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Is the fault in 

front of me, or behind me?


Where we are
2. Transmission and distribution
3. Directional overcurrent protection
4. Directional relay polarization
5. Setting and coordinating directional overcurrent relays in 
networks and loops
6. Limits to sensitivity of ground overcurrent relays
7. Distance relay principles (phase and ground)
8. Setting and coordinating distance relays in networks
9. Multi terminal transmission line protection
10. Transmission line protection example case study

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Need for directional protection
Relays must be directionalized

F1 F2
R1 faster  R2 faster 
than R2 than R1

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Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?

Direction or phase angle of the red sine wave or phasor is not fixed
and thus can not be defined for it as a stand-alone wave.

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Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?

Direction or phase Angle of red sine wave or phasor can be defined


with to reference wave or phasor (blue).

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Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?

The reference waveform or phasor must of the same frequency.

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Directional Relays
Vpol
 Q: what is direction  Or
of an alternating  Ipol
current? The sign of 
the current changes  Iop
direction twice per 
cycle 
 A: Phase relationship 
of current with 
67 Directional Overcurrent Relay
respect to a 
polarizing quantity
Forward current into resistance
Vs Vs and Is
In phase
(0 degree
Is Difference)
Phasor 
representation
Is

Ip
Vs
Vp

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Reverse current into resistance
Vs Vs and Is
In opposite 
phase
Phasor  (180 degree
representation Difference) Is
Is

Ip
Vs
Vp

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Forward current into reactance
Vs Vs leads Is
by 90 
degrees

Phasor  Is
representation
Is

Ip
Vs
Vp

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Directional Relay Application

180‐
Induction Disk

Torque

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Torque on an induction element

F  12 sin
If  not fixed, 
and sources of flux are independent

F  K1I1I 2 sin  K2
K1 and K2 are constants
Induction cup relay
I2

I1


Conductive 
induction cup
F  K1I1 I 2 sin( )  K 2


Phase Shifting I1 w.r.t. 1
Torque on an induction element
Torque is max when fluxes are 90 degrees out of phase:‐

F  K1 I1 I 2 sin   K 2
Angle of I1 with respect to I2 can be adjusted by 
phase shifting current through coil (shunt the coil)

F  K1 I1 I 2 sin(   )  K 2
Or, if one input to the relay is a voltage instead of a
current:‐

F  K1VI cos(  )  K2
Where  is zero at the “Maximum Torque Angle” of the relay
Phase Directional Overcurrent Relay (67) Operating Characteristics

op
Vpol
Max Torque 
Angle (MTA)

Operating region
Where  
Iop*Cos(‐MTA)>Iopmin
Iop

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Close‐in faults I

 Zero ohm fault at the relaying 
point results in zero 
polarizing voltage
 Not possible to determine 
phase relationship to zero 
phasor

Can use healthy 
phase polarization
Eg. jBC for A phase 
current.
Close in faults II
 Healthy phase polarization is known as “cross 
polarization”
 jBC for Ia is “Quadrature polarization”
 Can also use sequence voltage polarization, eg, positive, 
negative or zero seq.
 Need memory polarization for zero voltage 3 phase faults.

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