Explain the safety standards for the construction of the ship from relevant conventions and code.  Cite the
relevant convention and code. 

There were several tragedies in the past as a result of ship service failures at sea. These are the reasons
why shipbuilding or vessel design necessitates great attention to detail and a high-quality end product.
In relation to multiple kinds of accidents like what I mentioned earlier, conventions and codes are created to
ensure that this does not happen again, and that the safety of the crew, boats, and cargo, as well as the maritime
environment, is not compromised in any aspects.

SOLAS is one of the many conventions that set the safety standards in the construction, equipment and
operation of merchant ships. It ensures that the ship will comply with the standard.

IS Code (International Code for Intact Stability) gives the construction guidelines to vessels to maintain the
stability of the ship at all working conditions.

IGC Code (International code for construction and equipment of ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk) aims
to provide an international standard for the safe carriage by sea in bulk of liquefied gases and the
substances listed in chapter 19, by prescribing the design and construction standards of ships involved in
such carriage and the equipment they should carry so as to minimize the risk to the ship, to its crew and to
the environment, having regard to the nature of the products involved. 

IBC Code (International code for construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous chemicals in
bulk). It aims to minimize the risks to ships, their crews and the environment, the Code prescribes the
design and construction standards of ships and the equipment they should carry, with due regard to the
nature of the products involved.

Sources:
http://marineinbox.com/marine-exams/imo-goal-based-standards/  
                           https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/polar-code.aspx 

Explain the Ship's operational requirement on the basis of existing conventions or Code. 

 To operate lawfully and openly trade both nationally and globally, ships must hold a variety of certificates
and documents on board, demonstrating that they are competent and capable of doing so. Documents provide
evidence or proof of reaching an International Marine Organization set standard, while certificates confirm a fact.

 Certificate of Classification
 Certificate of Registry
 SOLAS Certificates
 MARPOL Certificates
 International Anti-Fouling System Certificate
 International Load Line Certificate
 International Tonnage Certificate
 Certificates for Masters, Officers and Ratings
 Maritime Labor Certificates

Non-compliance with the legislation is referred to as non-compliance with the regulation, and it has a high
risk of violating the law. Primary Regulatory or Statutory Certificates are provided by law. In most maritime states,
nongovernmental regulatory bodies are empowered to carry out such legally mandated actions as assigning load
lines and to publish rules for ship design that must be complied with for insurability.
The certain organization that fulfills the standards of the International Safety Management Code (ISM Code)
will be issued a Certificate of Compliance (SOLAS 1974, Annex 1, Chapter X, Regulation 4) and a copy of the
document will be kept on board so that the master can produce it for verification if necessary.

Selected Conventions of Ship's operational requirement basis of existing sets of conventions.

Fire Protection and Fire Extinction

This is the most important regulation as per my view for liquid chemical tankers in bulk as a fire on board
such a vessel can be extremely catastrophic and devastating. 
The requirements for tankers in SOLAS Chapter II-2-Construction-Fire protection, fire detection and fire
extinction shall apply to ships covered by the Code, irrespective of their tonnage.

Workmanship 
 Since surveying and approval is an important part of the ship construction process, all
workmanship should be of commercial marine quality. The welding requirements are dealt with in Ch 12
Sec 2. Any defect arising during the construction process must be rectified to the satisfaction of the
surveyor before covering it with paint, cement or any other composition. This is done to prevent any
catastrophic failure in later stages.
Ship-shore transfer
Ancient cargo handling consisted almost exclusively of manually carrying cargo in single man-
loads. For example, grain would be packed into sacks, each of a size that a man could carry on or off the
ship on his shoulders. During the many centuries of dominance by sailing vessels, this process might be
supplemented by hoisting with the ship’s running rigging. A line reeved through a block on the end of a yard
might be led to a capstan by which a group of men might develop the force needed to lift an object far
heavier than a single man-load.
Repairing marine damage
The largest and most obvious area unique to ship maintenance is repairing the ravages of the
marine environment. In particular, the salts of the sea, which are carried by spray to all exterior surfaces,
are corrosive to common shipbuilding steels. Corrosion-resistant materials are too expensive for general
use, so that the maintenance of a protective coating is the only alternative to control rusting.
Cleaning of deteriorated surfaces and their repainting has therefore been the largest maintenance
task for most 20th-century ships. The rapid development of coatings that protect steel surfaces better by
adhering better and being themselves more resistant to sea salts has been a major factor in allowing
reduction of crew size.
Fabrication Standard
IACS Recommendation 47 Part A deals with Shipbuilding and remedial quality standard for New
Construction and in its accordance, the structural fabrication is to be carried out.
The standard used for fabrication/construction should be intimated to the attending representative
of the approving classification society beforehand. Part 1.2.3 of this chapter outlines the necessary
information to be present in order to determine the range and tolerance limits for the listed items such as
cut edges, pillars, brackets, plate assembly etc.

Sources:
https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-ofLife-at-Sea-
(SOLAS),-1974.aspx
https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=all_dissertations
https://www.britannica.com/technology/ship/Ship-operation