ASSIGNMENT 1: REVERBERATION

NAME : MOHAMMAD AFIQ BIN ABIDIN

ID. NUMBER : 56213117198

LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMAD FADLI BIN GHANI

REVERBERATION

Reverberation is any return not from targeted source or discrete target-like object such
as the surface, the bottom, and the volume of water. Reverberation can also be referred
as undesired return of energy due to effect of scattering from various in homogeneities
in the volume of the medium and at the surfaces bounding the medium.

The form of reverberation is divided into two form; volume reverberation and surface
reverberation.

Volume reverberation

DSL, deep scattering layers is the major source of volume reverberation. The scattered
responsible for the reverberation are undoubtedly biological. The acoustic
characteristics of the DSL are fairly universal, some layers, but not all, migrate upward
at sunset and downward at sunrise.
The scattering sound of volume reverberation may range between two extremes:

1. Rayleigh scattering

This scattering is independent of the shape of the scattered and depends upon the
square of the frequency

2. Regular geometric reflection

This scattering depends upon the acoustical properties of the individual scattered and is
independent of frequency

Surface reverberation

The surface reverberation is produced by the scattered acoustical energy that happen
on the surface rather than in the volume of the medium.

There are two types of surface reverberation which are sea surface reverberation and
bottom reverberation.

1. Sea-surface reverberation

Sea-surface reverberation plays crucial effects on sonar operation because of the

shallow depth of the transducer in the surface ship which plays an important role in
surface channel propagation. Sea-surface back scattering strength varies with incident
angle, acoustic frequency, and roughness of the surface.

2. Bottom reverberation

Scattering from the bottom in the shallow water is considered the strongest contributor.
The order of magnitude values for each volume, sea surface, and bottom reverberation
in shallow water are - 80 dB, - 40 dB, and - 25 dB, respectively. Bottom reverberation
relies on the sort and coarseness of the base and its forms. However, it is by and large
accepted that the forms produce the greatest impact