GEP0370

Air Traffic Management Systems

Week-5: Functional Elements of ATC Systems

Cengiz Mesut BÜKEÇ

PhD, aviation management
Chair, professional pilot training program
REMINDER
• did you understand well
the international aggreements for the Air Traffic?

• are you able to review the recording of the lecture?

• are you able to use TEAMS effectively?

• are you confident that you will achieve to start to become an aviator?
REMINDER for the Instructor
• did I start the recording of the lecture?
 REMEMBER: air traffic control service
• is a service provided for the purposes of:
• preventing collisions
• between aircraft,
• between aircraft and obstructions on any manoeuvring area; and
• expediting and maintaining a safe and efficient flow of air traffic.
air traffic control service
Air Traffic Services:
• provide an air traffic service to pilots in the air
• provide a flight information and alerting service
• control crash and rescue centers
• control vehicular traffic on aerodrome
• ensure aerodrome is fit for use
 overview of
air traffic services
❑ Objectives of Air Traffic Services

❑ Divisions of Air Traffic Services

❑ Designation of the Portions of the Airspace

❑ Identification of ATS Routes

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Objectives of Air Traffic Services
Objectives of ATS shall be to;

• prevent collisions between aircraft,

• prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering area and obstructions on that area,

• expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic,

• provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights,

• notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and
assist such organizations as required.

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 Objectives of Air Traffic Services
Objectives of ATS shall be to;

• prevent collisions between aircraft,

Air Traffic Control Services:
• prevent collisions between aircraft on the
•Area Control Service,
maneuvering area and obstructions on that area, •Approach Control Service,
•Aerodrome Control Service
• expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic,

• provide advice and information useful for the

safe and efficient conduct of flights, Flight Information Service

• notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft

in need of search and rescue aid, Alerting Service
and assist such organizations as required.
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 overview of
air traffic services
❑ Objectives of Air Traffic Services

❑ Divisions of Air Traffic Services

❑ Designation of the Portions of the Airspace

❑ Identification of ATS Routes

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 Divisions of Air Traffic Services
Modern Air Traffic Service
• It is a complex system
that monitors, controls and assists all aircraft
to safely transit the skies
from takeoff to landing.

• While there may be slight local differences,

since ATC is a worldwide system
regardless if you are flying over
Turkey, the US, Europe, Australia or Africa.

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services
Air Traffic Service
• Air Traffic Control Units are specialized in
•providing one of the Air Traffic Control Services
but also responsible for
• Flight Information Service and
• Alerting Service to pilots.

there is no official abbreviation like this

produced only to remind students of 3 caregories ☺
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 air traffic control service
• Air traffic service includes :
• any aerodrome control service;
• any approach control service;
• any area control service;
• any flight information service;
• any aerodrome flight information service;
• any alerting service; and
• any other air traffic service considered by the Director to be necessary
or desirable for the safe and efficient operation of
the civil aviation system.

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services

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 Aerodrome Control Service
• Always in a prominent position in the aircraft manoeuvring area.
• It has offices and rooms for electronic equipment
• It may house a Bird Control Unit (BCU)

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 Aerodrome Control Service
• Responsible for the airport "movement" areas,
• Responsible for the aircraft operating on the maneuvering area,
• Aircraft and vehicles changing their position within these movement
areas, are required to have clearance from the aerodrome controller.

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Aerodrome Control Service

ground control

Area of aerodrome air control

controller responsibility

clearance delivery

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services

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Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
• aerodrome take off minima
• precision approach minima

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Take off limits
• Take-off minima normally consist of a visibility and/or RVR element only;

• however, if an obstacle exists in the Net Take-off Flight Path (NTOFP) which
must be avoided by a visual maneuver, the minimum cloud base will also
be specified.

• The commander may not commence take-off unless the weather

conditions at the aerodrome of departure are equal to or better than the
AOM specified for:
• Take-off from the runway in use; and,
• Landing at that aerodrome or at a suitable Alternate Aerodrome.

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Approach Control
• Responsibility to expedite aircraft flying in the aerodrome traffic circuit at
an aerodrome
(vicinity of the airport).
• Expedite: to make something happen more quickly
• Responsible to cover the airport and in which he ensures the safety of the
approaching or departing aircraft
by giving adequate instructions.
• Highly disciplined communication and collaboration process between air
and ground controllers is an absolute necessity.

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Approach Control
• They control aircraft departing the airfield circuit and those making
instrument approaches
• They may provide a radar service to aircraft in transit through their
area of responsibility
• They obtain information
• from RT,
• landline communications and
• radar displays

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach:
utilised systems are:
• an instrument landing system (ILS),
• microwave landing system (MLS),
• GLS (ground-based augmented global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) landing system),
• precision approach radar (PAR) or GNSS using a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
and the runway lighting system works accordingly:

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach:
utilised terms are:
• Decision Height
is a specified altitude or height in the Precision Approach or approach with vertical guidance at which a
Missed Approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been
established.

• Runway Visual Range

is the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface
markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line.

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Approach Categories

Missed approach
must be commenced at the DA/H unless the required visual reference has been established.
Calculation of the DA/H takes into account that the aircraft will descend below the DA/H during the missed approach.

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Approach Categories
Category I (CAT I) approach operation’ means
• a precision instrument approach and landing
using ILS, MLS, GNSS/GBAS,PAR,SBAS

with a decision height (DH) not lower than 200 ft

and
with a runway visual range (RVR) not less than 550 m for aeroplanes
and 500 m for helicopters.

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 Approach Categories
Category II (CAT II) operation means
• a precision instrument approach and landing operation
using
ILS or MLS with:
• DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and
• RVR of not less than 300 m

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Approach Categories
Category III (CAT IIIA) operation means
• a precision instrument approach and landing operation
using
ILS or MLS with:
• DH lower than 100 ft; and
• RVR not less than 200 m

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Approach Categories
Category III (CAT IIIB) operation means
• a precision instrument approach and landing operation
using
ILS or MLS with:
• DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and
• RVR not less than 200 m

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Approach Categories
Category III (CAT IIIC) operation means
• a precision instrument approach and landing operation
using
ILS or MLS with:
• no DH; and
• no RVR

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 Approach Categories - summary
CATEGORY I CATEGORY II CATEGORY III A CATEGORY III B CATEGORY III C
DH 200’ 100’ 100’ 100’/no DH No DH
RVR 550 m 300 m 200 m 200 m No RVR

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 Approach Categories
the runway lighting system works in one of the two systems;

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 Approach Categories
the runway lighting system works in one of the two systems;

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach utilised systems:
• an instrument landing system (ILS)

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach utilised systems:
• an instrument landing system (ILS)

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach utilised systems:
• microwave landing system (MLS)

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach utilised systems:
• GLS (ground-based augmented global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) landing system)

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 Approach Categories
During a Precision Approach utilised systems:
• precision approach radar (PAR) or GNSS using a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services

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Divisions of Air Traffic Services

• ATCC are responsible for the safety of aircraft flying between airfields

• May be located in ATCCs or Air Traffic Control Radar Units (ATCRUs)

neither of which need to be situated on airfields

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 Flight Information include the provision of pertinent
Alerting Service
• is a service provided to notify
appropriate organizations regarding aircraft
in need of search and rescue aid,
and assist such organizations as required.

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 overview of
air traffic services
❑ Objectives of Air Traffic Services

❑ Divisions of Air Traffic Services

❑ Designation of the Portions of the Airspace

❑ Identification of ATS Routes

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Designation of the portions of the airspace
• Flight Information Regions
• Control Areas
• Control Regions

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Flight Information Regions
• An airspace of defined dimensions
within which
• flight information service and
• alerting service
are provided.

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Control Areas
• A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.

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 Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Control Areas
• the vertical limits of a «control area» are
from a published altitude to a higher
altitude

• the lower vertical limit of a «control area»

must not be
less than 700 feet (200 meters)
above the ground or water

• a «control area» at the confluence of

several airways or controlled routes,
and in the vicinity of
one or more major aerodromes,
is called «Terminal Control Area»
(abrreviated to TCA or TMA)

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Controlled Airspace
• Controlled airspace is an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control services are provided
to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.
• Controlled Airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace classes A, B, C, D, & E. Controlled Airspace
includes Control Areas, Terminal Control Areas, Airways and Control Zones.

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Terminal Control Areas
• a «control area» at the confluence of
several airways or controlled routes,
and in the vicinity of one or more major
aerodromes,
is called «Terminal Control Area»

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Terminal Control Areas
• «Terminal Control Area»
is abrreviated to TCA or TMA

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Control Zones
• The area closest to the airport, the purpose of which is to protect air traffic during
the start and landing phase, is called the control zone.

• Within this there are several previously mentioned obstacle-limiting surfaces.

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Designation of the Portions of the Airspace
Control Zones
• The control zone is relatively small and extends from the ground up to a height of
about 450 meters.
• The control zone can almost be considered a “protective area” for the airport,
which should be free of obstacles to the greatest possible extent.

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 overview of
air traffic services
❑ Objectives of Air Traffic Services

❑ Divisions of Air Traffic Services

❑ Designation of the Portions of the Airspace

❑ Identification of ATS Routes

❑ Classification of Airspaces

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Classification of Airspace
The criteria for classification

• The flight rules under which flight is permitted

• The separation that is provided

• The requirements of an ATC clearance to be issued to aircraft using the airspace

• The requirements for two way communication to be maintained between aircraft and ATC

• That where VFR is permitted, the VMC criteria are applied

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Classification of Airspace
Controlled Airspace Uncontrolled Airspace

• A *F

• B *G

• C

• D

• E

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 Classification of Airspaces
Class – A
• IFR flights only are permitted, all flights are provided with
air traffic control service and are separated from each other.

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 Classification of Airspaces
Class – B
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated
from each other.

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 Classification of Airspaces
Class – C
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted,
• all flights are provided with air traffic control service and
• IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights.
• VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.

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 Classification of Airspaces
Class – D
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air traffic control service,
IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information
in respect of VFR flights,
VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.

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 Classification of Airspaces

Class – E
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights. All
flights receive traffic information as far as is practical. Class E shall not be used for control zones.
Class – F
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight
information service if requested.
Class G.
• IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service if requested. 60
Classification of Airspaces, USA

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Classification of Airspaces, France

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Classification of Airspaces, Korea

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 overview of
air traffic services
❑ Objectives of Air Traffic Services

❑ Divisions of Air Traffic Services

❑ Designation of the Portions of the Airspace

❑ Identification of ATS Routes

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Identification of ATS Routes
ATS route
• a specified route designed for
channeling the flow of traffic as necessary
for the provision of air traffic services.

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 Identification of ATS Routes
Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
• is defined for designated areas or long designated routes
• e.g. RNP4 means 95% of the time aircraft must be
within 4NM of the centerline

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Identification of ATS Routes
ATS route
• The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory
route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route,
etc.

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 Identification of ATS Routes
ATS route
• An ATS route is defined by route
specifications
which include
• an ATS route designator,
• the track to or from significant points
(waypoints),
• distance between significant points,
• reporting requirements and,
• as determined by the appropriate ATS
authority, the lowest safe altitude.

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Identification of ATS Routes
ATS route

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Final words
I wish you a very successful semester!
<3

• Do not hesitate to contact with me

anytime you need assistance
via:
• cengizmesut.bukec@rc.bau.edu.tr
Identification of ATS Routes
ATS route

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