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Day 3 03 Directional Overcurrent
Day 3 03 Directional Overcurrent
2
Need for directional protection
Relays must be directionalized
F1 F2
R1 faster R2 faster
than R2 than R1
3
Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?
Direction or phase angle of the red sine wave or phasor is not fixed
and thus can not be defined for it as a stand-alone wave.
4
Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?
5
Direction or Phase Angle of Alternating Current?
6
Directional Relays
Vpol
Q: what is direction Or
of an alternating Ipol
current? The sign of
the current changes Iop
direction twice per
cycle
A: Phase relationship
of current with
67 Directional Overcurrent Relay
respect to a
polarizing quantity
Forward current into resistance
Vs Vs and Is
In phase
(0 degree
Is Difference)
Phasor
representation
Is
Ip
Vs
Vp
8
Reverse current into resistance
Vs Vs and Is
In opposite
phase
Phasor (180 degree
representation Difference) Is
Is
Ip
Vs
Vp
9
Forward current into reactance
Vs Vs leads Is
by 90
degrees
Phasor Is
representation
Is
Ip
Vs
Vp
10
Directional Relay Application
180‐
Induction Disk
Torque
12
Torque on an induction element
F 12 sin
If not fixed,
and sources of flux are independent
F K1I1I 2 sin K2
K1 and K2 are constants
Induction cup relay
I2
I1
Conductive
induction cup
F K1I1 I 2 sin( ) K 2
Phase Shifting I1 w.r.t. 1
Torque on an induction element
Torque is max when fluxes are 90 degrees out of phase:‐
F K1 I1 I 2 sin K 2
Angle of I1 with respect to I2 can be adjusted by
phase shifting current through coil (shunt the coil)
F K1 I1 I 2 sin( ) K 2
Or, if one input to the relay is a voltage instead of a
current:‐
F K1VI cos( ) K2
Where is zero at the “Maximum Torque Angle” of the relay
Phase Directional Overcurrent Relay (67) Operating Characteristics
op
Vpol
Max Torque
Angle (MTA)
Operating region
Where
Iop*Cos(‐MTA)>Iopmin
Iop
17
Close‐in faults I
Zero ohm fault at the relaying
point results in zero
polarizing voltage
Not possible to determine
phase relationship to zero
phasor
Can use healthy
phase polarization
Eg. jBC for A phase
current.
Close in faults II
Healthy phase polarization is known as “cross
polarization”
jBC for Ia is “Quadrature polarization”
Can also use sequence voltage polarization, eg, positive,
negative or zero seq.
Need memory polarization for zero voltage 3 phase faults.
19