patterns
influencing landuse data • Describing the
patterns − line data determinants of landuse

• Processes patterns
influencing
landuse pattern
on maps

Learners should be
able to:
Factors influencing • describe the term • Mining • Discussing the • Mining Maps
mining in Zimbabwe mining • Factors influencing meaning of mining • Models of Mining
• describe the mining • Explaining factors methods
factors influencing influencing mining • Print media
mining in • Internet
Zimbabwe • Videos on mining
methods
• Mines (including
panning sites)
• Photographs
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• Gold panners
• Testing kits
Methods of mining • describe the • Methods of mining: • Discussing the • Mineral samples
mining methods in • Surface mining methods: • Recommended
Zimbabwe • Underground advantages and textbooks
disadvantages of • Mineral testing kits

each.
Mineralogy • identify methods • Gold panning in • Investigating

used in Zimbabwe: methods used to
prospecting for • prospecting methods prospect for gold
gold (including IKS) • Describing
• describe physio- • physio-chemical methods used in
chemical properties of alluvial gold panning
properties of minerals • Touring gold
alluvial minerals • mining methods panning sites
• identify methods • problems associated • Devising measures
used in gold with gold panning to increase the
panning • measures to increase contribution of gold
• outline problems the contribution of gold panning proceeds
associated with panning to the national to the economy
gold panning economy • Testing for gold,
• suggest measures diamond, tin etc.
to increase the
contribution of gold NB Learners
panning to the should test for
national economy the properties of
one mineral in the
laboratory
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Environmental • describe the • Environmental impact of • Discussing
impact of mining environmental mining environmental
impacts of mining • Mitigation and impacts of mining
• identify mitigation rehabilitation of a mining • Touring a local
measures area mine to study
• Identify mining environmental
area rehabilitation impact of mining

measures and discussing
solutions
• Developing a
sustainable
environmental
management plan

Learners should be
able to:
Environmental • describe forms • Forms of • Outlining forms • Local
degradation of environmental of environmental environment
environmental degradation such as: degradation • Photographs
degradation − veld fires • Debating • Videos
• describe − soil erosion causes of • Resource
causes of − silting of rivers environmental persons
environmental − rivers changing degradation • Climate Policy
degradation courses • Discussing
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• explain effects − gullies effects of document
environmental
of − uncontrolled • Climate Change
environmental mining degradation Response
degradation − uncontrolled sand • Explaining ways Strategy
• outline abstraction of mitigating document
mitigation − deforestation environmental
measures − destruction of degradation

wetlands
− water pollution
− air pollution
− poor waste
management
practices
− other forms such
as noise and
graffiti
• Social, economic and
physical effects
• Mitigation of
environmental
degradation
Impact of climate • identify impacts Impact on : • Discussing

change on the of climate impacts of
• Land
environment change on the climate change
− soil
environment on the
− vegetation environment
• Water: • Debating pros
− quantity and cons of
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− quality climate change
• Air quality impact in
• Negative impacts Zimbabwe
• Positive impacts
• explain pros
and cons of
climate change
Climate change • describe • Climate change • Identifying

mitigation climate change mitigation -targeting climate change
mitigation people and mitigation
measures environment measures

able to:
Farming • identify the • Characteristics of farming types • Classifying • Local farms
types in dominant - Subsistence farming types in • Map showing
Zimbabwe farming types * Benefits and Zimbabwe farming in
in Zimbabwe challenges Zimbabwe
• explain the - Communal farming in • Outlining • Photographs of
characteristics Zimbabwe characteristics farms or farming
of each farming - Commercial of each farming activities
type * dairying, type •
* horticulture/ market
gardening
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* cattle ranching
* mixed farming
* plantation and irrigation
farming
Agro- • draw • Regions 1- 6 • Identifying
ecological Zimbabwe`s - location regions on a

regions of agro-ecological - characteristics map of
Zimbabwe regions on a - farming activities Zimbabwe
map of
Zimbabwe
• describe the • Outlining the
characteristics characteristics
of each region of each region
• explain the
farming • Identifying the
activities of farming
each region activities of
each region
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TOPIC 10: INDUSTRY

Learners should be
able to:
Secondary industry: • explain factors • Factors influencing • Discussing factors • Charts
factors influencing influencing the the location of influencing location of • Photographs
location of industry location of industries industry industry • Local industry
• Identifying types of • Maps
industrial location
• Explaining the factors
influencing the
location of a local
industry
• Touring a local
industrial site
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industries • Examples of industries
• discuss example of manufacturing and
manufacturing and processing industries • Discussing examples
processing of manufacturing and
industries processing industries
Transnational • describe • Transnational • Explaining the
corporations (TNCs) transnational corporations concept transnational
corporations • Advantages and corporations
• discuss the disadvantages of
advantages and Transnational • Describing the

disadvantages of corporations advantages and
Transnational disadvantages of
corporations Transnational
corporations
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Learners should be able AND ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
to:
Urbanisation • explain the causes of • Causes of • Discussing • Graphs
urbanisation urbanisation causes of • Tables
• describe process of • Process of urbanisation • Local urban centre
urbanisation urbanisation • Explaining the • Photographs
• describe effects of • Effects of process of • Videos
urbanisation urbanisation urbanisation • Print media
• suggest solutions to • Debating effects • Electronic media
problems of of urbanisation • Unplanned
urbanisation • settlements
• Identifying
solution to
problems of
urbanisation
Urban land use • describe urban land • Urban land use • Matching models
models use zones zones: to actual towns in
• outline the main - CBD Zimbabwe
features of different - industrial • Undertaking an
land use models zones educational
- residential tour/trip to an
zones urban area
recreational
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to:
zones
•
Land use
models:
- Concentric
- Sector
- Multiple-
nuclei
Unplanned urban • state characteristic of • Nature of • Undertaking an
Settlements unplanned unplanned educational tour
settlements settlements to unplanned
• describe the location • Distribution of settlements
of unplanned unplanned • Identifying
settlements within settlements characteristics of
urban centres within urban unplanned
• explain causes of centres settlements
unplanned • Causes of • Explaining the
settlements unplanned distribution of
settlements in unplanned
urban areas settlement
Effects and solutions • outline effects of • Unplanned • Identifying • Photographs
of unplanned unplanned settlements and effects of • Videos
settlements settlements the environment unplanned • Local urban centre
• suggest measures to • Socio-economic settlements • Local environment
solve problems of impact of • Discussing • Print media
unplanned unplanned solutions to the • Electronic media
settlements settlements challenges of • Unplanned
• Measures to unplanned settlements
solve problems settlements
of unplanned
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to:
settlement
Disaster resilient
• identify the main • Housing • Observing local

Infrastructure features of disaster designs and infrastructure
resilient infrastructure materials designs
• describe factors • Factors to • Suggesting
considered in siting consider when examples of
settlements siting disaster resilient
settlements infrastructure

Trade • Explain trade • Trade as a • Identifying what • Maps showing trade
• Describe trade patterns in result of necessitates patterns and
Zimbabwe, SADC, Africa and demand in one trade volumes
the world place being met • Outlining trade
by supply from patterns
another • Drawing trade
• Trade patterns diagrams
in Zimbabwe, showing trade
SADC ,Africa patterns
and the world
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Domestic and • outline the characteristics of • Domestic trade • Interpreting
foreign trade domestic and foreign trade • Foreign trade trade graphs
• differentiate domestic from • Outlining the
foreign trade characteristics of
domestic and
foreign trade
• discussing the
differences
between
domestic and
foreign trade
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FORM 3: COMPETENCY MATRIX
FORM 3: SYLLABUS

to:
Air masses • describe an air • Air mass • Describing an air • Videos

mass • Classification of air mass • Maps of
• classify air masses masses • Describing the Zimbabwe,
• describe types of • Characteristics of basis for Africa and the
air masses and types of air classifying air World
their masses masses • Climatic tables
characteristics • Discussing the • Charts
types and • Synoptic maps
characteristics of
air masses
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Air masses affecting • describe weather • Air masses • Identifying air
Zimbabwe and associated with air affecting masses affecting
Southern Africa masses affecting Zimbabwe and Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe and Southern Africa ( • Describing the
Southern Africa south-east and weather
• describe weather north-east trades associated with
conditions and north-west air masses
associated with trade winds) affecting

the Inter-Tropical • Weather Zimbabwe and
Convergence zone associated with air Southern Africa
masses affecting • Illustrating the
Zimbabwe and position of the
Southern Africa • ITCZ in Africa in
• The Inter-Tropical January and July
Convergence
Zone(ITCZ)
Climate types on a • explain the basis • Climatic types and • Discussing the
global scale for climatic characteristics on basis for climatic
classification on a a global scale i.e. classification on a
global scale tropical climates, global scale
• describe warm temperate • Drawing maps of
characteristics of climates and polar Africa showing
world’ s climatic climates major climatic
regions regions
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Interpretation of • interpret climatic • Climatic data • Describing
climatic data graphs and tables climatic tables
and graphs

to:
Continental • outline the • The continental drift • Identifying • World map
Drift Theory continental drift theory evidence of the • GIS (simulation)
theory continental drift • Videos
theory
Plate tectonics • describe tectonic • Plate boundaries: • Illustrating

theory movement − Constructive/Diverge constructive,
• explain nt destructive and
implications of − Destructive/Converge conservative
plate tectonic nt boundaries
movements on − Transform • Discussing
climate implications of
plate
movements
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to:
Folding and • describe processes • Folding and resultant • Illustrating
faulting of folding and landforms landforms

faulting • Faulting and resultant resulting from
• describe resultant landforms folding and
landforms faulting
Volcanoes and • outline the • Volcanoes and • Outlining the

earthquakes distribution of Earthquakes distribution of
volcanoes and volcanoes and
earthquakes earthquakes
• explain the causes
of volcanoes and
earth quakes
Effects of identify effects of • Effects of volcanic • Explaining the

tectonic volcanic activity activity and effects of
processes and earthquakes earthquakes volcanic activity
• identify measures and earthquake
Mitigating • to reduce effects • Measures to reduce • Suggesting

effects of of vulcanicity and effects of vulcanicity measures to
vulcanicity and earthquakes and earthquakes reduces the
earthquakes effects of
vulcanicity and
earthquakes
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TOPIC 3: ECOSYSTEMS

Learners should be able to: AND ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Biogeochemical • explain the • Biogeochemical • Describing • Local

cycles biogeochemical cycles cycles (Nutrient biogeochemical ecosystems
• outline the importance cycle, Nitrogen cycle cycles • Photographs
of biogeochemical and Carbon cycle) • Discussing the • Electronic media
cycles in the importance of the • Print media
ecosystem cycles to the
ecosystems
Wetlands • explain the importance • Importance of • Describing the • Wetlands
of wetlands wetlands importance of
• outline the benefits of wetlands
wetlands • Benefits of wetland • Discussing the
areas benefits of
wetlands
Conservation of • Identify methods of • Conservation methods • Explaining the • EMA Act
ecosystem conservation such as: methods of
- terracing conservation
- use of alternative
sources of energy such
as biogas, solar
- destocking
- legislation
- IKS
Restoration of • explain the methods of • Restoration methods • Discussing the • Degraded
ecosystems restoring ecosystems such as: methods of environment
• outline benefits of - gully reclamation restoration
restoring ecosystems - grass planting • Explaining the
- tree planting benefits of
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restoring the
ecosystems
• Adopting
degraded local
ecosystems and
rehabilitating
them
Benefits of • explain the importance • Benefits such as • Discussing the

ecosystems of ecosystems - timber benefits of
- carbon sinks ecosystems
- oxygen
- fruits/honey
- reduce soil erosion
- humus
- medicines
- increase in
precipitation
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to:
Conservation of • describe resources • Resources • Undertaking • Maps
resources conservation • conservation field trip /tour • Print media

measures methods of: • Identifying ways • CITES
• identify ways of − fish of conserving • Reserves and
conserving resources − water resources sanctuaries
− soil
• Wildlife parks
− forest
• Local
environment
• CAMPFIRE
districts such as
Mbire, Mahenye,
Hurungwe
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to:
Wildlife management • describe wildlife • Types of wildlife • Discussing
management management advantages and
• identify advantages of − Game parks disadvantages
of wildlife
wildlife management − Conservancies

− Safari areas management
− Sanctuaries
− National parks
Human wildlife conflict • distinguish problem- • Human-wildlife • Listing problem

animals from conflict animals and
dangerous animals • Causes of human- dangerous
• identify the causes of wildlife conflict animals
human-wildlife conflict • Solutions to • Explaining the
• suggest solutions to human- causes of
human-wildlife
conflict
• Discussing the
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to:
Communal Areas • human wildlife conflict • wildlife conflict • solutions to
•
Management • give reasons for the CAMPFIRE human-wildlife

Programme For establishment of the • Benefits of conflict
Indigenous Resources CAMPFIRE CAMPFIRE • Identifying
(CAMPFIRE) • discuss the benefits • Sustainability of reasons for the
of the CAMPFIRE establishment of
CAMPFIRE
CAMPFIRE
• discuss the
• Explaining the
sustainability of benefits of
CAMFIRE CAMPFIRE
• Discussing
sustainability of
CAMPFIRE
• Note: Refer to
a specific case
study in
Zimbabwe.
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY AND POWER
Learners should be able to: AND ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Conservation of • explain how energy • Energy • Explaining • Local environment
energy sources sources can be conservation energy • Policies and
conserved methods: conservation strategies such as:

-Increased use • Participating in - Renewable
of public conservation energy policy
transport activities such - Bio-fuels policy
-Use of as tree planting - Climate policy
renewable and recycling - Climate change
energy sources response
(wind, biogas, strategy
Hydro- electric
power,
solar power)
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Energy • analyse types of energy • Production of • Conducting
production and used and conservation energy in the survey on
conservation in measures undertaken in local area energy
the local area the local area • Conservation conservation in
the local area
measures:
− reforestation • Making energy
− use of energy conserving
efficient technologies
technologies such as: -
biogas digester
and tsotso
stove
Note:
Learners are
encouraged to
form energy
conserving
clubs
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TOPIC 6: MAP WORK AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
able to:
Global Positioning • explain the • The concept of GPS • Describing how • GPS units
System and world time concept of GPS • Navigation using GPS works • Smart phones
zones • apply GPS GPS • Navigating using • Q GIS software
technology in • World time zones GPS (open source)
navigation - Calculating time • Finding the time • Computers
• calculate time using longitude zone of a location • The Internet –
using longitude Google earth/
Flashearth
The Electromagnetic • describe the • The concept of light • Explaining the
spectrum concept of light as as a wave concept of light as a
a wave • The visible wave wave
• explain the visible bands of the • Describing the
wave bands of electromagnetic visible wave bands
the spectrum of the
electromagnetic • Application of the
electromagnetic
spectrum electromagnetic
• apply the spectrum in the spectrum
electromagnetic interpretation of • Demonstrating the
spectrum in the photographs. ability to use the
interpretation of electromagnetic
photographs spectrum in the
interpretation of
photographs
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66

to:
Small scale • describe small • Small scale • Discussing small • Maps
mining in scale mining mining scale mining • Charts
Zimbabwe • describe the • Contribution of • Discussing the • Print media
contribution of small small scale contribution of • Internet
scale mining to the mining to the small scale • Mines and
economy of economy of mining to the Minerals Act
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe economy. • Environmental
• explain the • Challenges • Identifying Management Act
challenges and and solutions challenges and • NASSA Act
solutions to small • Legislative solutions to small • EMA officials
scale mining scale mining. • Resource
• outline the • Researching on persons
legislative legal
requirements on
mining and
mining rights
Processing of • framework on • framework on • Discussing the
minerals in mining and mining mining and processing of
rights mining rights selected minerals
in Zimbabwe and
Africa
Zimbabwe and • explain the • The

Africa processing of processing of
selected minerals in selected
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Zimbabwe and minerals in
Africa Zimbabwe and
Africa
Beneficiation and • describe the • The • Discussing the
Value addition importance of beneficiation importance of

beneficiation of of minerals in beneficiation of
minerals in Zimbabwe minerals
Zimbabwe
Safety and • explain the • Issues of • Discussing safety

Health in mining importance of safety and and health issues
safety and health health in in mining
issues in mining mining

to:
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to:
Environmental • explain • Environmental • Interpreting key • Constitution of

management environmental management provisions of Zimbabwe 74

legislation in management legislation environmental • Environmental
Zimbabwe legislation • Effectiveness management Management Act
• assess the of legislation • Ecosystems
effectiveness of environmental • Explaining the Protection Act
requisite legislation management effectiveness of • Photographs
on environmental legislation environmental • Videos
management • Challenges and management • Resource persons
• discuss challenges Solutions legislation
and solutions of • Discussing
implementing challenges and
environmental solutions of
management implementing
legislation environmental
management
legislation

Learners ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
should be able
to:
Land tenure • describe land • Land tenure systems • Explaining land tenure • Title deeds and
tenure - Free-hold • Listing land tenure types lease
• identify forms - Leasehold • Describing characteristics agreements
of land - Communal of each tenure system forms
tenure in - State-owned • Giving advantages and • Charts
Zimbabwe • Advantages and disadvantages disadvantages of each illustrating
• explain land tenure system models of
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Learners ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
should be able
to:
characteristic resettlement
s of each • Resettlement
land tenure farms
system • Newly resettled

• compare farmers
land tenure
systems
Land reform • describe land • Reorganisation of land • Discussing land reform
reform - Land tenure • Debating the need for
• explain forms - Landuse land reform
of land • land consolidation • Explaining forms of land
reform • land fragmentation reform
Land reform • identify • Resettlement: • Justifying land reform in
in Zimbabwe reasons for - Phase1 (the willing seller willing Zimbabwe
land reform buyer) and Phase 2 • Explaining land reform in
in Zimbabwe (accelerated) Zimbabwe
• explain the * Aims • Touring resettlement
land reform * Processes farms
process in * Outcomes • Discussing the
Zimbabwe * Challenges and solutions contribution of small scale
• outline the * Characteristics of farming to food security
contribution resettlement models
of small- • Small scale farming and food
scale farming security
to food
security
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TOPIC 10: INDUSTRY

able to:
Small to medium • describe the • small to medium • Describing the • Print media
enterprises causes , enterprise characteristics, • Pamphlets
characteristics − causes causes and • Government
and location of − characteristics location of small publications
small to − location to medium • Statutory
medium enterprises instruments
enterprises
The role of informal • discuss the role • The role of informal • Discussing the
industries in of informal industries in Zimbabwe role of informal
Zimbabwe industries in industries in
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
Occupational safety • discuss • Occupational safety and • Discussing

and health in measures health measures
industry adopted in adopted in
industries to industries to
promote promote
occupational occupational
safety and safety and
health health
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Challenges • identify • Challenges facing • Discussing
associated with solutions to manufacturing and solutions
manufacturing and challenges processing industries in associated with
processing industries facing Zimbabwe challenges
in Zimbabwe manufacturing facing
and processing manufacturing
industries in and processing
Zimbabwe industries in
Zimbabwe

able to:
Population terms • describe • Population terms such • Describing • The home
population terms as: population terms • The local
• apply population - Birth rate, death • Applying population community
terms at local or rate terms • Census reports
national levels - Infant mortality
rate
- Fertility
Population data • collect population • Population data • Conducting sample • Class members
collection, data within the collection and survey and a school • Family members
78
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able to:
presentation and school or local analysis techniques census • Population
interpretation community • •
Population data Drawing population pyramids

• analyse presentation pyramids
population data techniques • Discussing the data
• present • Comparing
population data population pyramids
• interpret of different
population data regions(Zimbabwe
and
Sweden/Germany)
Population • describe • Population • Identifying • Population

distribution and population distribution in population maps of
density in distribution in Zimbabwe: distribution Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, Africa Zimbabwe, Africa, • Africa patterns • Population
and the world and the world • World ● Discussing maps of Africa
● explain ● Variations in causes of • Population
differences in population density population maps of the
population density in Zimbabwe, Africa distribution/densi World
in Zimbabwe, and the world ty
Africa and the ● Factors affecting
world population density
79
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TOPICS OBJECIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES AND RECOMMENDED
able to:
Regional imbalances in • demonstrate how • Trade • Explaining the concept • Maps of
trade trading patterns imbalances of ‘regional trade internal,

may create within a imbalance’ regional and
imbalances country • Identifying trade international
nationally and • Regional imbalances on maps trade
between trade nationally, regionally
regions/nations imbalances and internationally
• International
trade
imbalances
-
Trading blocs • name economic • Trading blocs • Listing of trading
groupings like - SADC groupings
SADC,COMESA, - COMESA • Explaining the aims of
ECOWAS, - ECOWAS the different economic
OPEC, EU - OPEC groupings
• Give reasons for - EU
the formation of
trading blocs 80
FORM 4 SYLLABUS COMPETENCY MATRIX

FORM 4: SYLLABUS
73

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able to:
Temperate depressions • describe factors • Development of • Discussing • Maps
influencing the temperate structure and • Photographs
74
the formation of
trading blocs
FORM 4 SYLLABUS COMPETENCY MATRIX

FORM 4: SYLLABUS

able to:
Temperate depressions • describe factors • Development of • Discussing • Maps
influencing the temperate structure and • Photographs
development and depressions development of • charts
distribution of temperate
temperate depressions
depressions
Frontal systems • describe weather • Types of fronts • Identifying types

associated with and related of fronts and
different types of weather their associated
fronts weather
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Tropical cyclones • discuss the • Distribution and • Describing the
distribution and development of distribution and
development of tropical cyclones development of
tropical cyclones • Weather tropical cyclones
• explain weather conditions and • Explaining
hazards hazards weather
associated with associated with
tropical cyclones tropical cyclones
Human influence on • identify human • Human influence • conditions and

climate activities on climate such hazards
influencing as afforestation, associated with
climate desertification, tropical cyclones
dam construction • Identifying
human activities
influencing
climate
Climate change • describe the • Nature, causes • Discussing the

nature, causes and effects of nature, causes
and effects of climate change and effects of
climate change • Adaptation to climate change
in Zimbabwe and climatic change • Identifying ways
the world at large • Mitigation of adaptation
• identify ways of against climate and mitigation
adaptation and change against climate
mitigation change
against climate
change
82
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Learners should ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
be able to:
Landforms • describe • Seasonal nature of rivers • Labelling of rivers in • Maps
resulting the nature in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe • Local rivers

from water of seasonal • Photography
action and water flow • Processes operating along • Print and
river in rivers a river channel • Explaining the processes electronic media
processes • explain • Landforms resulting from operating along a river
river river processes: channel
processes − valleys • Describing landforms
in shaping − meanders resulting from river
the − waterfalls processes:
landscape − rapids − valleys
• describe − meanders
landforms − waterfall
resulting − rapids etc.
from river
processes
Landforms • describe • Characteristics of arid and • Discussing characteristics
resulting the semi arid regions of arid and semi-arid
from wind characterist • Distribution of arid and regions
action ics of arid semi-arid regions • Describing factors
and semi • Wind action processes influencing location and
arid regions such as erosion, extent of arid and semi-
• explain the transportation and arid areas in Zimbabwe
distribution deposition and Africa
of arid and • Landforms resulting from • Explaining wind action
semi-arid wind action areas in processes of erosion,
regions Zimbabwe and Africa transportation and
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• explain the disposition
processes • Describing the formation
of wind of landforms from wind
action action
• describe
the
landforms
resulting
from wind
action
Hazards • describe • Hazards associated with • Describing hazards
associated the hazards landforms development associated with landform
with associated development
landform with
development landform
developme
nt
Disaster risk • identify • Disaster risk management • Discussing disaster risk
management methods of of management of
of disaster risk − volcanoes volcanoes, earth quakes,
volcanoes, manageme − earthquakes flooding and mass wasting
earthquakes, nt of − flooding
flooding, volcanoes, − mass wasting
mass earthquake
wasting flooding
and mass
wasting
84
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TOPIC 3: ECOSYSTEMS
to:
Soil • identify components • Components of • describing the • Soil samples

components of soil soil: components of soil • Instruments to
• measure soil − air • collecting soil samples measure soil
components − organic matter • measuring soil components
• analyse soil − water and components
components − minerals • drawing tables and
graphs from findings
• analysing findings
Soil forming • describe the • Soil forming • Explaining the process
processes in processes of processes: of gleyzation and
the tropics gleyzation and − gleyzation cheluviation
and soil types cheluviation − cheluviation • Differentiating soil
• Soil types types
− sand
• name type of soils − clay
formed through soil − loam
forming processes in
the tropics
85
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Soil properties • explain soil profiles • Soil profile • Identifying (digging) • Soil profile in the
• identify soil properties • Soil properties: the soil profile in the local area
• describe horizons in − texture local area • Soil samples
the soil profile − structure • Discussing the soil • Litmus paper
− colour properties
− pH • Drawing the soil
− organic content profile
− mineral content • Testing the pH
TOPIC 5: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

able to:
Venn Diagrams • describe the basic • Boolean logic • Explaining the basic
(Boolean logic) functions of - intersection functions of Boolean
Boolean logic - union logic.
• apply the Boolean - complement • Using Boolean logic
logic in solving • Application of basics to interpret
simple spatial Boolean logic in spatial problems
problems solving simple
• describe the concept spatial problems
of overlay analysis • The concept of
overlay analysis
86
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80
Overlay Analysis • apply relational and • Use of relational • Explaining the
conditional statements in concept of overlay
statements in overlay analysis analysis
overlay analysis • Use of conditional • Using relational and
statements in conditional
overlay analysis statements in overlay
analysis.

to:
Sustainable use • explain sustainable • Sustainable use • Discussing • Print media
of mineral use of mineral of mineral sustainable use of • Videos
resources resources resources such resources • Mines
as, reuse and • EIA guidelines
recycling • EIA experts
Environmental • describe • Environmental • Discussing • Maps
Impact environmental impact environmental impact • Ministry of mines
Assessment impact assessment in assessment in mining
(EIA) in mining assessment mining • Discussing the
• describe the • The importance importance of
importance of of environmental environmental impact
environmental impact assessment in mining
impact assessment in
assessment in mining
mining
Cost-benefit • explain the cost- • Cost-benefit • Calculating cost-
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analysis (CBA) benefit analysis analysis benefit for a
concept hypothetical mining
• describe the project
importance of the • Discussing the
cost-benefit importance of cost-
analysis in mining benefit analysis

able to:
Environmental • identify • International • Discussing international • International
management at international treaties and treaties and protocols treaties and
global level treaties and protocols in • domestication (applying protocols such
protocols relevant environmental international treaties and as :
to environmental management protocols to Zimbabwe`s - UN
management • Pros and cons of environment legislative Framework
• discuss pros and domesticating framework) Convention
cons of international • Debating on pros and on Climate
domesticating treaties and cons of domesticating Change
international protocols international treaties and - Kyoto
treaties and protocols Protocol
protocols - Montreal
Protocol
- Bamako
Convention
- Basel
88
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82
- Convention
- Zambezi
River Basin
Action Plan
• Resource
persons
• Land use
related
legislation
such as:
Regional,
Town and
Country
Planning Act
Land use planning as • describe land use • Land use planning • Explaining land use
a strategy for planning in Zimbabwe planning in Zimbabwe
sustainable • explain land use • Land use planning • Describing land use
environmental planning as a as a strategy for planning as a strategy for
management strategy for sustainable sustainable
sustainable environmental environmental
environmental management management
management • Challenges in land • Outlining challenges in
• identify use planning land use planning
challenges in • Mitigation • Discussing mitigation
land use planning measures: measures
• suggest − risk informed
mitigation land use
measures planning
related policies
and legislation
89
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able to:
Climate change • deduce the effects • Effects of climate change on • Identifying the effects • Climate change
and agriculture of climate change agriculture of climate change on simulation data
on agriculture • Mitigation in agriculture agriculture • World map showing
• suggest mitigation • Adaptation worldwide, possible effects
measures • Discussing mitigation • Photographs
• assemble • Outlining measures • Pests
possible for each effect • Farms
adaptation • Suggesting • Electronic media
measures adaptation measures
for Zimbabwe and
Southern Africa
Agricultural • identify •Diseases • Naming diseases

diseases, pests agricultural diseases •Pests and pests
and solutions and pests
• describe the • Effects of pests and diseases • Discussing the effect
effects of pests and on productivity of pests and diseases
diseases • Biological and chemical on productivity
• suggest Control • identifying control
manual, biological methods
and chemical control • Touring farms
measures
Urban Agriculture • evaluate ● Urban agriculture ● assessing urban

advantages - nature agriculture
and - advantages ● explaining
90
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84
able to:
disadvantages - disadvantages problems of urban
of urban - problems of urban agriculture
agriculture agriculture ● discussing

• identify ● solutions for urban solutions to
problems of agriculture problems of urban
urban agriculture
agriculture
• suggest
solutions to
the problems
Agribusiness • list types of • Forms of Agribusiness • Naming • Agribusiness
agribusiness in funding Agribusiness • Internet
Zimbabwe • Importance of types • Videos on small
• identify Agribusiness • Suggesting Agribusinesses
sources of possible sources
funding for of funding
small scale • Discussing
agribusiness importance of
• evaluate Agribusiness
importance of • Proposing small
agribusiness projects based on
to the Agriculture
individual and
economy
91
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TOPIC 9: INDUSTRY
able to:
Service Industries • • •
• describe service Service Discussing Zimbabwe Tourist

industry industries characteristics of maps
service industries • Tourist magazines
and brochures
• Tourist sites
• Videos on tourism
and service
industries
Tourism and its • define tourism • Tourism • Discussing the
importance in • describe tourism • Importance of importance of
Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe tourism in tourism in
• describe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
problems • Tourist • Touring local tourist
associated with attractions in sites
tourism in Zimbabwe • Discussing
Zimbabwe • Problems problems associate
• suggest solutions associated with d with service
to problems faced tourism in industry in
by tourism in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe • Solutions to • Suggesting
tourism related solutions to tourism
problems related problems
92
85
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86
able to:
Quaternary industries • describe • Quaternary • Describing
quaternary Industries quaternary
industries in industries
Zimbabwe
Challenges • explain problems

associated with associated with • Problems • Discussing
service and service and associated with problems
quaternary industries quaternary service and associated with
in Zimbabwe industries in quaternary service and
Zimbabwe industries in quaternary
Zimbabwe industries in
Zimbabwe
93
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able to:
Population growth • identify factors • Factors affecting • Discussing • Map of
patterns which influence population growth: factors which Zimbabwe
population - birth rate affect • World map
growth - death rate population • Videos
• explain factors - immigration growth • Photographs
which influence - emigration of migrants
population • Case studies
growth of :
- Typical
94
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88
Causes and effects of • describe causes • Causes: • Discussing developing
migration of migration − push factors causes of countries
• explain effects − pull factors migration - Typical
of migration • Effects in: • Discussing developed
• outline different − sending areas effects of countries
categories of − receiving areas migration • Photographs
migration • Internal migration • Outlining the showing
categories of diseases in:
− rural to urban
− urban to rural migration - developing
− urban to urban countries
− rural to rural - developed
− intra-urban countries
− Intra- rural • Videos of
• International people
migration suffering from
• Voluntary and various
involuntary diseases of
HIV/AIDS,
Ebola,
hypertension
• Chart showing
population
95
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Population policy • describe the • Population policies • Discussing the pyramids of
rationale of in developing importance of contrasting
having countries population population
population • Population policies policies growth
policies in developed • Debating the • The
• explain the countries need for Demographic
effects of • Policies promoting population Transition
population population growth policies Model

policies for • Policies limiting • Population
named population growth pyramids
developed and
developing
countries
96
89
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90
Population and • describe • Common diseases • Discussing
diseases diseases in: reasons for the
associated with − developing incidence/sprea
developing countries (at d of diseases in
countries least one of developing and
• describe water borne, developed

diseases vector borne and countries
associated with nutritional • Discussing
developed diseases) differences in
countries − developed diseases
• explain the countries (mainly between
difference in lifestyle developed and
diseases diseases). developing
between • Reasons for countries
developed and variations in • Debating socio-
developing diseases spread economic
countries between developing effects of
• explain social and developed diseases
and economic countries
effects of • Socio-economic
diseases effects of diseases
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The Demographic • describe the • Stages of the DTM • Describing the
Transition Model (DTM) features of the • Critique of the DTM stages of the
various stages • Examples of DTM
of the DTM countries with: • Assessing the
• identify − high population applicability of
countries with growth the DTM to local
high/low − declining community and

population population Zimbabwe
growth rate • Effects of population • Discussing
growth effects of high
population
growth
Effects of population • explain the • Effects of declining • Discussing

growth/decline effects of population effects of
population declining
growth(negative population
or positive)
98
91
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9.0 ASSESSMENT
(a) Assessment Objectives

Learners will be assessed on their ability to demonstrate:
• Knowledge and understanding of:

− processes underlying physical and hu
man landscapes and spatial patterns
− how landscapes and patterns change
− environmental inter-relationships
• Skills and their application:
− Basic skills of observation, recording, interpreta
tion and analysis
− Use of Secondary sources of data
− Draw and interpret tables, graphs, maps, charts
and diagrams
− How to select, use and communicate information
and conclusions effectively
• Judgement and decision making:
− The role of values, perceptions and decision
making in evolution of patterns in human Geog-
raphy
− How to use Geographical principles and con-
cepts in interpreting situations at various scales
− How to prepare, justify and evaluate solutions to
environmental and socio-economic problems
− Recall, recognize and use Geographical terms
and definitions
b) Scheme of Assessment
The assessment in Geography will be based on 40% con-

tinuous assessment and 60% summative assessment.
Arrangements, accommodation and modifications must

be visible in both continuous and summative assessment
to enable learners with special needs to access assess-
ment and receive accurate performance measurement of
their abilities.
92

93

94
Continuous Assessment
Level Assessment task Frequency Weighting
Form 1 Practical assignment 1per term 5%
Theory test 1 per term
Project 1 per year

Project 1 per year

Project 1 per year
Form 4 Practical assignment 1 per term (term 1 and 2) 15%
Theory test 1 per term (term 1 and 2)
Project 1 per year
TOTAL 40%
*NB: Each assessment task is marked out of 100
100
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Summative Assessment
Paper Paper type Marks Duration Weighting
1 Multiple choice 40 1 ½ hours 20%
2 Structured – free-response and data 100 2 ½ hours 40%

response
TOTAL 60%
Description of papers
The examination will consist of 2 papers: Paper 1 and Paper 2
Paper 1: Multiple choice:
Duration: One hour thirty minutes

Paper 2
25 marks.
The paper consists of 40 multiple choice questions, marked out of 40. The paper is compulsory and will be set on all syllabus
topics.
Paper 2: Structured free-response and data response

Duration: Two hours thirty minutes, marked out of 100 and constituting 40% of the total weighting
set on all syllabus topics.
Paper 1: Multiple choice:
The paper consists of nine structured free-response and data-response questions, three in Section A, three in Section B and three
Description of papers
in Section C. Candidates are required to answer four questions, one from section A, one from section B, one from section C and
Duration: One hour thirty minutes
one other question chosen from any section. Each question will score 25 marks.
101
and constituting 40% of the total weighting
95
Paper 2: Structured free-response and data response
marked out of 40. The paper is compulsory and will be
The paper consists of 40 multiple choice questions,
from section B, one from section C and one other ques-

in Section B and three in Section C. Candidates are re-
and data-response questions, three in Section A, three
The paper consists of nine structured free-response
Duration: Two hours thirty minutes, marked out of 100
The examination will consist of 2 papers: Paper 1 and
tion chosen from any section. Each question will score

quired to answer four questions, one from section A, one
10/26/2016 1:39:07 PM
96
(c) Specification Grid
Skill Paper 1 Paper 2

Knowledge and comprehension 40% 30%
Skills (including practical) and their 40% 40%

Application
Judgement and decision making 20% 30%
TOTAL 100% 100%
CONTENT SPECIFICATION GRID
Paper one
Content Topographical Physical Economic Population, Total items % Skill

assessment Map work Environment Geography settlement weighting
transport and
trade
objectives
Skill 1 7 items 4 items 3 items 14 35%
knowledge with
understanding
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Skill 2 10 items 3 items 2 items 2 items 17 42.5%
Skills and their
application
Skill 3 2 items 3 items 2 items 2 items 9 22.5%
Judgement and
decision making
Total 12 items 13 items 8 items 7 items 40 100%
Paper two
Content Number of questions
Section A: Physical Environment 4
Section B: Economic Geography 4
Section C: Population, Settlement, Transport and Trade 4
Total 12
103
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98


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ZIMBABWE

MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

Curriculum Development Unit

©All Rights Reserved

GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 1 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

• National Geography Subject Panel

GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 2 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

1.5 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 1

2.0 PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUS 1

METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION 2

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 3

(a) Assessment Objectives 92

(c) Specification Grid 96

GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 3 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

1.1 INTRODUCTION PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUS

GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 1 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

he syllabus proposes the use of the concentric, sys-

Systems Approach: It involves the study of inter-re-

The integrated approach: It recommends that related

NB. The above suggested methods should be enhanced

5.2 TIME ALLOCATION

Five (5) periods of 40 minutes per week should be allo-

Educational tours should be undertaken at least once a

GEOGRAPPHY SYLLABUS.indd 2 10/26/2016 1:39:00 PM

7.1 TOPIC 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

of the earth • Effects of tectonic processes

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

ecosystem • Tropical ecosystems • Wetlands components

• Renewable resources in management

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

• Power using different

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

• Characteristics of a good map • Gradient • Location • Boolean logic:

7.7 TOPIC 7: MINERALS AND MINING

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

7.8 TOPIC 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

• Farming as a system Zimbabwe • Land Reform in • Agricultural disease, pests

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

• Nature and distribution • Types and distribution of • The role of industry

FORM 1 FORM 2 FORM 3 FORM 4

7.12 TOPIC 12: TRANSPORT AND TRADE

Topic 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Topic OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES AND SUGGESTED

Weather • identify the • Location of a • Measuring and recording

Precipitation • identify types of • Precipitation e.g. • Listing forms of precipitation

weather forecasting • Predicting weather

TOPIC 2: LANDFORMS AND LANDSCAPE PROCESSES

TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES SUGGESTED

landscape local environment

TOPIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT SUGGESTED NOTES AND SUGGESTED

Components of • describe the • Components of • Outlining systems and • Local

Micro ecosystem • identify components • Components of micro • Listing inputs, processes

TOPIC 4: NATURAL RESOURCES

Renewable and non- • classify resource • Renewable and • Classifying

Sustainable use of • describe how • Sustainable • Discussing

energy • identify sources of • Renewable: types • Photographs

Siting of power Plants • state factors • Siting of power • Identifying the

Power generation • describe types of • Nuclear and • Discussing

Environmental impact • explain the • Energy and • Discussing uses

Characteristics of a • list the components of a • Components of a good map • Outlining the

map good map. − Title components of a • Ordinanc

using metres system (Thirteen figure