University of Management and Technology Lahore

School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Digital Electronics EE-445

-Assignment 2-

Submitted by
Name: Hammad Imran Mirza
ID: F2017019091
Sec: A
Submitted to: Dr.Shakeel
Introduction

Schmitt trigger is a bi-stable circuit that responds to the threshold value, gives maximum steady
value when input is greater than threshold and zero value then it is below threshold. No
arbitrary signals are generated in it. This type of circuit maintains the hysteresis and uses
positive feedback that removes the noise from the analogue signal while converting it into a
digital circuit. This allows output to retain its value until there is a sufficient trigger to change
the digital state.

Basics of Schmitt trigger circuit using BJTs

This is configuration of Schmitt trigger circuit as shown above if the first transistor is on state
second transistor automatically moves in off state resulting in giving us an output and this
works vice versa. The lowest level of input voltage at base of transistor one which causes it to
trigger on is upper trigger point also known as UTP for circuit. When transistor one turns on
common emitter pulls the voltage collector, current flows and it causes to reduce collector-
emitter voltage which subsequently makes fall in base voltage of second transistor.

If input of transistor one is reduced by small amount there is an increase in base voltage of
transistor 2. When input base voltage of both transistors one and two become equal the input
voltage at that moment is called lower trigger point also known as LTP of circuit. With this sort
of circuit configuration any triangular or sinusoidal wave can be transformed into square wave
Designing of Schmitt Trigger

For designing of Schmitt trigger circuit upper and lower trigger are key factors. In this
assignment we have to design a circuit with LTP=1.5 and UTP=4. The BJT should be employed
with hfe (min) =100, power supply of 12V and power consumption of approximately 12mW.

UTP = VB2 = 4V

Calculating voltage at Emitter,

VE=VB2 – VBE

=4 - 0.7 = 3.3v

For Ic current we will use power consumption which is given 24mW

P = V*Ic

Ic = = 2mA

As we know that Ic ≈ IE therefore we can take IE = 2mA

Value of RE resistor,

RE = = 1.650 KΩ (standard value 1.5KΩ)

Taking second resistor as saturated Vce(sat) = 0.2V. Voltage across Resistor RL2 will be,

VRL2 = VCC – VE - Vce(sat)

= 12 – 3.3 - 0.2

= 8.5V

As Ic current flows through resistor RL2 so,

RL2 = = 4.250 KΩ (standard value = 4.3KΩ)

For finding the value of R2 resistor there is a thumb rule that I2 = *IE, with this rule,

I2 = 0.2mA

R2 = = 20KΩ (standard value 22KΩ)

In order to find values of RL1 and R1 I2 needs to be calculated with standard values following to
finding IB2 current,

I2 = = 0.1818mA

IB2 = = = 20µA

Total resistance of RL1 and R1 will be found with the sum of IB2 and I2 current,

IB2 + I2 = 0.1818mA + 20 µA = 0.2018mA

RL1 + R1 = = = 39.64KΩ

Furthermore, with the aid of LTP R1 and RL1 values will be calculated, now VB2 will be taken as
LTP,

I1 = = = 0.0681mA

As Ic1 ≈ IE,

Ic1 = = = 0.533mA

VCC = RL1*(Ic1 + I1) + I1*(R1 + R2)

12 = RL1*(0.533mA + 0.0681mA) + 0.0681mA*(R1 + 22KΩ)

10.502 = 0.6011m*(RL1) + 0.06841m*(R1)

As we know that RL1 + R1 = 39.64KΩ substituting this value in above equation will give us

RL1 = 14.638KΩ (standard value 15KΩ)

R1 = 25KΩ (standard value 24KΩ)

With the values obtained simulation was performed on spice simulator for the following circuit
to ensure desired values are achieved.

With the help of simulation values of UTP and LTP that were observed are 3.9v and 1.55V
respectively. This clearly shows that how a sinusoidal wave is converted into square wave.
Designing Schmitt Trigger Using MOSFET

MOSFET is a voltage driven device compared to BJT which is current driven device, due to this
power loss in Schmitt trigger using MOSFET faces less power loss compared to schmitt trigger
designed form BJT. Schmitt trigger are good noise rejecters which enhance the immunity of
circuit. It is widely used for converting analogue signal into digital signals and to reshape them.
Schmitt trigger switching threshold depends on the ratio of NMOS and PMOS. In the following
circuit when the input is low the P-circuit turns high which causes the output equal to VCC,
when the input is high N-circuit activates resulting output equal to ground voltages.

The following simulation proves the proper working of the designed circuit that transforms the
sinusoidal wave into square waveform. LTP and UPT observed for the designed circuit is 3.5 and
3.85 respectively.
Designing Schmitt Trigger Using Op-amp

Schmitt trigger can also be designed with Op-amp (µ741 ic). Following figure shows a basic
circuit in which R1 and R2 act as voltage divider circuit with voltage applied at inverting input.
With the help of this diagram actual UTP will be obtained.

As our circuit requirement is UTP = 4 so for calculating actual UTP following steps are taken by
making an assumption of RL=10KΩ

Using data sheet IB(max) = 500nA and for stable V2 I2 >> IB

So we increase I2 by 100 times, resulting I2 = 50µA

For calculating R2 resistance,

R2 = = = 80KΩ (82KΩ standard value)

Value of I2 with standard resistor value,

I2 = = 48.78 µA

VR1 = (VCC - 1V) – V2

= 12 – 1 – 4 = 7V

Value of resistor,

R1 = = 143.5KΩ (standard value 150KΩ)

Vo = VCC - 1

Actual UTP = = = 3.887V

For LTP there is an additional circuit that will be placed in this configuration, with this LTP can
be adjusted.

For our requirement we need LTP at -1 instead of 1 because of inverting input. For a stable
voltage Va current I4 >> I2 so we multiplied that with a factor of 100. As we know that I2= 50µA
so, I4 will be 5mA.

For finding R3 resistance,

VA2 = VK2 +VF

= 1 + 0.7 = 1.7V

R3 = = = 2.06KΩ (standard value 2.2KΩ)

For finding R4 resistance,

VK1 = -1V

VA1 = VK1 +VF

= -1 + 0.7 = -0.3V

V4 = -0.3 – (-12) = 11.7V

R4 = = = 2.34KΩ (standard value 2.4KΩ)

Voltage across R5 = VA2 – VA1 resulting V5 = 1.7 - (-0.3) = 2V

For finding R5 resistance,

R5 = = = 400Ω (standard value 430Ω)

Following circuit designed shows how Schmitt trigger using Op-amp with inverting input works

Simulation attached above shows LTP and UTP obtained which are -1 and 3.65V respectively.
Result achieved above proves the design and calculations being performed are done in a proper
manner.

Conclusion

it is concluded that with the aid of transistors we can design a low power consumption circuit
with minimum power loss that can eliminate noise, refine and reshape any signal input square
wave which is used to operate any digital signal.