Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 1 1 A;[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and 2 C;[1]

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks 3 A;  [1]
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different. 4

Feature Light Electron

Notes about mark schemes microscope microscope
A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable
source of radiation light; electrons;
answer.
wavelength of 400–700 nm; about 0.005 nm
R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that
radiation used
should be rejected.
; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark. maximum resolution 200 nm; 0.5 nm in
practice
/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the lenses glass electromagnets;
rest of the answer by commas.
specimen living or non- non-living or
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark. living or dead; dead
Underlining This is used to indicate essential stains coloured dyes heavy metals;
word(s) that must be used to get the mark.
image coloured black and white;
AW means ‘alternative wording’. It is used to
indicate that a different wording is acceptable Award 1 mark for each correct entry in the table
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is (shown in italics).[8]
used where students’ responses are likely to vary
more than usual. 5 nucleus; (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum;
rough endoplasmic reticulum;
AVP means ‘additional valid point’. This means
25 nm / larger / 80S ribosomes; linear / non-
accept any additional points given by the student
circular DNA;
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are
chromatin / chromosome(s);
relevant. But accept only as many additional points
lysosome(s); Golgi body; mitochondrion /
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;;
mitochondria; microtubule(s);
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks.
centriole(s); centrosome; vacuole(s);
ORA means ‘or reverse argument’ and is used when microvillus / microvilli; cilium / cilia;
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse nucleolus / nucleoli; nuclear envelope;
way. For example: ‘activity increases between pH nuclear pore(s); AVP; [max. 10]
2 and pH 5 ORA’ means accept ‘activity decreases
between pH 5 and pH 2’. 6 a
magnification is the number of times larger
an image is compared with the real size of the
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
object; AW
that can be given.
resolution is the ability to distinguish
between two separate points / the greater
the resolution, the greater the detail that can
be seen; AW
a statement linking the terms, such as both
terms used with reference to microscopy;[3]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

b
light microscope uses light as a source of 7 In each case, one mark for any three
radiation; appropriate organelles.
electron microscope uses electrons as a a e.g. nucleolus, ribosome, centrioles,
source of radiation;[2] centrosome, microtubule;;;
c
both organelles / both found in eukaryotic cells; b e.g. lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi
nucleolus is located inside nucleus; body;;;
nucleus controls cell activity; c nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast;;;[9]
nucleolus makes ribosomes;
AVP;; e.g. nucleus surrounded by envelope, 8 a
Golgi body;
no membrane round nucleolus [max. 4] b nucleolus;
d
chromatin and chromosomes both contain DNA c ribosome;
(and protein / histones) / both found in nucleus;
d ER / rough ER;
chromatin is the loosely coiled form of
chromosomes; e rough ER;
chromatin is the form that exists between cell f mitochondrion;
/ nuclear divisions; g nucleus;
chromosomes are formed just before / h chloroplast;
during, cell / nuclear division;[3] i centrosome (accept centriole);
e
an envelope consists of two membranes (one j nucleus;
just inside / outside the other); k membrane;
a membrane is a thin (partially permeable)
l ribosome / microtubule;[12]
barrier found around cells and some
organelles; 9 a
1 mark for each accurately measured
example of at least one organelle surrounded ‘observed size’ (to within ±2 mm) and 1 mark
by an envelope is given; for each accurately calculated ‘actual size’;;;;;;
membranes found in / around all cells, 1 mark for applying the formula;
envelopes only in eukaryotes; [max. 3] 1 mark for measuring in mm and converting
f
both consist of flattened membrane-bound mm to µm for each calculation;
sacs; 1 mark for rounding up actual size to no more
both found spreading through cytoplasm of than one decimal place;[9]
eukaryotic cells; b quality of drawing:
smooth ER lacks ribosomes, rough ER has sharp pencil used;
ribosomes on surface; more than half of available space used;
one function of smooth ER given, e.g. makes clean, continuous lines / not sketchy;
lipids / steroids; interpretation of structures accurate;
rough ER transports proteins made by representative parts of main organelles
ribosomes on its surface; [max. 4] drawn, including those below for which label
g
prokaryotes have no nucleus, eukaryotes marks are awarded;[5]
have nucleus; labels:
prokaryotes are smaller / simpler; nucleus;
prokaryotes have few organelles, eukaryotes nuclear envelope;
have many organelles, some membrane- nuclear pore;
bound / compartmentalisation / more nucleolus;
division of labour; rough ER;
one other important difference given / ribosome(s);
eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes;[4] mitochondrion;
[Total: 23] crista or cristae;
Golgi body;
Golgi vesicle / secretory vesicle; [max. 9]
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014
 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

c mitochondria will appear circular if they are

cut, in transverse section / across (the long
axis); AW[1]
d i A  protein made on the ribosome is moving
into the rough ER;
B  rough ER buds off small vesicles;
vesicles fuse to form the Golgi body;
(therefore) protein moves into Golgi body;
protein may be modified / processed inside
Golgi body;
C  Golgi body buds off Golgi vesicles;
D  Golgi vesicles travel to cell surface
membrane;
Golgi vesicle(s) fuses with cell surface
membrane;
protein / enzyme leaves cell;
exocytosis / secretion; [max. 8]
ii ribosome / messenger RNA;[1]
iii nuclear pore;[1]
iv ATP;[1]
[Total: 35]

10

a i 100 000 g
ii 1000 g
iii 10 000 g;[1]
b lysosomes are, similar in size to / slightly
smaller than, mitochondria;
therefore sediment at same / similar, g force
/ speed;
therefore contaminate mitochondrial
sample; AW
therefore cannot be sure whether effects
due to mitochondria or lysosomes in any
experiments;[4]
[Total: 5]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014