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Lie symmetry analysis, group-invariant solutions and dynamics of solitons to

the ($$2+1$$)-dimensional Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation

Article  in  Pramana · June 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s12043-021-02082-4

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Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51 © Indian Academy of Sciences
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-021-02082-4

Lie symmetry analysis, group-invariant solutions and dynamics of

solitons to the (2 + 1)-dimensional Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation
SACHIN KUMAR ∗ and SETU RANI

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail: sachinambariya@gmail.com

MS received 21 July 2020; revised 5 October 2020; accepted 26 November 2020

Abstract. In the present work, abundant group-invariant solutions of (2 + 1)-dimensional Bogoyavlenskii–

Schieff equation have been investigated using Lie symmetry analysis. The Lie infinitesimal generators, all the
geometric vector fields, their commutative and adjoint relations are provided by utilising the Lie symmetry method.
The Lie symmetry method depends on the invariance criteria of Lie groups, which results in the reduction of
independent variables by one. A repeated process of Lie symmetry reductions, using the double, triple and
septuple combinations between the considered vectors, converts the Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff (BS) equation into
nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which furnish numerous explicit exact solutions with the help
of computerised symbolic computation. The obtained group-invariant solutions are entirely new and distinct from
the earlier established findings. As far as possible, a comparison of our reported results with the previous findings
is given. The dynamical behaviour of solutions is discussed both analytically as well as graphically via their
evolutionary wave profiles by considering suitable choices of arbitrary constants and functions. To ensure rich
physical structures, the exact closed-form solutions are supplemented via numerical simulation, which produce
some bright solitons, doubly solitons, parabolic waves, U-shaped solitons and asymptotic nature.

Keywords. Group-invariant solutions; Lie symmetry method; (2 + 1)-dimensional Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff

equation; solitons.

PACS Nos 02.20.Sv; 02.20.Qs; 05.45.Yv; 02.30.Jr

1. Introduction Riccati–Bernoulli method [9] are being addressed by

It is well known that various complex nonlinear phe-
nomena, occurring in our surroundings, can be modelled
in the form of non-linear evolution equations (NLEEs).
The nonlinearity is due to the inter-relationship of higher
amplitude waves mushrooming with lower amplitude
waves. These equations can be associated with opti-
cal fibre communications, plasma physics, nonlinear
optics, thermodynamics, and many more. Therefore,
it is still burning bright for researchers to find ana-
lytical solutions of these NLEEs. These solutions
play important roles to predict and explain the pos-
sible physical behaviour of the system related to
NLEEs. It is interesting to point out here that a
variety of techniques such as tanh–coth method [1],
Hirota’s bilinear method [2,3], homogeneous balanced
method [4], travelling wave method [5], the trun-
cated Painleve expansion method [6], Darboux trans-
formation method [7], (G  /G) expansion method [8],
a diverse group of researchers. Ma et al [10] pro-
posed a multiple exp-function algorithm to operate
the (3 + 1)-dimensional equation. This technique was
used to form multiple wave solutions of NLEEs.
Moreover, the exp-function algorithm was found to be
a generalisation of Hirota’s direct method.
The (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Bogoyavlenskii–
Schieff (BS) equation [11–13] is of the form
1 1
u xt + u x u x y + u x x u y + u x x x y = 0. (1)
2 4
The BS equation (1) depicts the intersection of (2 +
1)-dimensional communication of Riemann wave prop-
agation along the y-axis with a long wave propagated
along the x-axis. This equation has gained much atten-
tion due to its important role in plasma physics to
elucidate the non-linearity phenomena. Besides, this
equation can be transformed into the KdV equation by
replacing y = x and integrating the derived equation. A

0123456789().: V,-vol
 51 Page 2 of 14
new generalised form of (2 + 1)-dimensional BS equa-
tion was introduced by Song-Ju et al [14] by adding a
new term 41 ∂x−1 u yyy as
1 1 1 to obtain generalised group-invariant solutions in terms
u xt + u x u x y + u x x u y + u x x x y + ∂x−1 u yyy = 0.
2 4 4
(2)
Equation (2) is obtained by joining a two-directional
generalised KdV equation, comprising the closed ring
with the BS equation (1) and KP equation.
In the present work, the authors have introduced an
outstanding technique, which is known as Lie symme-
try analysis, to obtain the generalised group-invariant
solutions and soliton solutions of the generalised (2+1)-
dimensional BS equation
1 1
u x xt + u x x u x x y + u x x x u x y + u x x x x y
2 4
1 in continuation the infinitesimals and geometric vector
+ u yyy + αu x x y = 0. (3)
4 equation (3). Section 3 comprises similarity variables
Here α is a non-zero real constant and u = u(x, y, t)
is the function of two spatial coordinates x, y and one
temporal coordinate t. This equation was extended by
Wazwaz [15] by adding one additional term αu x y in
eq. (2). He further ensured that the additional term
does not affect the integrability of eq. (2). The work
in [11–13] motivated and urged the authors for solv-
ing eq. (3) by using Lie group theory. Recently, Ray
and Vinita [16] studied this equation and the exact solu-
tions of this equation were obtained by applying the
same theory of the Lie group. This theory has a pro-
found impact and numerous applications in the fields of
magneto-gas dynamics [17], two-phase flow [18] and
many more areas of mathematics [19]. The elementary
idea behind the Lie group theory was used to exam-
ine the tangent structural equations with one or more
than one parameter group of transformation. For more
details regarding STM, one can see [19,20] or [21–29].
This method works on the principle of invariance of
PDEs under a one-parameter Lie group of point trans-
formations. The concept of invariance plays a crucial
role in bifurcation theory, algebraic topology, numeri-
cal analysis, and many more. Infinitesimals are produced
by using the invariance condition. These infinitesimals
are used to form similarity variables; which are freshly
formed variables after the first reduction to BS equation
(3). The process of reduction enables us to reduce the
number of independent variables by one. As a result, the
PDEs converted into a system of ODEs, can be solved
analytically. The solutions of the obtained ODEs have
been declared in explicit forms bifurcating in different
cases.
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
Motivated by the importance of the BS equation avail-
able in [11–16], mainly from Ray and Vinita [16],
we obtained only some exact solutions through group-
theoretic method. The main objective of this work is
of arbitrary functions to the BS equation by apply-
ing the same Lie symmetry method with an arbitrary
choice of functions. Also, these closed-form solutions
are more general in the formulation by virtue of the exis-
tence of arbitrary functions. Furthermore, these reported
results, based on their graphical representation, are anal-
ysed physically. The most interesting solutions are the
parabolic solutions, U-shaped solitons, bright solitons
and doubly soliton solutions that are localised on a curve
and decaying away exponentially from the curve.
The paper is summarised as follows: In §1, we discuss
various algorithms for solving NLEEs and the exten-
sion of the BS equation (1). Section 2 is all about the
brief methodology of the Lie symmetry method. Also,
fields are determined by Lie symmetry method for BS
and functions which are obtained using infinitesimal
generators. With the help of these functions and vari-
ables, the BS equation (3) is transformed into a nonlinear
PDE with fewer independent variables. Further using the
same process, the reduced PDE is converted into ODEs.
The ODEs furnish exact closed-form solutions of BS
equation (3). Results so obtained have been analysed
geometrically in §4. Finally, §5 deals with conclusions.
2. Lie symmetry analysis
This section describes the basic terminology used to
obtain the infinitesimals of BS equation (3). we consider
a one-parameter Lie group of infinitesimal transforma-
tions acting on independent and dependent variables
presented by
xi∗ = xi + ξi (x, u) + O( 2 ),
u ∗ = u + η(x, u) + O( 2 ), (4)
where ξ1 = ξ , ξ2 = φ, ξ3 = τ and η are infinitesimal
generators corresponding to variables x, y, t and u and
 is a group parameter. The vector field v linked with
the above group of transformations for eq. (3) is given
as
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
v=ξ +φ +τ +η . (5)
∂x ∂y ∂t ∂u
Further, Lie symmetry of eq. (3) will be generated by
eq. (5). Therefore, making use of invariance requirement
Pr (5) v()|=0 = 0 and using the fifth prolongation
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51 Page 3 of 14 51

Pr (5) determined as in [20], we obtain the following αx 2  ∂ x 2 y  ∂ y4 ∂

− f 1 (t) + f 1 (t) − f 1 (t) ,
symmetry condition for eq. (3) as 4 ∂u 4 ∂u 12 ∂u
1 1 ∂ x2  ∂ 2y 3  ∂
η x xt + η x x u x x y + u x x η x x y + η x x x u x y + u x x x η x y v2 ( f 2 ) = f 2 (t) + f 2 (t) − f 2 (t) ,
2 2 ∂y 2 ∂u 3 ∂u
1 x x x x y 1 yyy ∂ ∂
+ η + η + αη = 0, + 2x y f 3 (t) ,
xxy
(6) v3 ( f 3 ) = f 3 (t)
4 4 ∂x ∂u
where ∂
v4 ( f 4 ) = x f 4 (t) ,
η x xt = Dt (η x x ) − u x x x Dt (ξ x ) ∂u
− u x x y Dt (ξ y ) − u x xt Dt (τ ), y2 ∂
v5 ( f 5 ) = f 5 (t) ,
η x x x = Dx (η x x ) − u x x x Dx (ξ x ) 2 ∂u
∂
− u x x y Dx (ξ y ) − u x xt Dx (τ ), (7) v6 ( f 6 ) = y f 6 (t) ,
∂u
etc. are the coefficient functions of Pr (5) v and Dx , D y , ∂
v7 ( f 7 ) = f 7 (t) . (11)
Dt represent the complete derivative operators defined ∂u
as in [20]. Incorporating eq. (7) into (6), we get a system Now, it is possible to easily verify that the vector fields
of over-determining equations as are closed within the Lie bracket [vi , v j ] = vi v j −
α v j vi which is skew symmetric through each diagonal
ηu = 0, ηx x = − τt +φt , η yyy = −4φtt , ηx y = 2ξt ,
2 entry zero. It has been noted from the commutative
τx = τu = τ y = 0, relations of vector fields that the Lie group of trans-
1 formations formed an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra
ξx = τt , ξ y = 0, ξu = 0, with functions f j (t), 1 ≤ j ≤ 7 which are depicted
4 in commutation table 1. The Lie series to calculate the
1
φu = φx = 0, φ y = τt . (8) adjoint relation is given as
2
Solution of eq. (8) results into the following infinitesi- Ad(exp(vi ))v j = v j − [vi , v j ]
mals of eq. (3) as 2
+ [vi , [vi , v j ]] + · · · . (12)
1  2
ξ= f (t)x + f 3 (t),
4 1 The adjoint representation of vectors generated by the
1 Lie point symmetries for the generalised BS equation is
φ = f 1 (t)y + f 2 (t), shown in table 2. Using the adjoint representation of the
2
τ = f 1 (t), vector fields from table 2, the one-dimensional optimal
system [20] of BS equation (3) is of the following type:
1
η = (− f 1 (t)α + f 1 (t)y + 2 f 2 (t))x 2
4 {v3 + v7 ; v2 + v6 + v7 ;
+ (2 f 3 (t)y + f 4 (t))x v1 + v4 ; v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + v5 + v6 + v7 }. (13)
1  2
− f (t)y 4 − f 2 (t)y 3
12 1 3
1 3. Group-invariant solutions
+ f 5 (t)y 2 + f 6 (t)y + f 7 (t). (9)
2
Here, f j (t), 1 ≤ j ≤ 7 and their derivatives are arbi- In order to get the generalised group-invariant solutions
trary smooth functions obtained during the processing for the BS equation using Lie symmetry method, we
of infinitesimals. The prime stands for the differentia- need to get the symmetry reductions of the BS equation
tion with respect to its indicated variables throughout (3), which are obtained in the following manner:
the article. Thus, the Lie symmetry of eq. (3) can be
written as 3.1 For subalgebra v3 + v7 
v = v 1 ( f 1 ) + v2 ( f 2 ) + v3 ( f 3 ) + v4 ( f 4 ) By considering f 7 (t) = a f 3 (t), where a is an arbitrary
+ v5 ( f 5 ) + v6 ( f 6 ) + v7 ( f 7 ), (10) constant, the Lagrange’s equation for the above subal-
where gebra are obtained as
∂ x ∂ y ∂ dx dy dt du
v1 ( f 1 ) = f 1 (t) + f 1 (t) + f 1 (t) = = = . (14)
∂t 4 ∂x 2 ∂y f 3 (t) 0 0 (2x y + a) f 3 (t)
51 Page 4 of 14 Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51

Integration of the above equation gives the following

v5 f 1 f 5 + f 1 f 5 v6 12 6 + f 1 f 6 v7 ( f 1 f 7 )
v7 form of similarity reduction:

0
0
0
0
 
ax + x 2 y f 3  (t)
u(x, y, t) = + H (Y, T ), (15)


f 3 (t)
v7 ( f 2 f 6 )
where Y = y and T = t. Using (15) and (3), then the
v6

0
0
0
0
reduced form of (1 + 1)-dimensional PDE is
f f
 

8Y f 3 (T )2
f 3 (T )HY Y Y + + 8Y f 3 (T ) + 8α f 3 (T ) = 0.
f 3 (T )


(16)
v6 ( f 2 f 5 )

Solution of the above PDE is given as

v5

0
0
0
0
H (Y, T ) = Y 2 g3 (T ) + Y g2 (T ) + g1 (T )
 


4 14 Y 4 ( f 3 (T )2 + f 3 (T ) f 3 (T )) + αY 3 f 3 (T ) f 3 (T )
− ,
3 f 3 (T )2

+ f 1 f 4

(17)
v7 ( f 3 f 4 )

where g1 (T ), g2 (T ) and g3 (T ) are arbitrary functions.

v4

0
0
0
0
f 1 f 4

Thus, the leading solution of BS (3) is

4


(ax + x 2 y) f 3 (t)
f 1 f 3 v4

u(x, y, t) =
f 3 (t)


+ y g3 (t)+ y g2 (t)+g1 (t)

2
 
4 41 y 4 ( f 3 (t)2 + f 3 (t) f 3 (t)) + αy 3 f 3 (t) f 3 (t)
α
2
v4 (− f 3 f 2 + 2 f 2 f 3 )

− .
+ f 1 f 3 + v4

3 f 3 (t)2
−v7 ( f 3 f 4 )

(18)

v3

0
0
0

3.2 For subalgebra v2 + v6 + v7 

− f 3 f 1

The Lagrange’s equation for this case is obtained as

4

dx dy dt


= =
v3

0 f 2 (t) 0
−v4 (− f 3 f 2 + 2 f 2 f 3 )

du


= , (19)
+ f 1 f 2

x2  2y 3 
2 f 2 (t) − 3 f 2 (t) + y f 6 (t) + f 7 (t)
−v6 ( f 2 f 5 )
−v7 ( f 2 f 6 )
v2

which on integration provides the following similarity

f 1 f 2
2

forms:

v2

u(x, y, t)
−y 4 f 2  (t) + 3x 2 y f 2  (t) + 3y 2 f 6 (t) + 6y f 7 (t)
=
6 f 2 (t)


−v5 f 1 f 5 + f 1 f 5 



+ f1 f2

+ f1 f4


+ f 1 f 6
+ f1 f3

Table 1. Commutator table.

+ G(X, T ), (20)
−v7 ( f 1 f 7 )

where G is the similarity function of variables X = x

α 4 
v1

f 1 f 2

f1 f4

f 1 f 6
0

f  f3
− f3 f1 

 4
2

and T = t. Using (20) and (3), then we obtain

2 1 


2 f 2 (T )G X X T + X f 2 (T )G X X X
−v6
−v4
−v2


− v4
−v3

+ 2 f 2 (T )G X X + 2α f 2 (T ) = 0. (21)
The obtained PDE is highly nonlinear in nature. Hence
v1

v2

v3

v4
v5
v6
v7

its general solution cannot be attained easily.

∗
 Pramana – J. Phys.

Table 2. Adjoint table.

Ad v1 v2 v3
    α 
f 1 f 2 − f 3 f 1 
v1 v1 v2 − v2 + f 1 f 2 v3 − v3 + f 1 f 3 − v4 f 1 f 3
2 4 2
(2021) 95:51

 
f 1 f 2
v2 v1 + v2 + f 1 f 2 v2 v3 − v4 (− f 3 f 2 + 2 f 2 f 3 )
 2 
− f 3 f 1 α 
v3 v1 + v3 + f 1 f 3 + v4 f 1 f 3 v2 + v4 (− f 3 f 2 + 2 f 2 f 3 ) v3
4   2
f 1 f 4 
v4 v1 + v4 + f1 f4 v2 v3 + v7 ( f 3 f 4 )
 4 
v5 v1 + v5 f 1 f 5 + f 1 f 5  v2 + v6 ( f 2 f 5 ) v3
f 1 f 6
v6 v1 + v6 + f 1 f 6 v2 + v7 ( f 2 f 6 ) v3
2
v7 v1 + v7 ( f 1 f 7 ) v2 v3
∗ v4 v5 v6 v7
   
f 1 f 4   f 1 f 6
v1 v4 − v4 + f 1 f 4 v5 − v5 f 1 f 5 + f 1 f 5 v6 − v6 + f 1 f 6 v7 − v7 ( f 1 f 7 )
4 2
v2 v4 v5 − v6 ( f 2 f 5 ) v6 − v7 ( f 2 f 6 ) v7
v3 v4 − v7 ( f 3 f 4 ) v5 v6 v7
v4 v4 v5 v6 v7
v5 v4 v5 v6 v7
v6 v4 v5 v6 v7
v7 v4 v5 v6 v7
Page 5 of 14
51
 51 Page 6 of 14 Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51

The primitive of the above equation is G(X, T ) = which, after integrating twice, transforms into
−(α/2)X 2 . Inserting the value of G in eq. (20), the cor-
b2  a4
responding invariant solution of BS equation (3) is given F (W )2 + a 4 F 3 (W ) + F  (W )2 − A1 F  (W )
as 2 2
− A2 = 0, (27)
u(x, y, t)
where A1 and A2 are constants of integrations. By
−y 4 f 2  (t) + 3x 2 y f 2  (t) + 3y 2 f 6 (t) + 6y f 7 (t) assuming a = 1, b = 1, A1 = 1, A2 = 0 we get one
=
6 f 2 (t) particular solution of eq. (27) as
α 2
− x . (22) F(W ) = p0 + p1 W + p2 W 2 , (28)
2 √
where p0 , p1 and p2 = 1/8(−1 ∓ 17) are arbitrary
3.3 For subalgebra v1 + v4  constants. Hence, the solution of original equation is
found as
For the above subalgebra, the corresponding character-  
ax by
istic equation comes into existence as u(x, y, t) = p1 √ +√
4
f 1 (t) f 1 (t)
dx dy dt    2
x  = y  = 1 √ ax by
4 f 1 (t) 2 f 1 (t) f 1 (t) + ∓ 17 − 1 √ +√
8 4
f 1 (t) f 1 (t)
du
= . 
x y f 1 (t) 4
2  
y f 1 (t)2
4
−αx 2  x 2 y  y 4  + + x f 1 (t) +
4 f 1 (t) + 4 f 1 (t) − 12 f 1 (t) + x f 4 (t)
4 f 1 (t) 3 24 f 1 (t)2
(23)
y 4 f 1 (t) αx 2
− + p0 − . (29)
By choosing f 4 (t) = f 1 (t), similarity form of u takes 12 f 1 (t) 2
the form
3.4 For subalgebra v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + v5 + v6 + v7 
αX2 X 2Y  4
u(x, y, t) = − f 1 (t)1/2 + f 1 (t)+ X f 1 (t)3/4
2 4 3 Symmetry reduction of the BS equation (3) associated
Y4 Y 4
with the mentioned subalgebra generates the following
− f 1 (t) f 1 (t) + f  (t)2 + L(X, Y ),
12 24 1 Lagrange’s form:
(24)

dx dy dt
1 
= 1 
=
4 f 1 (t)x + f 3 (t) 2 f 1 (t)y + f 2 (t) f 1 (t)
du
=     1  2 
.
4 (− f 1 (t)α+ f 1 (t)y +2 f 2 (t))x +(2 f 3 (t)y + f 4 (t))x − 12 f 1 (t)y − 3 f 2 (t)y + 2 f 5 (t)y + f 6 (t)y + f 7 (t)
1 2 4 3 1 2

(30)

Some particular choice of f i s may bring meaningful

where L is the dependent function of
physical solutions of eq. (3). Hence, to proceed further,
x y we are taking the choices of functions as
X= and Y = .
f 1 (t)1/4 f 1 (t)1/2 a
f 1 (t) = f (t), f 2 (t) = f  (t),
Using (24) and (3), we get 2
a  a 2 
L Y Y Y + 4L X X L X X Y + 2L X Y L X X X + L X X X X Y = 0. f 3 (t) = f (t), f 4 (t) = f (t),
4 2
(25) a3
f 5 (t) = −a 2 f  (t), f 6 (t) = − f  (t)
By considering the transformation L(X, Y ) = F(W ) 3
where W = a X + bY , eq. (25) is converted into the and
following ODE: a 4 
f 7 (t) = − f (t).
b3 F  (W ) + 6a 4 bF  (W )F  (W ) + a 4 bF  (W ) = 0, 12
(26) Therefore, eq. (30) reduces to
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51 Page 7 of 14 51

dx dy dt du
(x+a) f  (t)
= (y+a) f  (t)
= = . (31)
f (t) −α f  (t)x 2 (y+a)x 2 f  (t) a(y+a)x f  (t) (y+a)4 f  (t)
4 2 4 + 4 + 2 − 12

where
On solving (31), one can get
Y + A1
αX2 αa 2 X1 =
u(x, y, t) = − f (t)1/2 − log( f (t)) (X + 2 A2 )2
2 4 is the similarity variable of function U1 . On comparing
X 2Y  eqs (37) and (33), we get
+ 2aα X f (t)1/4 + f (t)
4
  16X 14 U1 (X 1 ) + 208X 13U1 (X 1 ) + 732X 12 U1 (X 1 )
a2Y f  (t) Y4
− dt − f (t) f  (t) + U1 (X 1 ) + 96X 14 U1 (X 1 )U1 (X 1 )
4 f (t)1/2 12
Y4  2 + 128X 13U1 (X 1 )U1 (X 1 ) + 720X 1U1 (X 1 )
+ f (t) + U (X, Y ), (32)
24 + 368X 13U1 (X 1 )2 + 672X 12 U1 (X 1 )U1 (X 1 )
where + 240X 1 U1 (X 1 )2 + 120U1 (X 1 ) = 0. (38)
(x + a) (y + a) A particular solution of eq. (38) is
X= and Y = . √
f (t)1/4 f (t)1/2 3 1
U1 (X 1 ) = a0 ∓ − , (39)
Thus, BS equation (3) reduces to 8X 1 64X 12

UY Y Y + 4U X X U X X Y + 2U X Y U X X X + U X X X X Y = 0. where a0 is a constant. Eventually, the expression of u

(33) leads to   
1 f  (t)
u(x, y, t) = − √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt
For further reduction of eq. (33), the required infinites- 4 f (t) f (t)
imals are 1
− a 2 α log( f (t))
1 4
ξ̂ = c1 X + c3 , φ̂ = c1 Y + c2 , √  a+x 2  4
2 3 √ + 2 A a+x
√ + 2 A
4 f (t) 2 4 f (t) 2
1 ∓   −
η̂ = c4 X + c5 Y 2 + c6 Y + c7 , (34)  2
2 8 √a+yf (t)
+ A1 64 √a+y + A 1
f (t)
where ci ; 1 ≤ i ≤ 7 are arbitrary constants. To proceed,
(a + y)4 f  (t) (a + y)4 f  (t)2
the corresponding Lagrange’s system for eq. (33) is + a0 − +
12 f (t) 24 f (t)2
dX dY 1
= − α(a + x)2 + 2aα(a + x)
1
+ c3 c1 Y + c2 2
2 c1 X
(a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t)
dU + . (40)
= . (35) 4 f (t)
c4 X + 1
2 c5 Y
2 + c6 Y + c7
3.4.2 For c2 , c3 , c4 , c7
= 0 and rest of the ci ’s are zero.
To obtain the different forms of invariant solutions, we
Equation (35) reduces to
shall choose different values of ci ’s in eq. (35).
dX dY dU
= = , (41)
A3 1 A4 X + A5
3.4.1 For c1 , c2 , c3
= 0 and rest of the ci ’s are zero.
Equation (35) gets converted into where A3 = c3 /c2 , A4 = c4 /c2 and A5 = c7 /c2 . This
gives the following similarity form:
dX dY dU A4 X 2
= = , (36) + A5 X
X
2 + A2 Y + A1 0 U (X, Y ) = 2
+ U2 (X 2 ) , (42)
A3
with A1 = c2 /c1 and A2 = c3 /c1 . Thus, one gets where
A3 Y − X
U (X, Y ) = U1 (X 1 ), (37) X2 =
A3
 51 Page 8 of 14 Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51

is the similarity variable and U2 is the similarity func- where k6 , k7 and k8 are integrating constants.
tion. The above value of U converts eq. (33) into the Hence, one obtains
following ODE:   
1 f  (t)
U2 (X 2 ) + AU2 (X 2 ) + 6U2 (X 2 )U2 (X 2 ) = 0, (43) u(x, y, t) = − √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt
4 f (t) f (t)
where A = (A43 + 4 A3 A4 ). Integrating eq. (43) twice, 1
− a 2 α log( f (t))
we get 4
⎛ ⎛ √  A (a+y)  ⎞⎞
U22 (X 2 ) + AU22 (X 2 ) + 2U23 (X 2 ) − 2k1U2 (X 2 ) A √ 3
f (t)
− a+x
√
4 f (t)
+ 2 log ⎝cosh ⎝ √ ± k 6 ⎠⎠
− 2k2 = 0, (44) 2 2 A3
where k1 and k2 , being arbitrary constants, are obtained  2  
3 (a+y) 3 (a+y)
in the process of integration. A A√ f (t)
− a+x
√ k 7
A√
f (t)
− a+x
√
4 f (t) 4 f (t)
The obtained eq. (44) is a complicated nonlinear − 2
+
8A3 A3
ODE. The authors are unable to find its general solu-
(a+x)2
A4√ A5 (a+x)
tion. Though, by assuming adequate values of constants, 2 f (t)
+ √
4 f (t) (a + y)4 f  (t)
some particular solutions of eq. (44) can be obtained as + k8 + −
A3 12 f (t)
follows:
(a + y)4 f  (t)2
1
Case Ia: By setting both k1 and k2 equal to 0, a particular + − α(a + x)2
24 f (t)2 2
solution of eq. (44) can be derived as


√  (a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t)
AX 2 + 2aα(a + x) + . (48)
U2 (X 2 ) = 2 log cos k3 ∓ + k4 X 2 + k5 , 4 f (t)
2
Case Ic: By letting k1 = −3k 2 , A = 6k and k2 = −k 3 ,
(45)
a solution of eq. (44) is obtained as
where k3 , k4 and k5 are arbitrary constants.
k
Consequently, from eqs (45), (42) and (32), the group- U2 (X 2 ) = − X 22 + k10 X 2 + 2 log (k9 ± X 2 ) + k11 .
invariant solution of the governing equation (3) can be 2
(49)
obtained as
u(x, y, t) Again, here k9 , k10 and k11 are constants of integration.
   Thus, the exact closed form solution of BS equation
1 f  (t) (3) is
=− √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt
4 f (t) f (t)   
1 f  (t)
1 u(x, y, t) = − √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt
− a 2 α log( f (t)) 4 f (t) f (t)
4  2
⎛ ⎛ √  A (a+y)  ⎞⎞ 3 (a+y)
A√
A √ 3
− a+x
√ 1 k f (t)
− √a+x
4 f (t)
f (t) 4 f (t)
+ 2 log ⎝cos ⎝ ∓ k 3 ⎠⎠ − a 2 α log( f (t))− 2
2 A3 4 2 A3
⎛ A (a+y) ⎞
  √
3
− √a+x
3 (a+y) (a+x)2 5 (a+x)
k4 A√ f (t)
− a+x
√
A4√
2 f (t)
+ A√ + 2 log ⎝±
f (t) 4 f (t)
+ k9 ⎠
4 f (t) 4 f (t)
+ +k5 + A3
A3 A3
 
 
(a + y) f (t) (a + y) f (t)
4 4 2 1 k10 A√3 (a+y)
− a+x
√
− + − α(a + x)2 f (t) 4 f (t)
12 f (t) 24 f (t)2 2 + + k11
A3
(a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t) (a+x)2 A5 (a+x)
+ 2aα(a + x) + . (46) A4√
+ √
4 f (t) 2 f (t) 4 f (t) (a + y)4 f  (t)
+ −
A3 12 f (t)
Case Ib: Assuming k1 =−A2 /16 and k2 = 0, then the
other solution of eq. (44) is obtained as (a + y)4 f  (t)2 1
+ − α(a + x)2


√  24 f (t)2 2
AX 2 1
U2 (X 2 ) =2 log cosh √ ± k6 − AX 22 (a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t)
2 2 8 + 2aα(a + x) + .
4 f (t)
+ k7 X 2 + k8 , (47) (50)
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51 Page 9 of 14 51

3.4.3 For c1 , c2 = 0 and the rest of the ci ’s are non- where A10 = A7 /A6 . Primitive of eq. (58) is
zero. Equation (35) yields
U4 (X 4 ) + A26 U4 (X 4 ) + 3U42 (X 4 ) − A10 X 4 = k12 .
dX dY dU (59)
= = (51)
c3 0 c4 X + 2 c5 Y 2 + c6 Y + c7
1
By assuming A10 = 0, eq. (59) can be integrated once
which gives more as

c4 X 2 + c5 X Y 2 + 2c6 X Y + 2c7 X U42 (X 4 ) + A26 U42 (X 4 ) + 2U43 (X 4 ) − 2k12 U4 (X 4 )

U (X, Y ) = − 2k13 = 0, (60)
2c3
+U3 (X 3 ) , (52) where k12 and k13 are integrating constants.
Equation (60) is again a tedious non-linear differential
where U3 is a function of variable X 3 = Y . Substitution
equation and is similar to eq. (44). Hence, by setting
of eq. (52) into eq. (33) leads to
k12 =−A46 /16 and k13 = 0, the solution of eq. (60) is
U3 (X 3 ) = 0. (53)   
A6 X 4
U4 (X 4 ) = 2 log cosh √ ± k14
A solution of eq. (53) is 2 2
U3 (X 3 ) = a3 X 32 + a2 X 3 + a1 , (54) 1
− A26 X 42 + k15 X 4 + k16 , (61)
8
where ai , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3 are constants.
Eventually, the solution of the BS equation (3) leads where k14 , k15 and k16 are constants of integration. Con-
to sequently, the solution of BS equation (3) is derived as
     
1 f  (t) 1 f  (t)
u(x, y, t) = − √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt u(x, y, t) = − √ a (a + y)
2
√ dt
4 f (t) f (t) 4 f (t) f (t)
a3 (a + y)2 1
1
− a 2 α log( f (t)) + − a 2 α log( f (t))
4
4 f (t) ⎛ ⎛   ⎞⎞
6 (a+y)
A√
a2 (a + y) A6 √ a+x
4 f (t) − f (t)
+ √ + a1 + 2 log ⎝cosh ⎝ √ ± k14 ⎠⎠
f (t) 2 2
c5 (a+x)(a+y)2
+ 2c6 (a+x)(a+y) + c4√(a+x) 7 (a+x)
2
+ 2c√  
f (t)5/4 f (t)3/4 f (t) 4 f (t)
1 2 a+x A6 (a + y) 2
+ − A6 √ − √
2c3 8 4
f (t) f (t)
 
(a + y)4 f  (t) (a + y)4 f  (t)2 a+x A6 (a + y)
− + + k15 √ − √ + k16
12 f (t) 24 f (t)2 4
f (t) f (t)
1 A8 (a + y)2
− α(a + x)2 + 2aα(a + x) +
2 2 f (t)
(a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t)
+ . (55) A9 (a + y) (a + y)4 f  (t)
4 f (t) + √ −
f (t) 12 f (t)
3.4.4 For c1 , c4 = 0 and the rest of the ci ’s are non- (a + y) f (t)
4  2 1
zero. Equation (35) yields + − α(a + x)2
24 f (t) 2 2
dX dY dU (a + x)2 (a + y) f  (t)
= = , (56) + 2aα(a + x) + . (62)
A6 1 A7 Y 2 4 f (t)
2 + A8 Y + A9
where A6 = c3 /c2 , A7 = c5 /c2 , A8 = c6 /c2 and A9 =
c7 /c2 . Thus, invariant solution is given as
4. Numerical analysis and discussions
A7 Y 3 A8 Y 2
U (X, Y ) = + + A9 Y + U4 (X 4 ) , (57)
6 2 This section interprets the dynamical behaviour of all
where X 4 = X − A6 Y . Using eq. (57) into eq. (33), we the established new group-invariant solutions, viz. (18),
obtain (22), (29), (40), (46), (48), (50), (55) and (62) of the
BS equation (3) by means of symbolic computation.
U4 (X 4 )+ A26 U4 (X 4 )+6U4 (X 4 )U4 (X 4 ) − A10 = 0, As the mathematical solutions do not express the pat-
(58) tern of flow, to make our research more significant, we
 51 Page 10 of 14
Figure 1. The dynamical wave structures of u via eq. (18)
for different values of t.
need physical as well as geometrical analysis of these
solutions. To obtain physically valid figures for eq. (3),
we have taken proper choice of arbitrary constants and
functions in the solutions of BS equation (3). A brief
analysis of the solutions is given as follows:
Figure 1 represents the dynamical behaviour of wave
component u mentioned in eq. (18). The wave profile
reflects the asymptotic wave nature based on the ade-
quate choice of arbitrary functions as f 3 (t) = 15 (t 2 +1),
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
Figure 2. U-shaped and doubly soliton wave profiles
expressed by (22) for different values of t.
g1 (t) = t + 1, g2 (t) = t 2 + 3t + cos(t), g3 (t) = sin(t)
at t = 10 with arbitrary constants α = 7, a = 5.
This simulation is performed in the space range of
−20 ≤ x, y ≤ 20. The corresponding plot reflects the
annihilation of wave at t = 22. This solution holds. Six
free parameters which define the dynamical behaviour
of the profile. During simulation, it was shown that the
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
Figure 3. Doubly soliton profile of u via eq. (40) and the
corresponding 2D plot.
behaviour of the existing wave depends on the variation
of time. It turns into stationary wave after t = 30.
Figure 2 shows the graphical representation of the
evolutionary wave solution via eq. (22) with α = 10
and arbitrary function as f 2 (t) = t 5+1 , f 6 (t) = cos(t) +
2
t 2 + 3t, f 7 (t) = sin(t). Spatial coordinate range for
this profile is taken as −20 ≤ x, y ≤ 20. The figure
reveals different U-shaped soliton profiles for distinct
values of t. In figure 2a, the profile is traced for t = 1
Page 11 of 14 51
Figure 4. Dromion annihilation of evolutionary wave pro-
files for eq. (46) after t = 13.
and in figure 2b the profile is traced for t = 20. It was
observed that the behaviour of the existing dynamical
wave structures (U-shaped) is converted into the wave
component profile due to dispersion effect.
Figure 3 shows the doubly soliton nature of the pro-
file for eq. (40). For ambient visibility of the figure, we
have traced surface plot at t = 2 with arbitrary con-
stants as α = 1, a = 2, a0 = 0.3456, A1 = 0.6751,
 51 Page 12 of 14
Figure 5. Parabolic (U-shaped soliton) profile of u for eq.
(48) and the corresponding 2D plot for distinct values of t.
A2 = 1.8270, and arbitrary function as f (t) = exp(t).
The range of spatial coordinates for this profile is taken
as −30 ≤ x, y ≤ 30. The corresponding 2D plot is
shown for different values of t by taking y = 1. Dur-
ing simulation, it was observed that the behaviour of
the existing solitons depends on the variation of time. It
turns into single soliton at t = 6 and then gets converted
into the plane front wave for large values of t. It is gen-
erally known that solitons do not vary their amplitude
and shapes after their interaction.
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
Figure 6. The dynamical structures for expression u via (50)
with the corresponding annihilation into the parabolic profile.
Figure 4 shows the annihilation of non-linear wave
profile for eq. (46) after t = 13. This profile is traced
for f (t) = (t 2 + 1)/5 and by selecting the values of
arbitrary constants as a = 2, α = 1, k3 = 1, k4 = 0.11,
k5 = 1.2, A3 = 1.234, A4 = 1.012, A5 = 0.298 for
space range −1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1. This shows that the choice
of arbitrary parameters does not affect the dominance of
Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. The dynamical structures of evolutionary wave
profile for (55) with its contour plot.
external disturbance over the wave motion to dissipate
its energy. Solution profile can be used in ultrasound
transducers to control the path of sound beam.
Figure 5 reflects the parabolic shape of u for eq. (48)
at t = 7, which is found to remain the same for all
values of t. The adequate values of constants are a = 1,
α = 1, k6 = 0.178, k7 = 0.97, k8 = 1.23, A = 6.81,
A3 = 1.234, A4 = 1.012, A5 = 0.298 for −5 ≤ x ≤ 5,
−31 ≤ t ≤ 30 and arbitrary function is the same as in
figure 3. The parabolic profile of solution (48) can be
Page 13 of 14 51
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Parabolic wave profile of eq. (62) for all values of
y and the corresponding 2D plot for different values of t.
used in designing ballistic missiles. The second figure
shows the corresponding 2D plot when y = 5 and t =
1, 2.
Figure 6 shows the evolutionary profile by getting the
value of constants as a = 1, α = 2, A3 = 1.234, A4 =
1.012, A5 = 0.298, k9 = 1.23, k10 = 0.6868, k11 =
 51 Page 14 of 14
0.7856 and function f (t) = t 4 in the particular solution
(50). Numerical annihilation is performed at t = 15
for −30 ≤ x, y ≤ 30. The profile of u drops its non-
linearity or gets annihilated into perfect parabolic profile
as t passes over 300. This helps the role of dissipation
component to neutralise the effect of external force. The
nonlinearity of the profile is generally an outcome of the
interaction of long wave and Riemann wave.
Figure 7a shows the wave profile nature of the solution
for eq. (55) at −30 ≤ x ≤ 30, −30 ≤ t ≤ 30, a = 2,
α = 1, c3 = 1.234, c4 = 0.678, c5 = 0.578, c6 =
0.234, c7 = 0.4678, a1 = 0.4567, a2 = 0.3734, a3 =
1.0234 and f (t) = t 3 in the first shape. Figure 7b shows
the corresponding contour plot.
To plot figure 8, we set the values of arbitrary param-
eters as a = −1, α = 1, k14 = 0.678, k15 = 1.234,
k16 = 0.578, A6 = 0.4567, A8 = 0.3734, A9 = 1.0234
and arbitrary function is the same as in figure 3. Domain
for spatial and temporal coordinates is taken as −20 ≤
x ≤ 20, 0 ≤ t ≤ 20 respectively. During simulation, it
was observed that parabolic nature of the profile remains
the same for all values of y. The corresponding 2D plot
is shown for distinct values of t and taking y = 1.
5. Conclusion
In this research, the authors employed the group-
theoretic method successfully to get abundant group-
invariant solutions of (2 + 1)-dimensional BS equation
(3) which are given by expressions (18), (22), (29),
(40), (46), (48), (50), (55) and (62). Our reported results
are more general and entirely distinct from the earlier
findings obtained in [16] by implementing the same
technique. These obtained solutions have a wide scope
for future research to describe the physical properties as
they contain arbitrary constants and function f (t). The
authors have verified all the solutions. This research is
noteworthy because it established numerical and graph-
ical consequences to get appropriate information about
the dynamical behaviour of the BS equation (3). The
diversified nature of the obtained solutions is analysed
physically as well as graphically using figures 1– 8 and
the obtained solutions are found to be asymptotic wave,
doubly soliton, bright soliton, parabolic wave, U-shaped
soliton and nonlinear wave profiles. These results have
advantages in various fields of nonlinear sciences like
soliton theory, plasma physics, fibre optics, condensed
matter physics and applied mathematics and engineer-
ing. Also, the obtained exact solutions show a standard
benchmark in the comparison of numerical results and
accuracy testing. It shows that the Lie symmetry method
is a quite simple, effective and reliable mathematical tool
to obtain more general group-invariant solutions of non-
linear evolution equations (NLEEs) and in future it can
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Pramana – J. Phys. (2021) 95:51
handle a variety of other NLEEs arising in the nonlinear
complex physical model.
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