EE 59/D

Power System Analysis

Module 1: Growth of Power System

Prepared by:
ENGR. ALFRED REY G. VASQUEZ, MSEE
Faculty, EE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
Palawan State University
This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

It shows the specific topic of the

Title
module.

The topics in this module are

Overview
included in this section.

A brief debate on the lectures is

given in this section. It helps you
Lecture Proper
explore new ideas and capabilities.

It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.
Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating your
mastery in acquiring learning skills.

In this segment you will improve

Supplementary your awareness or experience
Knowledge through the lectures as an
additional practice.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

This is a list of all sources that this

References module uses for creation.

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 Overview
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course deals with topics on basic structure of power systems, recent
trends and innovations in power systems, complex power, per-unit
quantities, transmission line parameters, network modeling and
calculations, load flow studies, short circuit calculations, and use of
computer software for simulation.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
Explain the various components of a power system and its
interconnection;

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
Explain the evolution of power system structure and the new power
system under EPIRA.
Explain each major component of a deregulated power system.
Describe the power system structure interconnection.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
Identify, formulate, and solve complex problems in electrical
engineering.
Communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
Articulate and discuss the latest developments in the field of electrical
engineering.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

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 Lecture Evolution of Power System

1 Structure

In 1878, Thomas A. Edison began work on the electric light and formulated the
concept of a centrally located power station. The opening of his historic Pearl Street
Station in New York City on September 4, 1882 marked the beginning of the electric
utility industry. From this beginning in 1882 through 1972, the electric utilities industry
grew at a remarkable pace. The growth based on decreasing the price of electricity
was due primarily to techno-usional reductions in the cost of electricity. The
development of three-wire 220-V DC systems allowed load to increase somewhat, but
as transmission distances and loads continued to increase, voltage problems were
encountered. The ability to transmit power at high voltage with corresponding lower
current and lower line-voltage drops made ac more attractive than DC.
Most electric energy has been generated in steam-powered and in water-
powered (called hydro) turbine plants. Today, steam turbines account for more than
85% of U.S. electric energy generation. Gas turbines are used in some cases to meet
peak loads. Wind turbines expected to be added to the bulk power system in the near
future. The three-phase induction motor conceived by Tesla went on to become the
workhorse of the industry. The first three- phase line in Germany became operational
in 1891, transmitting power 179 km at 12 kV.
In 2008, approximately 48% of electricity in the United States was generated
from coal. In 1957, nuclear units with 90-MW steam-turbine capacity, fueled by
uranium, were installed. Future technologies for nuclear power are concentrated on
safety and environmental issues. Natural gas is used to generate electricity by the
following processes: combustion turbines use natural gas directly to create steam in a
boiler, which is then run through a steam turbine. In 2008, about 21% of power plants
in the U.S. generated electricity from natural gas. The choice of fuel for new power
plants since the 1990s has been natural gas due to its availability, low cost, and low
emissions. The growth of nuclear capacity has been halted by rising construction
costs, licensing delays, and public opinion. Back to Mail Online home. back to the
page you came from. back to the pages you came to.
In 2008, in the United States, approximately 9% of electricity was generated by
renewable sources and 1% by oil. The two standard frequencies for generation,
transmission, and distribution of electric power in the world are 60 Hz (in the U.S.,
Canada, Japan, Brazil) and 50Hz (in Europe, the former Soviet republics, South
America except Brazil, and India) Nuclear fusion energy may be a promising
technology for producing safe, pollution-free, and economical electric energy in the
21st century and beyond. The fuel consumed in a nuclear fusion reaction is deuterium,
of which a virtually inexhaustible supply is present in seawater. In 1891, it was
proposed that 60 Hz be the standard frequency in the United States. The advantage

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of 60-Hz systems is that generators, motors, and transformers are generally smaller
than 50-Hz equipment with the same ratings.
Electric energy growth in the United States was approximately 7% per year from
1902 to 1972. Every 10 years the industry installed a new electric system equal in
energy-producing capacity to the total of what it had already built. Kilowatt-hour
consumption in the U.S. increased by 3.4% a year from 1972 to 1980. There have also
been steady improvements in generation efficiency. The incentives for increasing
transmission voltages have been increases in transmission distance and transmission
capacity, reduced line losses, and reduced right-of-way requirements per MW transfer,
and lower capital and operating costs of transmission. The Electric Energy Industry in
the USA, 2003-2008. Weighing in on our next issue of the Energy Policy Project, we
offer our views on the state of the electric energy market.
The technological developments that have occurred in conjunction with ac
transmission, including developments in insulation, protection, and control, are in
themselves important. The following examples are noteworthy:
1. The suspension insulator
2. The high-speed relay system, currently capable of detecting short-circuit
currents within one cycle (0.017 s)
3. High-speed, extra-high-voltage (EHV) circuit breakers, capable of
interrupting up to 63-kA three-phase short-circuit currents within two cycles
(0.033 s)
4. High-speed reclosure of EHV lines, which enables automatic return to service
within a fraction of a second after a fault has been cleared
5. The EHV surge arrester, which provides protection against transient over
voltages due to lightning strikes and line-switching operations
6. Power-line carrier, microwave, and fiber optics as communication
mechanisms for protecting, controlling, and metering transmission lines
7. The principle of insulation coordination applied to the design of an entire
transmission system
8. Energy control centers with supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) and with automatic generation control (AGC) for centralized computer
monitoring and control of generation, transmission, and distribution
9. Automated distribution features, including advanced metering infrastructure
(AMI), reclosers and remotely controlled sectionalizing switches with fault-
indicating capability, along with automated mapping/facilities management
(AM/FM) and geographic information systems (GIS) for quick isolation and
identification of outages
and for rapid restoration of customer services
10. Digital relays capable of circuit breaker control, data logging, fault locating,
self-checking, fault analysis, remote query, and relay event
monitoring/recording.

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 In 1954, the first modern high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission line was put into
operation in Sweden between Vastervik and the island of Gotland in the Baltic sea. As
of 2008, seven other HVDC lines up to 500 kV and eleven back-to-back ac-dc links
had been installed in the United States.

Solid-state converters at both ends of the DC line operate as rectifiers and

inverters. Studies have shown that HVDC transmission is economic in the United
States for transmission distances longer than about 600 km. However, HVDC also has
the advantage that it may be the only feasible method to:
1. interconnect two asynchronous networks;
2. utilize long underground or underwater cable circuits;
3. bypass network congestion;
4. reduce fault currents;
5. share utility rights-of-way without degrading reliability; and
6. mitigate environmental concerns.

Electric utilities grew as isolated systems, with new ones starting up throughout
the country. Gradually, neighboring electric utilities began to interconnect, to operate
in parallel. This improved both reliability and economy. Figure 1.3 shows major 230-
kV and wealthier-voltage, interconnected transmission in the U.S. in 2000. An
interconnected system has many advantages, such as drawing upon another's
rotating generator reserves during a time of need. But there are disadvantages,
including increased fault current during short circuits and increased circuit breakers
with higher interrupting capability. An initial disturbance may lead to a regional
blackout such as the one that occurred in August 2003 in the Northeastern United
States and Canada.

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 Lecture
The New Power System Under
2 RA 9136

Implementation of Republic Act No. 9136, Electric Power Industry Reform Act of
2001
Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved the loan to finance the
“Electricity Market and Transmission Development Project.” A portion of this loan will
be used to finance the following projects: (1) Project Management Consultancy of the
Philippine WESM, and (2) Procurement and Installation of the WESM Market
Management System (MMS). The ADB has also approved the bid documents and
short-listed firms for the Project Management Consultancy Project on 14 April 2003.
Further, the WESM Special Bid and Award Committee (SBAC), created on December
2002 to undertake bid evaluation and selection process for all WESM-related projects,
has completed the review and approval of bid documents prepared by the National
Transmission Corporation (TRANSCO) for the WESM Turnkey Project.
TRANSCO Privatization
Relative to the TRANSCO privatizatio, PSALM has issued and published in
newspapers of general circulation on 27, 28, and 29 January 2003 the Public notice
for Bidding of Concessionaire. Moreover, PSALM has distributed to interested parties
the Information Memorandum last March 2003.
Power Rates
The ERC has rendered its decision on the rate unbundling applications of the
NPC Small Power Utilities Group (SPUG) on 20 December 2002 and twelve (12)
distribution utilities from November 2002 to April 2003, namely: PELCO I, PANELCO
I, SORECO II, BATELEC I, SIARELCO and QUIRELCO. The ERC has previously
approved NPC’s unbundling rate application on September 2002. The ERC has
likewise rendered its decision on the petition of the NPC-SPUG for the missionary
electrification component of the Universal Charge (UC) on 20 December 2002 and
petition of NPC for the environmental charge component of the UC on 02 April 2003.
Philippine Grid and Distribution Codes
The ERC has appointed the members of the Grid Management Committee
(ERC Case No. 2002-204) and Distribution Management Committee (ERC Case No.
2002-205) on 02 December 2002 and 31 March 2003.

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Condonation of EC’s Rural Electrification Loans
Pursuant to Section 5(g) of Executive Order No. 119, the NEA has issued the
Guidelines for the submission of EC Performance Improvement Program (PIP)
and/or Rehabilitation and Efficiency Plan (REP). Consistent with these guidelines,
NEA approved a total of 117 PIPs/REPs on December 2002. As a pre-requisite to
PSALM assumption of Es’ rural electrification loans, the ERC has issued form March
to April 2003 Provisional Authorities to 28 ECs directing to reduce rates as a result of
the condonation of their rural electrification loans, to wit: CAPELCO, ANTECO,
ILECO I, ILECO II, BATELEC II, TIELCO, ORMECO, QUEZELCO, BANELCO,
BOHECO I, CEBECO III, NORECO II, LUELCO, INEC, ISECO, PANELCO I,
CANORECO, CASURECO I, CASURECO II, CASURECO IV, ANECO, ASELCO,
SIARELCO, SURSECO I, FIBECO, MOELCI I, MOELCI II, MORESCO II.
Missionary Electrification Development Plan (MDCP)
The DOE has formulated the 2003 MEDP which will be used by the NPC-SPUG
in updating its 2002-2006 Missionary Electrification Plan (MEP) and, in turn, will be the
basis of ERC’s determination and fixing of the appropriate share of missionary
electrification in the Universal Charge. The DOE submitted the 2003 MEDP to ERC
on 07 March 2003.
The 2003 MEDP provided, among other things, the following:
1. Levels of priority Universal Charge (UC) funding;
2. Subsidy policy for new projects. This policy provides one-time up-front capital
subsidy or CapEx only since these projects new projects are assumed to be
undertaken by the private sector or “Qualified Third Parties” or “QTPs”;
• Criteria and weights for projects in unviable and unenergized areas. Said
weights were agreed to be a balance between economic efficiency and the
socio-political components.
Below is the proposed UC for Missionary Electrification under the 2003 MEDP.

Php/kWh
Based on NPC-SPUG 2002-2006 MEP - 0.0964
Adjustment Using PSALM End-Use Sale - 0.0185
Unviable New Areas - 0.0427
Adjusted UC for Missionary Electrification - 0.1576
Source: https://www.doe.gov.ph/highlights-implementation-ra-no-9136-epira-
2001?ckattempt=1

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 Lecture
Major Components of
3 Deregulated Power System

Electrical deregulation is the process of changing the rules and regulations that
control the electrical industry in order to give customers the choice of electricity
suppliers who are either retailers or traders by allowing competition. Deregulation
improves the economic efficiency of electricity generation and use. Due to competition
in the electrical industry, the price of electricity is likely to fall, which benefits
consumers.
The main objectives of the deregulated power market:
• To provide electricity for all reasonable demands.
• To encourage the competition in the generation and supply of electricity.
• To improve the continuity of supply and the quality of services.
• To promote efficiency and economy of the power system.

The important concepts of deregulation are:

Competition: There are two levels of competition in the deregulated power industry:
wholesale (generation) and retail (distribution).
Deregulation: The rules governing the electric power industry are changed. The new
structure introduces competition into the market, in place of a few large regulated
companies.
Open Access: Independent Power Producers (IPP) are allowed to distribute the
power through utility transmission and distribution networks in the context of power
system deregulation.
The benefits relating to deregulation are:
• Systems capacity will be used efficiently.
• Optimization of energy supply will take place.
• Price of the electricity will become clearer.
• Consumer choice will be improved.
• Bad technologies are ignored, and good technologies are replaced in their
place.
• Electricity prices are reduced.
• The usage efficiency is improved due to restructuring in price signals.
• Power flow will take place from surplus areas to shortage areas.
• The cost of ancillary services is reduced by reserve sharing.

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 Many new companies are likely to emerge in the process of deregulation and carry
big rules in the power industry. The fundamental elements reflecting diverse electricity
market segments are:
• Generation Companies (GenCos)
• Transmission Companies (TransCos)
• Distribution Companies (DisCos)
• Independent Power producer (IPP)
• Independent System Operator (ISO)
• Power Exchange (PX)
• Retail Energy Service Companies (RESCos)

Figure.3.1. Deregulated power utility structure*

Where:
Gencos – Generation companies
Transcos – Transmission companies
Discos – Distribution companies
PX – Power Exchange
ISO – Independent System Operator
Rescos – Retail Energy Services Companies
*Source:https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17295/13/13_chapter3.pd
f

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 Lecture
The Interconnected Power
4 Structure

The interconnected power system is often referred to as the largest and most
complex machine ever built by mankind. This may be hyperbole, but it underlines the
inherent truth: there is a complex interdependence between the different parts of the
system. In other words, events in geographically distant parts of the system may
interact in a strong and unexpected way. The analysis of the power system is
concerned with understanding the operation of the system as a whole. Generally, the
system is analyzed either under steady state operating conditions or under dynamic
conditions during disturbances. Electric power is transmitted primarily as a three-
phase signal. Three ac currents are sent out of phase by 120 ° but of equal magnitude.
Such balanced currents add up to zero and thus avoid the need for a return line. If the
voltages are also balanced, the total power transmitted will be constant over time,
which is a more efficient use of the capacity of the equipment. For the analysis of large-
scale systems, the assumption is usually made that the system is balanced. Each
phase can then be analyzed independently, making the calculations much easier. The
implicit assumption in the following paragraphs is that three-phase systems are being
used.
An interconnected power system is a complex enterprise that may be subdivided
into the following major subsystems:
Generation Subsystem
Transmission and Subtransmission Subsystem
Distribution Subsystem
Utilization Subsystem

Generation Subsystem - Generation subsystem includes generators and

transformers.
Generators
A three-phase ac generator known as a synchronous generator or alternator is
an essential component of power systems. Synchronous generators have two fields
that rotate synchronously: one field is produced by a rotor driven at synchronous
speed and excited by dc current. The other field is produced by three-phase armature
currents in the stator windings. The DC current for the windings of the rotor is provided
by the excitation systems. In older units, the exciters are generators mounted on the
same shaft, providing excitement through slip rings. Current systems use ac
generators with rotary rectifiers, known as brushless excitation systems. The excitation
system maintains the voltage of the generator and controls the reactive power flow.
Due to the lack of a switch, ac generators can generate high power at high voltages,
typically 30 kV.

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 The source of
mechanical power, widely
known as the prime mover, can
be hydraulic turbines, steam
turbines whose energy is
produced from coal, gas and
nuclear fuel combustion, gas
turbines or, sometimes, fuel-
burning internal combustion
engines. Steam turbines
operate at a relatively high
speed of 3600 or 1800 rpm. The
generators to which they are
coupled are the cylindrical rotor,
the 3600 rpm two-pole or the
1800 rpm four-pole. Hydraulic
turbines, particularly those
operating at low pressure,
operate at low speed. Usually, Three-phase ac generator from around 1895
their generators are a salient
rotor type with many poles. Within a power station, multiple generators are worked
within parallel in the power grid to provide the total power needed. They 're linked to a
common point called a bus.
Regarding the
environment and the
conservation of fossil fuels,
many alternative sources of
energy for the generation of
energy are untapped by the sun
and the earth. Some alternative
sources used are solar,
geothermal, wind, tidal and
biomass. The inspiration for a
large-scale generation of
electricity in the future is nuclear
fusion. If nuclear fusion is
economically harnessed, it will
provide renewable energy from
an abundant source of fuel,
namely water.

A steam turbine used to provide electric power

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Transformers
The transformer transfers very high-efficiency power from one voltage level to
another. The power transmitted to the secondary is exactly the same as the primary
power, except for losses in the transformer. The insulation requirements and other
practical design problems limit the voltage generated to low values, usually 30 kV.
Step-up transformers are also used for the transmission of electricity. Step-down
transformers are used at the receiving end of the transmission lines to decrease the
voltage to acceptable values for delivery or consumption. Electricity in an electrical
device can undergo four or five transformations between the generator and the user.
The use of a step-up transformer eliminates losses in the grid, making it
possible to transfer power over long distances.

High voltage transformer 40MVA (Steps down 150kv to 10kV in a substation in

Belgium. Photo taken 1983.)

Transmission and Subtransmission Subsystem

The overhead transmission network transfers electrical power from the
generating units to the distribution grid, which eventually supplies the load.
Transmission lines also interconnect neighboring utilities that allow the economic
distribution of power within regions under normal conditions and the transfer of power
between regions in the event of an emergency.
High voltage transmission lines are terminated in substations called high
voltage substations, receiving substations, or main substations. The role of certain
substations is to switch circuits in and out of service; they are referred to as switching

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stations. At the primary substations, the voltage is lowered to a value that is more
suitable for the next part of the trip to the load. The transmission network will serve
very large industrial customers.
The portion of the transmission system that connects the high-voltage
substations to the distribution substations via step-down transformers is called the
subtransmission network. There is no clear distinction between the level of
transmission and the level of subtransmission. Usually, the subtransmission voltage
varies from 69 to 138 kV. Many large industrial customers can be covered by the sub-
transmission network. Capacitor banks and reactor banks are normally located in
transmission line voltage substations.
Standard transmission voltages are developed by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United States. Transmission voltage lines running at
more than 60 kV are standardized at 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV,
500 kV and 765 kV line-to-line. Transmission voltages above 230 kV are commonly
referred to as extra-high voltage (EHV).
Distribution Subsystem
The distribution network connects the distribution substations to the customer
entry-service equipment. Primary distribution lines from 4 to 34.5 kV and supply loads
in a well-defined geographical area. Several small industrial customers are directly
served by primary feeders. The secondary distribution network decreases the voltage
used by industrial and residential users. Lines and cables not reaching a few hundred
feet in length transmit electricity to individual customers.
Distribution networks are both underground and overhead. The rise in
underground delivery has been highly rapid and as much as 70% of new residential
development is carried out by underground networks.
The secondary delivery serves most consumers at 240/120 V, single-phase,
three-wire; 208Y/120 V, three-phase, four-wire; or 480Y/277 V, three-phase, four-wire.
The power for a typical home is extracted from a transformer which reduces the
primary feeder voltage to 240/120 V using a three-wire line.
Load Subsystems
Loads of power systems are classified into industrial, commercial, and
residential charges.
Industrial loads are composite loads, and high proportion of such loads are
induction engines. Such composite loads are voltage and frequency functions, which
constitute a large part of the device load. Commercial and residential charges
generally consist of lighting, heating, and cooking. Such loads are frequency
independent and consume insignificantly low reactive power. The load varies during
the day, and electricity on demand needs to be available to customers. A utility 's daily-
load curve is a combination of demands made by different consumer types.
The greatest load value is called peak or maximum demand during a 24-hr
cycle. The load factor is set to determine the efficiency of the generating facility. The

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load factor is the ratio of average load over a given time span to the peak load that
occurs during that time. Charging factors that be issued for one day, one month, or
one year. The most useful is the cumulative, or yearly, load factor as a year reflects a
complete period.
To work efficiently, a power plant must have a high system charge factor. The
average system load factors of today are between 55 and 70 per cent. Load
forecasting is an essential role at all levels in the operation, operational planning and
planning of an electric power network. For a power system to be controlled and
secured satisfactorily, other devices and systems are necessary. Many of the safety
devices which are attached directly to the circuits are called switchgear. These include
instrument transformers, circuit breakers, disconnect switches, fuses, and arresters
for lightning. Such devices are required to deenergize on the occurrence of faults or
for normal activity. For control houses the related control devices and relays are
mounted on the switchboards.

Heavy-Duty Single-Phase Capacitor Start and Run Induction Motor

15
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Create a proposed radial power system indicating its major components.

ASSESSMENT
Essay writing:
➢ What are the differences between deregulated and interconnected
structure in power system?
➢ Explain briefly the impact of deregulated power system when applied to
the existing Palawan grid.

SUPPLEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE
For additional information, you may visit and read the following articles and journals:
https://www.doe.gov.ph/highlights-implementation-ra-no-9136-epira-
2001?ckattempt=1

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-of-an-interconnected-power-system-
example-involving-renewable-DGs_fig2_320406906

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/the-structure-of-power-system

ANSWER KEY
Refer to rubrics for essay.

References

1. Glover, J. D., Overbye, T. J., Sarma, M. S. (2017). Power System Analysis &
Design (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
2. Grainger, J. J., Stevenson, W. D., (1994). Power System Analysis (1st ed.).
Singapore: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
3. Gupta, J. B. (2010). A Course in Power Systems. New Delhi, India: S. K. Kataria &
Sons.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Electrical Engineering

Second Floor, CEAT Faculty Office
Palawan State University – Main Campus
Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines 5300

Mobile: (+63) 917-676-7344

Email Address: arvasquez@psu.palawan.edu.ph