AUTOMATED TOLL TAX

COLLECTION SYSTEM USING

RFID

Abstract:

Today, due to the increase in the vehicles, there is a lot of gathering of the traffic at the toll
booths. The main reason for this traffic at the toll booths is due to the manual working of the
toll tax collection at the booths. Each vehicle on an average needs to stop at the tool booth for
about a minute for the payment of the toll tax. In order to decrease this traffic, we decided to
work on the construction of a project which reduces the manual work and hence increases the
vehicle speed passing by the toll booth. Also we decided to develop a project which allows
the vehicles just to pass through the booth without the need to stop. This will increase the
speed of the passing by vehicles allowing them to pass through the booth without stopping
and also will reduce the manual work and as a result reducing the traffic gathering at the toll
collecting booths.
CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 89S52

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER2: POWER SUPPLY

2.1 Transformer

2.2 Rectifier

2.3 Filter

2.4 Voltage Regulator

CHAPTER 3: MICRO CONTROLLER

3.1 FEATURES:

3.2 Description

3.3 Pin Diagram

3.4 Pin Description

3.5 Arduino Microcontroller Memory Organization:

CHAPTER 4: LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

4.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

4.4 Potentiometer:

4.5 Presets:

4.6 LCD INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:

CHAPTER 5: L293D

5.1 Description

5.2 Block Diagram

 5.3 Assembly Instructions

CHAPTER 6: DC MOTOR

6.1 Working Principal

6.2 Operations

6.3 Speed Control Methods:

CHAPTER 7: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

7.1arduino Compiler

7.2 Steps To Write An C Language Program In arduino .

7.4 CODE:

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
 RFID Based Toll Tax System

Technical Specifications:

Title of the project : RFID Based TOLL TAX SYSTEM

Domain : Embedded Systems Design

Software : C, Arduino compiler, Proteus

Microcontroller : Arduinouno,nodemcu

Power Supply : +5V, 750mA Regulated Power Supply

Display : LED 5mm, 16 X 2 LCD

Crystal : 11.0592MHz

RFID (Reader) : 1

RFID Tags : min (2)

EEPROM : 24C04

Data Communication : Through Serial Communication

Applications : Colleges, Companies, Banks, Industries etc

ABSTRACT:

RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. This project is a standalone

Automatic two door interlock control system for toll tax using ARDUINO microcontroller. This project
is useful in all applications where two door interlocking is needed. RFID is increasingly used with
biometric technologies for security. Primarily, the two main components involved in a Radio
Frequency Identification system are the Transponder (tags that are attached to the object) and the
Interrogator (RFID reader). Communication between the RFID reader and tags occurs wirelessly and
generally doesn’t require a line of sight between the devices.

RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. This project uses passive tags. Read-
only tags are typically passive and are programmed with a unique set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits)
that cannot be modified. The reader has three main functions: energizing, demodulating and
decoding. The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it.

In this project, the RFID module reader typically contains a module (transmitter and
receiver), a control unit and a coupling element (antenna). This module is interfaced with the micro
controller and when the card is brought near to the RFID module it reads the data in the card and
displays on the LCD.

The aim of this project is to atomize the toll tax collection on highways. RFID reader, tags are
used in this project to identify the entry or exit of the vehicle. The RFID reader is placed at the toll tax
collecting area and each and every vehicle is provided with a RFID card. Each and every time when
we place the RFID card on the reader the current value (in Rs) in the card has to be stored in the
EEPROM. Once we pay the tax through RFID card the value of the card get decremented which can
shown on 16X2 LCD.

Initially the gate is closed. Whenever any vehicle comes in front of the entry gate, the reader
detects the RFID card owned by the vehicle owner and certain value of amount is detected
automatically which will be displayed on 16X2 LCD. By using serial communication the data will be
processed by the microcontroller and opens the entry gate by rotating the DC motor. After some
delay, the gate will be closed.
 The user places the RFID card in the RFID reader for collecting the tax, then. Then the exit
gate opens for the vehicle to leave. The microcontroller closes the gate only after the vehicle exits
out .If certain amount is not there in the card then he/she can renewal the RFID card. Once the
amount is successfully deducted from RFID card only the gate opens. And again the RFID reader will
be waiting for the next vehicle to enter.

This project uses regulated 5v, 750mA power supply. 7805, a three
terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is
used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12v step down transformer. The RFID
module requires a separate +5v power supply.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
 Power
Supply

RFID IC MAX 16X2 LCD

MODULE
232

ARDUINO
UNO H-Bridge
DC
MOTOR
CRYSTAL

MCU
RESET

Step Bridge Filter

down Regulator
Rectifier Circuit
T/F Power supply to all sections
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Our life is changing very fast and the role of automation in our day to day life is increasing at
a very fast rate. This is the motive behind our project i.e. “Automation”. Day by day the
number of vehicles passing over the road is increasing due to which the road condition is
decaying rapidly. The government sponsors the price of road construction and road
maintenance. The government has some source of money to build and maintain these roads &
this source is the Toll Station.

At the onset, the goal of our project group was to design an Automatic tolling system
for collecting toll. After studying various techniques like weight-based systems, bar coding
etc. we chose Radio frequency identification, which is an emerging technology applied for
tracking and communication. RFID (Radio frequency Identification) is an area of automatic
identification that has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and has now being
seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complimentary in many ways
to other data capture technologies such as bar coding.

In today’s era of technology, where machines are being extensively used in all the
fields we are trying to emulate concept, which will be of great use in public transport
systems. Today a person has to travel long distances into vastly unknown territories for job,
business, or even for tourism. As the vehicles are increasing and roads are falling short,
nowadays we see frequently traffic jams or long queues at the toll stations waiting for paying
the toll. Paying the toll every-time through cash or checking the pass takes a lot of time. And
today Time is more precious than money. Therefore our project is aimed at reducing time
consumed for manual transactions and human effort.

1.1 The concept of Toll Station

A toll road, also known as a toll way, turnpike, pike or toll pike, is a road for which a driver
pays a toll (that is a fee) for use. Similarly there are toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll
roads are financed using other sources of revenue, most typically gasoline tax or general tax
funds. Tolls have been placed on roads at various times in history, often to generate funds for

I
 Automated Toll Tax Collection System Using RFID

repayment of toll revenue bonds used to finance constructions and operation. The building or
facility where a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll plaza, toll station, or toll gate.

1.2 What is a Toll Station?

Two variations of toll roads exist, barrier (mainline) toll plazas and entry/exit tolls. On a
mainline toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll.

While this may save money from the lack of need to construct tolls at every exit, it can cause
lots of traffic congestion, and drivers could evade tolls by going through them as the exits do
not have gates. With entry/exit tolls, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway,
which displays the fares it will pay when it exits, increasing in cost for distance travelled.
Upon exit, the driver will pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket indicate a
traveling violation or be lost, the driver would typically pay the maximum amount possible
for traveling on that highway. Modern toll roads often use a combination of the two, with
various entry and exit tolls supplemented by occasional mainline tolls.
II
 Automated Toll Tax Collection System Using RFID

Chapter 2

OBJECTIVES

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RFID

The goal of our project group was to design the replica of an enlarged version of the RFID
toll station for automating the process of toll collection. After studying various techniques
like GPS, bar-coding etc., which are also techniques of collecting toll at the cost of huge
capital investments; we stuck upon Radio Frequency Identification, an emerging technology
applied for tracking and communication.

2.2 WHAT IS RFID?

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) means providing electronic identity to any object.
Electronic information about the object is stored in RFID chip embedded or attached to the
object. It’s an area of automation which has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years
and is now being seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes,
complementary in many ways to other data capturing technologies such as bar-coding. A
range of devices and associated systems are available to satisfy even broader range of
applications which will change the course of industry particularly in the supply-chain area.

The objective of any RFID system is to carry data in suitable transponders, generally known
as tags, and to retrieve data, by machine at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular
needs. Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacturing, goods in
transit, or the identity of a vehicle. By including additional data the prospect is provided for
supporting applications through item specific information or instructions immediately
available on reading the tag. With an RFID reader, the electronic identity (code in the form of
several bits) can be read wirelessly. This is where RFID differs from other e-tagging
technologies such as bar-coding which use optical recognition. Since RFID uses radio waves,
it does not require any line of sight.

III
 Automated Toll Tax Collection System Using RFID

2.2.1 Transponder:

A transponder is generally known as RFID tags stores the data according to the
application and are available in a variety of shapes and sizes according to the application.
RFID tags are mainly classified in two categories:

2.2.2 Active tags:

Active tags are powered by an internal battery and typically read/write, i.e. tag can be
rewritten and/or modified. Active RFID are designed to actively transmit the data to the
reader using the power of a battery attached to the tag. The radio frequency received from the
Trans receiver is used for communication only.

2.2.3 Passive tags:

Operates without external power source and obtain the operating power from the reader.
Passive tags are consequently much lighter than the active tags. They offer a virtually unlimited
operational lifetime. They are designed to transmit the data by reflecting or backscattering, the
RF energy back to the reader. No battery is required to read the data that has been stored on the
RFID tag. The receiver becomes both communication device and provides energy for the tags.
IV
 Automated Toll Tax Collection System Using RFID

Chapter 3

ADVANTAGES OF RFID

1. RFID functions through both natural and man-made metallic materials.

2. RFID allows flexible tag placement and can be embedded into an object. It reads
changes or adds information to a tag at any user read point.

3. RFID stored information can be protected with a range of security options.

4. RFID tags can be rewritten repeatedly or used for permanent data retention.

5. RFID provides an extra level of information in some cases as RFID tags can be
programmed more than once.

6. The ability to read multiple items simultaneously, to read and write information etc,
and a whole new layer to AIDC (AUTO IDENTIFICATION AND DATA
CAPTURE).

7. The tag does not need to be in line of sight with the receiver to be read (compare to a
barcode and its optical scanner) (Shepard, 2004, p. 58).

8. RFID tags can store a lot of information, and follow instructions

9. Has the ability to pinpoint location

10. Technology is versatile: can be smaller than a thumb tack or can be the size of a

tablet, depending on its use

11. . According to a report that studied the use of RFID within the average Vendor
Managed Inventory (VMI), carried out by Professor Tsan-Ming Choi of the Hong
Kong Polytechnic University, it was concluded that the use of RFID actually
enhanced each supply chain’s system performance and increased expected profit
(2011).

CHAPTER 2
 POWER SUPPLY

POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from

the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output

obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the

output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after

rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc

voltage.
 230V AC
D.C
50Hz Output

Step down Bridge

transformer Rectifier
Regulator
Filter

Fig: Power supply

Transformer:Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and

these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c

input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level.

This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage

to a required level.

Rectifier:The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating

D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is

used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles
of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four
diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite
ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2
and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and
D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle.
Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and

smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load

is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point

changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an

electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,

power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812

voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers

05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive

regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several

fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can

provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single

point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area

protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these

devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
 CHAPTER 3

MICROCONTROLLER
MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems

products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to
a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed
amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal
for many applications in which cost and space are critical.

ARDUINO

Overview:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.
The Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put
into DFU mode.

The board has the following new features:

1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses
the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The
second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.

 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Summary
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
InputVoltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Schematic & Reference Design
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use
an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration
is identical on all three processors.
 Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,
and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with
the 5V or 3.3V.
 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected
by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software

includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.

Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details,
see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
 You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for
details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available .
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and

Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of
the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of
the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset
line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you
to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means
that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated
with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac
OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to
ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum
thread for details.

USB Over current Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

CHAPTER 4
HTML AND PHP

PHP (recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is a

widely-used Open Source general-purpose scripting language that is
especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into
HTML
PHP was developed to specifically address needs of the web to
provide dynamic content on websites
 Unlike other development languages commonly used for dynamic
content (Perl, C++), PHP was designed specifically with the web in
mind (it had no other master, per se)
Because of this specific design, common web-based activities, such as
the processing of forms data and the correct rendering of HTML
content (both inside and outside of forms), are much easier than
with adapted languages
Because of PHP's close relationship to HTML, PHP can be
embedded inside an HTML-based document, unlike other languages
that do not inherently understand HTML and therefore must treat
HTML as text that has to be displayed inside the confines of the
languages print statements. PHP can literally switch between PHP
and HTML inside a single document, making it so large areas of
pure HTML can be managed normally
PHP has been extended as a language to include a huge library of
commonly-available procedures and classes (including database
manipulation, mail management, secure connections, and graphics
manipulation to mention just a few) that has made it extremely
powerful in a variety of environments and disciplines
Although PHP was designed to be a web-based language to display
content via a browser through a server, the power and the
usefulness of the language has expanded its uses beyond just the
web, and it now can be found in both local command-line interface
(CLI) environments as well as local graphical interface (GUI)
environments
________________________________________
HTML Background
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) was developed to address the
need to easily display content via a web-browser
It is a "markup" language (unlike a typical programming
language), in that its commands (tags) are designed to assist in the
formatting and layout of textual data
It by definition is a "static" language, in that the content displayed
using the standard HTML language will always look the same -- it
will not change over time or by who accessed it
Due to this major limiting factor of the language in this modern
world of dynamic, data-driven websites, a variety of extensions to
HTML and related programming languages have been developed:
• Javascript
• Microsoft's ASP (Active Server Pages)
• Java Applets and Applications
• PHP
• others...
Examples of HTML tags and pages

________________________________________
Common PHP Resources
Basic PHP Concepts
PHP borrowed its primary syntax from C++ and C
Many of the programming techniques you've previously learned will
work in PHP (assignments, comparisons, loops, procedures) with
little to no syntax difference
There are, however, major changes in how data is manipulated in
relationship to C/C++
C/C++ are type-specific languages, requiring the user to define a
specific, singular type for each variable that they use
PHP commonly assigns its variables "by value", meaning a variable
takes on the value of the source variable (expression) and is assigned
to the destination variable. A variable can therefore change its type
"on the fly". Therefore variables are not declared (as they are in
most type-specific languages like C++)
PHP is an interpreted language, in that the PHP interpreter
program reads the PHP source code, translates the code and
executes it at the same time. With C++ on the other hand, the C++
compiler translates your C++ code into a binary executable,
eliminating the translation of the source each time the code executes
Initially this interpreted nature of PHP sounds like a disadvantage;
on the contrary, the interpreted nature of PHP provides some very
intereting and useful programming techniques that are not possible
in compiled languages
________________________________________
Using PHP in a Webpage
PHP source code is embedded in an HTML-based document, and is
identified by special delimiting tags,
<?php content ?>
 similar to Javascript and Java applets.
<H2>My Webpage</H2>
This is my webpage.

<?php
echo "This is written in PHP.\n";
?>
How this will appear in a browser:
My Webpage
This is my webpage. This is written in PHP.
You can switch between HTML and PHP as many times as you like
within a document:
HTML content

<?php PHP content ?>

HTML content

<?php PHP content ?>

HTML content
 ________________________________________
Webpage Setup Using PHP
Two Approaches:
• Using .php filename extension on source file.
• Including PHP script call inside source file along with naming
the source file with .cgi extension and making source file
executable (UNIX environment).
________________________________________
Approach One:
Name your source file with a .php extension:
sample.php
index.php
(This requires proper setup on server so it understands
what to do with files with this extension.)

________________________________________
Approach Two:
Including call to PHP script inside source file:
Source file: sample.cgi
#!/usr/local/bin/php
 <H2>My Webpage</H2>
This is my webpage.

<?php
echo "This is written in PHP.\n";
?>
and making source file executable:
% chmod +x sample.cgi
________________________________________
The major difference between the two approaches is how the files
are accessed by the webserver:
When using the .php extension, the script runs as the standard
webserver user (commonly the user-id nobody or www-data).
Therefore if the script attempts to access/create files, the
programmer needs to make certain that the file permissions are set
correctly.
When using the .cgi extension, the script runs as the owner of the
script (you), so any files created/changed by the script will
automatically be accessible by you.
Approach Two is the approach used in your department UNIX
account on the students.csci.unt.edu server.
________________________________________
RS-232 Interfaces:

The RS-232 interface is the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard for the
interchange of serial binary data between two devices. It was initially developed by the EIA to
standardize the connection of computers with telephone line modems. The standard allows as
many as 20 signals to be defined, but gives complete freedom to the user. Three wires are
sufficient: send data, receive data, and signal ground. The remaining lines can be hardwired on
or off permanently. The signal transmission is bipolar, requiring two voltages, from 5 to 25
volts, of opposite polarity.

FIG.5.1 DB9 CONNECTOR

Table 5.1: RS-232 DB9 Pins

Pin description

1 Data carrier detect ( -DCD)

 2 Received data (RXD)

3 Transmitted data (TXD)

4 Data Terminal Ready (DTR)

5 Ground(GND)

6 Data Set Ready (-DSR)

Table 6.1 (contd): RS-232 DB9 Pins

7 Request To Send (-RTS)

8 Clear To Send (-CTS)

9 Ring Indicator (RI)

Communication Standards:

The industry custom is to use an asynchronous word consisting of: a start bit, seven or
eight data bits, an optional parity bit and one or two stop bits. The baud rate at which the word
sent is device-dependent. The baud rate is usually 150 times an integer power of 2, ranging from
0 to 7 (150, 300, 600, and 19,200). Below 150 baud, many system-unique rates are used. The
standard RS-232-C connector has 25 pins, 21 pins which are used in the complete standard.
Many of the modem signals are not needed when a computer terminal is connected directly to a
computer, and Figure 1 illustrates

How some of the "spare" pins should be linked if not needed. Figure1 also illustrates the
pin numbering used in the original DB-25 connector and that now commonly used with a DB-9
connector normally used in modern computers Specifying compliance to RS-232 only
establishes that the signal levels in two devices will be compatible and that if both devices use
the suggested connector, they may be able to be connected. Compliance to RS-232 does not
imply that the devices will be able to communicate or even acknowledge each other's presence.
 Fig 5.2 DIRECT-TO-COMPUTER RS-232 INTERFACE

Table 5.2 shows the signal names, and functions of the RS-232 serial port pin out, Table 5.3 shows a
complete pin description.
Table 6.3 RS-232 Interface Signals

Range:

The RS-232-C standard specifies that the maximum length of cable between the
transmitter and receiver should not exceed 100 feet, although in practice many systems are used
in which the distance between transmitter and receiver exceeds this rather low figure. The
limited range of the RS-232C standard is one of its major shortcomings compared with other
standards which offer greater ranges within their specifications. One reason why the range of the
RS-232C standard is limited is the need to charge and discharge the capacitance of the cable
connecting the transmitter and receiver.

Table 6.4 Summary of RS-232

. MAX-232:

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to

supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs
to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.

Fig 6.3 Schematic diagram of MAX-232

These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and
can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The
driver, receiver, and voltage-generator functions are available as cells in the Texas Instruments
Lin ASIC library.
 CHAPTER 5
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
LCD screen:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7

dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are

displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as

Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have

built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current

limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position
is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which
LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

CONTRAST CONTROL:

To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be adjusted. To adjust the
contrast, the voltage should be varied. For this, a preset is used which can behave like a variable
voltage device. As the voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be adjusted.

Fig: Variable resistor

Potentiometer

Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected.

This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a
circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at
the ends of the track are connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will provide
a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
LCD INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:

Vcc

P2.0 4 (RS) 1
Gnd
P2.1 5 (R/W) 2

P2.2 6(EN) 3
PRESET

(CONTRAST
CONTROL)
LCD

Vcc FOR BACKLIGHT

Gnd PURPOSE

D0

HC-03/05 Embedded Bluetooth Serial Communication Module

AT command set
Description: HC-05 is a class-2 bluetooth module with Serial Port Profile, which can
configure as either Master or slave. a Drop-in replacement for wired serial connections,
transparent usage. You can use it simply for a serial port replacement to establish
connection between MCU, PC to your embedded project and etc.

HC-05 Specification:

 Bluetooth protocal: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+EDR

 Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band

 Modulation: GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)

 Emission power: ≤4dBm, Class 2

 Sensitivity: ≤-84dBm at 0.1% BER

 Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1Mbps(Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous: 1Mbps/1Mbps

 Security: Authentication and encryption

 Profiles: Bluetooth serial port

 Power supply: +3.3VDC 50mA

 Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade

 Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm

 HC-05 embedded Bluetooth serial communication module (can be short for module) has
two work modes: order-response work mode and automatic connection work mode. And there
are three work roles (Master, Slave and Loopback) at the automatic connection work mode.
When the module is at the automatic connection work mode, it will follow the default way set
lastly to transmit the data automatically. When the module is at the order-response work mode,
user can send the AT command to the module to set the control parameters and sent control order.
The work mode of module can be switched by controlling the module PIN (PIO11) input level.
Serial module PINs:

1. PIO8 connects with LED. When the module is power on, LED will flicker. And the
flicker style will indicate which work mode is in using since different mode has different flicker
time interval.

2. PIO9 connects with LED. It indicates whether the connection is built or not. When the
Bluetooth serial is paired, the LED will be turned on. It means the connection is built
successfully.

3. PIO11 is the work mode switch. When this PIN port is input high level, the work mode
will become order-response work mode. While this PIN port is input low level or suspended in
air, the work mode will become automatic connection work mode.

4. The module can be reset if it is re-powered since there is a reset circuit at the module.
 CHAPTER 6
L293D

L293D
  600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive) PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

5.1 DESCRIPTION

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays
solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors.

To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A
separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal
clamp diodes are included.

This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The
L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and
used for heat sinking. The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center
pins connected together and used for heat sinking.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIN CONNECTIONS
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS

 Check the components supplied in the Kit against the Component list and identify all the
components.
 It is generally best to solder the lowest height components first. Solder the components in
the following order:

 Jumpers, resistors, diodes, IC base, transistors and other components.

 Take care of terminals polarity while soldering diodes, LED s and electrolytic capacitors.

 Identify the terminals of transistors and solder them in correct direction.

 Connect the LCD with the help of 16-pin male-female work-strip connector.

 Use flux cored lead to avoid dry solderability.

 Inspect the solder points against dry solder / excess solder

 Now insert the preprogrammed microcontroller in the IC base firmly.

 Adjust the 10K preset (near LCD) to correct contrast display level of LCD.

 Ensure that the ac voltage to the kit is 12V. For this, use 230/12V step down transformer
with 500mA or more current rating.

 Use heat sink for voltage regulator, if required.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF L293D

ADVANTAGES
 Efficient way of speed control of DC motor.
 Produces more torque.

 Produces less noise.

CHAPTER 7

DC MOTOR
 DC MOTOR
6.1: WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A DC MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on DC electricity. It works on the

principle of electromagnetism. A current carrying conductor when placed in an external
magnetic field will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor.

6.2: OPERATION OF A DC MOTOR

There are two magnetic fields produced in the motor. One magnetic field is
produced by the permanent magnets and the other magnetic field is produced by the electrical
current flowing in the motor windings. These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate
the rotor. As the rotor turns, the current in the windings is commutated to produce a continuous

Torque output this makes the motor to run.

6.3: SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF DC MOTOR
They are various methods used to control the speed of a DC motor. Some of
them are:

1. Armature control method

2. Flux control method

3. Ward Leonard system.

Armature control method: Speed can be controlled by varying the voltage. As speed is directly
proportional to the voltage. As voltage increases speed increases and vice-versa. A simple
voltage regulation would cause lots of power loss on control circuit. So we are going for PWM.
In this method the duty cycle determines the speed of the DC motor. Required speed can be
attained by changing the duty cycles. PWM also allows smooth speed variation without reducing
the torque. It also eliminates harmonics.

Dc motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. The reverse
task that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator
or dynamo. In many cases the two devices are identical except for their application and minor
construction details.

DC motors are used when there is positioning requirement and also changes in load and torque.
DC motors can be conveniently interfaced to Bipolar DAC, or MPUs can generate PWMs to
control them.

The classic DC motor has a rotating legature in the form of an electromagnet. A rotary switch
called a commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to flow
through the armature so that the poles of the electromagnet push and against the permanent
magnets on the outside of the motor. As the poles of the armature electromagnet pass the poles of
the permanent magnets, the commutator reverses the polarity of the armature electromagnet.
During that instant of switching polarity, inertia keeps the classical motor going in the proper
direction. (See the diagrams below.)
Asimple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the
armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward
the right, causing rotation.

The armature continues to rotate.

When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of
current through the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats.

Wound field DC motor

The permanent magnets on the outside (stator) of a DC motor may be replaced by

electromagnets. By varying the field current it is possible to alter the speed/torque ratio the
motor. Typically the field winding will be placed in series (series wound) with the armature
winding to get a high torque low speed motor, in parallel (shunt wound) the armature to get a
high speed low torque motor, or to have a winding partly in parallel, and partly in series
(compound wound) for a balance that gives steady speed over a range of loads. Further
reductions in field current are possible to gain even higher speed but correspondingly lower
torque, called "weak field" operatio
CHAPTER 8

Software Tools
Program An Arduino In
Steps
 

HACK AN ARDUINO
The Big Book Of Hacks
STEP 1
Arduino microcontrollers come in a variety of types. The most common is the Arduino UNO, but
there are specialized variations. Before you begin building, do a little research to figure out
which version will be the most appropriate for your project.
STEP 2
To begin, you'll need to install the Arduino Programmer, aka the integrated development
environment (IDE).
STEP 3
Connect your Arduino to the USB port of your computer. This may require a specific USB cable.
Every Arduino has a different virtual serial-port address, so you 'll need to reconfigure the port if
you're using different Arduinos.
STEP 4
Set the board type and the serial port in the Arduino Programmer.
STEP 5
Test the microcontroller by using one of the preloaded programs, called sketches, in the Arduino
Programmer. Open one of the example sketches, and press the upload button to load it. The
Arduino should begin responding to the program: If you've set it to blink an LED light, for
example, the light should start blinking.
STEP 6
To upload new code to the Arduino, either you'll need to have access to code you can paste into
the programmer, or you'll have to write it yourself, using the Arduino programming language to
create your own sketch. An Arduino sketch usually has five parts: a header describing the sketch
and its author; a section defining variables; a setup routine that sets the initial conditions of
variables and runs preliminary code; a loop routine, which is where you add the main code that
will execute repeatedly until you stop running the sketch; and a section where you can list other
functions that activate during the setup and loop routines. All sketches must include the setup
and loop routines.
STEP 7
Once you've uploaded the new sketch to your Arduino, disconnect it from your computer and
integrate it into your project as directed
#include <Keypad.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <SimpleTimer.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial nodeSerial(10, 11); //RX,TX

SimpleTimer switchpressed;

SimpleTimer vechmontimer;
SimpleTimer tolltimer;

const PROGMEM int rs = 13, en = 12, d4 = A0, d5 = A1, d6 = A2, d7 = A3;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows

const byte COLS = 4; //four columns

char keys[ROWS][COLS] = {

{'1', '2', '3', 'A'},

{'4', '5', '6', 'B'},

{'7', '8', '9', 'C'},

{'*', '0', '#', 'D'}

};

// Connect keypad ROW0, ROW1, ROW2 and ROW3 to these Arduino pins.

byte rowPins[ROWS] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, };

// Connect keypad COL0, COL1, COL2 and COL3 to these Arduino pins.

byte colPins[COLS] = { 6, 7, 8, 9 };

Keypad keypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS );

String rfiddata;

String readMsg;
int count = 0;

char singleChar;

byte uid;

byte invalid = 0;

const PROGMEM byte switchpin = A4;

const PROGMEM byte dcmotor = A5;

byte switchstatus;

const PROGMEM String vcard1 = "21002219978D";

const PROGMEM String vcard2 = "2100223EFAC7";

const PROGMEM String invcard = "210022003330";

int svalzero = 0;

String tlid;

const int violationamt=100;

char num[20];

char pnum[20]="9491490150";

String fenteramount;

int famt = 0;

int remainingbal = 0;;

int uavailamt;

int ucheckbalance = 0;

int uamt;

String nodemcudata;

String nodeuid;

String nodemob;

String nodelice;

String nodevno;

String nodeamt;

byte policenum=0;

byte rechargeamt=0;

byte tollpay=0;

byte tollcollect=0;

byte rechargecollect=0;

byte violationcollect=0;

int i = 0;

char enteramt[10]; //this stores the entered IC number

byte acceptkey = 0;
byte cancelkey = 0;

byte rechargekey = 0;

byte donekey = 0;

int columcount = 10;

int compareavailamt;

byte checkbalandprocess=0;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

nodeSerial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

switchpressed.setInterval(200, switchpressfunction);

vechmontimer.setInterval(400, vehiclemonitroing);

tolltimer.setInterval(300, tollgateaccess);

pinMode(dcmotor, OUTPUT);

pinMode(switchpin, INPUT_PULLUP);

lcdmainscreen();

void loop() {

switchpressed.run();

vechmontimer.run();

tolltimer.run();
char key = keypad.getKey();

if (key != NO_KEY) // Check for a valid key.

Serial.println(key);

switch (key)

case 'D':

enteramt[i] = '\0';

fenteramount = enteramt;

memset(enteramt, 0, sizeof(enteramt));

i = 0;

columcount=10;

donekey=1;

break;

case 'A':

acceptkey=1;

memset(enteramt, 0, sizeof(enteramt));

columcount=10;

i = 0;

break;

case 'C':

cancelkey=1;
 memset(enteramt, 0, sizeof(enteramt));

columcount=10;

i = 0;

break;

case '*':

rechargekey=1;

rechargeamt=1;

memset(enteramt, 0, sizeof(enteramt));

columcount=10;

i = 0;

break;

default:

enteramt[i] = key;

lcd.setCursor(columcount,0);

lcd.print(enteramt[i]);

columcount++;

i++;

Serial.print(F("ENTERED AMOUNT:")); Serial.println(enteramt);

}
 nodeserialscan();

void nodeserialscan() {

if (nodeSerial.available() > 0)

nodemcudata = nodeSerial.readString();

Serial.print(F("NODEMCU DATA:")); Serial.println(nodemcudata);

if (nodemcudata.startsWith("#")) {

nodemcudata.remove(0, 1);

// Serial.print(F("AFTER REMOVE DATA:")); Serial.println(nodemcudata);

delay(100);

nodeuid = getValue(nodemcudata, '/', 0);// Serial.print(F("NODE UID: ")); Serial.println(nodeuid);

delay(100);

nodemob = getValue(nodemcudata, '/', 1);// Serial.print(F("NODE MOBILE: "));

Serial.println(nodemob);

delay(100);

nodelice = getValue(nodemcudata, '/', 2);// Serial.print(F("NODE LICE: ")); Serial.println(nodelice);

delay(100);

nodevno = getValue(nodemcudata, '/', 3); //Serial.print(F("NODE VNO: ")); Serial.println(nodevno);

delay(100);

nodeamt = getValue(nodemcudata, '/', 4); //Serial.print(F("NODE AMT: ")); Serial.println(nodeamt);

delay(100);

nodemob.toCharArray(num,15);
 // Serial.print(F("CHAR MOBILE NUMBER:"));Serial.println(num);

nodeserialrecvdata();

else if (nodemcudata.startsWith("@")) {

// Serial.println("AT THE RATE");

void switchpressfunction() {

switchstatus = digitalRead(switchpin);

if (switchstatus == 0) {

svalzero = 1;

if (svalzero == 1 && switchstatus == 1) {

svalzero = 0;

policenum=1;

sendpolicesms();

delay(500);

violationcollect=1;

voilationcalc();

delay(500);

resetall();
 }

void nodeserialrecvdata(){

// lcd.clear();

// lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

// lcd.print("USER ID:");

// lcd.print(nodeuid);

// lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

// lcd.print("MOB:");

// lcd.setCursor(4, 1);

// lcd.print(nodemob);

// delay(3000);

// lcd.clear();

// lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

// lcd.print("LI:");

// lcd.print(nodelice);

// lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

// lcd.print("VNO:");

// lcd.setCursor(4, 1);

// lcd.print(nodevno);

// delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("AVAIL AMT:");
 lcd.print(nodeamt);

delay(3000);

checkbalandprocess=1;

String getValue(String data, char separator, int index)

int found = 0;

int strIndex[] = { 0, -1 };

int maxIndex = data.length() - 1;

for (int i = 0; i <= maxIndex && found <= index; i++) {

if (data.charAt(i) == separator || i == maxIndex) {

found++;

strIndex[0] = strIndex[1] + 1;

strIndex[1] = (i == maxIndex) ? i + 1 : i;

return found > index ? data.substring(strIndex[0], strIndex[1]) : "";

}
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION
By doing automation of toll plaza we can have the best solution over money loss at
toll plaza by reducing the man power required for collection of money and also can
reduce the traffic indirectly resulting in reduction of time at toll plaza.

In our project we have introduced the techniques such as Radio Frequency

Identification.This technique will include the RFID tag & reader which in
coordination with each other can be used to detect the vehicle identity.

By effectively utilizing these three techniques at different stages of our project we

are able to represent the automation in toll plaza which will reduce the complete
processing time by few seconds which is very important as well as helps to reduce
money leakage in a very cost effective manner.

Advantages:

 Low cost,

 automated operation,

 Low Power consumption

Applications:

 Can be used for all types of vehicles

 Future scope & Aspects

For the further development of this project we can add GSM and GPS
module to the robots for speeding vehicles to get the exact locations and we
can send the SMS to the nearby police station .

REFERENCES
REFERENCES:

1. www. howstuffworks.com

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM BY RAJ KAMAL

3. Magazines

4. Electronics for you

5. Electrikindia

6. WWW.google.com

7. WWW.Electronic projects.com