المختصر المفيد للتأريض وموانع الصواعق

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‫‪3^6*U ١−١‬א‪H3'\=$H !:$)Q)I0‬د ‪٤٥!,!>F‬د ‪j!-@(F‬א ‪.٢


H‬‬

‫‪ !^‹ ٢−١‬אد‪F )I&).‬א=‪P*G‬א‪‹ h:X‹ =$H !:$(=-a‬א‪.b :!'|* /‬‬

‫‪−٢‬א`‪g‬وא אزلو‪Q'$!).34QD!,-,‬א)א |وא‪ 9‬ض@‪j!-‬א ‪٣


H‬و‪٤‬و‪.٥‬‬

‫‪−٣‬א‪)% 9‬א (و‪I‬ن?‪L‬א`‪g‬و‪ !*D3Dh-,‬א!‪j$‬א‪ 9‬ض)‪.(!G~hG3d


Šc‬‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‪٨‬‬
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫` ‪(٢)H‬א)א |و !‪H$‬א‪|'3‬‬

‫` ‪(٣)H‬א אزلو‪!0‬طא‪|'3‬‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫` ‪!0(٤)H‬طא`*?وא‹` ‪(٥)H‬‬

‫‬

‫‪٩‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

 ‫>א‬5)")‫א@?א*א‬+'
!,/ a!a‫א‬F ‫=א‬ªIc!,* D‹xd٣٠٠*0!IC‫!א‬,^!a@ */! :.$‫אא‬/0! ª‫?א‬-/‫@**א‬
:%Dg@?-/‫نא‬I*^MC: ‫א‬%‫ א‬9‫=א‬-.$‫א)*)אא‬.4! ‫=א‬-j‫א‬3t‫א‬

60
*Q)'!QM0l
L'3(٢٠٠=3a@b :-)M b)$G!C}0!@‫و\ذא‬b :-)M0b)$l

g`‫א‬Mc‫ |'א‬g‫א‬Q'?*`‫œ

א‬،(٢H `)| g‫א‬H$! }*:aD
‫א‬:‫א‬j،!,'(Q)I0‫א‬3^6*U )(%Z‫א‬A‫ |)א‬g‫א‬
| *šL*£b)$b :‫
א‬Vl3M'| ‫א)א‬Q'?*`‫
א‬٥H ‫א‬j!-@*c! ‫|א‬Z‫א‬3X‫אمא‬xc‫?א‬U‫!و‬,$06CG‫و‬
  jg`!'!/4!D?-$
r‫!^\[ذ‬O!'$!‫*א !“=א‬Z!'3,I‫ א‬X‫א‬:%&
V‫=א‬HZ!‫وא‬b :‫א‬
j!-@}*:a)‫ز‬g‫دوאא‬9‫אمא‬xc!'g`‫*}א‬:aD

œ.Hg$‫א‬6:C‫ ‰א‬r‫(وذ‬١)|Mx‫א‬j!-@| ‫א)א‬Q'^!C‫א‬
.٣H ‫א‬

? ‫نא‬ID‫ز\ن‬7~‫دא)א |و‬/'~V ‫دא‬$l67)| ‫)א‬M0B3 ‫=א‬g`‫?א‬V D


Hg$‫ א‬9‫=א‬N!,0~‫ א‬$
‫م‬0(٣H `)‫ز‬g‫دوאא‬9‫אمא‬xc!'‫!\[א אن‬,*:aD‫~و‬V ‫!لא‬-@=N!,0~‫ א‬$،(?U^‫ن‬I3a@}0!@!-)@‫!و‬, 
Mc‫!('א‬G~hG3d
Šc)% 9‫א‹
א`*?\[א‬H‫!دא‬,0=‫و‬،٤H ‫א‬j!-@!, ‫Šא‹وא‬34L'
 d:'$3C‫! א‬:$~‫א‬3 'p1‫א‬67 
*-D $‫و‬، ‫א‬p* D%, ˜p,'‫و‬.‫ *م‬9‫=א !سوא‬r)c
.$!‫א‬

 (¬0!F3 )١|M«

(‫ز‬3‫א‬ 3/D)١|M«

(_MC‫)א‬١|M«

١٠
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

Grounding!")'‫א! وא‬
=CG‫و‬gC‫=א‬-UD!,/*£8‫وא‬N! :‫وא‬N!'3,I‫א‬L‫ز‬DI:d
*-D=M'‫!(א‬, I‫«)و‬60‫א‬FH$?-X ‫א‬
HV,F
 I:d‫و‬%Z!'3,@‫!ز‬,FQ' =$?-$%Z!'3,@‫!ل‬D‫א‬0' $S:/‫=א‬Iz‫و‬h/4'3‫אא‬/‫אא !موא‬pA?*tX‫א‬
*:!t‫!م”א‬$?IX'Š‫و‬3/h*l**@‫و‬،% 9‫!لא‬D~‫אא‬p&jž!‫د^*زو‬F‫”'ونو‬319‫א‬,‫ ض=א‬9‫وא‬,F=
.‫=א !س‬b-/‫א‬:C ‫وא_”א‬ST I‫!صو‬xd9‫=א‬

‫אو‬/‫*!@?وא‬,) !*))!GSt‫*א‬0/‫א‬LM‫א‬L*£‫ض‬3/D‫م‬$‫!ن‬-j?a-D‫و‬Q†‫א‬gC ‫و‬33 ‫و א‬


HS:@ ‫*א‬-&‫و‬b-/‫*א‬:!t)‫ ض‬9‫א‬,F&‫و‬LF3-)3‫&!&א‬,FN!:‫و‬,‫ ‰א‬N!'3,I‫א‬L‫ز‬DI:d=B3!'
−:!, 

.˜ !*,0‫لوא‬V/‫=  א‬$oD! ‫א‬%Z!'3,I‫א‬./‫א‬3M1=‫אد‬3^9‫א‬%-−١

..$‫=אא‬oD! ‫א‬%Z!'3,I‫א‬3‫א‬3M1=%−٢

.pt‫א‬,FjHS:I‫­وא‬F!‫אא‬St‫א א‬3=‫א‬/‫א‬%-−٣

.*Z!'3,I‫אوא !א‬/-)!:c! g*tXD=R−٤

.!'!œ‫!دل‬/‫א‬,FN!'b)$®^!−٥

Grounding  !‫و א‬EarthingA !‫א‬B,‫א ق‬


r! &‫ون\ن‬q/
,0^‫ن‬I3~‫!א‬.‫ ض‬9!'?*`D*)-$!,0‫!س‬cb)$r‫)*א وذ‬-$b)$P ‫و '*ن®א‬9‫א‬.)M
LF3,Fh
CF‫د‬F‫ول\[و‬9‫א‬SXP*GP ‫ندق=א‬I ‫وא! ون'!نא)®א‬P ‫א‬Q'‫א‬S:@! 3^
*)-$L ‫אא‬j%&gaH !*C‫?א‬1‫)*א دא‬-/^،‫ ض‬9‫א‬H ‫و‬3U!'‰*
C‫אא‬p&‫”و‬319‫دא‬,‫א‬L*£[\:C !'‫!س‬D
r‫ذ‬b)$‫و‬%$! ‫א‬3-‫
א‬CFj‫و‬H3Z!M‫
א‬C¯?*`D%&%$! `3- jbG‫و‬H3Z!M‫א‬j ‫)*א‬-$‫و‬H !*C‫
א‬C¯?*`D
p‫وא‬h/%Z!'3,I‫א`*?א‬.34=$‫א*! א‬h*^3zp‫
א‬C‫א‬ª/D*I39‫א‬LF‫א‬3‫אא`!وא‬L*£j ‫^!ن®א‬
.!,D‫ ضذא‬9‫א‬b)$~)?-/C*^P ‫!®א‬. ‫א‬% !::C !'‫א‬3`˜,Fq/

١١
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

Ungrounding System DE‫א‬FG<‫א‬


‫و‬ga‫ ض‬9!'‫!دل‬/‫א‬M0?*`D.34=$‫ ض‬9!'-/‫!ل‬D‫א‬b)$l~8‫א א‬b)$ R‫א‬ST ‫
א‬c‫א‬.)M
=$g!@~V$‫و‬V/*Z!'3,@ FD~0!-)$.٥?IX‫א‬j!-@%  !Cb)$‫* )ل‬/‫ق‬34‫אم‬xc‫א‬.34=$
‫*! א‬D3J‫ ض‬9‫א‬,F=$?`,FLD3! /^r‫ذ‬b)$‫ ضو‬9‫א‬L/C-@?-/?`‫\[\ن‬LF3‫א‬p&‫\ن‬.‫ ض‬9‫א‬
.!aIMc‫ 'א‬R L ‫אא‬j%& R‫א‬ST! ‫! \نא‬:$‫=א‬Iz‫و‬،‫ ض‬9‫א`?وא‬Q'/c

mGp‫ א‬M‫א‬H‫ز!د‬L‫وو‬V/°(D‫!دل‬/‫א‬M0}0!@P*G،%!‫א‬j RST*Z!'3,I‫


 !א”א‬/}0!@
‫א‬3
 ‫و‬V/‫!دلא‬/‫א‬M ' ‫*?א‬tXD_:` ‫א‬jH‫د‬F‫א‬HV,F9‫دא‬$‫>!لو‬9‫*א‬-@P*G=N‫א‬c! ‫א‬r)Dj
 ‫א‬3-c‫*א‬-&‫! و‬M‫!א‬:)MH‫ز!د‬L‫و‬.?*tX‫!א‬:)M*G!0=‫و‬HV,F9‫א‬gc‫אدو‬3^9‫א‬gc*G!0=N‫א‬c‫ل‬:ST
.k!/‫א‬N!±L*£jHZ!C‫א‬HqK‫)
وא‬c9‫*! א‬K‫א‬%& R‫*?א א‬tXD*)-$}:`?*tX‫א‬

٥
?IX‫א‬٦
?IX‫א‬

١٢
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

DEFH‫وא‬DE‫א<*א‬B,‫א ق‬
−:(١
‫ول‬F)%DŸ‫אولא‬6CG R‫א‬ST‫(و‬٦)?IX‫א‬j!-@ R‫א א‬Q'‫ق‬3‫*‹א‬x)D=Iz

 R‫א‬ST ‫א‬  R‫א א‬ ‫אع‬

‫و‬H3Z‫'!א‬6M$‫ول‬m‫&!šد‘و‬3-$ r‫وذ‬B !i‫}א‬:œ!-@K!' ‫א‬3-c‫א‬3a@ K‫א א‬3-c‫א‬


l~!,09H3Z‫'!א‬6M$‫ول‬m‫א‬G !M1 ‫*ود‬c!CG3a@HV,F'!&‫و‬V
!*DB3CD!‘c!CGHV,Fb)$ ?!@N!0!'!, $!,)^‫'! و‬m
.% 9‫א‬

! $-*)C‫א א‬49‫א‬Q'H3&!‫˜א‬p&!X D ‫ن‬I! $-*)C‫א א‬49‫א‬Q'H3&!‫˜א‬p&X D~ ,‫!عא‬D ‫א‬34!«


 ‫ ضو‬9‫א‬L3 !‘P!a‫نא‬I .‫ ض‬9‫א‬L3 H3Z‫‘!دא‬P!a‫א‬
‫א‬p&‫ون‬.٪١٧٠[\‫!ع‬D ~‫אא‬p&?
*Z!'3,I‫אزلא‬/‫א‬ )Dj6:C‫!ع‬D ~‫א‬
~Ÿ‫وא‬HV,F9‫=א‬SaI‫وא‬

3‫א‬L'!‫!א‬:@3b)$l~ !*‫! א‬C‫د‬F'_-C0^‫!دل‬/‫ א‬D!Gj !-E‫* א‬0!I


.*‫)*! وא‬ 3a@!-E‫א‬HV,FN‫|ودא‬:?/7!‫א‬p&‫و‬3‫א‬
. ‫د‬

3 H3Z‫دא‬m‫و‬G $H3&!‫˜א‬p&ml H3&!‫˜א‬p&ml~ %Z!'3,I‫אسא‬H3&!†


‫ س‬P*G‫ ض‬9‫א وא‬49‫א‬G‫א‬Q'
!ƒ!-A!D‫א‬M0 $!-, *'%Z!'3,@
.!X ‫אدوא‬3^9‫א‬b)$3M1?IX

*0!IO‫˜א‬p&FD~ P*GHV,F9‫ א‬D‫و‬%Z! ‫)*א א‬-$?,CD % D)%Z! ‫*א א‬0!I


%Z! ‫(ود א א‬I‫א‬Q'?,c !C‫ن‬I (!G~hG3d
% ‫א‬3 m‫و‬GN! œ*C*Z3‫א‬H ‫و א‬
.?*`‫א‬,F-* 1j$!C

١
‫ول‬F

١٣
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

I J.8‫אא‬:K81‫ א א*وא‬


‫אن‬V1gaCg-)3/‫(وא‬١,٥=$!A4V‫(و^*!و‬٢,٤=$!A4V‫*!و‬c H‫د‬F‫*א‬0/‫!مא‬CF9‫א‬L*£−١
.‫א د‬

.*Z!'3,I‫א‬HV,F9‫א‬L*£−٢

.H !0O‫אא‬G‫وو‬H ‫!ط«! جא‬0L*£−٣

L ‫א‬49‫א‬93‫א‬H3Z‫!دא‬Gj,‫!عא‬D ‫مא‬$‫و‬3‫א*! א‬.*l‫אو‬/‫!صوא‬xd9‫א‬gc‫!ن‬-U‫!دل‬/‫א‬6M −٤


.‫ ض‬9‫א‬

 !‫אعא‬

Function Grounding (K‫ א‬D)‫!دل‬/‫א א‬−١

‫!دل)ل‬/-@=‫!د‬C‫و‬،%Z!'3,@‫!ز‬,F‫ل‬g1=‫ ض‬9‫*\[א‬Z!'3,I‫א‬H3Z‫אא‬j !*)?!G?`


CF?*`D=$H !:$&‫و‬
?-$ $‫^}\ذא‬٣٨٠*‫}א‬0!@‫ذא‬ga،œgœ
3‫ א‬pF?$C !*)?!E‫!و^*א`?א‬CD*^b)$
HV,F9‫وא‬HN!O!@}^٢٢٠b)$?-/D8‫אא‬/‫*?א‬tX‫א*! ~زم‬.rp'‫و‬،}^٢٢٠b)$?±Šc ‫א‬
.ˆ‫א‬..

Protection Grounding % ‫وאא‬%Z! ‫א א‬−٢

‰g‫!ن=א‬C0O‫!א‬-E?-/C‫*و‬Z!'3,I‫א‬HV,F9‫?&*!@?א‬a‫ ض‬9‫\[א‬%Z!'3,I‫!?)*! א‬GST?`


CF ‫و&א‬
−:b)$?-/‫!نو‬C0O‫
א‬CF[\ @!C‫!لא*! א‬0‫وא‬%Z!'3,I‫א‬

| '3'r‫نذ‬I‫و‬%Z!'3,I‫!))*! א‬GSt‫אא‬/‫&*!@?א‬ga!M1m‫و‬G $|*›‫|א‬c‫א‬b)$,F?IXDL −١


. ‫!مא‬0[\‫א‬/‫&*!@?א‬L*£

.‫ ض‬9‫א‬b)$HV,F9‫*وא‬Z!'3,I‫אא‬/-)*0/‫*!@?א‬A‫א‬b)$?IXD8‫*א‬I*D!c~‫ !א‬X‫א‬33-'_-C−٢

.‫ ض‬9‫\[א‬.$‫*א !“=אא‬Z!'3,I‫ !א‬X‫א‬3Db)$?-/−٣

.3‫א‬H3Z‫دא‬m‫و‬G!Gj!-E‫א‬HV,F9‫زم‬g‫א*! א‬33J−٤

١٤
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬

‫‪−٣‬א א›)‪Local Grounding %‬‬

‫
א א›)‪L !'%‬א‪!/‬م‪j‬א‪* '9‬א‪HS:I‬و‪j !:!^!Cb)$‬אن‪=L JbG‬א ‪!D‬ع‪M0,F‬א‪!/‬دل‪-* =$‬‬
‫א‪!,'ž-C‬و
ذ‪g1=r‬لœ‪P)a?Idb)$*c!±B!M œg‬و‪?Idb)$‬אز!‪b)$‬ن~?‪4‬لא‪( ٢=$L)U‬‬
‫‬
‫!و‪h‬‬‫‪=^D،‬دא‪?1‬א‪ 9‬ض‪_Mc=S:@.-$b)$‬א‪ 9‬ضو‪-)!:4‬א`!א‪-/‬ل'‪6CG!,‬אولو
א‪=˜ !*1‬א !س@ن‬
‫א ‪L!0 !)*) *$‬א‪!/‬دنא‪=
T3!'”319‬نא‪6&p‬א ?!وو‪®&!' I‬א‪=-a‬و ‪ 3C)h3/H M1?IX‬ذא‪²‬‬
‫א‪.h!-/c‬‬

‫‪!U‬‬
‫)_&‪p‬אא ع=א )‪.4! -‬א !‪*$‬و)‪%0!:-‬א‪°g,cg-xU‬א‪g$%Z!'3,I‬و‪b)$H‬ذ‪!&0r‬م)‪! -‬زلא‪ HSt‬‬
‫ن‬
‫و‪67‬ن‪I‬ن'‪3d³‬אŠא‪=Qx‬دא‪H3Z‬א‪_:DbGN!'3,I‬א‪'*)-/‬ون !و‪b)!^g1‬א! ‪*U‬و&!~‪ 67‬‬
‫‪‘_-C‬وœ‪!`1h‬وאن&‪p‬אא  ‪-* b)$3d!:ST.3M'3œR‬א*! אא‪3‬א‪_*D!!'3J8‬א‪*Z!'3,I‬و‪ 'VD‬‬
‫‪BCšST‬وق‪G‬ود‪R^!,*)tXD‬د\[‪.!&SD‬‬

‫‪−٤‬א א‪Grid Grounding %I:X‬‬

‫‪!Mšj‬א*وš‪!M‬אز‪!Mš)L‬א›~(‪*!$‬א‪p&?-/C,‬אא ع=א @‪ !*3$3a@h0‬א‬


‫א‪3‬و@ن&‪p‬אא*! א&!‪)Z‬א*‪-‬و‪,F%M/D‬א‪3M1‬א‪L‬א ?א!و!و‪I‬ن^قא ‪،‬و‪/^rp‬م‪p&?-$‬אא عدא‪?1‬‬
‫א›‪I!M‬نא‪)!/‬نوאא‪F‬אن‪j‬א›‪.S:@3MŒ!M‬‬

‫و‪I‬ن&‪p‬אא ع¯‪!?/‬وא  !&*א‪،3t‬و‪p&.*l=Iz‬אא ع¯‪!:U ?/‬نא ‪b)$4'3‬אאز)*?‬


‫!و‪[\!,‬א ‪. ‬و@‪!)š-* ?*)D=Izrp‬وאאز‪j‬א א‪!'%I:X‬ن‪?tCD‬א‪B!M 9‬א‪3x**c3‬ج ‪!,‬‬
‫‪4b)$‬لא ‪$!,$!D‬دא‪=31‬א‪B!M 9‬א‪I3t`9‬ن^*א‪!,)@_:^L‬אزא`*??א!و‪ 6M ?I‬א‪%c‬و'‪rp‬‬
‫‪[\?0‬א ? *
א!وא‪* 9‬و‪I0‬ن ')‪! t‬א‪ŠA‬دون‪3@pD)ID‬و&‪p‬א&!
'!‪j?/‬א›‪!M‬א‪*!E‬و'‪Irp‬ن‪,F‬‬
‫א‪SM1ST‰g‬و! و‪M0_:D‬א‪!/‬دلدא‪?1‬א›‪ „M‬و‪L*MC‬א‪3‬د\ن‪!,/?!/‬دون‪Š1‬و'!ن@!?‪.‬‬

‫‬

‫‪−٥‬א א~‪Static Grounding *I*D!c‬‬

‫و‪xC‬م‪3t‬ض‪!-‬ن‪B3CD‬א‪! X‬א‪H3C‬א‪jD8‬א‪!E‬و!وא‪9‬و‪*$‬وא‪VK‬א‪N! œ\!0‬א‪?*-‬وא‪\P*G3‬ن‪3^D‬‬


‫א א*‪R‬د\[‪B3CD‬א‪! X‬א‪@3Gi*0‬א‪?Z!C‬دא‪˜p&?1‬א‪9‬و‪[\*$‬א‪ 9‬ضو‪$‬م‪ID‬ن‪r)Db)$3M1,F‬‬
‫א‪9‬و‪*$‬وא‪VK‬א‪!0‬وא‪!E‬و!‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

D1‫=א‬Neutral ‫ &?א!دل‬J‫ ق‬N


  ‫?א‬-$‫ق‬34‫*و‬Z!'3,I‫و>! !א”א‬N‫*
ودא‬-D!*)-$j! ‫و‬3‫א‬3_:` ‫! א‬D‫\ن‬.:c!ƒ_U
.*!‫قא‬3M‫”א‬G³'
‫ ض‬9‫!دلوא‬/‫א‬M0Q'

Direct or Solid Grounding 3d!:‫א א‬−١

‫د‬RD3M‫˜א‬p&‫) !'!ن‬c!-@‫و‬٦?IX‫א‬j!-@‫!و‬-, *' ‫!و‬/‫د‬F‫`?دونو‬f‫ ض‬9‫!دلوא‬/‫א‬M0Q'?*`‫א‬h*^


‫و‬
?M$6:C %!$ !*D.^'6:C*^(‫ ض‬9‫א‬LhCgD‫א و‬49‫א‬G‫א‬LM )% ‫?א‬M$‫ل‬G $r‫وذ‬Q)!/‫א‬b)$3MK‫\[א‬
L ‫@**א‬Q:٧
?IX‫א وא‬49‫א‬G‫א‬j?M$‫ل‬G $E!‫א א‬49‫א‬% !'!*^‫د‬/`rp@‫و‬،›‫א‬
.”319‫א!א‬xc~‫א‬rp@‫و‬% 9‫!دلوא‬/‫א‬

٧
?Id

١٦
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬
Resistance Grounding ‫!و‬L ‫א‬−٢

?M/‫*! א‬Dl‫ض‬3t*!$% 9‫!!وא‬,*^‫ن‬I‫!!وو‬,-/ ‫!و‬/Mc‫'א‬% 9‫א‬L‫!دل‬/‫א‬M ?*`‫نא‬I‫و‬


.٨?IX‫א‬j!-@‫
א!و‬iGrp@‫א!وو‬jH ‫א‬3E‫)א‬IX‫د‬F‫و‬L٨.

:%!‫نא‬0!‫א‬6CG‫˜א!و‬p&B!CG
‫و‬

R=١/Cr+Cs+Ct

.œga‫א א‬49‫(א‬R,S,T)?aJ‫و‬،‫ ض‬y:C !'/C‫ א‬C ?aJP*G

٨
?IX‫א‬

Reactance Grounding h)$!f ‫א‬−٣

،6)‫א‬% 9‫אžوא‬% 9‫א‬Q'Mc% 9‫א‬/0!ƒ‫ن‬ID‫و‬.h)$!=$H !:$!,-/ ‫!و‬/‫ل‬g1=h*^?*`‫نא‬I‫و‬


. ?U^hZ!1=I‫ولو‬9‫=א عא‬b)$ ‫˜א‬p&3/c‫ن‬I=I‫و‬

(Arc-Suppression Coil) ‫@!'_אس‬ ).34=$ ‫א‬−٤

 $ ‫א‬/cLQ0 b)$h-*t D=Iz‫و‬% 9‫!دلوא‬/‫א‬M0Q'LReactor=$ H !:$&‫و‬

.3‫א‬H3Z‫!دא‬Gj%Z!'3,I‫_אسא‬:@=Izrp'‫و‬% 9‫א‬3‫א‬m‫و‬G

١٧
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬
 ‫אمš~א‬xc!' ‫א‬−٥

!‫`*)א‬D!Gj!-@M ‫˜א‬p&?a‫د‬F‫مو‬$!Gj -)‫!دل‬/DM0b)$‫)ل‬°‫א‬V@‫مšلز‬xC!E‫˜א‬p&j


/-n‫אمšل‬xc‫א‬rp@=Iz‫و‬.‫ ض‬9!'‫!دل‬/‫א‬M0?*`Dr‫ذ‬/'
P*G ‫لא‬f‫אא›ل‬p&b-C‫و‬.ga
: ‫אعš~א‬0=‫و‬.‫!دل‬/‫א‬M0b)$‫ل‬E‫)*א‬-$j!‫د‬

.(٨?IX‫א‬j!-@)Zigzag °‫א‬V@V‫ šلא‬−١

Open Delta ‫šلل‬−٢

‫! אא‬Dj‫م‬xC‫و‬،*!/‫!و א‬/‫šلא‬−٣

‫ن‬ID !&D8‫א‬-09‫א‬j!,  ‫*א‬0!I\N!M$\‫ض‬3t‫!دل‬/‫א‬M0V*,“‫ض‬3t!c!cF‫˜š~א و‬p&


?Idb)$‫نא›ل‬ID! &‫و‬G‫وא‬ )‫و‬0!œ‫و‬%Z‫א'א‬Q)=0I~›‫˜א‬p&

 )‫&א‬p‫! وא‬c )j! &‫! و‬c/!‫نא›د‬ID Q)‫א عذא‬j‫و‬،Auto Transformer 

°‫א‬V@V‫א‬b$!‫?و‬1‫
אא‬i ‫א‬3M'~›‫
 '|א‬%0!a‫א عא‬j‫و‬.!,U D=Iz8‫א›!א‬M0! *M/%Z‫א~'א‬
/'j */‫ود‬G=-!›‫א‬G‫لא›و\زא‬g1=* 9‫!لא‬M$9‫! *! א‬CV*,“Hg$‫!=א›~א‬t‫وא‬.
.°gc/' 'ptD|1N!M$*0!IO !M‫?א‬0~š=!‫א‬,Fj4‫|אא‬tU‫א‬,F~›‫˜א‬p&|'3D‫*!ن‬G9‫א‬

 .‫!دل‬/‫ \[א‬M‫^*א‬L? 9‫א‬b)$‫!و‬C(ZI) ‫א‬/0!ƒ‫ن‬ID‫ن‬67

;-O‫א! א‬P‫د‬-‫א‬
N‫א‬VF9‫א‬Q'r‫نذ‬I‫و‬...”31*G!0=‫ ض‬9‫!وא‬-, *'rp@‫و‬H ‫!و‬i‫^א‬XI‫*א‬0/‫א‬N‫א‬VF9‫א‬Q',‫قא‬3^?*)D−١
I:X'!,M' rp@‫*و‬G!0=H ‫!و‬i‫*א‬0/‫א‬Equipotent Bonding ,‫!وא‬C‫'|א‬3!'

,Frp@‫!سو‬-‫א‬,F?*)D[\r‫دذ‬RP*G”31*G!0=‫!ن‬IO‫­  א‬4‫*وא‬Z!'3,@‫ *ذא!و‬

.*-‫!א‬/‫!ص=א‬xd9‫\[>!א‬%!!'‫(و‬Touch & Step Voltage)HMK‫א‬

 )*) !,‫?!و‬/“:c! ‫م‬iG‫ذא‬%I:X‫) א‬g`‫אم‬xc!'r‫نذ‬I‫و‬..% 9‫א‬6M /0!ƒ?*)D−٢


^!\
.‫ ض‬9‫ \[@)א‬Iƒ‫א ?!و‬3^DP*‘!, ^‫د‬.4! ‫!و‬, ^‫!قد‬-$‫אد&!و‬$\‫ ضو‬9‫א‬j0^‫א‬% 9‫א‬B!M ‫ع‬0 !:1‫\[א‬

&‫א‬p&‫ ضو‬9‫א‬L%Z!'3,@‫!س‬Jm‫و‬G $!Ag1*!$‫*! א‬D‫!ن‬3c[\i* !'‫د‬RD% 9‫א‬6M/‫א‬H3Z‫دא‬/0!ƒ?*)D‫\ن‬


LM'!,!* [\%!!'‫*و‬Z!'3,I‫!א‬-E‫א‬HV,F‰Cl[\r‫دذ‬RP*G(‫!ن‬C0O‫א‬b)$ !M1O‫א‬6 i)*\b/C0!‫
و‬,‫א‬
١٨
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫א*! א‪=$%Z!'3,I‬א‪NV‬א‪=$V$BM/‬א‪VF9‬א‪N‬א‪=-*)C‬אא‪H3Z‬א‪*Z!'3,I‬و‪g1‬لو } ‪FS‬א^^‪3‬א‪!-E‬א‪*^!I‬‬
‫)‪=!C*c‬א‪B!M$O‬وא‪3E‬א‪.Z‬و>!א‪!xd9‬ص=‪3M1‬א‪/‬א‪.*Z!'3,I‬وאنز=א‪(LM‬אوž‪!$‬د‪=NVFQ'H‬א‪*0!a‬‬
‫אא‪HG‬و'‪œLU‬א‪%0‬و !‪L!*CI$6c‬א ‪ !*D‬א‪6M/‬א‪% 9‬و‪,F‬א‪!-‬س‪.‬‬

‫א‪K81‬א‪S‬א ‪)"R"Q‬دא‪: Q‬א?‪.‬א‪D1‬‬

‫‪!0−١‬م )‪(TT‬‬

‫‪ID‬نƒ!‪/0‬دא‪H3Z‬א‪6M/‬א‪p&j% 9‬אא ع‪!=$H !:$‬و`‪g‬אא‪H3Z‬و`‪g‬א א‪%I:X‬و‪ID‬ن!و‪!,‬وא‪­4‬‬


‫‪F‬א‪!
œ.‬و ‪B!M‬א‪,F=?@=$% 9‬א )!و‪M0‬א‪!/‬دل)‪-‬وא‪ 9‬ض(و=‪,F‬א‪(،r),C‬ض\ن‪ID‬ن‬
‫!و‪=NVF))*) !,‬א~وم‪/U'!t‬אو!(\ن@!‪B!M }0‬א‪،H*F!‘% 9‬و‪S1‬א!و ‪M‬א‪.6M/‬‬

‫‪˜p&j‬א ع=א !‪!?IXD‬وא‪B!M 9‬א‪* 9‬א‪NV‬א‪=q@9‬א!وא‪*)I‬א‪H3Z‬א‪6M/‬א‪p،% 9‬א‪6/)D‬دو א‬


‫‪*!/^j!*c!c‬א א‪?I@%I:X‬و‪6)M‬א~&‪!-‬م‪3f‬א ‪!,:‬و`*!‪.!,0‬‬

‫‪!0−٢‬م )‪(TN‬‬

‫‪ID‬ندא‪/0!ƒH3Z‬א‪6M/‬א‪g`=!*)@! &% 9‬אא‪H3Z‬و`‪g‬א‪I:X‬א‪M [\^!\* 9‬א‪6M/‬دونא~‪!-$‬د‪b)$‬‬


‫!و ‪B!M‬א‪p،% 9‬א‪ID‬ن‪HV,F‬א‪!-E‬א‪j*Z!'3,I‬אوא‪3Z‬א‪*Z!'3,I‬א‪˜p,'M:D3‬א !ذא‪‰Cl‬و^‪*!/‬א@ ‪q‬‬
‫‪V$j‬لא‪6M/‬א‪=!,)œ!ƒ=% 9‬א عא‪9‬ول‪.‬‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

 !‫دوא*א‬

Grounding Conductor  ‫`?א‬−١


 ‫א‬6M ‫و‬U D‫אد‬331„N%d‫!و‬,U D‫אد‬3‫*א‬0/‫!مא‬CF9‫אوא‬/‫وא‬HV,F9‫א‬Q'?*`!' ‫م`?א‬
:!, ‫אع‬0H$b)$ ‫ن`?א‬I‫ )*)و‬h‫ن!و‬ID‫?ن‬U‫אمو‬xc~‫عא‬06CGh‫د!و‬l‫و‬

3 Z‫אوא‬g`L˜J
‫و‬3`9‫א‬L3U19‫وא‬3U19‫*'!)نא‬I*cg'H‫!د‬f‫ول‬V/‫ *م‬9‫¨ول=א !سوא‬r)c−
.”319‫א‬% 9‫*و א‬C*Z3‫*وא‬$3‫א‬L‫!אز‬G|'3rp@‫*و‬Z!'3,I‫א‬

 ›‫وא‬B‫'א‬9‫?א‬a'!a‫א‬N‫א‬VF9‫א‬L@3‫א‬N‫א‬VF9‫'|א‬3‫م‬xCD‫)ن‬t‫א‬E‫! =א !سوא‬$‫¨و‬HSG−B


!@3
.(٦)H ‫א‬j!-@!&ST‫@و‬3‫*א‬Z!'3,I‫א‬

(٦)
H `

H$!C-)‫و‬.$‫ אא‬f`!K‫א‬g:C‫'|א‬3‫م‬xC‫ *م‬9‫و=א‬%c!±(٥)


H ‫א‬j!-@3$}-|3d−‫ج‬
*C*Z3‫א‬L‫!אز‬GL% 9‫'| א‬3rp@‫م‬xC‫)*_و‬C‫א‬G‫ل‬g1‫و‬b :‫א‬L ‫لאא‬Gga ‫)*א‬-$j
.

.(٥)
H ‫א‬j!-@(‫)ج‬j‫ض‬3t‫م ‰א‬xC( !$)*I*cg'H‫!د‬f )tST‫ *م‬9‫¨ول=א !سوא‬r)c−‫د‬

! $ga) !*))!E‫א‬g`‫א‬L4!:C !'!A!-/c‫א‬6F‫א אא‬g`L4!_(٢


‫ول‬F)%!‫אولא‬
.(٢
)١٦=$ ‫א‬r)c?~‫ن‬67٢
)٢٠ !*‫א‬r)c‫ن‬I

٢٠
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫א`?א‪% 9‬א‪%C*Z3‬‬ ‫א`?א !سא‪ !*)?!E‬‬ ‫א`?א‪% 9‬א‪%C*Z3‬‬ ‫א`?א !سא‪ !*)?!E‬‬
‫)
‪٢‬‬ ‫)
‪٢‬‬
‫)
‪٢‬‬ ‫)
‪٢‬‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥‬‬

‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬

‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬

‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬

‫‪F‬ول
‪٢‬‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫א*! א‪%Z!'3,I‬א‪3ž-C‬و ˜‪g`j‬א ‬

‫& !‪3f_-C !*Dr‬و ˜‪g1‬ل`?א ‪gc=-U‬و‪HV,F?-$‬א‪!-E‬و‪gc‬א‪!xd9‬صو‪3M0Šc‬ق~‪xc‬אم`?‬


‫א !سوא‪* 9‬م‪3a@!-,0I‬א‪xc‬א!‪! j‬א @‪j!-‬אول
)‪.(٣‬‬

‫א*! א)‪%‬א‪g1ž-C‬لœ!‪*0‬وא‪(S:)HG‬‬ ‫א*! א‪(S:)?4Hž-C‬‬ ‫‪?`LM‬א )


‪٢‬‬

‫ *م‬ ‫‪!±‬س‬ ‫ *م‬ ‫‪!±‬س‬

‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬

‫‪٢٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬

‫‪٣٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬

‫‪٥٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬

‫‪٧٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬

‫‪١٠٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬

‫‪١٨٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬

‫‪٢١٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬

‫‪F‬ول
‪٣‬‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬
Grounding Electrode  ‫א‬6M −٢

=Iz‫و‬،hD!‫א‬xc‫وא‬h$‫א‬0 )¢‫و‬% 9‫!لא‬D~‫א‬.*‫ ض‬9‫א‬µ‫ ضو^=دא‬9‫א‬L‫!ل‬D‫א‬b)$‫ن‬Ip‫א‬NV‫&א‬


.% ‫א‬6M@*!‫אعא‬09‫אمא‬xc‫א‬

−:%0!:‫א‬6)T‫א‬jH3^‫?א!*وא‬Z!c‫א‬−

.(!,‫א‬xc‫?א‬: ,‫!دא‬/‫!م‬0L‫!ز‬t‫وא‬N!‫א‬6*'!0|' 67)*0/‫א*!˜وא™! א‬6*'!0‫א‬J−١

.%0!:-)83I0I‫)*_א‬C‫א‬jxC‫א‬E‫!نא‬:U‫א‬−٢

.‫ ض‬9‫_א‬Mc=
c٧٥.-$b)$‫و‬b :‫لא‬G˜J
%0/?`−٣

Industrial Electrode *$! ` DB!M −B

−:!, ‫אع‬0b)$%&‫)نو‬t‫א‬E‫=א !سوא‬L D‫אمو‬xc~‫عא‬06CG)«‫!م‬iG‫لو‬4'$ B!M %&‫و‬

 %$! ` !D6*U −١

(٨+٧)
H ‫א‬Q:D‫و‬0‫א‬Mc‫?א‬Idb)$Š¨‫}و‬-‫ن‬I‫)ن‬t‫א‬E‫ *موא‬9‫=א !سوא‬6*U =$H !:$&‫و‬
6)t‫א‬² ‫ ض)و‬9‫א‬j‫ق‬3M‫)*א‬-$?-l%Ir‫* وذ‬I*0!I*!$‫نذود‬I‫\ن‬67‫و‬،)x‫אلא‬49‫א‬L‫אع‬09‫א‬/'
=E‫)*א‬-/'HV,F9‫˜א‬p&‫!م‬,)1‫دא‬6*U‫א‬.*X/D
*Z‫ق&א‬34HV,F‫אم‬xc!'r‫*وذ‬I*0!I*‫!א‬$‫)א‬IXb)$
*c H '=^‫و‬،(!G~!,G3d
Šc)!,*l‫!د&!و‬7\‫אد‬3‫א!وא‬6CGH3M ‫و‬h4 )¤،(‫ ض‬9‫?א‬1‫دא‬6*U)
!,-$H3G3G
‫و‬،%c3‫”א‬C‫=א‬$F ‫د‬٤٥F ')Z!H '!,/‫=و‬I-*^3x`‫ ض‬9‫}א‬0!@‫)('\!ذא‬Cg
.6*U‫ ضœ
^=א‬9‫_א‬Mc=$
c٧٥=$?~

(٧)
H `

٢٣
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬

‫‬

‫‪xC‬مא·@?)‪j‬א('א!‪FE‬א(‬

‫` ‪(٨)H‬‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬
Plate Electrode  ‫žא‬−٢

−:Q$0b)$&‫و‬

H!$‫א‬367! &.(٩)
H ‫א‬j!-@
)١,٥r-C'‫)
وא !س‬٦,٣٥=$?~r-C'‫)ن‬t‫א‬E‫=א‬%0/ž−
.٢‫م‬٠,١٨٦=$?D~‫ن‬67‫)('و‬3/‫א‬G!C‫א‬

(٩)
H `

.(١٠)
H ‫א‬j!-@!, *'!-*^
Iš?IX'4'3‫)
و‬٣r-C'*c!±|Z‫א‬3dH$=‫ن‬I%0/r:X−B

(١٢)
H `

١٠
H `

٢٥
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬
Connection Parts |'3‫دوאא‬−٣


H ‫א‬j!-@ ‫א‬6M‫`?و‬-)/ ‫א‬H‫‰א!د‬0=‫ن‬ID‫ن‬67‫א و‬6M'g`‫'|א‬3|'3‫مدوאא‬xCD
.(٢٠−١١)

١٢
H `١١
H `

١٤
H `١٣
H `

١٦
H `١٥
H `

٢٦
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫‬

‫` ‪١٨
H `١٧
H‬‬

‫‬

‫` ‪١٩
H‬‬

‫` ‪٢٠
H‬‬

‫‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬

‫&و<א! ‬
‫&‪p‬א&אعא‪ ?-$ $.*l67p‬א‪I% 9‬ن‪ž!n‬א و^‪*)$-/!,)X‬و‪lc!cb)$‬د‪0‬אع‬
‫א !و‪.!,34‬و‪ID‬ن!و א =‪.‬‬

‫‪!−١‬و ‪6*U‬א و!وא`‪g‬א‪L4'3‬א‪.6*U‬‬

‫‪!−٢‬وא‪6*U Q'‰g‬א وא('‪.‬‬

‫‪!−٣‬وא‪ 9‬ضא›*‪6*U'M‬א ‪.‬‬

‫و@‪\!'!c! )c!-‬ن‪4‬لא‪6*U‬א‪!?*)'S:@SœDh% 9‬وא‪!V% 9‬د‪H‬א‪G!C‬א‪*MC‬و')غ ‪6*U‬א ‪^!C‬‬


‫א ‪=4!'[\B3‬א‪ 9‬ض‪.‬‬

‫@‪\rp‬ن!و ‪6*U‬א وא`‪g‬א‪=Iz?'HS:@}C*h/4'3‬א‪،)-,!& !:$‬و@‪!rp‬وא‪Q'‰g‬א‪6*U‬‬


‫وא('‪ID‬ن`‪%&HSt‬א‪\”319‬ن!وא‪!j=-ID% 9‬وא('א›*‪6*U'M‬א ‪،‬و‪=Iz‬א‪!)!& !:$‬وא('‬
‫א›*‪6*U'M‬א (¨‪=$-‬א‪3X‬אא›*‪6*U'M‬א ^‪!-)I‬زאدא‪G!C‬א‪!}) H3X)*MC‬و‪!,‬‬
‫ن!وא‪ 9‬ض‪ID‬ن‪ID!,0b /f*M1ST‬ن`‪V@3B3 HSt‬א‪ 9‬ضوא‪._*`‰I/‬‬

‫א&وא "‪,T‬‬
‫‪3œRD‬א!وא ‪!b)$'()*$‬وא‪% 9‬و&‪
&=%‬א‪3œR‬אو‪=IJ‬א‪?@!X‬א‪˜p&?*)' !'`!K‬א!وو‪-/D‬‬
‫א!وא ‪*$‬א('‪$H$b)$‬א? ‪−:!,‬‬

‫‪0−١‬عא('‪.‬‬

‫‪'4 −٢‬א('و‪”C‬א!‪jN‬א('‪.‬‬

‫‪−٣‬א!وא ‪C)*$‬א‪?Z‬א‪F‬د‪jH‬א('‪.‬‬

‫‪3G−٤‬א ‪H‬א('‪.‬‬

‫‪−٥‬א?=א !‪.(L*' ، 31،N!d، *`)µ‬‬

‫@‪^rp‬ن‪|c‬א*‪!-‬وא(‪B‬א‪jQ:D)x‬אول
‪rp@٤‬א*
א‪.*:3‬‬

‫‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫א!وא ‪)*$‬وم‪((.‬‬ ‫‪0‬عא('‬

‫א*‪-‬א‪Mc‬‬ ‫א*‪-‬א‪*:3‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠−−−١٠‬‬ ‫‪:4 '3D‬‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠−−−٢٠‬‬ ‫‪* *4'3D‬ز א‪*$‬‬

‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠٠−−−٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪(٢.-$:4 *) '3D‬‬

‫‪١٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠٠−−−٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪^!F*) '3D‬‬

‫‪١٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠−−−٢٠٠‬‬ ‫`‪(٢.-$!F3x‬‬

‫‪٣٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠−−−٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪3iG'3D‬‬

‫‪----‬‬ ‫!و‪F*!$‬א‬ ‫‪3x`'3D‬‬

‫‪F‬ول
‪٤‬‬

‫‪ N‬ق‪&U‬وא! ‪ :‬‬


‫'‪/‬א~‪ D=N!,0‬א‪b :‬وא)‪!G‬א‪*C*Z3‬وא‪!* 
*$3‬س!وא 'א‪³^rp'`!1HV,FMc‬ذא‪®G‬‬
‫‪=$VD!,0‬א‪E‬א‪h'ž-C‬و&‪٢٥‬وم^‪V)h0³‬م‪˜p&1‬א*‪xc!'-‬אم‪34‬و@‪=3a‬א‪3M‬قא!*‪ :‬‬
‫)‪ )¢!-)$‬אא`!وא*!‪Œ!c‬صא א!وאא‪!,U/'=$!,*l6F‬א‪ga-^/:‬אא`!א‪*0!Mq‬‬
‫‪!.*l6FD‬و~‪C¸=$VD‬وم(‪ .‬‬

‫*زد‪."IW ?W:‬א! ‪ :‬‬


‫ز!د‪6*U 3M H‬א ‪V‬א‪G!C‬א‪Cg3/‬א('\~نز!د‪3M H‬א‪-)1!,/:~6*U‬س‪!j‬و‬
‫א '!‪?U~h0[\^!O‬א‪xc‬אم ‪ .
١٨=q@ !M‬‬
‫*زد‪N:‬ل‪."IW‬א! ‪ :‬‬
‫‪=Iz‬ن
 '|@‪h:)F.34=$6*U =3a‬و`?=‪‰0‬א‪/‬ن)ل‪b)$‬א‪M‬لא !‪6c‬و ‪
T‬نא‪M‬لא`‪b‬‬
‫'!‪xc‬א‪'()
c٢٤٠&(NEC)jh‬א‪!/‬د\~‪=Izh0‬ز!د‪p&H‬אא‪M‬ل\[‪09(١٥‬אعא('א‪3‬د­‪ .‬‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‪٢٩‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

 : !‫نא‬-IW‫ د‬:‫*زد‬


b)$‫)ل‬r‫وذ‬31Ÿ‫وא‬6*U‫א‬Q'
c٢٤٠=$?D~!^!Cb)$‫ ض‬9‫א‬j‫^ن‬6*U =3a@‫אم‬xc‫=א‬Iz
 . ‫ !وא‬Iƒ-* ?U^

 :ً"Q")"6,T‫*[א‬
 −:*!‫قא‬3M‫א‬G' )‫!و‬b)$‫*!ً)ل‬Z!*-*@ ‫א‬6*U'M*›‫א('א‬¹!/D
!q@‫*مو‬C* t‫!א‬q@žg'ًgJ‫
و‬c١٠=$VD~^!Cfh $/:D‫א و‬6*UH ‫˜¨!و‬3G?-/D(
 ‫¯א‬j!@‫אغ‬3^3^D‫م‬$!Gj3M‫˜א‬p&p* D6/‫ ضو‬9‫_א‬Mc=
c٣٠BC bG3x`_)‫א !سو‬
 . ‫א‬6*U
‫א‬p&yz‫و‬.
c٣٠.-$‫
و‬c٤٥=$‫ ق‬x)%)1‫אא‬3M‫~?א‬P*‘ ‫א‬6*U ‫ل‬G3Z‫ قدא‬1?-$
‫(و‬B
~bG ‫א‬6*U ‫*و‬Z!-*I‫אאدא‬Q'3d!:‫!ل‬D‫א‬°! &‫ن‬I~67‫و‬.!&3@‫ذ‬.'!C‫*א‬Z!*-*I‫ ق'!אدא‬K‫א‬
H‫אم=!د‬3F)*@٤٠[\١٨‫ود‬Gj‫ن‬ID!,/‫?و‬U8‫*א‬-I‫وא‬.6*U‫א‬r‫ذ‬b)$‫=א‬:4=IDj6:C

‫و‬.”31H3!,/‫ و‬3I
œQ cH*-I‫˜א‬p&‫ل‬/3-C ‫و‬%Z!'3,I‫!א‬,)*`DH‫د‬F‫!و‬, º‹13‫!א !س‬q@
‫! @!^*)*!م‬M9‫ن*!˜א‬³^r‫ذ‬/'!'()*Z!*-*I‫אאدא‬B3CDb)$$!CbGN!!'39‫א‬Y‫'!د‬j ‫א‬3­'3-T
 .*)-/‫˜א‬p,'


 .D1‫"س&وא‬W‫ ق‬N
!-@‫)*)*!س‬-/‫قא‬3M‫ جא‬0‫!ول\ن‬±% 9‫!`'*!س!وא‬K‫א‬HV,F9‫ א‬M‫א‬30‫و‬% 9‫ق*!س!وא‬34H$FD
:%)

 fall potential method,‫طא‬:&34−١

‫אد‬3‫א‬6M‫*!س!وא‬H$!CB!M ^!\=$H !:$%&‫אא*!سو‬pA‫م‬xCD8‫*א‬Z!'3,I‫א‬H3Z‫אא‬٩


?IX‫_א‬
 .‫نوم‬0!'h‫!و‬B!CG

r‫وذ‬b ‫و‬a 6M‫א‬Q'(*}^‫!ز‬,F|'3،‫ ض‬9‫א‬.34=$c 6M‫\[א‬a 6M‫*! =א‬D3zP*‘Ra=Vab/I


 $‫*(و‬-‫!زא‬,FjoD! ‫א‬,‫قא‬3^‫*!س‬c ‫و‬a B!M 9‫א‬b)$(*‫! و‬M'|'3'‫م‬0rp@‫و‬،!-, *',‫قא‬3^‫*!س‬
 .!,'!CG‫אد‬3‫א‬%&‫و‬a 6M‫!وא‬b)$?±Hg$‫نא‬0!!'.*:M‫א‬





٣٠
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬


Earth Battery
Electrode
V

Auxiliary Earth
Electrode

A B C

 ٩
?Id

Earth Tester% 9‫! א‬:1‫!زא‬,F−٢

j!-@%'‫!ص‬K‫!زא‬,‫Šد جא‬c!0‫و‬/ ‫@!א‬3X‫א‬6CG`!134‫!ز‬,F?I‫אع*!سא!و) و‬0H$FD


 .٢١
H ‫א‬

















 ٢١
H `

٣١
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

:D1‫ ]א‬R!‫"א‬J2)‫*א‬

:D1‫ ]א‬R!‫"א‬J2)‫=א‬N‫א‬W−١
!, $o !f!,0 !fً‫א‬F/D3-* !,0~\S:٢٠‫و‬S:١٥/c‫!د‬$*$3^L4‫*'א‬$3‫*א‬Z!'3,I‫א‬3Z‫
>!אوא‬
.hD!^‫و‬6:C‫!ن‬C0O‫
א‬CFjS:%))٦٠‫ود‬GjSt`%Z!'3,@ !*D ‫و‬3‫ن‬P*G !M1=
c!CG!,0~\?IX‫א‬P*G=‫!د‬/‫א‬L4‫ƒ!œ))א‬L4‫˜אא‬p&‫و‬،% 9‫א‬B3C‫*! א‬D=!-E‫א‬L4‫אم א‬xc‫?א‬U‫א‬pA‫و‬

CF‫ل‬g1= !C‫אא‬p&‫ن‬I‫و ˜@!ن‬3‫=א`?א›د‬$ )¤ !Cj(h-* 3t`!-,)%Z!'3,I‫و א*! א‬3ً‫א‬F
.H3Z‫?אא‬L4‫אא ع=אא‬p&‫ن‬³^S:%)‫=א‬NVF[\? |*C' !*D ‫و‬3 $،!E‫˜א‬p&j‫و‬.gً a‫!ن‬C0O‫א‬

:D1‫ ]א‬R!‫"א‬J2)‫=א‬N‫א‬W‫אع‬−٢

:‫= ن‬N‫א&א‬ab7

.S:%))٦‫!‘ود‬,*^ !‫א*! א‬-* ‫ن‬ID! $H3Z‫^?אא‬L*MC:‫ول‬1‫אعא‬

B3C‫*! א‬D=!-E‫א‬L4‫אم א‬xc!'NEC %`‫و‬S:%))٢٠=$!& !*DV8‫א‬3Z‫)_?אوא‬:c‫אعא‬


 .):‫!@=א‬9‫א‬jH‫د‬F‫!`א‬1‫ *و‬IC‫! وא‬i‫א‬%0!:-)*Z!'3,I‫א‬3Z‫אوא‬/'j% 9‫א‬


.‫ن‬Re‫א‬+R8fg %: ‫و‬D1‫ ]א‬R!‫"א‬J:


B,Wh‫א‬−٣
:٥‫אول‬j!-@‫!ن‬C0O‫
א‬CFj% 9‫א‬B3C‫*! א‬D ‫و‬3SœD_‫ول‬F%)!-*^

‫ن‬Re‫א‬+R8l 8"-‫א‬Fk !‫א‬ "!‫ نא‬%:  (F-)] R!‫"א‬J

SœDh‰*‫سو‬CšST !*‫א‬ 3-C ٠,٥–٠

=Iz‫!س'!*! و‬CGO!'
C‫א‬:
°(h0~\ ‫)‹=א‬x‫!نא‬C0» 3-C ٥–٠,٥
‰g‫!نא‬Ijً‫„œ! א‬

N!'3,I‫= א‬$‫!ل‬0~‫א‬6/ .Z! ‫د‬H$ ٣٠–٥

٣٢
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

‰ D.*‫|אمو‬t‫!ع‬D ‫א‬6:C‫و‬

| tLD3–6)‫א‬:0‫!م‬0‫مא‬$
%0‫œא‬LU' ٥٠–٣٠
N!-T\L‫אم‬

 ' /X‫א‬ U: ‫א‬H=? 


!­H$–٥٠
‰g‫|א‬0 $ !œ„ ,†LN!-T\ U: ‫א‬H=‫ل‬4

‰g‫|א‬0 $ !œ„ ,†LN!-T\ U: ‫א‬H=? 


!­H$=3a@
.3G‫–و‬N!-T\ U: ‫א‬H=‫ل‬4

 ٥+W‫א[ ول‬

 ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers) D1‫ ]א‬R!‫ א‬D)‫=א‬N‫א‬W."6 J26−٤

!-@3Z‫אوא‬L*-)!dh!>‫ن‬ID!E‫˜א‬p&j‫و‬L‫אز‬G)%C*Z3‫|א‬K‫א‬b)$ELCBL4! L‫=ن‬Iz
 .١٠?IX‫א‬j



١٠
?Id
%Z!'3,I‫א*! א‬LM j6:Cr‫نذ‬³^ًgaHN!\HG‫ ض=و‬yB3CD°! &‫@!ن‬h03M‫˜א‬p&Y‫!و‬C=‫و‬
.G)‫=@?א‬$

P*‘”‫א‬G?: ELCBL4! _‫”)”و‬319‫وא‬HN!»!-&‫א‬G\‫!ن‬D ‫!و‬i‫!ن‬G°! &‫ن‬I‫(ن‬B
 .١١
?IX‫א‬j!-@”‫א‬3Z‫?'وא‬D8‫*א‬Z!'3,I‫وאŸ~א‬HV,F9‫^|א‬%-


٣٣
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬


١١
?Id
 *Z!'3,I‫א‬p1·‫?א‬: )*`'r‫ًو
ذ‬ga!Ct@|^Q/‫!ز‬,F!-EELCB L4! ‫م‬xC‫=ن‬Iz(‫ج‬
 .١٢
?IX‫א‬j!-@‫ ض‬9!'‫!ز‬,‫`*?א‬D
‫طن‬3X'h!>‫אد‬331„‫!ز‬,F‫! و‬Ct‫وא‬


١٢
?Id
١٣
?IX‫א‬j!-@ */!T‫א‬3^‫و‬b :‫=و‬Ic=NVF!-E‫م‬xC‫=ن‬Iz!-@





١٣
?Id

٣٤
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫‬

‫א@‪o‬‬
‫א =‪3‬و !א‪3^ygC‬אدوאŸ~و~‪S^D6)M‬א‪)I‬א!*א‪!-)$،*!/‬ن‪j‬אولא‪9‬و '*‪|M«^3‬و‬
‫‪3X‬وع~‪!0b)$‬مא ‪،‬و&‪ !M1=gC)
,‬אא‪.$‬وא‪N!'3,I‬א‪ @!C‬و‪!Gj‬א‪ M1=96M/‬ط‬
‫‪?0‬א‪. !M‬‬

‫وא! ‪I‬ن=‪?`r)c‬و ‪6*U‬א ‪j=^%‬א‪ 9‬ض‪6CG‬א‪3X‬وطوאא`!*‪!.‬وא ‪ */%‬و‪0FD‬אع‬


‫‪=H$‬א‪9‬دوאو‪6CG‬א‪ M‬وא‪!E‬א~ !د‪p.‬א‪!'_ 0‬ن
د א‪c‬א‪ 9‬ض ‪! =
*-D?:‬א ‪%I‬‬
‫‪I‬نא~‪ !*1‬א‪!0I?a9‬א =‪P*G‬א‪HN!I‬وא‪)I‬א~ !د‪.‬‬

‫و& !‪:&6:C'mlHSa@?@!Xr‬طא*و'‪:&6:C‬طא‪j,‬א !زل!م^?א*‪ ‬و‪j‬و !א‪ p‬و‪H‬و‪RD‬د‪/‬م‬


‫‪?*tXD‬א‪*`H 'HV,F9‬و‪)'j`!1‬א‪3/‬אق‪!^،‬ن) و†*‪h‬א‪!-‬ز‪*^b)$†!E!'H‬א‪ D!Gj'!œ|K‬‬
‫א‪!/‬دل‪.‬‬

‫و‪S1‬א‪b J‬ن@ن و^}\[!&*و‪!¨j3-a‬لא ‪.‬‬

‫و‪
IC0‬א‪N!$‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫א س 
א‬/‫! א" א! وאא  אد‬#‫א‬

=8‫אدوא א‬

 Electrical Engineer's portable Handbook−١

British Standard(BS ٧٦٧١and BS ٧٤٣٠.)−٢

Earthing systems worldwide an evolutions−٣

Grounding Methods for Electric Supply and Communications −٤


Facilities(NEC Standard)
 %0‫(و‬I~‫א‬%c A‫א *א‬L  -٥

 %0‫(و‬I~‫ سא‬,‫א‬L −٦
























٣٦
‫א‪ !#‬א" א! وאא  אد‪/‬א س 
א‬
‫‬

‫א‪ 'e‬א‪ S‬‬


‫إ روح ا  ء ﺵ ا  )ر"! ا (‬
‫وإ وا ي ووا ‪ $‬ا ‪=4‬ی=ة وا أ;‪ 9:‬ا ‪.‬ی‪6 7‬ه!‪5‬ا ﻡ‪ 3 4‬أ‪1‬اد ه‪.‬ا ا ‪ +,-‬واﺥ) ﻡ'&‬
‫ا !'س ‪-1 A:‬س ا  وا !'س دری ﻡ=ا"& ا ?ﺏ‪.4‬‬

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